cheapest phd law uk

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Course type

Qualification, university name, phd degrees in law.

103 degrees at 70 universities in the UK.

Customise your search

Select the start date, qualification, and how you want to study

About Postgraduate Law

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Law through distance learning offers a flexible platform for in-depth legal research and scholarship. It caters to those who wish to combine an advanced higher education qualification with their existing work or personal commitments by providing the ability to study from anywhere globally. You’ll be able to undertake the majority of your research at an off-campus location.

There are 19 such courses in the UK, and full-time students are expected to complete their work within three years. Courses are competitive, and a first class or upper second-class honours degree in law (or a subject related to the proposed area of research) is usually required.

What to Expect

The distance learning Law PhD spans approximately 3 to 6 years, depending on whether you choose to study with full-time or part-time enrolment. The programme is predominantly research-based, requiring candidates to produce a lengthy thesis that offers a significant, original contribution to the legal profession. This involves rigorous independent research, under the guidance of experienced faculty members who provide academic oversight and support through online communication.

Candidates are required to engage in critical analysis of legal texts, case studies and contemporary legal issues, demonstrating critical thinking and analytical skills. Online seminars and workshops are integral to the curriculum, promoting academic development and networking within the legal community.

Upon completion, graduates possess a thorough understanding of their chosen area of law, prepared for careers in academia, legal research, policy development or high-level advisory roles.

Related subjects:

• PhD Arbitration
• PhD Civil Law
• PhD Company Law
• PhD Constitutional and Public Law
• PhD Criminal Law
• PhD European Law
• PhD International Law
• PhD Jurisprudence
• PhD Labour Law
• PhD Law and Legal studies
• PhD Law of Specific Areas and Countries
• PhD Legal Practice
• PhD Legal Practice and Procedures
• PhD Legal Rights (Law)

• Course title (A-Z)
• Course title (Z-A)
• Price: high - low
• Price: low - high

Law and Social Change at Birkbeck PhD

Birkbeck, university of london.

The School of Law's full-time MPhil/PhD programme in Law and Social Change is offered under an international consortium arrangement led by Read more...

• 4 years Full time degree

PhD Postgraduate Research in law

University of east anglia uea.

UEA Law School is one of the top law schools in the United Kingdom. We want your research to make a real difference. Our inspiring Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,712 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £2,356 per year (UK)

London South Bank University

The PhD programme is closely linked to our growing and dynamic research culture. You'll benefit from engaging with highly qualified Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,820 per year (UK)
• 5 years Part time degree: £2,892 per year (UK)

Business Phd - School of Economics, Finance and Law

Anglia ruskin university.

Join an international group of researchers whose work is making a positive difference in the world of business, economics, finance and Read more...

• 2 years Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 2.5 years Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 3 years Part time degree: £2,392 per year (UK)

SOAS University of London

The School of Law accepts candidates for research work leading to a PhD. The central feature of PhD work is the close relationship Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,860 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £2,430 per year (UK)

PhD Security, Conflict and Human Rights

University of bath.

This course brings together research perspectives from disciplines such as political science, sociology and psychology, as well as Read more...

• 4 years Full time degree: £4,800 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £2,400 per year (UK)

PhD (School of Law) Doctorate

University of bradford.

Our Law PhD programme enables you to conduct legal research under the supervision of our international, experienced, and highly committed Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £2,393 per year (UK)

MPhil/PhD Law

University of chester.

The University of Chester Law School provides a rich and supportive environment for postgraduate research and welcomes students wishing Read more...

• 4 years Part time degree: £2,393 per year (UK)

PhD Postgraduate research opportunities in Law

Liverpool john moores university.

Excellent research opportunities await at the School of Law, enabling you to work at the forefront of developments with leading Read more...

• 4 years Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 7 years Part time degree: £2,393 per year (UK)

Law PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)

Kingston university.

Whether you are planning a career as an academic within the education sector, or as a professional researcher within the public or Read more...

Royal Holloway, University of London

The multidisciplinary Department of Law and Criminology is home to applied, theoretical and doctrinal research across Criminology, Forensic Read more...

Mphil Phd School of Business and Law

University of east london.

The School gives postgraduate research students the chance to learn from the best academic minds and industry experts. You’ll be studying Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £5,740 per year (UK)
• 5 years Part time degree: £2,870 per year (UK)

PhD Human Rights

University of essex.

Our PhD Human Rights was established to meet the demands of our students who have an established interest in human rights and wish to Read more...

University of Glasgow

Our staff are experts from across all areas of the law, supervising top-calibre international research students. Our academic staff Read more...

• 5 years Part time degree: £2,356 per year (UK)

University of Hull

About our programmes We welcome applications for postgraduate research into many areas of law at PhD level. Our particular range of Read more...

Law PhD, MPhil - Socio-Legal Studies

University of leicester.

Leicester Law School is a research-led department, recognising the important relationship between excellence in research and in teaching. Read more...

• 6 years Distance without attendance degree: £4,333 per year (UK)

Law LLM (by research), MPhil, PhD

Newcastle university.

Our Law LLM by Research, MPhil and PhD are courses of independent research under supervision. Join us for your Law LLM by Research or an Read more...

• 36 months Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 72 months Part time degree: £2,393 per year (UK)

University of Nottingham

With well-established research centres and links to leading institutions around the world, the School of Law is a dynamic centre for PhD Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £5,100 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree

University of Plymouth

The law group has diverse interests with specific, discipline-leading, strengths in intellectual property, cyberlaw, discrimination, human Read more...

• 4 years Part time degree: £3,030 per year (UK)

PhD/MPhil/MSc by Research in Business, Management and Law

University of salford.

Salford Business School aims to be a first-choice international provider of next-generation business, management and law education and Read more...

• 5 years Part time degree: £2,395 per year (UK)

1-20 of 103 courses

Course type:

• Distance learning PhD
• Full time PhD
• Part time PhD

Qualification:

Universities:.

• University of Warwick
• University of West London
• Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London
• City, University of London
• University of Suffolk
• University of Portsmouth
• Cardiff University
• University of Buckingham
• University of Sussex
• University of Aberdeen
• The University of Edinburgh
• King's College London, University of London
• Ulster University
• University of Reading
• UCL (University College London)
• University of Sunderland
• Bangor University
• University of Kent
• Birmingham City University
• London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London

Related Subjects:

Alternatively, use our A–Z index

Attend an open day

Discover more about Law at Manchester

PhD Law / Overview

Year of entry: 2024

• View full page
• Bachelor's (Honours) degree in a cognate subject at 2:1 or above (or overseas equivalent); and
• Master's degree in a relevant subject - with an overall average of 65% or above, a minimum mark of 65% in your dissertation and no mark below 55% (or overseas equivalent)

Full entry requirements

Apply online

Please ensure you include all required supporting documents at the time of submission, as incomplete applications may not be considered.

Application Deadlines

For consideration in internal funding competitions, you must submit your completed application by 1 December 2023. If you are applying for or have secured external funding (for example, from an employer or government) or are self-funding, you must submit your application before the below deadlines to be considered. You will not be able to apply after these dates have passed.

• For September 2024 entry: 30 June 2024
• For January 2025 entry: 30 September 2024

Programme options

Programme overview

• Immerse yourself in sustained, in-depth study into a specific topic.
• Stimulate real change while you work across our core fields in terms of both legal and policy issues.
• Join a community of established researchers and contribute to a diverse intellectual environment.
• Receive research training in law and social sciences.

Please enable JavaScript to watch this video.

To find out what studying on a postgraduate research programme at Manchester is like, visit our Open days and study fairs page and explore our virtual open week or future on-campus and international events.

We will be conducting our PGR virtual open week in October 2024. Find out more about future events and postgraduate research sessions by signing up for our email alerts.

For entry in the academic year beginning September 2024, the tuition fees are as follows:

• PhD (full-time) UK students (per annum): £4,786 International, including EU, students (per annum): £21,500
• PhD (part-time) UK students (per annum): £2,393 International, including EU, students (per annum): £10,750

Further information for EU students can be found on our dedicated EU page.

Scholarships/sponsorships

There are a range of scholarships, studentships and awards available to support both UK and overseas postgraduate researchers, details of which can be found via the links below.

To apply University of Manchester funding, you must indicate in your application the competitions for which you wish to be considered. The deadline for most internal competitions, including School of Social Sciences studentships is 1 December 2023.

All external funding competitions have a specified deadline for submitting your funding application and a separate (earlier) deadline for submitting the online programme application form, both of which will be stated in the funding competition details below.

For more information about funding, visit our funding page to browse for scholarships, studentships and awards you may be eligible for.

• ESRC North West Social Science Doctoral Training Partnership (NWSSDTP) PhD Studentships - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• School of Social Sciences PhD Studentships 2024 Entry
• AHRC North West Consortium Doctoral Training Partnership (NWCDTP) PhD Studentships - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• China Scholarship Council - The University of Manchester (CSC-UoM) Joint Scholarship Programme - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• Commonwealth PhD Scholarships (Least Developed Countries and Fragile States)
• President's Doctoral Scholar (PDS) Awards - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• Trudeau Doctoral Scholarships 2024 Entry
• PhD Studentship with the Stuart Hall Foundation (Social Sciences) - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• Commonwealth PhD Scholarships (High Income Countries)
• Humanities Doctoral Academy Humanitarian Scholarship 2024 Entry

Contact details

See: School Subjects

Programmes in related subject areas

Use the links below to view lists of programmes in related subject areas.

Regulated by the Office for Students

The University of Manchester is regulated by the Office for Students (OfS). The OfS aims to help students succeed in Higher Education by ensuring they receive excellent information and guidance, get high quality education that prepares them for the future and by protecting their interests. More information can be found at the OfS website .

You can find regulations and policies relating to student life at The University of Manchester, including our Degree Regulations and Complaints Procedure, on our regulations website .

UCL Faculty of Laws

• Fees and scholarships

MPhil/PhD fees and scholarships

Find out more about fees, funding and scholarship opportunities for the MPhil/PhD programme at UCL Laws.

Skip to: Fees and finance |  Funding and scholarships  | AHRC CDP studentship

Fees and finance

Tuition fees cover all elements of your tuition, registration and examination. If applicable, any additional research expenses will be specified on your formal offer of admission.

Full details of the tuition fees for each academic year can be found under the fee schedule  pages of the UCL Current Students website.

Tuition fees for subsequent years are subject to increase. You should make provision for such increases and this is implicit in accepting the offer of a place at UCL.

You must pay at least 50% of your tuition fee before or at enrolment to be fully enrolled, or provide a letter of sponsorship indicating who should be invoiced for your fee.

Tuition fees for 2024 entry

(As a guide) UCL’s tuition fees for UK students registered on graduate research programmes at UCL Laws for 2023-24 are £5,860 for full-time students, and £2,930 for part-time students.  These will likely increase for 2024-25.

UCL’s tuition fees for international students registered on graduate research programmes at UCL Laws are £24,200 for full-time students and £12,100 for part-time students for the academic year 2023-24.  These will likely increase for 2024-25.

Tuition fees for 2024-25 may increase. Further information relating to on tuition fees can be found in the fees and funding section of the UCL Current Students website .

Living costs

As well as your tuition fees, you will also need to think about how you are going to meet your living costs – accommodation, food and travel, as well as other costs associated with your studies and everyday life.

Find more information about living costs and managing your money on the UCL Prospective Students website .

Funding and scholarships

There are a number of different scholarships available to fund your PhD. All are awarded on the basis of academic excellence and are competitive.  An application for a place on the PhD programme should precede any application for funding.

Each requires a different application process and deadline so please do read the following information carefully and adhere to the deadlines specified. No late applications will be accepted.

Please see also the UCL guidance on Funding for students on postgraduate research courses , which provides information on other possible funding sources.  

Annual Scholarship opportunities

These scholarships are awarded on the basis of academic excellence, research potential and research area. Candidates must have an outstanding academic track record, an excellent research proposal and strong references as competition for these scholarships is high. Financial need is not an essential criterion but will be taken into account in tie-break cases, namely when there are two equally well qualified candidates on the basis of academic excellence.

A UCL Laws FRS covers the cost of tuition fees, plus a maintenance stipend per annum for full time study. The annual stipend for 2023/24 (as a guide) is £20,622. Costs are pro-rated for part-time students.

Awards are made initially for one year but will be renewed for a second year, subject to satisfactory completion of studies during your first year. They will be renewed for a third year, provided the student has been upgraded to full PhD status and continues to make satisfactory progress in the programme.

How To Apply:  

All successful applicants to the UCL Laws PhD programme are automatically considered for our prestigious Faculty Research Scholarships (FRS), awarded directly by the Faculty. There is no separate application form that needs to be completed.

To be considered for the scholarship candidates must apply for the PhD programme by 16 November 2023. Further details about applications are available here . 

Four Faculty Research Scholarships, named after distinguished legal figures associated with the Faculty, are typically available each year:

• Orme Scholarship :  Eliza Orme was the first woman to earn a law degree in England, graduating from UCL with an LLB in 1888. This followed UCL’s groundbreaking decision to become the first UK university to permit women on an equal footing to men, in 1878. While women at the time were not permitted to qualify as a barrister or solicitor, Orme made a career drafting legal documents from her office in Chancery Lane. She was also involved in the National Society for Women’s Suffrage.
• Lawrence Scholarship :  Reina Lawrence was London’s first woman councillor. After receiving her LLB from UCL in 1893, Lawrence served on the Hampstead Distress Committee, helping the unemployed, before the Qualification of Women Act 1907 opened the way for female candidates in council elections. Lawrence stood for Hampstead Borough Council and was elected for the Belsize Ward with a large majority.
• Clarke Scholarship :  Ellis Clarke graduated from UCL Laws in 1940, being called to the Bar at Gray’s Inn the following year. Clarke returned to his native Trinidad and Tobago and served as a lawyer and, following that country’s independence from Britain, in a number of government posts including Ambassador to the United States and Ambassador to the UN. Knighted in 1963, Sir Ellis was instrumental in drafting a new republican constitution for Trinidad and Tobago and following its adoption was appointed President, serving in that capacity from 1976 to 1987.
• Elias Scholarship :  Taslim Olawale Elias graduated from UCL with an LLB in 1946, being called to the bar at the Inner Temple the following year. Elias completed his LLM and PhD at UCL, becoming the first African to earn a PhD in Law from the University of London in 1949. In the run up to Nigerian independence in 1960, Elias played a key role in drafting the constitution and on its adoption was appointed Attorney General and Minister of Justice. In 1972 he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, and served in a number of important international roles including Chairman of the UN International Law Commission, and helping to draft the Constitutions of the Congo and the Organisation of African Unity (forerunner to the African Union). In 1976 he was appointed a judge at the International Court of Justice in the Hague, becoming its President in 1982.

The UCL Faculty of Laws offers UCL Laws Research Opportunity Scholarships. These scholarships are awarded on the basis of academic excellence, research potential and research area. Candidates must have an outstanding academic track record and excellent research proposal. Financial need is an essential criterion for this award. It is a condition for eligibility for these scholarships that candidates qualify for ‘UK fee status’ as defined here by UCL, and are domiciled in the UK.

A UCL Laws Research Opportunity Scholarship covers the cost of tuition fees, plus a maintenance stipend per annum for full time study. The annual stipend for 2023/24 (as a guide) is £20,622. Costs are pro-rated for part-time students.

Awards are made initially for one year but will be renewed for a second year, subject to satisfactory completion of studies during your first year. They will be renewed for a third year, provided the student has been upgraded to full PhD status and continues to make satisfactory progress in the programme. 

How To Apply:

There is not a separate application form for this scholarship, and all applicants successful at interview will be given the option to provide financial information in order to be considered for the UCL Laws Research Opportunity Scholarship.

To be considered for the scholarship candidates must apply for the PhD programme by 16 November 2023. Further details about applications are available here .

The UCL Faculty of Laws offers UCL Laws BAME Research Opportunity Scholarships. The scholarships are awarded on the basis of academic excellence, research potential and research area. Candidates must have an outstanding academic track record and excellent research proposal.  Financial need is an essential criterion for the scholarship. It is a condition for eligibility for these scholarships that candidates qualify for ‘UK fee status’ as defined here by UCL and are domiciled in the UK. The scholarship is only available to ethnic groups currently underrepresented as academic staff members in Law Schools at Russell Group Universities. The Faculty will make an assessment of which groups are currently underrepresented using the latest HESA and National Census data.  A UCL Laws Research Opportunity Scholarship covers the cost of tuition fees, plus a maintenance stipend per annum for full time study. The annual stipend for 2023/24 (as a guide) is £20,622. Costs are calculated pro rata for part-time students. Awards are made initially for one year but will be renewed for a second year, subject to satisfactory completion of studies during your first year. They will be renewed for a third year, provided the student has been upgraded to full PhD status and continues to make satisfactory progress in the programme.

There is not a separate application form for this scholarship, and all applicants successful at interview will be given the option to provide the personal information required in order to be considered for the UCL Laws BAME Research Opportunity Scholarship.

The UCL Laws Institute of Brand and Innovation Law is offering a scholarship in 2024/25. The scholarship will fund one PhD student to undertake research in the field of Intellectual Property, and will provide a stipend of at least £20,622 per year for 3 years. Fees at the Home rate are covered (the scholarship is open to international students as well; if successful, an international student would receive a discount on the international fees equivalent to the value of the Home fees, and would need to cover the difference with their own funds).

The Institute of Brand and Innovation Law would like to thank its sponsors for their generosity, which has made this scholarship possible. Details of IBIL's sponsors can be found on our website.

All applicants to the UCL Laws PhD Programme in the field of Intellectual Property will be considered for the scholarship. There is no separate application form.

To be considered for the scholarship candidates must apply for the PhD programme by 18 November 2023. Further details about applications are available here .

One scholarship worth £1,000 is available for prospective or current MPhil/PhD research students at UCL Laws. This scholarship is awarded on the basis of academic merit and research potential, taking into account the availability of other sources of funding.

All successful applicants to the UCL Laws PhD programme are automatically considered for the Joseph Hume Scholarship, awarded directly by the Faculty. There is no separate application form.

To be considered for the scholarship, candidates must apply for the PhD programme by 16 November 2023. Further details about applications are available here . 

UCL Research Excellence Scholarships (RES) aim to attract high-quality students to undertake postgraduate research at UCL. The university usually awards approximately 40 UCL RES annually to prospective and current UCL research students from any country.  These are highly competitive scholarships and are awarded only to the most outstanding potential and existing research students from all UCL departments and faculties.

The scholarships consist of tuition fees (for home or overseas students) plus a maintenance stipend of at least £20,622 for full-time study (benefits are calculated 'pro rata' for part-time students). The scholarship also includes additional support for research costs of up to £1,200 per year for the stated duration of the programme. Awards are normally tenable for years 1, 2, and 3 of a full-time research degree programme (or years 1-5 of a part-time programme), subject to annual review and renewal. 

All further information and required materials for application can be found online here . There is a separate application form which must be sent to [email protected] . You must also have applied to the PhD programme by 16 November 2023. The RES application documents can be submitted later though - by 12 January 2024. Further details about applications are available here . 

We are partnered with the AHRC-funded London Arts & Humanities Doctoral Training Partnership. These are studentships that normally cover fees and maintenance allowance (stipend). 

Candidates should be aware that the LAHP studentship competition is a twin-track process, and they will need to:

• Apply first for a place on the UCL Faculty of Laws PhD programme by 16 November 2023; and
• Apply separately and directly to LAHP to their Open Competition Studentship .

The application window for LAHP Studentships opens on 27 November 2023, and the deadline to apply is 26 January 2024.The application process for these Studentships is run entirely by LAHP.  UCL's Faculty of Laws is not involved in the process at all. If you are intending to apply for an LAHP studentship, please make note of this on your online application form when you apply for a place on the PhD programme. 

Other scholarships 

For spring 2024: ahrc collaborative doctoral partnership (cdp) studentship.

Law & Equity in Flux: The Court of Chancery during the Civil War & Interregnum (c. 1640-1660)

Start date : 1 st October 2024

Application Deadline: 24 th June 2024

We expect interviews to take place online, via Zoom, week commencing 8 th July 2024

University College London and The National Archives are pleased to announce the availability of a fully funded Collaborative doctoral studentship from 1 st October 2024, under the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Collaborative Doctoral Partnership Scheme.

It will be jointly supervised by Dr David Foster and Dr Daniel Gosling . The student will be expected to spend time at both University College London and The National Archives. PhD students of UCL’s Faculty of Laws are provided with Research Skills training throughout the PhD programme, most intensively in year 1 of the programme.  The recipient of this Scholarship will form part of UCL Faculty of Laws’ 2024-25 PhD cohort. They will also become part of the wider cohort of CDP funded students across the UK, with access to CDP Cohort Development events.

The studentship can be studied either full or part-time.

Students should have a Master’s Degree in a relevant subject or be able to demonstrate equivalent experience in a professional setting.

Project Overview:

The project will investigate the records of the Court of Chancery during the English Civil War and Interregnum (c. 1640-1660). This period had a profound impact on law and society in England and Wales. Charles I went to war with his subjects and lost, heralding a decade without a monarch. For English law, old creeds associated with the royalist regime crumbled and the entire system was recast in republican garb. Although the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 swept away many of these changes, the effect of the previous twenty years was felt across society. Yet, despite the significance of this period in history, the core collections of legal records, held at The National Archives, remain understudied. The records of the Court of Chancery are particularly useful to researchers because of the high level of detail they contain on litigants’ lives and the way they arranged their legal affairs. This project will plug the gap in the existing literature and uncover new research agendas – historical, legal, archival, and digital – in this underused but highly valuable record set.

The key aims of this project are to better understand how the Court of Chancery was being used by litigants between 1640 and 1660, and to unlock the records of this court through original research and cataloguing. This project has intentionally broad research aims to allow the student to develop their own research questions and answers based on discoveries in these collections. Their initial investigation of these records will provide them with case studies, which can be approached in a variety of ways depending on the student’s interests, for example from the perspective of a social historian analysing female litigants in Chancery, or from a digital archives perspective of reuniting virtually records from the same case.

The richness of the records, the high stakes of the litigation, and the political uncertainty of the period promise to make this project an insightful and important archival study which will serve as a benchmark for future studies.

Research questions include:

• How did the Court of Chancery function during this tumultuous period?
• How and for what reason did litigants use this court?

The successful candidate will approach these questions from a variety of disciplinary perspectives (based on the expertise of the supervisors), to come up with answers grounded in legal history, social history, and archival practice.

Details of Award:

CDP doctoral training grants fund full-time studentships for 48 months (4 years) or part-time equivalent.

The award pays tuition fees up to the value of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) full-time home rate for PhD degrees. The UKRI Indicative Fee Level for 2024/25 is £4,786 for full-time home students.

The award pays full maintenance for all students, both home and international students. The National Minimum Doctoral Stipend for 2024/25 is £21,237 for students of London Universities, such as UCL.  There is also a CDP maintenance payment of £600/year.

Further details can be found on the UKRI website .

The student is eligible to receive an additional travel and related expenses grant during the course of the project courtesy of The National Archives worth up to £1000 per year for 4 years (48 months).

CDP students will also have access to training and development opportunities throughout the course of their PhD, supported and facilitated by the CDP Consortium itself, University College London and The National Archives. The National Archives will offer a one month work placement for CDP students, delivered virtually or hybrid. Costs incurred during the placement can be reimbursed using The National Archives’ research expenses.

Please note: th e project can be undertaken on a full-time or part-time basis.

Eligibility:

This studentship is open to both Home and International applicants.

To be classed as a Home student, candidates must meet the following criteria:     

o    Be a UK National (meeting residency requirements), or

o    Have settled status, or

o    Have pre-settled status (meeting residency requirements), or

o    Have indefinite leave to remain or enter

Further guidance can be found on the UKRI website.

Applicants should ideally have or expect to receive a relevant Masters-level qualification or be able to demonstrate equivalent experience in a setting involving knowledge of and critical reflection on relevant topics, such as Legal History, Constitutional History, and Political History. Suitable disciplines are flexible but might include Law or History.

· Applicants must be able to demonstrate an interest in the archives sector and potential and enthusiasm for developing skills more widely in related areas.

As a collaborative award, students will be expected to spend time at both the University and The National Archives

All applicants must meet the UKRI terms and conditions for funding.

Project details and how to apply:

For more information about the project, please contact Dr David Foster ( [email protected] ) or Dr Daniel Gosling ( [email protected] )

To apply, the following documents must be emailed by 24 th June, 5.00pm to [email protected] :

• A completed application form (4 pages);
• Your CV/ Résumé;
• Transcript of Master’s degree (if applicable);
• Transcript of undergraduate degree;
• Any other attachments that you think will enhance your application.

Any questions or concerns about the application form and/or process should be directed to UCL’s Faculty of Laws PhD team at [email protected] .

Applications will be considered following the 24 th June application deadline, initially to be short-listed for interview.  All applicants will be informed of the outcome of their application – i.e. whether or not they have been selected for interview - by 8 th July at the latest.

Reasonable adjustments and support for applicants:

Should you require any reasonable adjustments or support throughout the application process, please contact UCL’s Faculty of Laws PhD team at [email protected] or [email protected] .

Support or adjustments may include (but are not limited to):

• Opportunity to speak with supervisors about the project and the process;
• Opportunity to speak with contacts within University College London and/or The National Archives regarding institutional support systems (e.g. Neurodiversity, Racial Diversity and LGBTIAQ+ networks, mental health support, support for carers, and more);
•  Access to the topics covered within the interview and insight into the interview process;
• · Opportunity to visit the relevant building and room prior to interview, as well as on-site guidance (demonstrating accessible routes and/or familiarity with building layouts for example).
• Opportunity to speak with active CDP students at The National Archives to ask questions regarding student experience as part of the CDP scheme

Equality, diversity and inclusion:

This studentship is a partnership between University College London and The National Archives.

The National Archives is part of the Civil Service. The Civil Service is committed to attract, retain and invest in talent wherever it is found. To learn more please see the  Civil Service People Plan (opens in a new window)  and the  Civil Service Diversity and Inclusion Strategy (opens in a new window) .

UCL Faculty of Laws is consistently ranked as a leading Law School, both nationally and internationally. To maintain that reputation, we are absolutely committed to ensuring that the doors at UCL are open to the best and most academically able students from across the globe regardless of background.  The Faculty was the first Law School in England to admit students whatever their religious background, and in 1888 Eliza Orme, the first woman to obtain a law degree in England, graduated from UCL Laws.  At UCL, we believe equality of opportunity and academic excellence go hand-in-hand. The purpose of our scholarships is to promote equality of opportunity regardless of family circumstances, race, sex, sexual orientation or disability. If you have the talent, UCL is the place for you.  It is important to us that our PhD students are more diverse, so we want the widest range of potential students to apply. We particularly welcome applications from Black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds as they are currently underrepresented at this level in this area of research.

UCL’s policies on equality and diversity can be viewed here: Policies: equality and diversity | Students - UCL – University College London .

Register your interest

Natalie Sedacca, Faculty Research Scholarship recipient

Read about our alumni and where they are now

If you have any questions about the MPhil/PhD programme or the admissions procedure at UCL Laws please contact us at:

Email:   [email protected] You should always quote your UCL Application ID number in any correspondence relating to your application.

Unfortunately, the UCL Laws Research Office does not accept drop-in visitors.

UCL Laws student news

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• Schools & departments

Awards: PhD

Study modes: Full-time, Part-time

Funding opportunities

Programme website: Law

Upcoming Introduction to Postgraduate Study session

Join us on the 26th June to learn more about studying at the University of Edinburgh.

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Research profile

The Edinburgh Law School is a vibrant, collegial and enriching community of legal, sociolegal and criminology researchers and offers an excellent setting for doctoral research.

Edinburgh Law School is ranked 3rd in the UK for law for the quality and breadth of our research by Research Professional, based on the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF2021).

Our doctoral researchers are key to the School’s research activities, and we work hard to ensure that they are fully engaged with staff and projects across all of our legal disciplines.

You will find opportunities in the following fields:

• company and commercial law
• comparative law
• constitutional and administrative law
• criminal law
• criminology and criminal justice
• environmental law
• European law, policy and institutions
• European private law
• evidence and procedure
• gender and sexuality
• human rights law
• information technology law
• intellectual property law
• international law
• legal theory
• medical law and ethics
• obligations
• contract delict
• unjustified enrichment
• property, trusts and successions
• Roman law and legal history
• socio-legal studies

Training and support

Doctoral researchers enjoy full access to the University’s research skills training which the Law School complements with a tailored research and wider skills programme.

The training programme in Year One (six seminars) includes workshops on research design, writing and research ethics.

The focus of the training programme in Year Two and Three is on supporting the dissemination of work with opportunities to present work.

Opportunities are also available for research exchanges through the League of European Research (LERU) network, as well as an annual research training exchange programme with KU Leuven.

• Find out more about the training and support available

Doctoral researchers are able to draw upon a fantastic range of resources and facilities to support their research.

The Law School has one of the most significant academic law libraries in the UK which offers outstanding digital resources alongside a world-leading print collection (almost 60,000 items including a unique collection for Scots law research).

You will also have access to the University’s Main Library which has one of the largest and most important collections in Britain, as well as the legal collection of the National Library of Scotland.

Career opportunities

Upon completion of the PhD, the majority of our students progress to postdoctoral research or lecturing and teaching roles.

Recent graduates have also found employment in roles as diverse as prison governor, solicitor and policy adviser for organisations including:

• the International Criminal Court
• Anderson Strathern
• HM Prison Service

Our PhD programme

Edinburgh Law School can offer expert supervision across an exceptional range of subject areas for PhD study.

A PhD at Edinburgh Law School involves undertaking independent research, culminating in the submission of a thesis of up to 100,000 words, which should be an original piece of work that makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of study and contains material worthy of publication.

As a doctoral student, you will join a diverse community of around 100 postgraduate researchers and will become an integral part of the intellectual life of the School.

• Find our more about studying for a PhD at Edinburgh Law School

Studying for a PhD video

Entry requirements.

These entry requirements are for the 2024/25 academic year and requirements for future academic years may differ. Entry requirements for the 2025/26 academic year will be published on 1 Oct 2024.

• PhD Law: a UK 2:1 honours degree in law, arts or social sciences, and a UK Masters degree with at least 60% in the taught section and 65% or more in the dissertation, or their international equivalents.

The majority of our applicants have studied law, but we are a comprehensive Law School covering a range of approaches to legal topics including social science, historical and philosophical enquiry; applications from non-law students with relevant studies and experience will be considered and if you require further guidance please contact us.

Entry to this programme is competitive. Meeting minimum requirements for consideration does not guarantee an offer of study

International qualifications

Check whether your international qualifications meet our general entry requirements:

• Entry requirements by country
• English language requirements

Regardless of your nationality or country of residence, you must demonstrate a level of English language competency at a level that will enable you to succeed in your studies.

English language tests

We accept the following English language qualifications at the grades specified:

• IELTS Academic: total 7.0 with at least 7.0 in writing and 6.5 in all other components. We do not accept IELTS One Skill Retake to meet our English language requirements.
• TOEFL-iBT (including Home Edition): total 100 with at least 25 in writing and 23 in all other components.
• C1 Advanced ( CAE ) / C2 Proficiency ( CPE ): total 185 with at least 185 in writing and 176 in all other components.
• Trinity ISE : ISE III with passes in all four components.
• PTE Academic: total 70 with at least 70 in writing and 62 in all other components.

Your English language qualification must be no more than three and a half years old from the start date of the programme you are applying to study, unless you are using IELTS , TOEFL, Trinity ISE or PTE , in which case it must be no more than two years old.

Degrees taught and assessed in English

We also accept an undergraduate or postgraduate degree that has been taught and assessed in English in a majority English speaking country, as defined by UK Visas and Immigration:

• UKVI list of majority English speaking countries

We also accept a degree that has been taught and assessed in English from a university on our list of approved universities in non-majority English speaking countries (non-MESC).

• Approved universities in non-MESC

If you are not a national of a majority English speaking country, then your degree must be no more than five years old* at the beginning of your programme of study. (*Revised 05 March 2024 to extend degree validity to five years.)

Find out more about our language requirements:

Fees and costs

Scholarships and funding

Featured funding.

• School of Law funding opportunities
• Research scholarships for international students
• Principal's Career Development PhD Scholarships

UK government postgraduate loans

If you live in the UK, you may be able to apply for a postgraduate loan from one of the UK’s governments.

The type and amount of financial support you are eligible for will depend on:

• your programme
• the duration of your studies
• your tuition fee status

Programmes studied on a part-time intermittent basis are not eligible.

• UK government and other external funding

Other funding opportunities

Search for scholarships and funding opportunities:

• Search for funding

Further information

• Postgraduate Research Office
• Phone: +44 (0)131 650 2022
• Contact: [email protected]
• School of Law (Postgraduate Research Office)
• Old College
• South Bridge
• Central Campus
• Programme: Law
• School: Law
• College: Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences

Select your programme and preferred start date to begin your application.

PhD Law - 3 Years (Full-time)

Phd law - 6 years (part-time), application deadlines.

We encourage you to apply at least one month prior to entry so that we have enough time to process your application. If you are also applying for funding or will require a visa then we strongly recommend you apply as early as possible.

• How to apply

You must submit two references with your application.

Find out more about the general application process for postgraduate programmes:

Postgraduate research students are usually registered initially for the degree of PhD. Your initial studies, under the guidance of an academic supervisor, will prepare you for confirmation of your PhD registration, which takes place within two years (full time), and provide you with the essential foundation to help you make an original contribution to knowledge in your chosen field.

Introducing your degree

PhD in Law (min 2 years) Gain expert knowledge in a specialist legal field, develop your research skills, and benefit from joining our academic community with its national and global networks, by joining our postgraduate research programme in Law. Foster your capacity for originality and analysis throughout this research degree to expand your knowledge of important and fundamental aspects of the law, working towards your PhD.

Programme Overview

View the doctoral programme profile for this course

What's related

• Research Centres and Institutes

Entry Requirements

Typical entry requirements, applying for a research degree.

The School of Law welcomes applications to undertake research from suitably qualified. candidates. Applications may be made at any time during the academic year, to commence study at any time, although it is usual to commence research at the start of the academic year.

What is required to apply?

• Completed application form -  form available to download  
• Research proposal -  Advice on Writing a Research proposal  
• 2 references, at least one of which must be academic, the other should be academic or relevant professional
• Your Academic transcript

Selection process

For further information on  making an application please see the main University site, and for the  on-line application for Research degree please see the application forms page.

This page contains specific entry requirements for this course. Find out about equivalent entry requirements and qualifications for your country.

Programme Structure

Typical course content.

The PhD has no modules per semester, instead it is an entirely research-oriented programme in which students conduct original research under the guidance of their supervisors.

Fees & funding

Tuition fees.

Fees for postgraduate research degrees vary across the University. All fees are listed for UK, EU and international full-time and part-time students alphabetically by course name.

Scholarships, bursaries, sponsorships or grants may be available to support you through your course. Funding opportunities available to you are linked to your subject area and/or your country of origin. These can be from the University of Southampton or other sources.

Study locations

Southampton Law School, Highfield Campus

Situated on the Highfield Campus; occupying building 4, Southampton La... Find out more

Tuition fees

You can find tuition fees for our Research degrees on the University's degree finder.

2023-24 tuition fees

• PhD Law - 3 years (full time)
• PhD Law - 6 years (part time)
• LLM by Research - 1 year (full time)
• LLM by Research - 2 years (part time)

We charge different rates depending on your fee status, for example 'home' or 'overseas'.

Your tuition fee status is determined by:

• your nationality
• the country where you normally live - where you are 'ordinarily resident'

Find out your tuition fee status

The University offers a 10% discount in postgraduate tuition fees for all alumni who have graduated with an undergraduate degree from the University of Edinburgh (conditions apply).

Find out more about the graduate discount scheme

The University accepts a range of payment methods and tuition fees can be paid in full or in instalments.

Find out more about how to pay your tuition fees

The University's Scholarships and Student Funding department provide detailed information about the University's tuition fee policy.

Tuition fee policy

Please contact us if you have any questions about studying for a research degree at Edinburgh Law School.

[email protected]

Key information

University of Edinburgh fees and funding

Why Edinburgh Law School?

University of Edinburgh Scholarships

We have 5 Law (fully funded) PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships in the UK

United Kingdom

Institution

All Institutions

All PhD Types

All Funding

Law (fully funded) PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships in the UK

School of law phd programmes (phd in law, and phd in criminology), funded phd programme (european/uk students only).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. It is available to citizens of a number of European countries (including the UK). In most cases this will include all EU nationals. However full funding may not be available to all applicants and you should read the full programme details for further information.

Law Research Programme

Law Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities, shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

International Humanitarian Law & the Moral Machine: Artificial Intelligence & the Role of Emotions in War (VC24094)

Phd research project.

PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.

Funded PhD Project (UK Students Only)

This research project has funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

Classifying and Understanding Remedies in Comparative Labour Law

Funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

De Montfort University PhD Scholarships

Funded phd programme (uk students only).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

PhD Opportunities

PhD Opportunities highlight some of the specific PhD projects, programmes or other information currently available from a university.

Developing a forensic DNA legislative framework and policy for Africa (Ref: SF22/HLS/APP/AMANKWAA)

Self-funded phd students only.

This project does not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

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Law PhD by Distance Learning

What is a phd by distance learning.

A PhD by Distance Learning allows you to undertake the majority of your research at an off-campus location. You are therefore able to do the research required for your PhD in a location of your choosing; only making one annual visit to the University.

Why study by distance learning?

The main advantage of studying by distance learning is the opportunity to undertake research supervised by one of our world-renowned academics without having to relocate geographically to the Birmingham region. The flexibility offered by distance learning will allow you to combine study with other commitments, including work and family.

Is the distance learning route for you?

The distance learning route to PhD study is not for everyone. You need to have a very clear idea of your research project and be able to motivate yourself. Undertaking PhD study off campus can sometimes be quite isolating, so the ability to proactively seek out connections from within relevant research communities is important. This route is well-suited to those who have a project associated with their work or particular interests and where resources are available locally to support your research e.g. appropriate archives and data collections.

Can I study by Distance Learning in the UK?

Distance Learning courses can be undertaken from anywhere in the world, including the UK. 

However, it is worth noting that supervisory sessions for Distance Learning students will take place via audiovisual communications, such as Skype or Facetime, rather than in person. 

While this 21st Century approach has proved effective, for those applicants who would prefer to visit the campus for face-to-face meetings with their supervisor, the traditional part-time study option would be more appropriate. 

• One return economy flight per year for the required two-week campus visit in September
• Accommodation at the University for the required two-week campus visit in September
• One return economy flight at the end of the study period for the three-day PhD viva examination
• Accommodation at the University for the three-day viva examination

How will I be supported?

You will receive the same level of support and supervision as on-campus students. The only difference is that supervisory sessions will take place via audio and visual communication services such as Skype or Facetime, rather than in person.  

When would I start?

We encourage you to start your PhD in the month of September so that you can attend an induction along with other PhD candidates beginning their research at the same time as you. However, other arrangements may be possible with agreement from your supervisor.

How often will I need to be on campus?

Although you may be able to undertake the majority of your study at an off-campus location, you will be fully funded to make one compulsory visit to the University per year of study. This will enable you to meet your supervisory team, undertake intensive research skills training and make a start on your doctoral studies. You will then be invited to attend the University for annual meetings which will give you the opportunity to interact with other doctoral students both socially and academically, undertake important progress meetings and carry out necessary training. You will also generally be required to be present on campus for your viva voce.

Am I eligible?

Before we can offer you a place it is important that you have agreement from your potential supervisor and that they are satisfied that you will be able to undertake the PhD on an off-campus basis. This may mean that slightly different entry requirements apply, such as English language and more extensive research skills training. Agreements will also need to be reached regarding some of the more practical aspects of undertaking the PhD in this way (for example attendance requirements, suitability of the chosen residency etc). It is important that arrangements are discussed early so that all parties involved know what to expect and to ensure you are able to successfully complete your studies.  

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• Working paper series

PhD Programme in Law

The opportunity to undertake advanced legal research at one of the world's best law schools.

The London School of Economics is a world centre for advanced research and teaching with an outstanding reputation, with a campus situated in the heart of London, one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world. Only a short distance from Europe's financial, legal and cultural centres, LSE stands at the crossroads of international debate, a location that is fundamental to our identity as an outward looking institution with an active involvement in UK and world affairs. Each year the School attracts many influential outside speakers. Regular events and seminars involving politicians, regulators, practitioners and academics take place to complement your studies. 

LSE Law School is one of the UK's pre-eminent research institutions for law. Our academics are the authors of influential and often path-breaking scholarship, and many have globally leading reputations.  LSE Law is also one of UK's largest law schools, with over 70 academic members of staff. It is a uniquely cosmopolitan academic community, with staff and students coming from all over the world.  Our academics draw on a wide range of literatures and traditions, and pursue analyses that seek to situate the law within the political, social and economic context within which it is formed and operates. 

PhD Programme

The PhD programme at the London School of Economics and Political Science offers the opportunity to undertake advanced legal research at one of the world's best law schools. Students in our PhD programme receive excellent training and work under the supervision of leading scholars with strong international, comparative and interdisciplinary commitments. Our doctoral students become members of a lively academic community which is at the cutting-edge of legal scholarship and which plays a major role in the education of lawyers and law teachers from around the world.

We hope that the questions you have about our PhD programme will be answered in these web pages. If you have additional questions, please do not hesitate to contact us , or see our Frequently Asked Questions  ...

PhD Funding

PhD Current research

PhD placements What do our PhD students do after leaving LSE?

FAQs Your questions about the PhD programme

PhD completions Browse our completed PhDs

Careers Our careers information and resources

Visiting research students How to apply as a visiting student

PhD Academy A dedicated space for PhD students

LSE Life Academic, personal, professional development

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PhD fees and funding

Tuition fees

Alumni discounts

If you've previously completed a degree with us, you’ll automatically receive our alumni discount (£1,500 off the cost of your tuition fees).

PhD funding

The University allocates around 150 entry awards each year in PhD studentships and bursaries, so there are many ways to access PhD funding. A studentship is usually a package that provides full funding for tuition fees and living costs. Information about studentships relevant for those wishing to study in the School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences can be found below.

Other available studentships for PhD study

The University's Doctoral and Researcher College School holds further information about studentships and other funding available for both UK and International PhD applicants. We suggest that international students also consider funding sources in their own country to increase their chances of securing finance.

Doctoral loans

Alternative sources of funding

The Alternative Guide to Postgraduate Funding is a database of less well-known sources of doctoral funding.

Supplement your income

You might consider part-time or casual work as a way to supplement your income during your studies. There are often vacancies at the University, which you can apply for through Campus Jobs.

Take the next step

• How to apply
• Get a prospectus
• Ask us a question
• Learn about the Graduate School

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Top ten most affordable universities for international postgraduates

Which universities offer the cheapest postgraduate courses for international students see the top ten universities that offer the most affordable courses in the uk..

Postgraduate education in the UK is already generally expensive if you're a domestic student, and it's even more so for internationals. It doesn't have to be though. If you're an overseas student looking for an affordable postgraduate course, see our top ten below. Fees are per academic year for overseas students starting a full-time postgraduate taught master’s degree in 2023/24. 

10. University of Bolton

Current cost: £12,450.

In 2023/24, international students at the University of Bolton pay the same annual fee for postgraduate courses as they do for undergraduate courses, with tuition starting from £12,450. Supportive and personalised teaching plus a multicultural location helps international students to settle in and make the most of their studies.

Search through postgraduate courses at the University of Bolton .

9. University of the Highlands and Islands

Current cost: from £12,420.

On top of affordable and diverse postgraduate study options, international students at the University of the Highlands and Islands also gain easy access to the spectacular Scottish Highlands if studying on campus. Courses range from those rooted in the landscape (Coastal and Maritime Societies and Cultures, History of the Highlands and Islands) to those seeking a sustainable future (Net Zero Communities).

Search through postgraduate courses at the University of the Highlands and Islands .

8. University of Suffolk

Current cost: from £12,150.

Set on the stunning Ipswich waterfront, the University of Suffolk is one of the UK’s newest universities, established in 2007 and awarding its own degrees since 2016. With a modern and entrepreneurial focus, it seeks to equip students with the skills and attributes to succeed in a changing world. International postgraduates are charged the same fee as undergraduates in 2023/24, depending on course type.

Search through postgraduate courses at the University of Suffolk .

7. Plymouth Marjon University

Current cost: £12,000.

Master’s specialisms at Plymouth Marjon University include Education and Teaching, plus Sport and healthcare related courses. A small uni, it provides good access to supervisors, and the campus provides all that students require.

Search through postgraduate courses at Plymouth Marjon University .

6. Leeds Trinity University

Current cost: from £11,500.

Leeds Trinity University has a strong focus on employability, running a year-round programme of workshops and employer events for students. The uni’s networks include over 3,000 employers across the UK and overseas, which could boost employment opportunities for international students on graduation.

Search through postgraduate courses at Leeds Trinity University .

5. Liverpool Hope University

Current cost: from £11,400.

Alongside affordable tuition fees for international students, Liverpool Hope University offers a range of enticing postgraduate courses to help boost your career prospects. As a student of the university, you'll be able to enjoy a peaceful campus life while living near to the thriving city of Liverpool.

Search through postgraduate courses at Liverpool Hope University .

4. Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts

Current cost: from £10,600.

The MA in Professional Practice: Theatre and Drama Facilitation is a work-based learning course seeking to refresh your facilitation techniques with management tools and techniques. As well as online and interactive learning, intensive weekend workshops are held on campus in the UK.

Search through postgraduate courses at Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts .

3. Royal Veterinary College

Current cost: from £10,240.

The fees for the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) are just £10,240 for the year. RVC has both a central London campus and a more rural setting in Hertfordshire, meaning you can get the best of both worlds. You'll also have the chance to work with a fascinating selection of animals during your time there.

Search through postgraduate degrees at Royal Veterinary College .

2. Middlesex University

Current cost: from £8,000.

With one of the lowest fees in the UK for international postgraduate students, Middlesex University aims to equip you with the skills you need to fast-track your career after studying. Fees can be as low as £8,000, so as an international student, you can focus on your studies without worrying too much about breaking the bank.

Search through postgraduate degrees at Middlesex University .

1. University of Hull

Current cost: from £7,850.

In 2023/24 international students at the University of Hull will pay the same fees as UK/Home students for most full-time taught master’s degrees. This includes courses offered by the Faculty of Arts, Cultures and Education, and the Law School and Department of Politics. International students from over 100 countries attend the uni, and as a former UK city of culture, Hull has plenty to offer for those who come to the city to live and study.

Search through postgraduate degrees at the University of Hull .

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Online Ph.D. Degrees in United Kingdom

Legal studies degrees.

Legal Studies cover a broad range of degree subjects focused on the relationship between law and society, leading to the creation of new policies that improve the lives of citizens. Top law schools provide a wide range of Legal Studies, with specialisations in International Business Law, Gender and Law, International Law, Corporate Governance, Environmental Law, Business Law, and more.

Not sure if Legal Studies is for you?

Study in United Kingdom

Universities in the UK are some of the most highly regarded in the world, and for good reasons. Some of the world's most highly regarded research takes place in British universities, which are regularly featured in international rankings. While studying in the UK, you will be able to develop in a highly multicultural environment with high chances of pursuing lucrative careers after graduation. The teaching in the UK is designed to encourage new idea generation, encouraging individual research and group cooperation, through class discussions and creative assignments.

Can you handle the weather in United Kingdom?

Distance Learning

Distance or online learning is a mode of study that allows students to study most or all of a course without attending at a campus-based institution. Distance can refer to both material and interaction. Distance learning provides access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both.

During this type of education students communicate with the faculty and other students via e-mail, electronic forums, videoconferencing, chat rooms, bulletin boards, instant messaging and other forms of computer-based interaction.

The programmes often include a online training system and tools to produce a virtual classroom. The tuition fees for distance learning vary from institution to programme to country. It is certain that the student saves expenses related to accommodation and transportation, because you can maintain your current living expenses. Distance learning is also a great solution for people that already have a job, and still want or need further education.

9  Legal Studies Online Programmes in United Kingdom

Birmingham Law School

Birmingham, England, United Kingdom

The University of Exeter

Exeter, England, United Kingdom

University of Leicester

Leicester, England, United Kingdom

Faculty of Business and Law

Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom

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Our innovative postgraduate law courses are designed and taught by lawyers with real commercial experience and have a strong emphasis on building the practical skills that employers are looking for. With options to study full-time or part-time at one of our many campuses, or online, we offer flexibility to suit your needs.

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5 routes to getting a Doctorate

While most of those studying for a PhD take the PhD by thesis pathway, there are five viable routes to achieving a Doctorate, with both full-time and part-time options available

PhD by thesis

This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal .

A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions. For instance, the University of Glasgow's College of Social Sciences expects a thesis to be 70,000 to 100,000 words including references, bibliography and appendices, while the University of Cambridge has set an upper limit of 80,000 words.

Once completed, you'll need to defend your PhD thesis in front of a panel of examiners during your viva voce .

Doctorate by publication

This route involves submitting previously published work - such as books, book chapters and journal articles, which together form a coherent body of work and show evidence of an original contribution to a particular field of study.

The PhD by publication route is often taken by mid-career academics that haven't had the opportunity to undertake a standard Doctorate degree.

Generally, a minimum of five to eight published pieces are required, but this varies between institutions and depends on their length. The published work will be assessed to the same rigorous standards as a traditional PhD by thesis.

You must also provide a written supporting statement, which typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 words.

For instance, the University of Westminster asks for a commentary of 5,000 words (science and technology subjects) or 10,000 words (arts, social sciences and humanities). On the other hand, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh requires 12,000 to 15,000 words on the rationale and theoretical context for the portfolio of published work.

The work will then be presented to an academic committee. A supervisor will assist you with selecting which publications to submit, as well as guidance on the supporting statement.

Some universities accept only their own graduates for a PhD by publication, while others restrict this route to their academic staff. In general, you should have graduated from your first degree at least seven years ago to be eligible.

For example, The University of Manchester has published its own Guidance for the PhD By Published Work , with eligibility only extending to current members of staff.

Professional Doctorate

This type of Doctorate includes a significant taught component and a smaller research project, and is geared primarily towards current professionals in vocational sectors such as:

• engineering and manufacturing
• teaching and education .

Professional Doctorates are often taken on a part-time basis and can last between two and eight years. Like their standard PhD counterparts, they usually begin in October or January.

While you won't typically be looking to get an academic job , your research is expected to contribute to theory as well as professional practice. Projects often revolve around a real-life issue that affects your employer.

Several professional Doctorates, such as the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy), are accredited by a professional body - for instance, the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and The British Psychological Society (BPS) - and may also lead to a professional qualification .

Common titles for graduates of professional Doctorate degrees include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD).

Unlike many professional Doctorates, the EngD is typically offered as a full-time course and is aimed at young engineering graduates with little or no professional experience.

Integrated PhD

This four-year qualification, also known as the New Route PhD, involves studying a one-year research Masters degree (MRes) before progressing onto a three-year PhD.

Offered by a select number of universities across the UK, integrated PhDs are supported by the government and the British Council through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) .

Visit Research Council funding for further information on research and funding for different types of PhD.

The integrated PhD involves a combination of taught materials, practical experience and advanced research. This allows you to learn subject-specific methodologies, while building the transferable skills that will enable you to become a leader in your chosen profession.

Institutions can also develop personalised integrated PhD programmes to meet each student's needs. For example, universities may offer you the opportunity to gain a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education - perfect if you're considering a career as a higher education lecturer .

Online/distance learning PhD

As PhDs are based primarily on independent research rather than time spent in lectures and seminars, distance learning has always been a viable route for many Doctoral students.

PhDs by distance learning offered by course providers such as The Open University are therefore a good option to consider if you've got family or work commitments or are an international student - as this gives you the chance to undertake Doctoral research without having to live close to your chosen institution. It's also a suitable mode of study if your subject requires you to be based in a specific location away from the university.

For the most part, you'll be in touch with your supervisor by phone, email or Skype/Zoom. You'll need to bear in mind that even if you opt for this form of research, you'll generally still need to attend university for one or two weeks of each academic year for meetings and to receive research skills training. Your final exam may be undertaken either face-to-face or virtually.

With online PhDs, you can usually register as a full or part-time student. The level of fees you pay varies between institutions - some charge the same as for a standard PhD while others offer a reduced rate.

Check that any funding you plan to apply for is available to distance learning students, as this isn't always the case.

Search for online/distance learning PhDs .

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• Top Budget LL.M.s in the UK (for Overseas Students)

Top 10 Budget LL.M.s in the UK (for Overseas Students)

For many students, an LL.M. program in the UK will most likely not be considered ‘cheap.’ Fees can add up, especially for students who come from outside the European Union (EU), who usually pay more for tuition than UK and EU-based students. What’s more is that the best schools tend to charge higher fees, which reflects the quality of the education and the resources required. 

Fortunately, a top-quality LL.M. degree doesn’t have to cost the earth. We’ve pored over the fees so you don’t have to. Below are the 10 highest quality LL.M. degrees in the UK which can be pursued on a budget, based on fees for overseas (non-EU) students. 

You can also see the Top 10 Budget UK LL.M. Programs for EU students.

Lancaster is considered to be one of the UKs best, as per The Guardian’s league table for law schools. The LL.M. can be customized to a high degree, for instance in growing fields such as Intellectual Property Law, European Union Law, International Terrorism and Law, and International Environmental Law. The school also offers entire specialized degrees in areas like Human Rights Law and Corporate Law. As an added value, living expenses in Lancaster are quite affordable (at least compared to a city like London).

The University of Exeter’s Law School is ranked among the top UK law schools by The Guardian, too. Alongside a general LL.M., it offers an LL.M. in Commercial Law and in International Law. The professors on the program are all well-qualified practitioners, combining academic theory with real-world expertise. Exeter’s beautiful Streatham campus is a plus. 

The School of Law at the University of Nottingham is one of Britain’s best. Each year it is consistently ranked in the top 20 of The Guardian’s league table, as well as the ranking compiled by The Complete University Guide. It offers a broad array of LL.M. degree programs in topics such as Human Rights Law, International Public Law, and Maritime Law.

Durham Law School is highly regarded the world over, especially for the quality of its research, which feeds through to the LL.M. curriculum. In fact, Durham Law is ranked seventh in the UK by the The Complete University Guide. The school runs a raft of LL.M.s in subjects such as International trade and Commercial Law, Corporate Law, and so on. Durham is set in a beautiful campus in the Northeast of England, close to the major UK cities of Newcastle and Leeds.

Bristol’s School of Law is certainly one of Britain’s best. The school is ranked 13th in the UK by The Good University Guide. Bristol itself is a major draw for overseas students, having been ranked as the best place to live in the UK by The Sunday Times newspaper. It’s also well-connected, a couple of hours by train from London. The law school has several LL.M. programs, for instance in Commercial Law or European Legal Studies.

The School of Law, at the University of Manchester, is also ranked well by The Complete University Guide. It scored particularly well for graduate prospects, with alumni going on to successful careers in all sections of the economy, from law firms to NGOs and global corporations. The school offers several LL.Ms, for example in Security and International Law, International Financial Law and Corporate Governance.

King’s is one of the oldest and most respected institutions in the UK, with the law school officially having opened as long ago as 1909. It has offered LL.M.s since 2007 and they are ranked very well indeed: in the top-10 of most of the major rankings publications. King’s offers postgraduate law programs in many fields: International Business Law, International Tax Law, et al. There’s also an online LL.M. in International Corporate and Commercial Law.

Warwick has very good credentials: The school was ranked 20th for Law in The Times’ Good University Guide 2018. Warwick is also ranked third in the Graduate Market Survey in terms of being targeted by the largest number of top employers. There are a plethora of LL.M.s to choose from: in International, Commercial, and Economic Law, and Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation. Bursaries for students based on financial need are available. 

The University of Edinburgh is one of Scotland’s most revered and longest-established schools: it has taught law since 1707. Today it’s still doing well, ranked as the best in Scotland by The Complete University Guide. There’s a wide array of LL.M. programs to suit all personal tastes and professional career paths, including Commercial Law, European Law and Climate Change Law.

Queen Mary’s School of Law is relatively young, but has garnered quite a reputation since being founded in 1965. The Guardian places it 17th in the UK, with particularly high scores for student satisfaction. Being based in London affords Queen Mary students several notable advantages. Not least easy access to a plethora of leading law firms and businesses to work at. There is a huge range of LL.M.s to pick from, in virtually every subject, from Banking to Environmental Law. It’s not the cheapest LL.M. of this bunch, but it is relatively affordable, compared to similar high quality LL.M.s. 

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Money blog: Major buy now, pay later firm collapses - warning issued to customers of big high street chains

Welcome to the Money blog, your place for personal finance and consumer news and advice. Let us know your thoughts on any of the topics we're covering using the comments box below.

Tuesday 25 June 2024 20:43, UK

• Major buy now, pay later firm collapses - warning issued to customers of big high street chains
• Nvidia shares slide after briefly becoming world's most valuable company
• PrettyLittleThing deactivating customers' accounts for making too many returns

Essential reads

• Women in Business : 'Her baby was choking' - How accident in cafe and £400 turned into a genius business idea that's about to go global
• Money Problem : 'I bought a new car but it's been back to dealership six times with same fault - what can I do?'
• Barcelona to ban all holiday apartment rentals by 2028
• Basically... Guarantors
• The mortgage chokehold facing old-age Britons
• Best of the Money blog - an archive

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A major buy now, pay later platform has collapsed into administration.

Payments have been suspended for Laybuy users, who number in the hundreds of thousands, according to savings platform Raisin UK.

The lender has disabled its website and app, with customers unable to create accounts or receive and make payments.

"At present, the administrators are not accepting any new transactions for Laybuy; however, it is critical that customers continue to make their repayments as normal," warned Kevin Mountford, Raisin UK founder.

If administrators can sell the business, customer debt would be sold on and they would be expected to have made all their payments, he said.

"This news will be incredibly frustrating for their customers across the globe and will be unsettling news for the thousands of users in the UK who have used Laybuy for purchases from leading retailers like Amazon, Marks & Spencer and Next."

He called for buy now, pay later platforms to face better regulation to protect customers, especially given they contribute to credit scores.

Two Bristol-based start-ups are trialing whether urine passed at Glastonbury festival can be used as eco-friendly fertiliser, reports The Times .

Peequal, which provides the UK's largest music festival with female urinals, and NPK Recovery have developed a way to recover nutrients that encourage plant growth from waste, such as nitrogen and potassium.

This week, Peequal will collect thousands of litres of festival-goers' urine to be processed at NPK's lab, before it is administered to plants in a greenhouse.

Premier League clubs raked in a record £6bn in revenues in 2022-23, but their combined losses grew too - by 16%.

Deloitte's Sports Business Group report found pre-tax losses for the top-flight clubs of £685m over the period.

Wages and costs associated with player transfers were blamed for the red figure.

Read more here ...

Thames Water is not in line for nationalisation should Labour win the election, its shadow business and trade secretary has said.

"I wouldn't want to see a nationalisation. I think there should be a solution that falls short of that," said Jonathan Reynolds in a Bloomberg TV election debate.

Thames Water has been plunged into crisis, with representatives of its multinational syndicate of shareholders refusing to inject the billions of pounds of funding required to bail it out.

Just one week ago, Nvidia became the world's most valuable company.

The chipmaker - whose shares had risen nine-fold since the end of 2022 -  overtook Microsoft  as its stock market valuation reached $3.34trn (£2.63trn).

Since then, the shares have fallen by 13%, declining in each of the last three trading sessions.

That has been enough to clip more than $500bn (£394bn) from  Nvidia's  stock market valuation.

So what's going on?

Read my analysis here ...

Amazon has announced another Prime Day sale next month. 

The discount event, which is only available to Prime members, will be held on 16 and 17 July. 

It typically takes place twice a year - once in July and again in October, with deals dropping regularly on a range of products. 

Based on last year's event, Which? expects the online giant to offer discounts across most of its departments, including electronics, kitchen appliances, baby products and health and personal care.

The consumer website predicts an Amazon Fire TV Cube, Ring Stick Battery Cam, Instant Pot Vortex 4-in-1 air fryer and Shark cordless vacuum could be some of the big ticket items on sale. 

If you aren't already a Prime member, you might be able to sign up for a free trial before the sales begin, and then cancel it before you get charged. 

To do this, you should cancel within 30 days, or you'll be switched automatically onto a regular membership, which is £8.99 a month.

If you're a student, you can get six months for free. You'll need to prove your course enrolment by providing Amazon with your university email address. 

Just 18% of companies in the UK are led by women, and while data suggests female entrepreneurs are on the rise, men still receive more funding and are entrusted with higher average loans to get them started.

In an eight-part series every Tuesday, Money blog reporter  Jess Sharp  speaks to women who are bossing it in their respective fields - hearing their stories, struggles and advice for those who want to follow in their footsteps.

This week, she has spoken to Jenni Dunman, the founder and owner of Daisy First Aid... 

Many people dream all their lives of starting a business - for Jenni, it was literally an accident.

"I was on a day off and went for a coffee with a friend, she had her daughter in a high chair, her daughter choked, and she didn't know what to do," Jenni explained.

"Being a police officer, I already had first aid training, so I was able to pick her daughter up and give her back blows, remove the blockage really quickly and she made a full recovery.

"I went home to my husband that night and said 'why don't parents know this really basic stuff'."

The genius idea of first aid classes aimed at giving medical attention to children was born - and now, having started with just £400, Daisy First Aid is on the brink of going global.

It has been quite a journey for Jenni, who left education at 16, moved out of her family home and worked three jobs just to make rent. 

Living in Crystal Palace in southeast London at the time, she says she wasn't surrounded by the best crowd and after losing a child and ultimately trying to take her own life, she decided to make a drastic change. 

"I went through a really dark time in my life and sort of decided at that point after hitting rock bottom I either had to try again and be successful or completely change my life," the 44-year-old said.

Jenni joined the Metropolitan Police. 

"I wasn't living in a particularly nice area or hanging around with particularly nice people, so I decided I was just going to completely cut ties with everyone," she said.

Back in the days of her training, the police would cover the cost of accommodation and food for new recruits during their 18-week course, she explained. 

"I basically had somewhere to completely restart my life. It completely changed my life. I loved it."

Jenni eventually worked her way up to detective sergeant, met her husband in the force when he came to her rescue, and was one of the first officers on the scene during the 7/7 Bombings.

"I think probably that's where I found my love for first aid initially," she said. "I really loved that side of things". 

The emergency situation that sparked her idea 

Several years later and now a mother-of-two, Jenni was finding it difficult to juggle work and her busy home life. 

It was while she was pregnant with her third child in 2013 that she came up with her business idea, sparked by the incident in the cafe.

"They do all these amazing parenting classes but if your baby stops breathing, or they choke, or they have a seizure, why aren't they taught this basic first aid?" she said.

Jenni started searching online at what big organisations were already offering, and found a gap in the market with classes directed solely at parents. 

One pavilion, two customers and a friendly favour 

Initially, she started by setting up one first aid class in her local pavilion in Sutton and putting a post on Facebook inviting people and their babies to come along. 

The two-hour class taught people about the signs of meningitis, how to deal with burns and seizures, and broken bones in a way that was "simple and easy to remember". 

Her initial start up costs came to £400, which was mostly spent on mannequins for the class.

"I had two bookings, which both paid £25, and I asked all my friends to join me to make it look busy, so they all came with their babies and we had a great class," Jenni said. 

After that, word spread quickly and she started getting more and more customers as her business organically grew. 

"I took a career break from the police and I started getting bookings from London, Surrey, Kent... I realised I was actually onto something," she said.

Learning, learning, and more learning

As her company blossomed and she struggled to fill demand, Jenni started looking into how it should be structured. 

From the beginning, she wanted a work-life balance that she hadn't been offered in the police, and worked her hours around the school run and pick up. 

Using Google and teaching herself, she came across the idea of franchising. 

"I knew nothing about starting a business, I knew absolutely zero, so I very much learnt along the way. I learnt how to franchise and tried and tested the model," she said. 

"I took on two franchises, who were both female police officers who lived in other areas, and taught them how to grow their business and do what I was doing.

"It just sort of exploded beautifully and really quickly scaled into what it is now, which 115 franchises across the UK with plans for worldwide expansion.

"We have helped to save hundreds of thousands of babies' lives." 

'I get offers for investment - but I turn them down' 

Daisy First Aid is now planning to launch in Dubai by the end of the year, with Jenni having aspirations to take it to Australia and Europe as well.

"What was supposed to be a little business for me, to help me get a little statutory maternity pay, has ended up being life-changing for me and my other franchisees," she said. 

Unlike many businesses, Jenni has never taken any investment, funding the initial set up herself and growing it ever since. 

"I probably get offers of investment twice a month, but I have never taken investment, so I own 100% of the business. Some people think I'm crazy, but I'm just really happy," she said. 

"The model we have works so beautifully and we know we can replicate that anywhere."

What about the challenges? 

Jenni said the "biggest battle" she had overcome was her own mind, and it was something she still had to work on every day.

"I think that most of us are taught from our parents, our ancestors and beyond, to just survive life and stay safe... you know, go to school, get a job, get a pension, retire and then you die," she said.

"I really think now that we can remove those blocks just to open up because we are meant for more." 

She explained how she has had to work for the last 20 years to get over the fear of failure but also the "fear of bragging and success". 

"By far, my biggest challenge is myself and my own self sabotage," she added. 

"There are so many fears that we all have that stop us from achieving more."  

Jenni's advice 

Jenni confessed that she was "massively obsessed" with learning, and advised others to research and teach themselves the skills they lack. 

"All the information is out there online, whatever you need, you can find it out, but also don't be afraid to ask other experts for help," she said. 

She recalled the first time she hired an accountant, and she asked him to explain everything to her like she was 10.

"Sometimes as entrepreneurs, people expect us to know everything, but we're never going to know anything. We can be brave enough to ask other experts, though.

"There are so many people who will give up their spare time to help you, and there is so much information online, so it doesn't have to be costly." 

She also takes these five daily steps to keep her mindset positive:

• Practice gratitude - take time to remember and feel grateful for positive things in your life 
• Set out your goals - write them down and illustrate them
• Be mindful of your words - stop moaning and don't be negative. Changing the words you use out loud and in your head can have a positive impact
• Create a wave of happiness - do one thing a day to make someone else happy - it will encourage them to do the same
• Leave positive reviews and give compliments - if someone has done a good job, tell them about it.

HSBC is the latest lender to announce a wide range of mortgage rate cuts as swap rates improve.

While the details of the changes won't be published until tomorrow, brokers believe the move will prompt more reductions from other high street banks.

And if a Bank of England rate cut comes in August, "all bets are off", Katy Eatenton, mortgage specialist at Lifetime Wealth Management, told Newspage.

"Summer is here and the sun is finally shining over borrowers, who have been in the swap rate shade for too long," she said.

While the market has been lethargic over the election period, these reductions could "be the starting pistol to a campaign of 'summer sizzlers' from lenders", said Andrew Montlake, managing director at Coreco.

He said the period could be a "good time to bag a deal" before a new government is elected.

HSBC is following in the footsteps of Barclays and MPowered Mortgages, which cut their rates yesterday.

Justin Moy, managing director at EHF Mortgages, said: "Rate cuts across the majority of their range will be welcome by all types of borrower, and will accelerate the reaction from other high street lenders."

But a broader market shift is still needed to truly spark the housing market, said Ranald Mitchell, director at Charwn Private Clients.

Nestle is abandoning its new recipe for Nesquik milkshakes following a backlash from shoppers.

The food giant swapped out maltodextrin for rice flour in an attempt to improve the product's texture, but consumers complained it left a "vile sludge" in their drink.

The food giant is returning to the original ingredients for the products, strawberry and banana-flavoured milkshake mix, next month, The Grocer reports .

"The new recipe for banana Nesquik is utterly disgusting with a vile sludge left at the bottom of the glass. Your quality control has messed up big time here," posted one shopper on X.

Another wrote: "Whatever you have done to the strawberry powder recipe, please change it back. 

"I opened a new tub yesterday and it tastes weird and gets really thick at the bottom. I have a pint or two a day and it's never been like this."

Others took to Reddit to vent: "The last two weeks have been miserable with the sludge at the bottom and I thought I had a ruined batch of powder."

Sky News has contacted Nestle for comment.

A spokesperson for the company told The Grocer: "Our aim is always to have the best possible recipe on the market and we sometimes make changes that aim to improve on existing recipes.

"On this occasion the change has not been popular with consumers and we have listened to their feedback.

"We can confirm the old recipe is going back into production and it should be in stores in July. We apologise for any inconvenience this has caused."

By  James Sillars , business news reporter

We're going to start with some more big movements for Nvidia's share price.

The AI-leading chipmaker claimed the crown from Microsoft last Wednesday to become the world's most valuable listed company.

The stock was going great guns and up by 170% in the year to date at that point.

However, the stellar rally stopped in its tracks, and Nvidia's shares have since entered so-called correction territory, according to analysts.

Nvidia's market value was, at one stage, more than 10% below its peak, losing around $430bn over three days.

It's now worth $2.91trn, according to LSEG data.

Ipek Ozkardeskaya, senior analyst at Swissquote Bank, wrote this morning: "The selloff hit suddenly, right after the company stole the status of the world’s most valuable company from Microsoft.

"There has been no bad news regarding the company's fundamentals on the newswire, no analyst downgrades, no soft forecasts, no rumours of slowing sales.

"It's just that the end of last quarter and the first half may have brought some investors to take some profit and go to the sidelines."

Nvidia currently stands at number three in the value table behind Microsoft and Apple.

Elsewhere this morning, the FTSE 100 has opened flat following a 0.5% gain on Monday.

It is trading at 8,287 - up just five points.

We are still keeping a close eye on the oil market as costs climb. A barrel of Brent is $1, up on yesterday at $86.

The latest increase was attributed to new forecasts of strong demand during the traditional US summer vacation (forgive the Americanism) season.

The number of job vacancies across the country has marginally increased this month, but there are areas where companies appear to be hiring more. 

Research by Adzuna found London has the most job vacancies, with 154,506 roles being advertised, followed by the South East with 131,973 - an increase of 1.2% since April. 

In Northern Ireland, the number of opportunities has fallen by 1.5% to just 7,790.

In terms of cities, Cambridge offers the most chance of finding a job with just 0.34 unemployed people per role and 7,276 jobs available. 

This is followed by Guildford (0.49) and Exeter (0.63).

Bradford remains the hardest city to find a job, with 7.94 jobseekers per role. 

Rochdale and Middlesbrough also have high jobseeker-to-role ratios, at 4.86 and 4.57 respectively. 

Monthly advertised salary figures have also fallen for the first time since October 2023, down 0.11% to £38,765. 

This is despite the recent National Living Wage hike to £11.44 per hour.

While slightly weaker salaries could help relieve some tightness in the labour market, it may also suggest increasing vacancies for entry or junior-level roles with lower salaries.

In comparison, annual salaries are still up 2.69% compared with May 2023. 

Unsurprisingly, London was found to be offering the highest average salaries at £44,863, which is up 1.47% on last year. 

Wales was the region with the lowest typical salary at £34,048. 

Basically… a guarantor is someone who agrees to cover another person's bill in the event they can't pay it.

Guarantors are sometimes required when taking out a loan or mortgage, or moving into a rented property, if the person responsible for the bills doesn't meet income requirements.

For renting, a landlord might also request a guarantor if the tenant has limited renting history, a low credit score or other factors that would deem them at risk of missing payments.

Who can be a guarantor, and what are they responsible for?

The simple answer is - almost anyone.

Often it'll be a parent - especially for young people renting for the first time or taking their first steps onto the property ladder - or a spouse.

But friends and other relatives can be guarantors too.

The basic requirements for being a guarantor are:

• Aged over 18, or over 21, depending on who is making the request
• Good credit history
• Financial stability - a certain amount of savings or income

Being a homeowner will also make you more desirable as a guarantor, as it shows that you have a way of covering costs if you need to. You usually have to live in the UK too.

What the guarantor is legally responsible for can vary depending on what's written in the guarantee.

In the case of renting, the guarantor is usually responsible for paying rent if the tenant can't for any reason. They might also have to cover repairs if the tenant damages the property.

In extreme cases, the guarantor might be called on to cover legal costs faced by the landlord due to the tenant.

What happens if the guarantor can't pay?

If you can't pay the lender or landlord what you owe, they may turn to your guarantor at this point, if another agreement can't be worked out.

In the rare event that the guarantor can't - or even won't - pay, they could be taken to court. It's likely that remediation action would be taken before it gets to this point, but the guarantor signs a legally binding contract, so it can happen.

Not paying the debt could also impact the guarantor's credit history.

Read other entries in our Basically series...

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