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What Is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Verywell / Madelyn Goodnight

Problem-Solving Therapy Techniques

How effective is problem-solving therapy, things to consider, how to get started.

Problem-solving therapy is a brief intervention that provides people with the tools they need to identify and solve problems that arise from big and small life stressors. It aims to improve your overall quality of life and reduce the negative impact of psychological and physical illness.

Problem-solving therapy can be used to treat depression , among other conditions. It can be administered by a doctor or mental health professional and may be combined with other treatment approaches.

At a Glance

Problem-solving therapy is a short-term treatment used to help people who are experiencing depression, stress, PTSD, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and other mental health problems develop the tools they need to deal with challenges. This approach teaches people to identify problems, generate solutions, and implement those solutions. Let's take a closer look at how problem-solving therapy can help people be more resilient and adaptive in the face of stress.

Problem-solving therapy is based on a model that takes into account the importance of real-life problem-solving. In other words, the key to managing the impact of stressful life events is to know how to address issues as they arise. Problem-solving therapy is very practical in its approach and is only concerned with the present, rather than delving into your past.

This form of therapy can take place one-on-one or in a group format and may be offered in person or online via telehealth . Sessions can be anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours long. 

Key Components

There are two major components that make up the problem-solving therapy framework:

• Applying a positive problem-solving orientation to your life
• Using problem-solving skills

A positive problem-solving orientation means viewing things in an optimistic light, embracing self-efficacy , and accepting the idea that problems are a normal part of life. Problem-solving skills are behaviors that you can rely on to help you navigate conflict, even during times of stress. This includes skills like:

• Knowing how to identify a problem
• Defining the problem in a helpful way
• Trying to understand the problem more deeply
• Setting goals related to the problem
• Generating alternative, creative solutions to the problem
• Choosing the best course of action
• Implementing the choice you have made
• Evaluating the outcome to determine next steps

Problem-solving therapy is all about training you to become adaptive in your life so that you will start to see problems as challenges to be solved instead of insurmountable obstacles. It also means that you will recognize the action that is required to engage in effective problem-solving techniques.

Planful Problem-Solving

One problem-solving technique, called planful problem-solving, involves following a series of steps to fix issues in a healthy, constructive way:

• Problem definition and formulation : This step involves identifying the real-life problem that needs to be solved and formulating it in a way that allows you to generate potential solutions.
• Generation of alternative solutions : This stage involves coming up with various potential solutions to the problem at hand. The goal in this step is to brainstorm options to creatively address the life stressor in ways that you may not have previously considered.
• Decision-making strategies : This stage involves discussing different strategies for making decisions as well as identifying obstacles that may get in the way of solving the problem at hand.
• Solution implementation and verification : This stage involves implementing a chosen solution and then verifying whether it was effective in addressing the problem.

Other Techniques

Other techniques your therapist may go over include:

• Problem-solving multitasking , which helps you learn to think clearly and solve problems effectively even during times of stress
• Stop, slow down, think, and act (SSTA) , which is meant to encourage you to become more emotionally mindful when faced with conflict
• Healthy thinking and imagery , which teaches you how to embrace more positive self-talk while problem-solving

What Problem-Solving Therapy Can Help With

Problem-solving therapy addresses life stress issues and focuses on helping you find solutions to concrete issues. This approach can be applied to problems associated with various psychological and physiological symptoms.

Mental Health Issues

Problem-solving therapy may help address mental health issues, like:

• Chronic stress due to accumulating minor issues
• Complications associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Emotional distress
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Problems associated with a chronic disease like cancer, heart disease, or diabetes
• Self-harm and feelings of hopelessness
• Substance use
• Suicidal ideation

Specific Life Challenges

This form of therapy is also helpful for dealing with specific life problems, such as:

• Death of a loved one
• Dissatisfaction at work
• Everyday life stressors
• Family problems
• Financial difficulties
• Relationship conflicts

Your doctor or mental healthcare professional will be able to advise whether problem-solving therapy could be helpful for your particular issue. In general, if you are struggling with specific, concrete problems that you are having trouble finding solutions for, problem-solving therapy could be helpful for you.

Benefits of Problem-Solving Therapy

The skills learned in problem-solving therapy can be helpful for managing all areas of your life. These can include:

• Being able to identify which stressors trigger your negative emotions (e.g., sadness, anger)
• Confidence that you can handle problems that you face
• Having a systematic approach on how to deal with life's problems
• Having a toolbox of strategies to solve the issues you face
• Increased confidence to find creative solutions
• Knowing how to identify which barriers will impede your progress
• Knowing how to manage emotions when they arise
• Reduced avoidance and increased action-taking
• The ability to accept life problems that can't be solved
• The ability to make effective decisions
• The development of patience (realizing that not all problems have a "quick fix")

Problem-solving therapy can help people feel more empowered to deal with the problems they face in their lives. Rather than feeling overwhelmed when stressors begin to take a toll, this therapy introduces new coping skills that can boost self-efficacy and resilience .

Other Types of Therapy

Other similar types of therapy include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) . While these therapies work to change thinking and behaviors, they work a bit differently. Both CBT and SFBT are less structured than problem-solving therapy and may focus on broader issues. CBT focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts, and SFBT works to help people look for solutions and build self-efficacy based on strengths.

This form of therapy was initially developed to help people combat stress through effective problem-solving, and it was later adapted to address clinical depression specifically. Today, much of the research on problem-solving therapy deals with its effectiveness in treating depression.

Problem-solving therapy has been shown to help depression in: 

• Older adults
• People coping with serious illnesses like cancer

Problem-solving therapy also appears to be effective as a brief treatment for depression, offering benefits in as little as six to eight sessions with a therapist or another healthcare professional. This may make it a good option for someone unable to commit to a lengthier treatment for depression.

Problem-solving therapy is not a good fit for everyone. It may not be effective at addressing issues that don't have clear solutions, like seeking meaning or purpose in life. Problem-solving therapy is also intended to treat specific problems, not general habits or thought patterns .

In general, it's also important to remember that problem-solving therapy is not a primary treatment for mental disorders. If you are living with the symptoms of a serious mental illness such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia , you may need additional treatment with evidence-based approaches for your particular concern.

Problem-solving therapy is best aimed at someone who has a mental or physical issue that is being treated separately, but who also has life issues that go along with that problem that has yet to be addressed.

For example, it could help if you can't clean your house or pay your bills because of your depression, or if a cancer diagnosis is interfering with your quality of life.

Your doctor may be able to recommend therapists in your area who utilize this approach, or they may offer it themselves as part of their practice. You can also search for a problem-solving therapist with help from the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Society of Clinical Psychology .

If receiving problem-solving therapy from a doctor or mental healthcare professional is not an option for you, you could also consider implementing it as a self-help strategy using a workbook designed to help you learn problem-solving skills on your own.

During your first session, your therapist may spend some time explaining their process and approach. They may ask you to identify the problem you’re currently facing, and they’ll likely discuss your goals for therapy .

Keep In Mind

Problem-solving therapy may be a short-term intervention that's focused on solving a specific issue in your life. If you need further help with something more pervasive, it can also become a longer-term treatment option.

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Shang P, Cao X, You S, Feng X, Li N, Jia Y. Problem-solving therapy for major depressive disorders in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials .  Aging Clin Exp Res . 2021;33(6):1465-1475. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01672-3

Cuijpers P, Wit L de, Kleiboer A, Karyotaki E, Ebert DD. Problem-solving therapy for adult depression: An updated meta-analysis . Eur Psychiatry . 2018;48(1):27-37. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.006

Nezu AM, Nezu CM, D'Zurilla TJ. Problem-Solving Therapy: A Treatment Manual . New York; 2013. doi:10.1891/9780826109415.0001

Owens D, Wright-Hughes A, Graham L, et al. Problem-solving therapy rather than treatment as usual for adults after self-harm: a pragmatic, feasibility, randomised controlled trial (the MIDSHIPS trial) .  Pilot Feasibility Stud . 2020;6:119. doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00668-0

Sorsdahl K, Stein DJ, Corrigall J, et al. The efficacy of a blended motivational interviewing and problem solving therapy intervention to reduce substance use among patients presenting for emergency services in South Africa: A randomized controlled trial . Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy . 2015;10(1):46. doi:doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0042-1

Margolis SA, Osborne P, Gonzalez JS. Problem solving . In: Gellman MD, ed. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine . Springer International Publishing; 2020:1745-1747. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_208

Kirkham JG, Choi N, Seitz DP. Meta-analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry . 2016;31(5):526-535. doi:10.1002/gps.4358

Garand L, Rinaldo DE, Alberth MM, et al. Effects of problem solving therapy on mental health outcomes in family caregivers of persons with a new diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or early dementia: A randomized controlled trial . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry . 2014;22(8):771-781. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.07.007

Noyes K, Zapf AL, Depner RM, et al. Problem-solving skills training in adult cancer survivors: Bright IDEAS-AC pilot study .  Cancer Treat Res Commun . 2022;31:100552. doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100552

Albert SM, King J, Anderson S, et al. Depression agency-based collaborative: effect of problem-solving therapy on risk of common mental disorders in older adults with home care needs . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry . 2019;27(6):619-624. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.002

By Arlin Cuncic, MA Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of The Anxiety Workbook and founder of the website About Social Anxiety. She has a Master's degree in clinical psychology.

What is Problem-Solving Therapy?

• Michael Kaufman
• June 20, 2024

Understanding Problem-Solving Therapy

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a structured therapeutic approach that empowers individuals to handle life’s challenges more effectively. By focusing on cognitive-behavioral techniques, PST provides a clear framework for addressing and resolving issues.

History and Development

Origins of PST

PST was developed in the 1970s as part of the broader cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) movement. It emerged from the need to create practical, skill-based interventions that could be easily taught and applied in various settings. This innovative approach focused on equipping individuals with tangible tools to manage their problems systematically.

Evolution Over Time

Over the decades, PST has evolved, incorporating new strategies and techniques to enhance its effectiveness. Researchers and practitioners have refined PST to address a wide range of mental health conditions and life stressors, making it a versatile and adaptive therapeutic tool.

Key Contributors

Several key figures have contributed to the development and refinement of PST, including cognitive-behavioral therapists and researchers. These professionals have tested and validated its methods through clinical studies, ensuring its efficacy and reliability in various therapeutic contexts.

Core Principles of PST

Problem Identification

The first step in PST is accurately identifying the specific problem causing distress. This involves breaking down complex issues into manageable parts, which helps individuals gain clarity and focus.

Solution Generation

Once the problem is identified, individuals are encouraged to brainstorm potential solutions. This phase focuses on creativity and open-mindedness to explore all possible options, fostering a sense of agency and empowerment.

Implementation and Evaluation

The final steps involve selecting the most feasible solution, implementing it, and evaluating its effectiveness. This systematic approach ensures that individuals can learn from each experience and refine their problem-solving skills.

The PST Process

Step-by-Step Approach

PST follows a structured, step-by-step process that guides individuals from problem identification to solution implementation. This methodical approach helps ensure thoroughness and effectiveness.

Initial Assessment

The initial assessment in PST involves understanding the individual’s current challenges and their problem-solving abilities. This helps tailor the therapy to their specific needs, creating a personalized plan for success.

Problem-Solving Techniques

Various techniques are used in PST, including brainstorming, decision-making models, and structured planning. These tools help individuals develop practical solutions to their problems, enhancing their ability to cope with stress and adversity.

Benefits of Problem-Solving Therapy

Mental Health Improvement

PST has been shown to significantly improve mental health by reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other disorders. It empowers individuals with the skills needed to manage their emotions and reactions, promoting overall well-being.

Enhanced Coping Skills

Through PST, individuals develop enhanced coping skills that can be applied to various life situations. This makes them more resilient and better equipped to handle future stressors, improving their long-term mental health.

Improved Quality of Life

By effectively managing problems and reducing stress, PST contributes to an overall improved quality of life. Individuals feel more in control and satisfied with their lives, leading to greater happiness and fulfillment.

Applications of PST

PST is particularly effective in treating depression , helping individuals break the cycle of negative thinking and develop proactive solutions to their problems.

For those struggling with anxiety , PST provides tools to manage worry and stress, leading to a calmer and more balanced life.

Chronic Illness

Individuals dealing with chronic illnesses can benefit from PST by learning to manage the associated stress and make informed decisions about their care.

Stress Management

PST is a valuable tool for general stress management , teaching individuals how to address and resolve sources of stress effectively.

Techniques Used in PST

Brainstorming Solutions

Brainstorming is a critical technique in PST, encouraging individuals to think creatively and generate a wide range of potential solutions.

Decision-Making Models

PST incorporates decision-making models to help individuals evaluate the pros and cons of each potential solution and select the most viable option.

Solution Implementation

Implementing solutions is a structured process in PST, ensuring that plans are put into action and adjusted as needed based on their effectiveness.

Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Therapy

Clinical Studies and Findings

Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of PST in improving mental health outcomes. These studies provide evidence-based support for the therapy’s use, showcasing its benefits across various conditions.

Comparative Analysis with Other Therapies

When compared with other therapeutic approaches, PST often shows comparable or superior results, particularly for specific conditions like depression and anxiety. This highlights its versatility and efficacy as a mental health intervention.

Challenges and Limitations

Barriers to Implementation

Despite its benefits, PST can face barriers to implementation, such as a lack of trained practitioners or resistance from individuals unfamiliar with the approach. Addressing these barriers is crucial for widespread adoption and effectiveness.

Limitations in Scope

PST may not be suitable for all individuals or all types of problems. It is important to consider the specific needs and contexts of each individual, ensuring that PST is the right fit for their particular situation.

Integration with Other Therapies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

PST can be effectively integrated with CBT , combining the strengths of both approaches to provide comprehensive treatment. This integration enhances the overall therapeutic experience, offering a more robust framework for addressing mental health issues.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Integrating PST with DBT can enhance emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness, benefiting individuals with complex emotional and behavioral issues.

In some cases, PST may be used in conjunction with medication to address more severe mental health conditions. This combined approach can provide a more comprehensive treatment plan, addressing both the symptoms and underlying causes of mental health issues.

Cultural Considerations in PST

Adaptation for Diverse Populations

PST can be adapted to meet the needs of diverse populations, taking into account cultural differences and preferences. This flexibility ensures that PST is accessible and relevant to a wide range of individuals.

Global Applications

The principles of PST have been applied globally, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness across different cultural contexts. This global reach highlights the universal applicability of PST, making it a valuable tool for mental health professionals worldwide.

Future Directions of PST

Innovations in Techniques

Future developments in PST may include new techniques and strategies to enhance its effectiveness and accessibility. These innovations will continue to advance the field, providing more effective solutions for individuals facing various challenges.

Research and Development

Ongoing research and development are crucial to advancing the field of PST, ensuring it remains a relevant and effective therapeutic approach. Continued investment in research will help refine and expand PST, benefiting countless individuals.

Self-Help and PST

Tools and Resources

There are various self-help tools and resources available for individuals interested in PST, including workbooks, apps, and online courses. These resources provide practical guidance and support for those looking to implement PST techniques independently.

Books and Online Materials

Numerous books and online materials provide detailed guidance on implementing PST techniques in everyday life. These resources offer valuable insights and step-by-step instructions, making PST accessible to a wider audience.

Problem-solving therapy is a powerful and adaptable approach to improving mental health and well-being. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, or general stress, PST provides practical tools and strategies to help you navigate life’s challenges. By understanding and applying the principles of PST, you can enhance your problem-solving skills, improve your mental health, and achieve a better quality of life.

Problem-solving therapy is a powerful and adaptable approach to improving mental health and well-being. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, or general stress, PST provides practical tools and strategies to help you navigate life’s challenges. By understanding and applying the principles of PST, you can enhance your problem-solving skills, improve your mental health, and achieve a better quality of life

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FAQs About Problem-Solving Therapy

What is problem-solving therapy?

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that helps individuals develop effective strategies to cope with life’s challenges. It focuses on teaching problem-solving skills to manage mental health symptoms and improve emotional well-being.

How does problem-solving therapy work?

PST works by guiding individuals through a structured, step-by-step process that includes identifying problems, brainstorming solutions, evaluating and selecting the best solution, implementing it, and reviewing the outcome. This methodical approach ensures thoroughness and effectiveness in addressing issues.

What are the benefits of problem-solving therapy?

The benefits of PST include improved mental health, enhanced coping skills, and an overall better quality of life. It helps reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other disorders, empowering individuals to manage their emotions and reactions more effectively.

Who can benefit from problem-solving therapy?

PST can benefit anyone facing significant life stressors or mental health challenges. It is particularly effective for individuals with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, and general stress management needs.

Is problem-solving therapy effective for anxiety?

Yes, PST is effective for anxiety. It provides tools to manage worry and stress, helping individuals develop a calmer and more balanced approach to life’s challenges.

Can problem-solving therapy be combined with other treatments?

Yes, PST can be combined with other treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and medication. Integrating PST with other therapies can enhance overall treatment effectiveness and provide comprehensive support.

Problem-solving therapy offers a structured and effective approach to managing mental health challenges and improving overall well-being. By enhancing problem-solving skills, PST empowers individuals to take control of their lives and navigate stress with confidence. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, or general stress, PST provides practical tools and strategies to help you achieve a better quality of life.

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Problem-Solving Therapy: How It Works & What to Expect

Author: Lydia Antonatos, LMHC

Lydia Angelica Antonatos LMHC

Lydia has over 16 years of experience and specializes in mood disorders, anxiety, and more. She offers personalized, solution-focused therapy to empower clients on their journey to well-being.

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is an intervention with cognitive and behavioral influences used to assist individuals in managing life problems. Therapists help clients learn effective skills to address their issues directly and make positive changes. PST is used in various settings to address mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, and more.

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What Is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is based on a model that the body, mind, and environment all interact with each other and that life stress can interact with a person’s predisposition for developing a mental condition. 2 Within this context, PST contends that mental, emotional, and behavioral struggles stem from an ongoing inability to solve problems or deal with everyday stressors. Therefore, the key to preventing health consequences and improving quality of life is to become a better problem-solver. 3 , 4

The problem-solving model has undergone several revisions but upholds the value of teaching people to become better problem-solvers. Overall, the goal of PST is to provide individuals with a set of rational problem-solving tools to reduce the impact of stress on their well-being.

The two main components of problem-solving therapy include: 3 , 4

• Problem-solving orientation: This focuses on helping individuals adopt an optimistic outlook and see problems as opportunities to learn from, allowing them to believe they can solve problems.
• Problem-solving style: This component aims to provide people with constructive problem-solving tools to deal with different life stressors by identifying the problem, generating/brainstorming solution ideas, choosing a specific option, and implementing and reviewing it.

Techniques Used in Problem-Solving Therapy

PST emphasizes the client, and the techniques used are merely conduits that facilitate the problem-solving learning process. Generally, the individual, in collaboration and support from the clinician, leads the problem-solving work. Thus, a strong therapeutic alliance sets the foundation for encouraging clients to apply these skills outside therapy sessions. 4

Here are some of the most relevant guidelines and techniques used in problem-solving therapy:

Creating Collaboration

As with other psychotherapies, creating a collaborative environment and a healthy therapist-client relationship is essential in PST. The role of a therapist is to cultivate this bond by conveying a genuine sense of commitment to the client while displaying kindness, using active listening skills, and providing support. The purpose is to build a meaningful balance between being an active and directive clinician while delivering a feeling of optimism to encourage the client’s participation.

This tool is used in all psychotherapies and is just as essential in PST. Assessment seeks to gather facts and information about current problems and contributing stressors and evaluates a client’s appropriateness for PST. The problem-solving therapy assessment also examines a person’s immediate issues, problem-solving attitudes, and abilities, including their strengths and limitations. This sets the groundwork for developing an individualized problem-solving plan.

Psychoeducation

Psychoeducation is an integral component of problem-solving therapy and is used throughout treatment. The purpose of psychoeducation is to provide a client with the rationale for problem-solving therapy, including an explanation for each step involved in the treatment plan. Moreover, the individual is educated about mental health symptoms and taught solution-oriented strategies and communication skills.

This technique involves verbal prompting, like asking leading questions, giving suggestions, and providing guidance. For example, the therapist may prompt a client to brainstorm or consider alternatives, or they may ask about times when a certain skill was used to solve a problem during a difficult situation. Coaching can be beneficial when clients struggle with eliciting solutions on their own.

Shaping intervention refers to teaching new skills and building on them as the person gradually improves the quality of each skill. Shaping works by reinforcing the desired problem-solving behavior and adding perspective as the individual gets closer to their intended goal.

In problem-solving therapy, modeling is a method in which a person learns by observing. It can include written/verbal problem-solving illustrations or demonstrations performed by the clinician in hypothetical or real-life situations. A client can learn effective problem-solving skills via role-play exercises, live demonstrations, or short-film presentations. This allows individuals to imitate observed problem-solving skills in their own lives and apply them to specific problems.

Rehearsal & Practice

These techniques provide opportunities to practice problem-solving exercises and engage in homework assignments. This may involve role-playing during therapy sessions, practicing with real-life issues, or imaginary rehearsal where individuals visualize themselves carrying out a solution. Furthermore, homework exercises are an important aspect when learning a new skill. Ongoing practice is strongly encouraged throughout treatment so a client can effectively use these techniques when faced with a problem.

Positive Reinforcement & Feedback

The therapist’s task in this intervention is to provide support and encouragement for efforts to apply various problem-solving skills. The goal is for the client to continue using more adaptive behaviors, even if they do not get it right the first time. Then, the therapist provides feedback so the client can explore barriers encountered and generate alternate solutions by weighing the pros and cons to continue working toward a specific goal.

Use of Analogies & Metaphors

When appropriate, analogies and metaphors can be useful in providing the client with a clearer vision or a better understanding of specific concepts. For example, the therapist may use diverse skills or points of reference (e.g., cooking, driving, sports) to explain the problem-solving process and find solutions to convey that time and practice are required before mastering a particular skill.

What Can Problem-Solving Therapy Help With?

Although problem-solving therapy was initially developed to treat depression among primary care patients, PST has expanded to address or rehabilitate other psychological problems, including anxiety , post-traumatic stress disorder , personality disorders , and more.

PST theory asserts that vulnerable populations can benefit from receiving constructive problem-solving tools in a therapeutic relationship to increase resiliency and prevent emotional setbacks or behaviors with destructive results like suicide. It is worth noting that in severe psychiatric cases, PST can be effectively used when integrated with other mental health interventions. 3 , 4

PST can help individuals challenged with specific issues who have difficulty finding solutions or ways to cope. These issues can involve a wide range of incidents, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, stress related to a chronic medical diagnosis, financial stress , marital difficulties, or tension at work.

Through the problem-solving approach, mental and emotional distress can be reduced by helping individuals break down problems into smaller pieces that are easier to manage and cope with. However, this can only occur as long the person being treated is open to learning and able to value the therapeutic process. 3 , 4

Lastly, a large body of evidence has indicated that PST can positively impact mental health, quality of life, and problem-solving skills in older adults. PST is an approach that can be implemented by different types of practitioners and settings (in-home care services, telemedicine, etc.), making mental health treatment accessible to the elderly population who often face age-related barriers and comorbid health issues. 1 , 5, 6

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Problem-Solving Therapy Examples

Due to the versatility of problem-solving therapy, PST can be used in different forms, settings, and formats. Following are some examples where the problem-solving therapeutic approach can be used effectively. 4

People who suffer from depression often evade or even attempt to ignore their problems because of their state of mind and symptoms. PST incorporates techniques that encourage individuals to adopt a positive outlook on issues and motivate individuals to tap into their coping resources and apply healthy problem-solving skills. Through psychoeducation, individuals can learn to identify and understand their emotions influence problems. Employing rehearsal exercises, someone can practice adaptive responses to problematic situations. Once the depressed person begins to solve problems, symptoms are reduced, and mood is improved.

The Veterans Health Administration presently employs problem-solving therapy as a preventive approach in numerous medical centers across the United States. These programs aim to help veterans adjust to civilian life by teaching them how to apply different problem-solving strategies to difficult situations. The ultimate objective is that such individuals are at a lower risk of experiencing mental health issues and consequently need less medical and/or psychiatric care.

Psychiatric Patients

PST is considered highly effective and strongly recommended for individuals with psychiatric conditions. These individuals often struggle with problems of daily living and stressors they feel unable to overcome. These unsolved problems are both the triggering and sustaining reasons for their mental health-related troubles. Therefore, a problem-solving approach can be vital for the treatment of people with psychological issues.

Adherence to Other Treatments

Problem-solving therapy can also be applied to clients undergoing another mental or physical health treatment. In such cases, PST strategies can be used to motivate individuals to stay committed to their treatment plan by discussing the benefits of doing so. PST interventions can also be utilized to assist patients in overcoming emotional distress and other barriers that can interfere with successful compliance and treatment participation.

Benefits of Problem-Solving Therapy

PST is versatile, treating a wide range of problems and conditions, and can be effectively delivered to various populations in different forms and settings—self-help manuals, individual or group therapy, online materials, home-based or primary care settings, as well as inpatient or outpatient treatment.

Here are some of the benefits you can gain from problem-solving therapy:

• Gain a sense of control over your life
• Move toward action-oriented behaviors instead of avoiding your problems
• Gain self-confidence as you improve the ability to make better decisions
• Develop patience by learning that successful problem-solving is a process that requires time and effort
• Feel a sense of empowerment as you solve your problems independently
• Increase your ability to recognize and manage stressful emotions and situations
• Learn to focus on the problems that have a solution and let go of the ones that don’t
• Identify barriers that may hinder your progress

How to Find a Therapist Who Practices Problem-Solving Therapy

Finding a therapist skilled in problem-solving therapy is not any different from finding any qualified mental health professional. This is because many clinicians often have knowledge in cognitive-behavioral interventions that hold similar concepts as PST.

As a general recommendation, check your health insurance provider lists, use an online therapist directory , or ask trusted friends and family if they can recommend a provider. Contact any of these providers and ask questions to determine who is more compatible with your needs. 3 , 4

Are There Special Certifications to Provide PST?

Therapists do not need special certifications to practice problem-solving therapy, but some organizations can provide special training. Problem-solving therapy can be delivered by various healthcare professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, mental health counselors, social workers, and nurses.

Most of these clinicians have naturally acquired valuable problem-solving abilities throughout their career and continuing education. Thus, all that may be required is fine-tuning their skills and familiarity with the current and relevant PST literature. A reasonable amount of understanding and planning will transmit competence and help clients gain insight into the causes that led them to their current situation. 3 , 4

Questions to Ask a Therapist When Considering Problem-Solving Therapy

Psychotherapy is most successful when you feel comfortable and have a collaborative relationship with your therapist. Asking specific questions can simplify choosing a clinician who is right for you. Consider making a list of questions to help you with this task.

Here are some key questions to ask before starting PST:

• Is problem-solving therapy suitable for the struggles I am dealing with?
• Can you tell me about your professional experience with providing problem-solving therapy?
• Have you dealt with other clients who present with similar issues as mine?
• Have you worked with individuals of similar cultural backgrounds as me?
• How do you structure your PST sessions and treatment timeline?
• How long do PST sessions last?
• How many sessions will I need?
• What expectations should I have in working with you from a problem-solving therapeutic stance?
• What expectations are required from me throughout treatment?
• Does my insurance cover PST? If not, what are your fees?
• What is your cancellation policy?

How Much Does Problem-Solving Therapy Cost?

The cost of problem-solving therapy can range from $25 to $150 depending on the number of sessions required, severity of symptoms, type of practice, geographic location, and provider’s experience level. However, if your insurance provider covers behavioral health, the out-of-pocket costs per session may be much lower. Medicare supports PST through professionally trained general health practitioners. 1

What to Expect at Your First PST Session

During the first session, the therapist will strive to build a connection and become familiar with you. You will be assessed through a clinical interview and/or questionnaires. During this process, the therapist will gather your background information, inquire about how you approach life problems, how you typically resolve them, and if problem-solving therapy is a suitable treatment for you. 3 , 4

Additionally, you will be provided psychoeducation relating to your symptoms, the problem-solving method and its effectiveness, and your treatment goals. The clinician will likely guide you through generating a list of the current problems you are experiencing, selecting one to focus on, and identifying concrete steps necessary for effective problem-solving. Lastly, you will be informed about the content, duration, costs, and number of therapy sessions the therapist suggests. 3 , 4

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Is Problem-Solving Therapy Effective?

Extensive research and studies have shown the efficacy of problem-solving therapy. PST can yield significant improvements within a short amount of time. PST is also useful for addressing numerous problems and psychological issues. Lastly, PST has shown its efficacy with different populations and age groups.

One meta-analysis of PST for depression concluded that problem-solving therapy was as efficient for reducing symptoms of depression as other types of psychotherapies and antidepressant medication. Furthermore, PST was significantly more effective than not receiving any treatment. 7 However, more investigation may be necessary about PST’s long-term efficacy in comparison to other treatments. 5,6

How Is PST Different From CBT & SFT?

Problem-solving, cognitive-behavioral, and solution-focused therapy belong to the cognitive-behavioral framework, sharing a common goal to modify thoughts, aptitudes, and behaviors to improve mental health and quality of life.

Problem-Solving Therapy Vs. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term psychosocial treatment developed under the premise that how we think affects how we feel and behave. CBT addresses problems arising from maladaptive thought patterns and seeks to challenge and modify these to improve behavioral responses and overall well-being. CBT is the most researched approach and preferred treatment in psychotherapy due to its effectiveness in addressing various problems like anxiety, sleep disorders, substance abuse, and more.

Like CBT, PST addresses mental, emotional, and behavioral issues. However, PST may provide a better balance of cognitive and behavioral elements.

Another difference between these two approaches is that PST mostly focuses on faulty thoughts about problem-solving orientation and modifying maladaptive behaviors that specifically interfere with effective problem-solving. Usually, PST is used as an integrated approach and applied as one of several other interventions in CBT psychotherapy sessions.

Problem-Solving Therapy Vs. Solution-Focused Therapy

Solution-focused therapy (SFT) , like PST, is a goal-directed, evidence-based brief therapeutic approach that encourages optimism, options, and self-efficacy. Similarly, it is also grounded on cognitive behavioral principles. However, it differs from problem-solving therapy because SFT is a semi-structured approach that does not follow a step-by-step sequential format. 8

SFT mainly focuses on solution-building rather than problem-solving, specifically looking at a person’s strengths and previous successes. SFT helps people recognize how their lives would differ without problems by exploring their current coping skills. Community mental health, inpatient settings, and educational environments are increasing the use of SFT due to its demonstrated efficacy. 8

Final Thoughts

Problem-solving therapy can be an effective treatment for various mental health concerns. If you are considering treatment, ask your doctor for recommendations or conduct your own research to learn more about this approach and other options available.

Additional Resources

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For Further Reading

• 12 Strategies to Stop Using Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms
• Depression Therapy: 4 Effective Options to Consider
• CBT for Depression: How It Works, Examples, & Effectiveness

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There are a number of factors to consider when trying to determine which online therapy platform is going to be the best fit for you. It’s important to be mindful of what each platform costs, the services they provide you with, their providers’ training and level of expertise, and several other important criteria.

Best Online Psychiatry Services

Online psychiatry, sometimes called telepsychiatry, platforms offer medication management by phone, video, or secure messaging for a variety of mental health conditions. In some cases, online psychiatry may be more affordable than seeing an in-person provider. Mental health treatment has expanded to include many online psychiatry and therapy services. With so many choices, it can feel overwhelming to find the one that is right for you.

Problem-Solving Therapy Infographics

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Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy .

Beaudreau, S. A., Gould, C. E., Sakai, E., & Terri Huh, J. W. (2017). Problem-Solving Therapy. In N. A. Pachana (Ed.), Encyclopedia of geropsychology : with 148 figures and 100 tables . Singapore: Springer.

Broerman, R. (2018). Diathesis-Stress Model. In T. Shackleford & V. Zeigler-Hill (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (Living Edition, pp. 1–3). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_891-1

Mehmet Eskin. (2013). Problem solving therapy in the clinical practice . Elsevier.

Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2013). Problem-Solving Therapy A Treatment Manual . Springer Publishing Company.

Cuijpers, P., et al. (2018). Problem-solving therapy for adult depression: An updated meta-analysis. European Psychiatry   48 , 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.006

Kirkham, J. G., Choi, N., & Seitz, D. P. (2015). Meta-analysis of problem-solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 31 (5), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4358

Bell, A. C., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2009). Problem-solving therapy for depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review , 29 (4), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.003

Proudlock, S. (2017). The Solution Focused Way Incorporating Solution Focused Therapy Tools and Techniques into Your Everyday Work . Routledge.

Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Gerber, H. R. (2019). (Emotion‐centered) problem‐solving therapy: An update. Australian Psychologist , 54 (5), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12418

We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about  our editorial policies here .

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What is Problem-Solving Therapy? (The Pros and Cons)

When you’re navigating a difficult situation, it can feel like problems keep piling up. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed and discouraged when you can’t seem to find a solution to any of them.

Fortunately, problem-solving therapy can be a short-term, effective way to find the answers you need.

Here at KMA Therapy, we know that choosing a type of therapy should be the least of your problems. We’re passionate about educating our clients and community about the different types of therapy available, and how to know which ones could be a great choice for them.

After reading this article, you’ll know what problem-solving therapy is, what happens during problem-solving therapy, and its pros and cons.

What is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Problem-solving therapy is a short-form treatment that usually lasts between four and twelve sessions.

It is most frequently used to treat depression, with a primary focus on helping you build the tools needed to identify and solve problems.

The main goal of problem-solving therapy is to improve your overall quality of life by helping you reduce the impact of stressors and problems you’re facing.

Problem-solving therapy is used to treat:

• Suicidal ideation
• Self-harm behaviours

If you’re experiencing suicidal ideation or are having thoughts of harming yourself, you can connect with Talk Suicide Canada for immediate support.

What Happens During Problem-Solving Therapy?

During problem-solving therapy, your therapist will focus on two main components.

1. Positive problem-solving framework

Positive problem-solving involves creating a framework that allows you to view things in a positive way by allowing yourself to feel confident and capable when handling your problems.

This means figuring out how to accept that you’ll still face problems in your life, while feeling more sure about your ability to face, address, and overcome them.

2. Planful problem-solving

Planful problem-solving involves four steps that help you learn how to solve problems in a healthy way:

• Defining the problem that you need to solve in a way where potential solutions can be created
• Exploring alternative solutions to the problem you’re facing by listing as many creative solutions to your problem as you can
• Discussing decision-making strategies to help you know which solution to choose and how to adapt to overcome obstacles
• Implementing your solution for your problem and assessing whether it was the right choice

What are the Pros of Problem-Solving Therapy?

Problem-solving therapy is an effective and helpful form of therapy that can help you see meaningful changes in your life in a short amount of time.

Problem-solving therapy may be a great choice for you if:

• You want a short-term form of therapy
• You’re facing specific issues that you want to build solutions for
• You’re looking for clear solutions to problems without unpacking the cause

In general, problem-solving therapy is a great choice if there’s something specific in your life that’s causing additional problems.

For example, if you’re struggling with depression that makes you unable to keep in touch with loved ones or stay on top of your bills, problem-solving therapy can be a great choice to help you find solutions that work for these specific issues.

However, if you’re struggling to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning because you want a deeper sense of purpose in your life, another form of therapy might be a better choice.

What are the Cons of Problem-Solving Therapy?

While problem-solving therapy can be quick, effective, and empowering, it’s not always the best choice if you’re interested in more in-depth conversations in therapy.

Problem-solving therapy may not be the right fit if you:

• Are looking to unpack or reprocess past experiences
• Want to explore complex or existential questions in therapy
• Are interested in changing general behavioural patterns (rather than specific problems)

Alternatives to Problem-Solving Therapy

After learning about the pros and cons of problem-solving therapy, you may be interested in some alternative forms of therapy to explore.

Alternatives to problem-solving therapy include:

• Existential therapy , which allows you to explore your sense of purpose and meaning in life
• Cognitive behavioural therapy , which focuses on helping you restructure your thought and behaviour patterns
• Dialectical behaviour therapy, which helps you build skills to change and solve problems, with an additional focus on mindfulness and relationships

Next Steps for Beginning Therapy

After reading this article, you know what problem-solving therapy is and how to know if it’s the right choice for you.

Here at KMA Therapy, our passionate team of therapists has been supporting our clients with tailored therapy plans for over 15 years.

You don’t have to know exactly what type of therapy you want to pursue when you meet a therapist for the first time, so don’t worry if you’re feeling overwhelmed.

It’s helpful to have a sense of what you like and dislike, and what types of therapy sound interesting to you - but your therapist will help you choose what will work best and create a treatment plan customized to you.

Register online for more information or download our free Therapy 101 Guide to learn more.

If you’d prefer to keep reading, explore these articles we’ve chosen for you:

• What is Psychodynamic Therapy? (The Pros and Cons)
• Therapy 101: The Ultimate Guide to Beginning Therapy
• What is a Therapy Introductory Session?

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Problem-Solving Therapy (PST)

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Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) is a flexible and adaptable approach to assist individuals in coping with a wide-range of problems. There is increasing evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness for a variety of populations and settings. This training will provide participants with an overview of the evidence and then focus on how it is delivered to service recipients in the Full Service Partnership (FSP) programs across LA County. The training will walk through the treatment strategy to include assessment, application of PST, psycho-education, use of PST Toolkits, and tips for adaptation. The training will provide participants with opportunities to apply PST through the use of clinical vignettes and problem-solving scenarios. The focus is on practical tools that practitioners can use in the field with those who struggle to solve simple and complex problems. The tools discussed and provided can be used as part of a larger PST structured treatment plan or on an as-needed basis. Participants can expect to understand the core tenets of PST and be able to apply PST skills upon completion of the training. Recorded on November 1 & 3, 2022.

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What Is Problem Solving Therapy and Who Can It Help

February 1, 2017 By TodaysTherapist

Stressful events are part of everyday life. For some, coping with the negative effects of these events can be difficult, whether stressors are considered large (such as the death of a loved one) or small (like making a mistake at work). Stressors can create or exacerbate psychological and physical health problems. Problem solving therapy can help individuals develop effective coping methods for dealing with stressors in their lives by providing structured goals and coaching adaptation skills for decision-making situations. While this article provides some facts on problem solving therapy, it is strongly advised that individuals considering problem solving therapy receive care from licensed professionals.

What Is Problem Solving Therapy?

Problem Solving Therapy (PST), or structured problem solving, is psychological treatment used to help clients manage stressful life events. Therapists employ behavioral and cognitive intervention techniques to assist clients in establishing and actualizing goals and creating effective problem-solving, stress management techniques. Clients are encouraged and guided in how to be more proactive in their daily lives and make decisions that help them achieve goals. Core components of PST are addressing problem orientation, explicitly defining problems the client faces, coming up with and evaluating solutions, and breaking problems down into achievable, reasonable, and ultimately less stressful steps.

Solving Problems Outcomes

PST involves finding ways for individuals to change the stressful nature of situations and how they respond to stressors. Generally, problem-solving outcomes are based upon problem-solving style and problem orientation . Problem orientation is the feelings and thoughts a person has about their problems and perceived ability to resolve them. A positive problem orientation generally leads the person to enhance problem-solving efforts while a negative problem orientation tends to lead to the person being inhibited in solving their problems. Problem-solving style is behavioral and cognitive activities targeted at coping with stressors. Those with ineffective styles tend to report having more stressors and negative life events.

Problem solving therapy is essentially a series of training sessions in learning how to utilize adaptive problem solving skills that help clients better deal with and/or resolve problems that arise in their daily lives. Clients learn how to make more effective decisions for themselves, come up with their own creative ways to solve problems, and identify barriers or obstacles that surface when trying to reach their goals and how best to negate these hurdles. The overall intended outcome is that a client will feel more confident in their decision-making and problem-solving techniques and will be able to carry on their solutions as independently as possible.

Medical Conditions and Problem Solving Therapy

PST can be used by General Practitioners (GPs) to help treat difficult medical conditions, such as chronic pain management. As with a therapist, GPs have clients identify problems they want solved, set up goals, have clients come up with solutions for how they would like to solve the problem, weigh pros and cons of each solution in order to select the best one, and implement the solution. Together, a GP and client can review how well the selected solution is working and make any necessary changes. Again, this article is to provide helpful information in learning about PST; it is, therefore, highly recommended that one seeks help from a licensed, well-reputed professional who can help implement and analyze PST goals.

Developing and Achieving Problem Solving Therapy Goals

Therapists and GPs tend to use PST with clients who seem to be having difficulties coping with stressful life situations that can become confusing and overwhelming. The goals of PST revolve around meeting four key therapy objectives:

• Improving the client’s positive orientation;
• Reducing the client’s negative orientation;
• Enhancing the client’s ability to identify what is causing a problem, coming up with a few potential solutions, conducting cost-benefit analysis to determine the best solution, implementing the solution, then analyzing the outcome;
• Reducing impulsive and ultimately ineffective methods for attempting to solve problems.

Since every client is a different person and has diverse needs, therapists and doctors try to allow as much creative and analytic processing by the client as possible, although PST relies on the four basic components mentioned in the list above.

Therapists and clients alike should be aware of several obstacles that can occur during the PST process, including the client experiencing cognitive overload, difficulties with emotional regulation, usage of ineffective or maladaptive problem solving styles, feelings of hopelessness leading to decreased motivation to follow through on goals, and difficulties removing oneself from negative moods or thought patterns.

Who Can Benefit from Problem Solving Therapy?

Problem solving therapy can be beneficial for many different people. Since there is flexibility in regard to treatment goals and methods for achieving them, PST can be used in a group setting or one-on-one with an individual client. Since negative stressors are scientifically linked to mental and physical health problems, problem solving therapy can be beneficial to almost anyone, so long as they are open to the idea of pursuing treatment and engaging in the process.

PST has been found to be an effective therapeutic method for clients who are dealing with a vast array of mental, physical and emotional conditions. These conditions include some personality disorders, major depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, generalized anxiety disorder, relationship issues, emotional duress, and medically-based issues that result in emotional and physical pain (such as fibromyalgia, Hashimoto’s and hypothyroidism, diabetes, and cancer).

Problem solving therapy is a widely-acknowledged tool used by therapists and general medical practitioners alike to help clients find proactive and reasonable ways to deal with the stressful events that occur in their lives. Overall, PST can help people find meaningful, creative, and adjustable ways of reaching their problem-resolution goals and ultimately lead to a better quality of living for those dealing with major physical and mental health concerns. Anyone considering PST should contact a trained medical or counseling professional to inquire about how this type of therapy could potentially suit their needs.

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7 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques and Worksheets (+PDF)

It has analyzed a person’s problems from where they started and how those problems have an effect on that person’s life.

Out of years of observation of family therapy sessions, the theory and applications of solution-focused therapy developed.

Let’s explore the therapy, along with techniques and applications of the approach.

Before you read on, we thought you might like to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises for free . These science-based exercises will explore fundamental aspects of positive psychology including strengths, values, and self-compassion, and will give you the tools to enhance the wellbeing of your clients, students, or employees.

This Article Contains:

5 solution-focused therapy techniques, handy sft worksheets (pdf), solution-focused therapy interventions, 5 sft questions to ask clients, solution-focused brief therapy (sfbt techniques), 4 activities & exercises, best sft books, a take-home message.

Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues.

Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction.

Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives.

The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success:

• relationship difficulties
• drug and alcohol abuse
• eating disorders
• anger management
• communication difficulties
• crisis intervention
• incarceration recidivism reduction

Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified.

With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged.

The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article.

Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation.

Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session.

Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.

Here are four handy worksheets for use with solution-focused therapy.

• Miracle worksheet
• Exceptions to the Problem Worksheet
• Scaling Questions Worksheet
• SMART+ Goals Worksheet

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Compliments are frequently used in SFT, to help the client begin to focus on what is working, rather than what is not. Acknowledging that a client has an impact on the movement toward a goal allows hope to become present. Once hope and perspective shift occurs, a client can decide what daily actions they would like to take in attaining a goal.

Higher levels of hope and optimism can predict the following desirable outcomes (Peterson & Seligman, 2004):

• achievement in all sorts of areas
• freedom from anxiety and depression
• improved social relationships
• improved physical well being

Mind mapping is an effective intervention also used to increase hope and optimism. This intervention is often used in life coaching practices. A research study done on solution-focused life coaching (Green, Oades, & Grant, 2006) showed that this type of intervention increases goal striving and hope, in addition to overall well-being.

Though life coaching is not the same as therapy, this study shows the effectiveness of improving positive behavior through solution-focused questioning.

Mind mapping is a visual thinking tool that helps structure information. It helps clients to better analyze, comprehend, and generate new ideas in areas they might not have been automatically self-generated. Having it on paper gives them a reference point for future goal setting as well.

Empathy is vital in the administration of SFBT. A client needs to feel heard and held by the practitioner for any forward movement to occur. Intentionally leaning in to ensure that a client knows that the practitioner is engaged in listening is recommended.

Speaking to strengths and aligning those strengths with goal setting are important interventions in SFT. Recognizing and acknowledging what is already working for the client validates strengths. Self-recognition of these strengths increases self-esteem and in turn, improves forward movement.

The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.

1. Miracle Question

Here is a clear example of how to administer the miracle question. It should be delivered deliberately. When done so, it allows the client to imagine the miracle occurring.

“ Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved? ” (de Shazer, 1988)

2. Presupposing change questions

A practitioner of solution-focused therapy asks questions in an approach derived way.

Here are a few examples of presupposing change questions:

“What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?”

3. Exception Questions

Examples of exception questions include:

1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?

4. Scaling Questions

These are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well.

An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?”

A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?”

Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur.

5. Coping Questions

These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength.

“How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”

3 Scaling questions from Solution Focused Therapy – Uncommon Practitioners

The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions.

During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress.

A method has developed from the Miracle Question entitled, The Miracle Method . The steps follow below (Miller & Berg, 1996). It was designed for combatting problematic drinking but is useful in all areas of change.

• State your desire for something in your life to be different.
• Envision a miracle happening, and your life IS different.
• Make sure the miracle is important to you.
• Keep the miracle small.
• Define the change with language that is positive, specific, and behavioral.
• State how you will start your journey, rather than how you will end it.
• Be clear about who, where, and when, but not the why.

World’s Largest Positive Psychology Resource

The Positive Psychology Toolkit© is a groundbreaking practitioner resource containing over 500 science-based exercises , activities, interventions, questionnaires, and assessments created by experts using the latest positive psychology research.

Updated monthly. 100% Science-based.

“The best positive psychology resource out there!” — Emiliya Zhivotovskaya , Flourishing Center CEO

A short selection of exercises which can be used

1. Solution-focused art therapy/ letter writing

A powerful in-session task is to request a client to draw or write about one of the following, as part of art therapy :

• a picture of their miracle
• something the client does well
• a day when everything went well. What was different about that day?
• a special person in their life

2. Strengths Finders

Have a client focus on a time when they felt their strongest. Ask them to highlight what strengths were present when things were going well. This can be an illuminating activity that helps clients focus on the strengths they already have inside of them.

A variation of this task is to have a client ask people who are important in their lives to tell them how they view the client’s strengths. Collecting strengths from another’s perspective can be very illuminating and helpful in bringing a client into a strength perspective.

3. Solution Mind Mapping

A creative way to guide a client into a brainstorm of solutions is by mind mapping. Have the miracle at the center of the mind map. From the center, have a client create branches of solutions to make that miracle happen. By exploring solution options, a client will self-generate and be more connected to the outcome.

4. Experiment Journals

Encourage clients to do experiments in real-life settings concerning the presenting problem. Have the client keep track of what works from an approach perspective. Reassure the client that a variety of experiments is a helpful approach.

17 Top-Rated Positive Psychology Exercises for Practitioners

Expand your arsenal and impact with these 17 Positive Psychology Exercises [PDF] , scientifically designed to promote human flourishing, meaning, and wellbeing.

Created by Experts. 100% Science-based.

These books are recommended reads for solution-focused therapy.

1. The Miracle Method: A Radically New Approach to Problem Drinking – Insoo Kim Berg and Scott D. Miller Ph.D.

The Miracle Method by Scott D. Miller and Insoo Kim Berg is a book that has helped many clients overcome problematic drinking since the 1990s.

By utilizing the miracle question in the book, those with problematic drinking behaviors are given the ability to envision a future without the problem.

Concrete, obtainable steps in reaching the envisioned future are laid out in this supportive read.

Available on Amazon .

2. Solution Focused Brief Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques – Harvey Ratney, Evan George and Chris Iveson

Solution Focused Brief Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques is a well-received book on solution-focused therapy. Authors Ratner, George, and Iveson provide a concisely written and easily understandable guide to the approach.

Its accessibility allows for quick and effective change in people’s lives.

The book covers the approach’s history, philosophical underpinnings, techniques, and applications. It can be utilized in organizations, coaching, leadership, school-based work, and even in families.

The work is useful for any practitioner seeking to learn the approach and bring it into practice.

3. Handbook of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (Jossey-Bass Psychology) – Scott D. Miller, Mark Hubble and Barry L. Duncan

It includes work from 28 of the lead practitioners in the field and how they have integrated the solution-focused approach with the problem-focused approach.

It utilizes research across treatment modalities to better equip new practitioners with as many tools as possible.

4. More Than Miracles: The State of the Art of Solution -Focused Therapy  (Routledge Mental Health Classic Editions) – Steve de Shazer and Yvonne Dolan

It allows the reader to peek into hundreds of hours of observation of psychotherapy.

It highlights what questions work and provides a thoughtful overview of applications to complex problems.

Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem.

This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy , and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.

Thanks for reading!

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises for free .

• de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co.
• Green, L. S., Oades, L. G., & Grant, A. M. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1 (3), 142-149.
• Miller, S. D., & Berg, I. K. (1996). The miracle method: A radically new approach to problem drinking. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co.
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P., (2004).  Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Santa Rita Jr, E. (1998). What do you do after asking the miracle question in solution-focused therapy. Family Therapy, 25( 3), 189-195.

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The Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Therapy for Primary Care Patients' Depressive and/or Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Background: There is increasing demand for managing depressive and/or anxiety disorders among primary care patients. Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a brief evidence- and strength-based psychotherapy that has received increasing support for its effectiveness in managing depression and anxiety among primary care patients.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials examining PST for patients with depression and/or anxiety in primary care as identified by searches for published literature across 6 databases and manual searching. A weighted average of treatment effect size estimates per study was used for meta-analysis and moderator analysis.

Results: From an initial pool of 153 primary studies, 11 studies (with 2072 participants) met inclusion criteria for synthesis. PST reported an overall significant treatment effect for primary care depression and/or anxiety ( d = 0.673; P < .001). Participants' age and sex moderated treatment effects. Physician-involved PST in primary care, despite a significantly smaller treatment effect size than mental health provider only PST, reported an overall statistically significant effect ( d = 0.35; P = .029).

Conclusions: Results from the study supported PST's effectiveness for primary care depression and/or anxiety. Our preliminary results also indicated that physician-involved PST offers meaningful improvements for primary care patients' depression and/or anxiety.

• Anxiety Disorders
• Depressive Disorder
• Mental Health
• Primary Health Care
• Problem Solving
• Psychotherapy

Depressive and anxiety disorders are the 2 leading global causes of all nonfatal burden of disease 1 and the most prevalent mental disorders in the US primary care system. 2 ⇓ – 4 The proportion of primary care patients with a probable depressive and/or anxiety disorder ranges from 33% to 80% 2 , 5 , 6 ; primary care patients also have alarmingly high levels of co-/multi-morbidity of depressive, anxiety, and physical disorders. 7 Depression and anxiety among primary care patients contribute to: poor compliance with medical advice and treatment 8 ; deficits in patient–provider communication 9 ; reduced patient engagement in healthy behaviors 10 ; and decreased physical wellbeing. 11 , 12 Given the high prevalence of primary care depression and anxiety, and their detrimental effects on the qualities of primary care treatments and patients' wellbeing, it is important to identify effective interventions suitable to address primary care depression and anxiety.

Primary care patients with depression and/or anxiety are often referred out to specialty mental health care. 13 , 14 However, outcomes from these referrals are usually poor due to patients' poor adherence and their resistance to mental health treatment 15 , 16 . Therefore, it is critical to identify effective mental health interventions that can be delivered in primary care for patients' depression and/or anxiety. 17 , 18 During the past decade, a plethora of clinical trials have investigated different mental health interventions for depression and anxiety delivered in primary care. One of the most promising interventions that has received increasing support for managing depression and anxiety in primary care is Problem-Solving Therapy (PST).

Holding that difficulties with problem solving make people more susceptible to depression, PST is a nonpharmacological, competence-based intervention that involves a step-by-step approach to constructive problem solving. 19 , 20 Developed from cognitive-behavioral-therapy, PST is a short-term psychotherapy approach delivered individually or in group settings. The generic PST manual 19 contains 14 training modules that guides PST providers working with patients from establishing a therapeutic relationship to identifying and understanding patient-prioritized problems; from building problem-solving skills to eventually solving the problems. Focused on patient problems in the here-and-now, a typical PST treatment course ranges from 7 to 14 sessions and can be delivered by various health care professionals such as physicians, clinical social workers or nurse practitioners. Because the generic PST manual outlines the treatment formula in detail, providers may deliver PST after receiving 1 month of training. For example, 1 feasibility study on training residents in PST found that residents can provide fidelious PST after 7 weeks' training and reach moderate to high competence after 3 years of practicing PST. 21 PST also has a self-help manual available to clients when needed.

PST is a well-established, evidence-based intervention for depression in specialty mental health care and is receiving greater recognition for its effectiveness in treating depression and anxiety in primary care. Systematic and meta-analytic reviews of PST for depression consistently reported moderate to large treatment effects, ranging from d = 0.4 to d = 1.15. 22 ⇓ – 24 Several clinical trials indicated PST's clinical effectiveness in alleviating anxiety as well. 25 , 26 Most importantly, PST has been adapted for primary care settings (PST-PC) and can be delivered by a variety of health care providers with fewer number of sessions and shorter session length. These unique features make PST(-PC) an ideal psychotherapy for depressive and/or anxiety disorders in primary care.

Previous reviews of PST focused on its effectiveness for depression care, but with little attention to PST's effect on anxiety or comorbid depression anxiety. In addition, to our knowledge, no previous reviews of PST have focused on managing depressive and/or anxiety disorders in primary care. Although research demonstrates that PST has a strong evidence base for treating depression and/or anxiety in specialty mental health care settings, more research is needed to determine whether PST remains effective for treating depressive and/or anxiety disorders when delivered in primary care. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of PST for treating depressive and/or anxiety disorders with primary care patients.

Search Strategies

This review included searches in 6 electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO, PUBMED, and the Cochrane Library/Database) and 3 professional Web sites (Academy of Cognitive Therapy, IMPACT, Anxiety and Depression Association of America) for primary care depression and anxiety studies published between January 1900 and September 2016. We also E-mailed major authors of PST studies for feedback and input. Search terms of title and/or abstract searches included: [“PST” or “Problem-Solving Therapy” or “Problem Solving Therapy” or “Problem Solving”] AND [“Depression” or “Depressive” or “Anxiety” or “Panic” or “Phobia”] AND [“primarycare” or “primary care” or “PCP” or “Family Medicine” or “Family Doctor”]. We supplemented the procedure described above with a manual search of study references.

Eligibility Criteria

For inclusion in analyses, a study needed to be 1) a randomized-controlled-trial of 2) PST for 3) primary care patients' 4) depressive and/or anxiety disorders. For studies that examined face-to-face, in-person PST, the intervention must be delivered in primary care for inclusion. If studies examined tele-PST (eg, telephone delivery, video conferencing, computer-based), the intervention must be connected to patients' primary care services for a study to be included. For example, when a primary care physician prescribed computer-based PST at home for their patients, the study met inclusion criteria (as it was still considered managing depression “in primary care” in the present review). However, studies would be excluded if a primary care physician referred patients to an external mental health intervention. Finally, studies must document and report sufficient statistical information for calculating effect size for inclusion in the final analysis.

Data Abstraction and Coding

Two authors (AZ and JES) reviewed an initial pool of 153 studies and agreed to remove 65 studies based on title and 68 studies based on abstract, resulting in 20 studies for full-text review. To develop the final list, we excluded 6 studies after closer review of full-text and consultation with a third reviewer who is an established PST researcher. Lastly, we excluded 2 studies due to 1) a study with a design that blurred the effect of PST with other treatments and 2) unsuccessful contact with a study author to request data needed for calculating effect size. We used a final sample of 11 studies for meta-analysis. The PRISMA chart is presented in Figure 1 .

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Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) chart of literature search for Problem-solving therapy (PST) studies for treating primary care patients' depression and/or anxiety.

Statistical Analysis

This study conducted meta-analysis with the following procedures: 1) calculated a weighted average of effect size estimates per study for depression and anxiety separately (to ensure independence) 27 ; 2) synthesized an overall treatment effect estimate using fixed- or random-effects model based on a heterogeneity statistic (Q-statistic) 28 ; and 3) performed univariate meta-regression with a mixed-effects model for moderator analysis. 29 Although other more advanced statistical approaches allow inclusion of multiple treatment effect size estimates per study for data synthesis, like the Generalized Least Squares method 30 or the Robust Variance Estimation method 31 , this study employed a typical approach because of the relatively small sample and absence of study information required to conduct more advanced methods. Following procedures outlined by Cooper and colleagues 32 , we conducted all analyses with R software. 33 We chose to conduct analyses in R, rather than software specific to meta-analysis (eg, RevMan), because R allowed for more flexibility in statistical modeling (eg, small sample size correction). 34 Sensitivity analysis using Robust Variance Estimation did not significantly alter results estimated with the typical approach. And so this study presents results from only the typical approach for purposes of parsimony and clarity.

Publication Bias, Risk of Bias and Quality of Studies

To detect publication bias, we used a funnel plot of effect size estimates graphed against their standard errors for visual investigation. To evaluate risk of bias, we used the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials 35 and the Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies to evaluate study quality. 36

Primary Studies

Eleven PST studies for primary care depression and/or anxiety reported a total sample size of 2072 participants. Participants' age averaged 50.1 and ranged from 24.5 to 71.8 years old. Ten studies reported participants' sex with an average of 35.6% male participants across all studies. Seven studies (63.6%) reported participants' racial background with most identified as non-Hispanic white (83.6%). Other racial/ethnic groups were poorly reported for meaningful summary. Five studies used active medication as a comparison, including 3 studies that used both active medication and placebo medication. The rest compared PST with treatment-as-usual while 2 studies used active control group (eg, video education material). Four studies involved physicians in some component of intervention delivery. PCPs provided PST in 2 studies; supervised and collaborated with depression care manager in 1 study, and collaborated with a primary care nurse in another. Ten studies reported an average of 6 PST sessions ( M = 6.1) ranging from 3 to 12 sessions. All but 1 study (n = 10) used individual PST and 2 studies used tele-health modalities to provide PST. All studies used standardized measures of depression and anxiety. Examples of the most common measures included: PHQ-9, CES-D, HAM-D, and BDI-II. Table 1 presents a detailed description of study characteristics.

• View inline

Study Characteristics for Problem-Solving Therapy as Intervention for Treating Depression and/or Anxiety Among Primary Care Patients ( n = 11)

Publication Bias, Risk of Bias, and Quality of Studies

The funnel plot ( Figure 2 ) did not indicate any clear sign of publication bias. Risk of bias ( Table 4 ) indicated an overall acceptable risk across studies included for review with blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment and incomplete outcome data most vulnerable to risk of bias. Quality of study assessment ( Table 5 ) indicated an overall satisfactory study quality with over half of studies (n = 6) achieving ratings of “Good” study quality.

Funnel Plot for Publication Bias in Problem-solving therapy (PST) Studies for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression an/or Anxiety.

Meta-analysis and moderator analysis

Figure 3 presents a forest plot of treatment effects per study, including depression and anxiety measures. Table 3 presents subgroup analysis of overall treatment effect by moderator and Table 2 presents the results of meta-analysis and moderator analysis. Meta-analysis revealed an overall significant treatment effect of PST for primary care depression and/or anxiety ( d = 0.67; P < .001). Further investigation revealed no significant difference between the mean treatment effect of PST for depression versus anxiety in primary care ( d ( diff .) = −0.25; P = .317) while subgroup analysis revealed the overall treatment effect for anxiety was not significant ( d = 0.35; P = .226). Age was found to be a significant moderator (β 1 = 0.02; P = .012) for treatment outcomes, indicating that for each unit increase in participants' age, the overall treatment effect for primary are depression and/or anxiety are expected to increase by 0.02 (standard deviations). Neither participants' ethnic or racial backgrounds nor marital status significantly moderated the overall treatment outcome.

Forest Plot of PST Treatment Effect Size Estimates for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety per Study.

PST for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety; Results of Univariate Meta-regression

Results of Subgroup Analysis of Overall Treatment Effect (by Moderator) of PST for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety

PST for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety; Results of the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias *

Quality Assessment of Controlled PST Intervention Studies for Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety ( n =11)

The overall treatment effect was not moderated by any treatment characteristics including: treatment modality (individual vs group PST), delivery methods (face-to-face vs tele-health PST), number of PST sessions and length of individual PST sessions. Subgroup analysis indicated an overall significant treatment effect of in-person PST ( d = 0.72; P < .001) but not of tele-PST ( d = 0.53; P = .097). However, the difference between the 2 was not statistically significant.

PST providers background and primary care physician's involvement significantly moderated the overall treatment effect size. Master's-level providers reported an overall treatment effect ( d = 1.57; P < .001) significantly higher than doctoral-level providers ( d = −1.33; P = .007). Both physician-involved and nonphysician involved PST reported significant overall treatment effect of PST for depression and/or anxiety in primary care ( d = 1.06; P < .001 and d = 0.35; P = .029, respectively). Moderator analysis further revealed that PST without physician involvement reported significantly greater treatment effects compared with physician-involved PST in primary care ( d = −0.71; P = .005). Results of subgroup and moderator analyses indicated that while the difference (in treatment effect) between physician and nonphysician involved PST in primary care were statistically significant, physician-involved PST was also statistically significant, thus practically meaningful.

Results of the study demonstrated a statistically significant overall treatment effect in outcomes of depression and/or anxiety for primary care patients receiving PST compared with patients in control groups. The outcome type—depression versus anxiety—failed to moderate treatment effect; only PST for depression reported a significant overall effect size. This could indicate that many studies primarily targeted depression and included anxiety measures as secondary outcomes. For this reason, we expect to find a greater treatment effect for primary care depression. It was unsurprising that treatment characteristics failed to moderate treatment effect size because most primary studies used PST-PC or its modified version; there was insufficient variation between studies (and moderators), yielding insignificant moderating coefficients.

Although delivery method did not moderate treatment effect reported in studies included in this review, significant effect was only reported by studies using face-to-face in-person PST but not by those with tele-PST modalities (n = 2). Although evidence for the effectiveness of tele-PST is established or increasing in a variety of settings 37 ⇓ – 39 most PST studies for primary care patients have used face-to-face, in-person PST. Our study further supported the use of face-to-face in-person PST for treating depression and anxiety among primary care patients. We recognize, however, that current and projected shortages in specialty mental health care provision, felt acutely in subspecialties such as geriatric mental health, necessitate more trials with PST tele-health modalities. 40

It is salient to note that, while nonphysician-involved PST studies reported significantly greater treatment effect than those involving physicians, PCP-involved studies also reported an overall significant effect size. Closer examination indicated that studies with physician-involved PST were either delivered by physicians or other nonmental health professionals (eg, registered nurses or depression care managers). Lack of sufficient PST training might explain the difference in treatment effect sizes being statistically significant. Yet, the fact that physician-involved PST studies reported an overall statistically significant effect size for primary care depression and/or anxiety suggested a meaningful treatment effect for clinical practice. When faced with a shortage of mental health professionals (eg, psychologists, clinical social workers, licensed professional counselors), our findings suggest physician-led or -supervised PST interventions could still improve primary care patients' depression and/or anxiety. Researchers are encouraged to further examine the treatment effect of PST delivered by mental health professionals in collaboration with primary care physicians.

This study has several weaknesses that are inherent to meta-analyses. There is no way to assure we included all studies despite adopting a comprehensive search and coding strategy (ie, file drawer problem). Second, while all studies in this meta-analysis seemed to have satisfactory methodological rigor, it is possible that internal biases within some studies may influence results. This study takes a quantitative meta-analysis approach which inherently neglects other study designs and methodologies that also provide valuable information about the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of PST for treating primary care patients with depression. To ensure independence of data, this study used a weighted average of effect size estimates per study in synthesizing an overall treatment effect and conducting moderator analysis. While sensitivity analysis did not reveal significant differences from the reported results, we will not know for sure how our choice of statistical method might affect the results.

• Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dr. Namkee Choi, Professor and the Louis and Ann Wolens Centennial Chair in Gerontology at the University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work, for her mentorship and insightful comments during preparation of the manuscript.

This article was externally peer reviewed.

Funding: none.

Conflict of interest: none declared.

Ethics Review: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis based on de-identified aggregate study data. No human participants or animals were involved in this study. No ethics review was required.

To see this article online, please go to: http://jabfm.org/content/31/1/139.full .

• Received for publication July 5, 2017.
• Revision received September 14, 2017.
• Accepted for publication September 27, 2017.
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Problem-Solving Therapy

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In Problem-Solving Therapy , Drs. Arthur Nezu and Christine Maguth Nezu demonstrate their positive, goal-oriented approach to treatment. Problem-solving therapy is a cognitive–behavioral intervention geared to improve an individual's ability to cope with stressful life experiences. The underlying assumption of this approach is that symptoms of psychopathology can often be understood as the negative consequences of ineffective or maladaptive coping.

Problem-solving therapy aims to help individuals adopt a realistically optimistic view of coping, understand the role of emotions more effectively, and creatively develop an action plan geared to reduce psychological distress and enhance well-being. Interventions include psychoeducation, interactive problem-solving exercises, and motivational homework assignments.

In this session, Christine Maguth Nezu works with a woman in her 50s who is depressed and deeply concerned about her son's drug addiction. Dr. Nezu first assesses her strengths and weaknesses and then helps her to clarify the problem she is facing so she can begin to move toward a solution.

The overarching goal of problem-solving therapy (PST) is to enhance the individual's ability to cope with stressful life experiences and to foster general behavioral competence. The major assumption underlying this approach, which emanates from a cognitive–behavioral tradition, is that much of what is viewed as "psychopathology" can be understood as consequences of ineffective or maladaptive coping behaviors. In other words, failure to adequately resolve stressful problems in living can engender significant emotional and behavioral problems.

Such problems in living include major negative events (e.g., undergoing a divorce, dealing with the death of a spouse, getting fired from a job, experiencing a major medical illness), as well as recurrent daily problems (e.g., continued arguments with a coworker, limited financial resources, diminished social support). How people resolve or cope with such situations can, in part, determine the degree to which they will likely experience long-lasting psychopathology and behavioral problems (e.g., clinical depression, generalized anxiety, pain, anger, relationship difficulties).

For example, successfully dealing with stressful problems will likely lead to a reduction of immediate emotional distress and prevent long-term psychological problems from occurring. Alternatively, maladaptive or unsuccessful problem resolution, either due to the overwhelming nature of events (e.g., severe trauma) or as a function of ineffective coping attempts, will likely increase the probability that long-term negative affective states and behavioral difficulties will emerge.

Social Problem Solving and Psychopathology

According to this therapy approach, social problem solving (SPS) is considered a key set of coping abilities and skills. SPS is defined as the cognitive–behavioral process by which individuals attempt to identify or discover effective solutions for stressful problems in living. In doing so, they direct their problem-solving efforts at altering the stressful nature of a given situation, their reactions to such situations, or both. SPS refers more to the metaprocess of understanding, appraising, and adapting to stressful life events, rather than representing a single coping strategy or activity.

Problem-solving outcomes in the real world have been found to be determined by two general but partially independent processes—problem orientation and problem-solving style.

Problem orientation refers to the set of generalized thoughts and feelings a person has concerning problems in living, as well as his or her ability to successfully resolve them. It can either be positive (e.g., viewing problems as opportunities to benefit in some way, perceiving oneself as able to solve problems effectively), which serves to enhance subsequent problem-solving efforts, or negative (e.g.,viewing problems as a major threat to one's well-being, overreacting emotionally when problems occur), which functions to inhibit attempts to solve problems.

Problem-solving style refers to specific cognitive–behavioral activities aimed at coping with stressful problems. Such styles are either adaptive, leading to successful problem resolution, or dysfunctional, leading to ineffective coping, which then can generate myriad negative consequences, including emotional distress and behavioral problems. Rational problem solving is the constructive style geared to identify an effective solution to the problem and involves the systematic and planful application of specific problem-solving tasks. Dysfunctional problem-solving styles include (a) impulsivity/carelessness (i.e., impulsive, hurried, and incomplete attempts to solve a problem), and (b) avoidance (i.e.,avoiding problems, procrastinating, and depending on others to solve one's problems).

Important differences have been identified between individuals characterized as "effective" versus "ineffective" problem solvers. In general, when compared to effective problem solvers, persons characterized by ineffective problem solving report a greater number of life problems, more health and physical symptoms, more anxiety, more depression, and more psychological maladjustment. In addition, a negative problem orientation has been found to be associated with negative moods under both routine and stressful conditions, as well as pessimism, negative emotional experiences, and clinical depression. Further, persons with negative orientations tend to worry and complain more about their health.

Problem-Solving Therapy Goals

PST teaches individuals to apply adaptive coping skills to both prevent and cope with stressful life difficulties. Specific PST therapy objectives include

• enhancing a person's positive orientation
• fostering his or her application of specific rational problem-solving tasks (i.e., accurately identifying why a situation is a problem, generating solution alternatives, conducting a cost-benefit analysis in order to decide which ideas to choose to include as part of an overall solution plan, implementing the solution, monitoring its effects, and evaluating the outcome)
• reducing his or her negative orientation
• minimizing one's tendency to engage in dysfunctional problem-solving style activities (i.e., impulsively attempting to solve the problem or avoiding the problem)

PST interventions involve psychoeducation, interactive problem-solving training exercises, practice opportunities, and homework assignments intended to motivate patients to apply the problem-solving principles outside of the therapy sessions.

PST has been shown to be effective regarding a wide range of clinical populations, psychological problems, and the distress associated with chronic medical disorders. Scientific evaluations have focused on unipolar depression, geriatric depression, distressed primary-care patients, social phobia, agoraphobia, obesity, coronary heart disease, adult cancer patients, adults with schizophrenia, mentally retarded adults with concomitant psychiatric problems, HIV-risk behaviors, drug abuse, suicide, childhood aggression, and conduct disorder.

Moreover, PST is flexible with regard to treatment goals and methods of implementation. For example, it can be conducted in a group format, on an individual and couples basis, as part of a larger cognitive–behavioral treatment package, over the phone, as well as on the Internet. It can also be applied as a means of helping patients to overcome barriers associated with successful adherence to other medical or psychosocial treatment protocols (e.g., adhering to weight-loss programs, diabetes regulation).

Arthur M. Nezu, PhD, ABPP, is currently professor of psychology, medicine, and community health and prevention at Drexel University in Philadelphia. He is one of the codevelopers of a cognitive–behavioral approach to teaching social problem-solving skills and has conducted multiple RCTs testing its efficacy across a variety of populations. These populations include clinically depressed adults, depressed geriatric patients, adults with mental retardation and concomitant psychopathology, distressed cancer patients and their spousal caregivers, individuals in weight-loss programs, breast cancer patients, and adult sexual offenders.

Dr. Nezu has contributed to more than 175 professional and scientific publications, including the books Solving Life's Problems: A 5-Step Guide to Enhanced Well-Being , Helping Cancer Patients Cope: A Problem-Solving Approach , and Problem-Solving Therapy: A Positive Approach to Clinical Intervention . He also codeveloped the self-report measure Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised . Dr. Nezu is on numerous editorial boards of scientific and professional journals and a member of the Interventions Research Review Committee of the National Institute of Mental Health.

An award-winning psychologist, he was previously president of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, the Behavioral Psychology Specialty Council, the World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and the American Board of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, the Society for Behavior Medicine, the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, and the Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Dr. Nezu was awarded the diplomate in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology and currently serves as a trustee of that board.

He has been in private practice for over 25 years, and is currently conducting outcome studies to evaluate the efficacy of problem-solving therapy to treat depression among adults with heart disease.

Christine Maguth Nezu, PhD, ABPP, is currently professor of psychology, associate professor of medicine, and director of the masters programs in psychology at Drexel University in Philadelphia. She previously served as director of the APA-accredited Internship/Residency in Clinical Psychology, as well as the Cognitive–Behavioral Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, at the Medical College of Pennsylvania/Hahnemann University.

She is the coauthor or editor of more than 100 scholarly publications, including 15 books. Her publications cover a wide range of topics in mental health and behavioral medicine, many of which have been translated into a variety of foreign languages.

Dr. Maguth Nezu is currently the president-elect of the American Board of Professional Psychology, on the board of directors for the American Board of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology, and on the board of directors for the American Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. She is the recipient of numerous grant awards supporting her research and program development, particularly in the area of clinical interventions. She serves as an accreditation site visitor for APA for clinical training programs and is on the editorial boards of several leading psychology and health journals.

Dr. Maguth Nezu has conducted workshops on clinical interventions and case formulation both nationally and internationally. She is currently the North American representative to the World Congress of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies. She holds a diplomate in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology and has been active in private practice for more than 20 years.

Her current areas of interest include the treatment of depression in medical patients, the integration of cognitive and behavioral therapies with patients' spiritual beliefs and practices, interventions directed toward stress, coping, and health, and cognitive behavior therapy and problem-solving therapy for individuals with personality disorders.

• D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2007). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
• D'Zurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2002). Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised (SPSI-R): Technical manual . North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
• Nezu, A. M. (2004). Problem solving and behavior therapy revisited. Behavior Therapy, 35 , 1–33.
• Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (in press). Problem-solving therapy. In S. Richards & M. G. Perri (Eds.), Relapse prevention for depression . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Clark, M. (in press). Problem solving as a risk factor for depression. In K. S. Dobson & D. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors for depression . New York: Elsevier Science.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Perri, M. G. (2006). Problem solving to promote treatment adherence. In W. T. O'Donohue & E. Livens (Eds.), Promoting treatment adherence: A practical handbook for health care providers (pp. 135–148). New York: Sage Publications.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & D'Zurilla, T. J. (2007). Solving life's problems: A 5-step guide to enhanced well-being . New York: Springer Publishing Co.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., Friedman, S. H., Faddis, S., & Houts, P. S. (1998). Helping cancer patients cope: A problem-solving approach . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Nezu, C. M., D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2005). Problem-solving therapy: Theory, practice, and application to sex offenders. In M. McMurran & J. McGuire (Eds.), Social problem solving and offenders: Evidence, evaluation and evolution (pp. 103–123). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
• Nezu, C. M., Palmatier, A., & Nezu, A. M. (2004). Social problem-solving training for caregivers. In E. C. Chang, T. J. D'Zurilla, & L. J. Sanna (Eds.), Social problem solving: Theory, research, and training (pp. 223–238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Cognitive–Behavioral Relapse Prevention for Addictions G. Alan Marlatt
• Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy With Donald Meichenbaum Donald Meichenbaum
• Depression With Older Adults Peter A. Lichtenberg
• Depression Michael D. Yapko
• Emotion-Focused Therapy for Depression Leslie S. Greenberg
• Relapse Prevention Over Time G. Alan Marlatt
• Behavioral Interventions in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Practical Guidance for Putting Theory Into Action, Second Edition Richard F. Farmer and Alexander L. Chapman
• Experiences of Depression: Theoretical, Clinical, and Research Perspectives Sidney J. Blatt
• Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-Based Programs for Children and Adolescents Edited by Patrick Tolan, José Szapocznik, and Soledad Sambrano

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5 Problem-Solving Therapy: Theory and Practice

• Published: May 2017
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Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a psychosocial intervention that teaches clients to cope with the stress of “here-and-now” problems in order to reduce negative health and mental health outcomes. In this chapter, the six stages of PST—problem orientation, problem definition, solution generation, decision-making, solution implementation, and outcome evaluation—are explained and exemplified via vignettes. Areas for which problem-solving therapy has been found useful are summarized, including depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, and distress related to medical problems such as cancer and diabetes. The chapter describes contexts for practice, including primary care and home care, as well as adaptations for the use of PST with older adults. Finally, a case example of a problem-solving intervention with an unemployed depressed older man is presented to illustrate this approach.

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Problem-solving therapy for depression: a meta-analysis

Affiliation.

• 1 Stony Brook University, USA. [email protected]
• PMID: 19299058
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.003

Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that focuses on training in adaptive problem-solving attitudes and skills. The purpose of this paper was to conduct a meta-analysis of controlled outcome studies on efficacy of PST for reducing depressive symptomatology. Based on results involving 21 independent samples, PST was found to be equally effective as other psychosocial therapies and medication treatments and significantly more effective than no treatment and support/attention control groups. Moreover, component analyses indicated that PST is more effective when the treatment program includes (a) training in a positive problem orientation (vs. problem-solving skills only), (b) training in all four major problem-solving skills (i.e., problem definition and formulation, generation of alternatives, decision making, and solution implementation and verification), and (c) training in the complete PST package (problem orientation plus the four problem-solving skills).

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Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city, Russia

The capital city of Sakhalin oblast .

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - Overview

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is a city located in the southern part of Sakhalin Island in the Far East of Russia, the administrative center of Sakhalin Oblast.

The population of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is about 201,700 (2022), the area - 164 sq. km.

The phone code - +7 4242, the postal codes - 693000-693904.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city flag

Yuzhno-sakhalinsk city coat of arms.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city map, Russia

Yuzhno-sakhalinsk city latest news and posts from our blog:.

29 October, 2019 / Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - the view from above .

History of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Foundation of yuzhno-sakhalinsk.

The Russians first visited Sakhalin Island in 1742. In 1805, the Russian-American Company sent Adam Johann von Krusenstern, a Russian admiral and explorer, to Sakhalin to hoist the Russian flag on the island. Officially, neither Russia nor Japan claimed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. In 1855, a treatise on friendship and the border was signed in Shimoda, which marked the beginning of diplomatic relations between Russia and Japan. According to it, Sakhalin remained jointly owned by the two countries.

The settlement of Sakhalin by Russians was mainly due to exiled convicts. In 1869, Sakhalin was officially declared a place of exile and hard labor. In 1875, the St. Petersburg Treaty was signed between the Russian Empire and Japan, according to which Sakhalin completely went to Russia and the Kuril Islands - to Japan.

In 1881, according to the order of the military governor of the Primorsky region, Major Vladimir Yantsevich was appointed head of exiles in South Sakhalin. He received the following instructions: “For the settlement of those who are finishing their terms of hard labor, a place that is quite convenient for arable farming should be chosen. The selected site, if possible along the main road from south to north, should be planned, divided into sections and, as a new settlement, named by some permanent name.”

In 1883, Yantsevich applied for the approval of the names of four new villages founded in the south of Sakhalin: Solovyovskoe, Mitsulskoe, Vladimirovka (future Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), and Vlasovskoe. In 1885, 57 people lived in Vladimirovka, in 1895 - 130 people. In 1897, there were 150 residential and commercial buildings here: a church, a school, a post office, a hospital, a mill, trade shops, a number of government buildings, and a lot of residential log houses.

More historical facts…

Japanese period in the history of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

In 1905, after the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Russo-Japanese War, according to the Treaty of Portsmouth, part of Sakhalin south of the 50th parallel was ceded to the Japanese Empire and became the Karafuto Prefecture. The northern part of Sakhalin remained under the control of the Russian Empire.

In 1908, Vladimirovka was renamed Toyohara (“bountiful plain”). In 1915, the settlement received the status of a town. The Japanese made their own plan for the development of the town with a clear rectangular planning system with the direction of streets along the railway and perpendicular to it.

The building density was high, as a result, a significant number of residential buildings were without outbuildings, sheds and other ancillary buildings, as well as yards. On the outskirts of the town there was a well-maintained park with an artificial reservoir. In 1920, the population of Toyohara was 14,176 people, in 1935 - 28,459.

On February 11, 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill signed an agreement in Yalta on the conditions for the USSR’s entry into the war against Japan. Among the conditions were the return of South Sakhalin to the USSR and the annexation of the Kuril Islands. In August 1945, Soviet troops entered Toyohara.

This is what Toyohara looked like from the words of Dmitry Kryukov, head of the civil administration of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, who arrived in the town in September 1945: “The town mainly consists of wooden buildings. The houses are adjacent to each other, timber-frame, plastered. Many of them look good, but they are cold.” The majority of the population were Japanese and Koreans.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - the capital of Sakhalin Oblast

On February 2, 1946, Yuzhno-Sakhalin Oblast was formed on the territory of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. On June 4, 1946, Toyohara became its administrative center. It was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (“South Sakhalin City”).

On January 2, 1947, Yuzhno-Sakhalin Oblast was liquidated and its territory was included in Sakhalin Oblast, a separate region of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. On April 18, 1947, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk became its administrative center.

In the spring of 1947, the mass repatriation of the Japanese began. By August 1, 1947, 124,308 people left Sakhalin, almost half of the local Japanese. During 1947-1949, about 400 thousand people were brought to Sakhalin from the central regions of Russia, Primorye and the Far East. By 1949, only 2,682 Japanese remained on Sakhalin - those who managed to obtain a Soviet passport. The Koreans from Sakhalin were not forcibly evicted, so most of them stayed. In 1959, the population of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was 85,510 people.

In subsequent years, the appearance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk changed again - the frame houses built by the Japanese were demolished. Today, except for the railway and some buildings of that time turned into museums, almost nothing reminds of the Japanese period in the history of this city.

General views of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk from above

Author: Vladislav Yarowind

General view of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk cityscape

Author: Shinya Ichinohe

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - Features

Sakhalin Oblast is the only region in Russia located entirely on the islands. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk stands at some distance from the sea coast, about 25 km from the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Chekhov Peak (1,045 m), one of the highest peaks of Sakhalin, rises to the north-east of the city. Locals call the city simply Yuzhnyy.

Sakhalin Island is part of the temperate monsoon zone. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is located on a plain surrounded by hills, due to which its climate has certain peculiarities. In summer, it can be very hot in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and in winter, due to the lack of wind, severe frosts. The coldest month is January with an average daily temperature of minus 12.2 degrees Celsius, the warmest month is August with an average daily temperature of plus 17.3 degrees Celsius. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is equated to the regions of the Far North.

The city is located in an earthquake-prone area. The probability of strong earthquakes is relatively high. The distance from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to Moscow is 9,140 km by road and 6,640 km in a straight line.

The majority of the population is Russian, but the proportion of Koreans is also high (about 20%). Out of 43 thousand Sakhalin Koreans, most of them live in the capital of the region. In the city you can also find representatives of the indigenous peoples: Nivkhs, Ainu and Oroks, but their number is very small.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is the largest transport hub on Sakhalin. Anton Chekhov Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport offers regular flights to such cities as Vladivostok, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Moscow, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Seoul (South Korea), Sapporo (Japan), Tokyo (Japan).

In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, there is a high level of air pollution due to the high motorization of the population and the location of the city in the valley, which slows down the dispersion of harmful substances.

Today, it is one of the dynamically developing cities of the Far East, the production and intellectual center of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Oil and natural gas production, as well as their processing, are the most important components of the local economy.

This is one of the most visited cities in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is often visited by cruise ship passengers (mostly Japanese citizens). Restaurants of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk offer dishes of Russian, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Uzbek, Georgian, Italian cuisines.

The architecture of the period of the Karafuto Prefecture gives a special flavor to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Today, in the city there are about 40 objects of cultural heritage of this period. In the future, tourism should become the basis for the economic development of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

Special thanks to Vladislav Yarowind for the photos of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

Main Attractions of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore - the central museum of Sakhalin Oblast founded in 1896. It is housed in a very picturesque Japanese building constructed in the Imperial Crown Style in 1937. This is the only such building on the territory of Sakhalin and all of Russia, the most significant architectural monument of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Its diverse expositions are devoted to nature, history of the indigenous peoples of the islands, culture and development of Sakhalin. Kommunisticheskiy Avenue, 29.

Sports and Tourist Complex “Gornyy Vozdukh” (“Mountain Air”) - a ski resort and sports complex, existing, according to one version, since the days of the Japanese Karafuto Prefecture (1905-1945). Today, it is one of the most dynamically developing ski resorts in the Far East of Russia.

The unique location of the complex - in the center of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - allows guests to find themselves in the world of winter sports in just a few minutes. The ski resort offers 10 slopes of various difficulty levels for both beginners and professionals. Their total length is over 23 km. The ski season lasts from December to the end of April.

It is one of the main organizers of excursion tours in Sakhalin Oblast: sports, excursion, business tourism, as well as ecological tourism. The complex has a network of hiking and cycling routes. There are also restaurants and cafes here.

Museum and Memorial Complex “Pobeda” (“Victory”) - a square with a cultural and educational center, where you can find historical expositions dedicated to the Russian-Japanese and World War II. A T-34-85 tank is installed on a pedestal in front of the building. Pobedy Avenue, 1.

Museum of the History of the Sakhalin Railway . This museum is dedicated to the history of railway construction on Sakhalin. The exposition has a lot of interesting and rare exhibits. In the open area of the museum, Sakhalin railway equipment is exhibited: steam locomotives, carriages of various types, etc. Vokzalnaya Street, 55.

Sakhalin Regional State Art Museum - the only art museum in Sakhalin Oblast with over 11 thousand works of art. On the ground floor, temporary art exhibitions are held, the art of artists from Russia, Korea and China is presented. The second floor houses permanent exhibitions: “Contemporary Korean Art”, “Christian Art”, “Russian Art of the 19th - early 20th centuries.” Lenina Street, 137.

Museum of the Book of Anton Chekhov “Sakhalin Island” . This museum is dedicated to Anton Chekhov’s trip to Sakhalin in 1890, as a result of which he wrote the book “Sakhalin Island”. Here you can find the following collections: “Painting”, “Graphics”, “Written Sources”, “Photo Materials”, “Numismatics/Phaleristics”, “Household Items, Arts and Crafts”, “Sculpture”. The personal belongings of Chekhov’s family members and various items belonging to exiles are exhibited here. Mira Avenue, 104.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Park of Culture and Rest named after Yuri Gagarin - the most beautiful recreational area of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk founded in the Japanese period of the city’s history in 1906. In 1968, when the famous cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin died in a jet crash, the park was renamed in his honor. Today, this place attracts visitors with its amazing landscapes and an abundance of entertainment. Sakura blooms here in spring. Detskaya Street, 1.

Resurrection Cathedral - the first church in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk built in the 1990s. This one-domed cathedral in the pseudo-Russian style looks surprisingly graceful and is located in the immediate vicinity of Gagarin Park. Svyatitelya Innokentiya Boulevard, 3k1.

Cathedral of the Nativity . The height of this church, consecrated in 2016, is 77 m, which is why it effectively dominates the surrounding landscape. Accommodating up to 1,000 people, it is built in the Novgorod style with a gilded dome surrounded by four bright blue ones. Inside, you can admire the five-tiered iconostasis in the Russian style, decorated with 98 icons. The outer walls are decorated with mosaics created in Jerusalem. Ilarion Troitsky Street, 1.

Chekhov Peak . Several picturesque mountain peaks are located in the vicinity of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. The highest one (1,045 m) is named after the famous Russian writer Anton Chekhov. The trip to the top takes several hours. From the height of Chekhov Peak you can admire the city itself, the waters of Aniva Bay and the Sea of Okhotsk. On a cloudless day, you can even see the northern tip of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. There is a small Japanese temple at the top of the peak.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city of Russia photos

Architecture of yuzhno-sakhalinsk.

Winter in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk architecture

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk modern architecture

Author: Alexander Mikhalev

Churches of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Wooden Church of St. Nicholas in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

The Roman Catholic Church Parish of Saint James in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Resurrection Cathedral in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Author: Snejanna Baggerovski

Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore

The main building of the Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore

Old Russian 11-inch gun (1867) in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

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