shodhganga phd thesis pdf

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OCS 2.0 is mainly used to promote cooperative cataloguing and avoid duplication of efforts. It is one of the initiatives which helps Institutions to build-up their own catalogue using INFLIBNET’s Union Catalogue (IndCat). It is a middleware that works with LMS Server and IndCat Server. The university library will be able to submit book data directly to the IndCat through OCS. This will help the libraries to avoid delay in submitting the data and real time updates will be displayed on IndCat. The libraries need not to submit offline data by sending MARC21 records or backup files of software.

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Doctoral theses submitted to various Indian universities till date.Union database of Theses covers the bibliographic Metadata of Doctoral Theses submitted to 237 Universities/Institutes in India. It has over 2,53,071 unique records from all subject areas.Doctoral theses submitted to various Indian universities till date.Union database of Theses covers the bibliographic Metadata of Doctoral Theses submitted to 237 Universities/Institutes in India. It has over 2,53,071 unique records from all subject areas.

Theses and dissertations are known to be the rich and unique source of information, often the only source of research work that does not find its way into various publication channels. The Thesis database contains records of Ph.D thesis submitted to Indian University based on the notifications received from respective Universities. Union database of Theses covers the Metadata of Doctoral Theses submitted to 461 Universities/Institutes in India. It has 4,52,807 unique records from all subject areas. The number of records and participating universities have been increased manifold as new records from the Shodhganga have been imported directly.

Shodhganga:

Shodhganga is a digital repository of Indian Electronic Theses and Dissertations set-up by the INFLIBNET Centre. Shodhganga stands for the reservoir of Indian intellectual output stored in a repository hosted and maintained by the INFLIBNET Centre. All the records which are available in ShodhGanga are also available in IndCat's Thesis database. The IndCat's thesis database only provides metadata and has a link for the full-text thesis and the users will be redirected to the ShodhGanga for full-text access.

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INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,38,475 bibliographic records from 245 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2011.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,44,927 bibliographic records from 270 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2012.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,52,885 bibliographic records from 286 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2013.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,64,628 bibliographic records from 298 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2014.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,65,727 bibliographic records from 301 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2015.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,69,195 bibliographic records from 315 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2016.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,71,581 bibliographic records from 315 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2017.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 2,74,622 bibliographic records from 317 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2018.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 4,37,627 bibliographic records from 443 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2019.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 4,39,101 bibliographic records from 443 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2020.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 4,41,141 bibliographic records from 444 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) in 2021.

INFLIBNET Centre has received 4,41,725 bibliographic records from 444 participated universities for Union Catalogue of Theses (IndCat) till 31 st March, 2022.

Methodology :

• Bibliographic records of thesis in various formats such as Excel, Access, dBf, CCF, MARC, MARCXML, etc., are provide by the universities. The INFLIBNET Centre is also receiving notifications of Ph.D degree from the universities. Records are imported from the Shodhganga and links are established with the full-text thesis.

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• Supports simple and advanced searches using Boolean operators;
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• Serves as a virtual catalogue for universities by restricted the search to a single university;
• By default, a typical search is covers entire union catalogue; searches can also be restricted to a group of universities or universities in a state;
• Browse interface facilitates users to explore the union databases alphabetically by subject category, by name of the university or chronologically by years; and
• Link to full-text theses in Shodhganga.

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• University List related frequently contributing data to INFLIBNET Centre
• Till Date not contributed their data to INFLIBNET Centre
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• List of new University name with records (All IITs, IIMs, etc. out of 415 univ.)
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Shodhganga—Gentle Nudge or Coercive Push?

The past decade has borne witness to a curious tug-of-war between the  Government of India (GoI)  and the leading research institutions regarding making a digital repository of theses and dissertations. The Ministry of Education has been taking increasingly coercive steps to ensure the timely and compulsory uploading of all the theses materials to its Shodhganga platform but has faced repeated failures in convincing top research institutes to follow through. This article attempts to bridge the two perspectives, bringing forth both the advantages and the perceived disadvantages of the move. The authors particularly focus on the young academic’s point of view, as an under-considered, but critical stakeholder with large stakes in the process and discuss how the use of Shodhganga can be improved to create improved outcomes for all key stakeholders. The article also looks at digital repository implementations in other economies, highlighting key differences between the scenarios and teasing out parallels as well as key institutional differences that necessitate alternative design choices for the platform in the Indian academic context. 

Introduction

In January of 2023, the University Grants Commission (UGC) under the Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education (Government of India) issued a directive requesting all vice-chancellors of central universities and directors of various centrally funded technical institutes (CFTIs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) to get the full text of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) theses of students uploaded to Shodhganga ( UGC 202 1)—a digital repository of theses and dissertations hosted by the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET). While the repository has been operational since 2009 when the UGC had first made it mandatory to make theses and dissertations available online ( Reddy 2013 ) on the Shodhganga website, it has received a rather lukewarm reception from students, faculty, and other key stakeholders. 

Researchers such as Panda (2016)  and Jhamb and Samim (2017) have reported that, of the over 1000 universities operational in India, only about 200 had joined the project as of 2015. As of June 2026, only 787 institutes (of the over 1,161 universities and over 40,000 colleges in the country) have signed the memorandum of understanding with the INFLIBNET Centre to participate in the Shodhganga project ( MoU with Universities, Shodganga 2024 ). Of critical note is the fact that almost every Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institute of Management (IIM) is missing from the list of participating institutes. 

As attempts to implement this directive are currently underway at various institutes, the academic community at large and the student community in particular have grown increasingly worried. It is in this context that the directive warrants closer attention. Before we begin exploring the factors contributing to resistance to making PhD theses openly available to the world through Shodhganga, it may be useful to understand why the ministry is keen on maintaining a centralised open-access repository. 

The Merits of Open Access

There is no denying that making theses and other research articles available online for public consumption can have several positive effects. 

First, an online repository that is easily accessible and searchable may help improve the overall research culture in the country. The open-access articles may aid in helping young scholars understand how to draft a good theses and connect with people who have used similar methodological approaches or work in similar areas. Given that India is lagging behind the West and China on most research-related metrics, open access may be the much-needed push to catalyse the creative energies of our scholars. Additionally, inter-disciplinary research may also be facilitated, leading to the creation of more novel theories and methodological approaches to uncover scientific and social phenomena. This may also have the added advantage of helping researchers avoid the duplication of efforts by preventing academics from working on the same idea in parallel. 

Second, when multiple competing research papers with similar results are sent for publication, PhD scholars may make use of Shodhganga to receive the advantages of first authorship and/or “stake their claim” for their scholarly work in case of conflicts. This may prove to be especially invaluable in contexts involving patents and trademarks. Further, PhD scholars from Indian institutes may now be able to get citations and possible research collaborations. In a world where scholarly skills are increasingly measured through the number of authorships and citations could, in theory, aid early-stage researchers. Last, making scholarship open to public scrutiny could, in principle, help in improving research quality and utility. For instance, during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, many general audiences began consuming high-quality research articles and theses. 

It needs to be highlighted that theses and dissertations in India have always been made available to the general public, albeit in a different form. Typically, the institutions from which the students secure their PhD have a physical copy of the manuscript archived in their library for other students, researchers, and interested parties to peruse. Furthermore, considering PhD research is almost always paid for by the taxpayers in the form of stipends, research grants, and concessions, it may be fair to expect that the generated knowledge be made available to various audiences. It is in this context that it needs to be highlighted that the only difference with the current proposal from the Ministry of Education (MoE) is that these documents would now be made available through the internet, increasing ease of access and reproducibility. In more ways than one, it is precisely these factors that lie at the crux of the resistance from academia. 

The Academics’ Point of View

Given the lofty list of benefits to the researcher and thereby to the institution of joining the platform, prima facie, it is surprising to see that a large share of the institutions has so far failed to comply with the directive. The forbearance, particularly by the IITs, the IIMs, and other high-quality research institutions, is particularly interesting. A closer look at the Indian academic environment and the fears and perceived disadvantages of academics may shed more light on the conundrum. While the academia at large is in agreement that using open-access repositories may be a very good way to facilitate the overall research culture in the country, there are several factors that contribute to a reluctance to accept it, and Shodhganga specifically, in its current form. Before we begin going through the key factors, it may be worthwhile to examine the current scenario of academia in India. 

According to the  Quacquarelli Symonds(QS)  World University Rankings—2022, only 22 Indian institutes figure in the top 1,000 ranks. Within the 34 Indian institutes that are ranked by the survey, key ranking indicators vary vastly. For instance, the Indian Institute of Science-Bengaluru (which ranks first among the institutes located in India) has nearly 100 citations per faculty, while O P Jindal Global University (which secured the 34th rank) scores 1.3 citations per faculty. As far as academic reputation is concerned, IIT Bombay ranks first in the country with a score of 51.3, while Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology ranks 34th with a score of 1.9 (QS World University Rankings 2022). It is critical to note that the research inclination of these institutes varies vastly and rightly so. While some Indian institutes do compete at an international level in terms of research output, others are more focused on providing high-quality higher education for the millions of students passing out of our schools and colleges. Clearly, this is not a comparison of apples. Once we recognise this wide variation, it is clear that a one-policy-fits-all-all approach in terms of research may prove to be counterproductive. It is in this context that the resistance from the IITs and IIMs needs to be analysed. 

The PhD scholars from the more research-focused institutes have several key concerns that may need to be addressed if widespread support for a centralised repository can be garnered. 

First and the most critical concern of academicians in India pertains to an inability to compete in the international research stage effectively. While many institutes are inching ahead in terms of research, they simply do not have the same resources to compete internationally. Therefore, care will have to be exercised before adopting “global best practices.” Considering the competitive job market for scholars today that requires publications in top journals in their individual disciplines and the long publication cycles and quality requirements for most high-quality journals, academic publishing has slowly evolved to become a long-drawn-out process. Therefore, making ideas openly available too early for the world puts our academics, especially those who target top journals with stringent quality requirements and longer publication cycles, at a disadvantage when compared to western researchers who may have greater access to resources such as funding, research assistants, time, availability of higher quality data, and better contacts and embeddedness in the research ecosystem. The Indian scholars fear that as a result of putting out their work too early, they become exposed to unscrupulous researchers copying their work. Availability of better resources may enable the hypothesised unscrupulous researcher to submit a document for publication earlier than the researcher who had the original idea, particularly if the hypothesised unscrupulous researcher is targeting a lower-tier journal with a faster publication cycle. These fears are compounded by the general perception that the peer review process in top journals is stacked against researchers from emerging economies (evidenced by the fact that almost every international conference of repute today has some workshop that seeks to help researchers from developing nations to publish in high-quality journals). Most journals also choose not to publish material that is already available in the public domain for free, owing to their own business model requirements that could lead to journals rejecting the papers on account of free and easy availability online in the Shodhganga platform. As a result, students are unsurprisingly unwilling to accept the platform as it is. Further exacerbating the issue is the fact that there has been no discussion about the option to embargo the theses that are made available online. In the developed markets where compulsory uploads of theses are mandated, an embargo option is available to the students, which allows the student to delay the public availability of their work for a period between two and five years, enabling them to overcome most of these concerns. The Indian scholars fear that the lack of such a provision in the Shodhganga platform may potentially lead to the theft of ideas. 

The second and more serious issue with regard to making theses openly available on a government-run website is to do with the choice of topics that students choose to research on. It is our view that forcing the compulsory upload of theses may force students to select topics that may be considered acceptable to the broader public. Considering research should be carried out to expand understanding of various social and scientific phenomena regardless of political and social priorities, such self-censoring can have detrimental effects in the long run, leading to not understanding some naturally occurring phenomenon. 

A Look Around

A quick look around the world to study the best practices within academia may prove useful in this context. 

In the United Kingdom, nearly 87% of all theses titles are listed on the EThOS ( Gould 2013 ). However, only about roughly 60% of the available theses have an abstract and even fewer contain supervisor, funding, and other relevant data. A quick look at the service would reveal that many of the full-text theses from recent years are inaccessible and are available to be downloaded only after an optional embargo period that ranges from one to five years. The United States (US)--based EBSCO Open Dissertations Archive, while providing functionality similar to Shodhganga, offers much greater flexibility to researchers by allowing them the option to remove their theses from the service upon request. In several cases, in other universities in the US, it is customary to maintain repositories of their own where an extended abstract is made freely available and the full text only after an embargo period or the authors’ permission. In India too, the  Jawaharlal Nehru University  applied an embargo period of one to three years before the theses go online for the world to read. From the students’ point of view, this duration provides them with precious time to compete in the knowledge market and publish their work in journals of repute. 

Concluding Remarks

Considering the concerns we highlight in the article, the MoE may have to rethink its stand and create checks and balances that protect research from India. Considering that there are few practising academics at the MoE, it may be useful to engage in a constructive dialogue with the researcher community. The ministry will also have to work on creating suitable grievance redressal mechanisms in case teething issues and conflicts arise at any stage of going open. Doing so may help in building consensus and more fertile pastures for research to flourish here in India. 

Gould, Sara (2013): “UK Theses and the British Library EThOS service: From Supply on Demand to Repository Linking,” British Library,  https://core.ac.uk/reader/144790090 .

Jhamb, G. & A. Samim (2017): “Contribution to Open Access Repository by the Central Universities of India: A Case Study of Shodhganga,”  Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) ,  1559 .

Panda, Saroja Kumar (2016): “Shodhganga – A National Level Open Access ETD

Repository of Indian Electronic Theses: Current Status and Discussions,” Library Hi Tech News , Vol 33, No 1, pp 23–26.

Quacquarelli Symonds Limited (nd): “QS World University Rankings 2022,” https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings/2022 .

Reddy, Ravikanth R (2013): “Universities Shun Shodhganga; Class Goes for a Toss,” The Hindu,  15 June, https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/universities-shun-shodhganga-class-goes-for-a-toss/article4400891.ece .

Shodhganga (nd): “About Shodhganga,”  https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ .

University Grants Commission (2021): “ Uploading of full text Ph.D. Theses in Shodhganga, A Repository of Full Text Theses and Dissertations,” New Delhi.

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AN ANALYSIS OF PHD THESES IN INDIAN UNIVERSITIES IN THE MANAGEMENT FIELD OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

2019, Journal of Library Science and Information Technology

The paper evaluates the utility of Shodhganga, as a repository that makes research theses available to scholars. The paper also analysed samples from different subsets of HR for an understanding of the recent theses in the field of HR.

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This paper analyses the various HR practices in the Indian IT sector. To gain a competitive advantage in maintaining the brand image IT companies has to add some prominent HR Practices and also has to delete the atrocious HR Practices. The objective of this paper is to identify both good and bad HR practices in the Indian IT sector and their effectivity on the human resource management system. It has been found that IT companies with good HR practices have a sound human resource management system and they are becoming the leaders in the service market. However, the responsibilities and duties of HR professionals have been increased with all such practices. It has been very well defined that companies who can manage their human resource effectively will gain many advantages in the productivity and growth of the firm. This paper is a qualitative approach to better understand the good and bad HR practices and understand their importance in the Indian IT sector.

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