fluid mixing experiment lab report

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Reversible fluid mixing, what it shows:.

Ink is squirted into a fluid and mixed in until it disappears. By precisely undoing the motions in the reverse direction, the ink becomes unmixed! The demonstration seems to defy thermodynamics in that it appears that entropy decreases, but in actuality the reversible mixing is made possible by ensuring that the mixing/unmixing is done without turbulence.

How it works:

Setting it up:

The fluid should be of high viscosity. We have used glycerine or corn syrup. The apparatus capacity is 2.2 to 2.3 liters; thus about 5 bottles of Light Corn Syrup should suffice. It will be necessary to add some kind of preservative 1 to the corn syrup if you plan to leave it in the apparatus for extended periods. Mold does not grow in the glycerine, but glycerine costs about $50/gallon. The "ink" should have similar viscosity to the fluid you use. A few drops of food coloring mixed into about 10 ml of fluid works well. A vertical "line" of colored fluid is squirted into the apparatus by means of a hypodermic syringe fitted with a large needle and long stainless-steel extension tube. Alternatively, a 5 ml volumetric pipette fitted with a pipette rubber squeeze-bulb also works well. After the demonstration, the dye can be thoroughly mixed (by a few dozen turns) so that the syrup (or glycerine) can be used again. This will give you many uses before you have to discard it.

The demonstration is quite dramatic. Using different colors for each of the injected lines adds to the visual appeal. The presentation of this demonstration can be further enhanced by first squirting some food coloring into a large beaker of water and stirring the mixture (with a spoon) until a uniform color is achieved. This provides not only a visual contrast for the mixing/unmixing demo but also a source for further discussion. The demonstration can also be used as a mechanical analog of spin echoes in nuclear magnetic resonance. As far as we know, the original demonstration is due to John P. Heller of Socony Mobil Oil Co. 2 Our present apparatus was fabricated by Harvard student Alyn Kelly ('90) who actually made one for each of the sixteen NECUSE 3 institutions! Many thanks. The unmixing never fails to elicit a long "Ooooh" from the audience. An "Ooooh" is close enough to a "Wow" and so this demo deserves the Rating ****.

References:

J.P. Heller, Am J Phys 28, 348-353 (1960). "An Unmixing Demonstration" This reference provides the mathematical description (Navier-Stokes equations) of the mixing transformation in the geometry of the Couette viscometer, which is a similar geometry to our apparatus. R. Brewer and E. Hahn, Scientific American , Dec 1984, p 50. "Atomic systems that have decayed from some ordered states can be induced to recover their initial order."

1 One such product is Consan Triple Action 20 (algicide, fungicide, bacteriacide) made by Del Tek Inc., 14221 Suburban Garden Rd., P.O. Box 179, Pearland, TX 77588. 1/2 tsp is sufficient. 2 John P. Heller, Am J Phys 28 , 348-353 (1960) "An Unmixing Demonstration." Heller uses the geometry of a Couette viscometer and solves the Navier-Stokes equation for the mixing transformation. 3 New England Consortium for Undergraduate Science Education

Demo Subjects

Newtonian Mechanics Fluid Mechanics Oscillations and Waves Electricity and Magnetism Light and Optics Quantum Physics and Relativity Thermal Physics Condensed Matter Astronomy and Astrophysics Geophysics Chemical Behavior of Matter Mathematical Topics

Key to Catalog Listings

Size : from small [S] (benchtop) to extra large [XL] (most of the hall)  Setup Time : <10 min [t], 10-15 min [t+], >15 min [t++] /span> Rating : from good [★] to wow! [★★★★] or not rated [—] 

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CHE504 - Lab Report on Liquid - liquid Extraction (L7) (2018)

Liquid-liquid extraction is one of the separation technology used in industries. This process is quite different with distillation because it focuses on relative solubility of the species rather than volatility. Usually, extraction is more preferable than distillation for separation application that is not cost efficient and applicable for distillation. This experiment was carried out to determine the distribution coefficient and mass transfer coefficient of LLE. The sample collected from extraction equipment, namely raffinate, extract and feed were titrated with sodium hydroxide with different concentration. An indicator, phenolphthalein were added into the sample in order to detect alkaline ion. The sample is titrated until the solution turns light pink. The amount of 0.025M sodium hydroxide needed to turn the colourless feed, extract and raffinate solution to light pink were 253.8 mL, 52 mL and 4 mL respectively. While for 0.1M sodium hydroxide, the samples need 81.5 mL, 15.9 mL and 2.2 mL in the same order as mentioned previously. The mass transfer coefficients in 0.025M NaOH are 6.1402x10-3 m/min and 6.1632x10-3 m/min for K value 1.9272 and 1.8415 respectively. Meanwhile, for 0.1M NaOH, the mass transfer coefficients are 5.8451x10-3 m/min and 5.8620x10-3 m/min for K value 1.9272 and 1.8415 respectively. As the concentration of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution and the distribution coefficient, K values increases, the mass transfer coefficient of propionic acid will decreases. The experiment is considered successful since all the objectives are successfully achieved. Turnitin : Percentage Similarity (18%)

Related Papers

Azizi Zulkifli

1.0 ABSTRACT Based on the experiment objectives, which is to conduct the simple experiments regarding liquid-liquid extraction and to determine the distribution of coefficient and mass transfer coefficient with the aqueous phase as the continuous medium through liquid-liquid extraction. This experiment is based on the solubility. First experiment, we used separators funnel to separate two solutions of different solubility and densities, and then titrate with 0.1M of NaOH. The values for distribution coefficient by titration with 0.1M are 3.36 in 1.0 ml of propionic acid, 2.70 in 3.0 ml propionic acid and 1.88 in 5.0 ml propionic acid. Second experiment, we used liquid-liquid extraction column to obtain feed, raffinate and extract samples. The samples were titrated with different of NaOH concentration (0.1M and 0.025M). The value of mass transfer coefficient from liquid-liquid extraction are; 0.242 mol/Lmin if titrated with 0.1M NaOH and 0.662 mol/Lmin if titrated with 0.025M NaOH. The experiment was completely and successfully done. 2.0 INTRODUCTION Liquid-liquid extraction also known as solvent extraction and partitioning is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent (Propanoic Acid). It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid phase into another liquid phase. Liquid-liquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a separator funnel. This type of process is commonly performed after a chemical reaction as part of the work-up. In other words, this is the separation of a substance from a mixture by preferentially dissolving that substance in a suitable solvent. By this process a soluble compound is usually separated from an insoluble compound. The basic principle behind extraction involves the contacting of a solution with another solvent that is immiscible with the original. The solvent is also soluble with a specific solute contained in the solution. The two phases are formed after the addition of the solvent, due to the differences in densities. The solvent is chosen so that the solute in the solution has more affinity toward the added solvent. Therefore, mass transfer of the solute from the solution to the solvent occurs. Further separation of the extracted solute and the solvent will be necessary. However, these separation costs may be desirable in contrast to distillation and other separation processes for situations where extraction is applicable.

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