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5 Interesting Law Case Studies: A takeaway of knowledge for students

For Indians, it is a common phenomenon to undermine the judicial system and mock the professionals by saying they don’t do any work. But is it really true?

In the year 2014, the Delhi high court granted a divorce to an 85-year old man after a waiting period of 32 years. This, in turn, shattered all hopes of resuming his married life. There are almost 27 million cases that are pending in the Indian courts while they remain short of around 5000 judges.

The story that I mentioned in the beginning is something that the High Court and Supreme Court judges are facing every day. It’s almost like a bubble breaker for a common man. As a child, there have been innumerable instances where I overheard ‘men in my family’ talk about the legal scenarios and judiciary system of India. Most of the times, it started and ended with the same thing ‘ the judges in our country don’t do any work ’. It’s easy to say so, but how would we know the reality behind the harsh truth?

Judges, lawyers and the entire judiciary system is working extremely hard to ensure they clear the backlog. They are unable to do so, not because they don’t want to, but because there is a shortage of resources.

In fact, there are a number of law case studies which are extremely long and have a lot of knowledge about law. For example, the Nirbhaya judgement sheet is around 429 pages long which explains the reason it takes a particular case so long.

Here are 5 Interesting Law Case Studies which is a great knowledge takeaway for the students of today :

Tarakeswar Case (1874)

The popularity of the case is understandable from the fact that authorities had to sell tickets at the entry. The case revolves around Nobin Chandra and his wife Elokeshi. Nobin slit his wife’s throat for allegedly having an affair with the chief priest of Tarakeshwar Temple . Nobin confessed his crime to the police, but the locals were mostly on his side. Due to this, Nobin was released after two years while serving life imprisonment. However, the priest was put behind the bars for three years. In fact, there were rumours doing rounds that the priest had raped Elokeshi by promising to help her with “ fertility issues ”. This case was even more important due to the ‘ British Raj ’ prevalent during that time.

Bhawal Case (1921-1946)

One of the most peculiar identity cases of that time, it revolves around a possible pretender who affirmed to be the prince of Bhawal Estate , largest zamindari estate of Bengal.

Ramendra , a kumar of Bhawal estate died in early 1900, but there was tittle-tattle among people that he was not really dead. In 1921, a religious man who looked like Ramendra was spotted in Dhaka. The former tenants and farmers of Ramendra supported his claim to the title. The entire village trusted him except Ramendra’s widow, Bibhabati . After a long legal procedure of 25 years , the court ruled in his favor after which he passed away due to a stroke.

The interesting thing is that during the case, the look-alike (or whatever) also moved to Calcutta and even collected 1/3 rd of the estate revenue.

Kiranjit Ahluwalia’s Case

Kiranjit Ahluwalia’s case came a year after marital rape was declared as ‘rape’ in 1991. She was convicted of murder by burning her husband alive during his sleep. The lady in question had been a victim of domestic violence for over a decade and had been in severe depression when she took the step. The case set a benchmark for improving public awareness on domestic abuse. As a final verdict, she was convicted to life imprisonment. However, she was later freed as her conviction of murder was reduced to manslaughter.

If you want to understand the implications of judicial decisions on the political and the social environment, no case is as good as this one. The decision in 1973 supported a woman’s right to abortion and is celebrated by women each year today. The popularity of this decision is such that thousands of people march in the support every year.

Mathura Rape Case (1972)

One of the most prominent cases in the history of India, mainly due to the protests following the final verdict which saw a major overhaul in the rape laws of the country. In the city of Mathura, a tribal woman was raped by two constables within the premises of a police station. During the trial, the judge found the accused not guilty. Can you guess the reason given behind this unfair judgement? As per the judge, a sexual act within the premises of a police station was permitted and consensual. However, this law had to be amended due to the massive protests all over the country, with everyone saying- Submission does not mean consent.

These were some of the cases which are extremely interesting if you go through the entire judgement. Some cases would have surely made you go “ Like what! Are you serious this ever happened? ” This proves one thing- The lives of lawyers and judges aren’t as easy as it seems and you must be prepared before taking up the L.L.B. course. They may seem right to some and wrong to others. However, as history has it, wherever they have been wrong, they have acknowledged their mistakes, and the judgement has been changed as well. So, let them do their work while we do ours.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

SANYA SAJJANHAR

Ms Sanya Sajjanhar is the academic writer at Sharda University. She has keen interest in writing articles pertaining to Law Courses.

The Most Influential Indian Case Laws That Every Law Student Should Know

This article highlights some of the most influential Indian case laws that every law student should know. Familiarity with these landmark cases provides valuable insights into the Indian legal system's evolution over time.

India has a rich legal history, and several influential case laws have helped shape the country’s legal system. As a law student in India, it’s essential to be familiar with some of the most influential Indian case laws. These case laws not only provide insights into the legal system but also offer a glimpse into the social and political milieu of the time. In this article, we’ll explore some of The Most influential Indian case laws that every law student should know.

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala: This case is considered one of the most significant in Indian legal history as it established the doctrine of the Basic Structure of the Constitution. The case involved a challenge to the Kerala Land Reforms Act, and the court held that the Parliament could amend the Constitution but not destroy its basic structure.

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India: This case is an essential landmark in the development of the fundamental rights jurisprudence in India. The court held that the right to travel abroad is a fundamental right, and the government cannot take away this right arbitrarily.

Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab: This case is a landmark case in the Indian criminal justice system. The court held that the death penalty could be imposed only in the “rarest of the rare” cases, where the crime was of exceptional brutality and the public interest demanded it.

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan: This case is a landmark case in the development of women’s rights in India. The court held that sexual harassment of women in the workplace violated their fundamental right to equality under the Constitution and provided guidelines to prevent and address such harassment.

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India: This case is a landmark environmental law case that led to the introduction of the concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India. The case involved pollution of the river Ganga, and the court held that citizens could file PILs to protect the environment and public health.

These influential Indian case laws provide valuable insights into the development of the Indian legal system and its interaction with social and political issues. As a law student, it’s essential to be familiar with these landmark judgments which are available for free at Libra’s Judgment Search Directory to understand the nuances of the Indian legal system and its evolution over time.

The Takeaway

If you wish to find full documents of these case laws navigate to Vakilsearch’s free judgement directory and enjoy accurate and up-to-date case laws with full text!

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Home » Blogs, News, Advice » Career Advice » 13 Useful Websites for Law Students in India

13 Useful Websites for Law Students in India

Jul 5, 2024
25 Comments

By Tanuj Kalia

For serious law students; here are 13 very useful websites. Do go through them for the good health of your career:

List of 13 Useful Websites for Law Students in India

1. Legal500.com: Lets you know about the top law firms and that too with neat divisions on the basis of the place the law firm is situated in; the tier to which it belongs; the practice areas etc. A little time here will help you arrive at the law firm you should look to intern at or work for.

2. LegallyIndia and 3. Bar and Bench and 4. LiveLaw.in : Three leading websites which cover legal news; latest deals and lets you know how good or bad a law firm is doing; the people they are hiring and the places they are expanding to.

LiveLaw is more focused on court reporting.

LegallyIndia’s comments; which come in dozens and scores are perhaps the best insider knowledge a law student can wish for.

5. RSG India: The contact details of the law firm partners given on this website can prove more than handy for the internship seeker. Also see this website for analysis on the movers and shakers among the law firms. A close reading can also help you decide the law firms you want to pin point for your career.

6. Letmeknow and 7. Twenty19: and 8. InternShala : These websites are not just restricted for law students but cover the whole gamut of internship, conferences, seminars, B-Plan Competitions happening in India. A little hunting and scouring will be well worth the time.

9. All conferences: While LetMeknow, InternShala and Twenty19 cater to the Indian audience; AllConferences.com spreads its net further. For the bold and the ambitious, eager to visit foreign lands for that highly esteemed paper presentation and that much wanted foreign trip; this is the place to be.

10. SuperLawyer.in : Interviews with leading lawyers, young lawyers, in nearly every area of law (or non law). Contains some big names, some not so big names.

11. Nyaaya.in : Nyaaya intends to be a resource of all laws and all laws explained in easy English. The newest kid on the block.

12. IndianKanoon : The Google of all laws in India. Free to search and a gold mine!

13 . Rainmaker India Youtube Channel : Lots of legal gyaan, interviews with top notch lawyers.

And obviously, for all legal opportunities, you can visit Lawctopus.com.

Note: This article was first published on December 4, 2010 and republished on October 28, 2023. We have now revised and updated the post on July 5, 2024.

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25 Responses

http://www.bpsmv.ac.in/ASPX/Department/DepartmentHome?Dept=22 The Department of Laws, Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalya (BPSMV) has been established in the year 2003 as P.S.D. Girls Law College and after the establishment of BPSMV , it became part of this esteemed endeavour. Spread over the sprawling campus of 28 acres it aims to promote interdisciplinary approach within the realm of legal education to further nurture young minds into lawyers , judges and such members of legal fraternity who are intellectually agile and socially responsible. The Department offers various courses as B.A.L.L.B., B.B.A.L.L.B., LL.M (two year programme), Ph.D, P.G. Diploma in Human Rights, Cyber Law and Insurance Law. It is committed to impart professional and personal skills to the students by incorporating innovation and experimentation in pedagogy, organisation of various training programmes and relevant academic endeavours thereby fostering critical thought. The Department organises various programmes on contemporary legal issues. The department has fully air conditioned library with a collection of more than 8000 books, volumes of journals and reports, current legal periodicals, plethora of e-resources with internet accessibility. The department has its own Moot Court room, conference hall, computer & research laboratory and audio visual room and university centre of judicial studies. The department also runs a Legal Aid and Literacy Clinic for providing assistance to needy and to create awareness, sensitization pertaining to law and Legal rights. It’s as sincere endeavor to impart professional and academic skills among students like Students Development activities like National Student Development Programme, National Moot Training Programme, workshops etc. It is aimed to connect students with research projects by availing various scholarships offered in the field of Law.

The department aims to promote an interdisciplinary approach within the realm of legal education to further nurture young minds into lawyers , judges and such members of legal fraternity who are intellectually agile and socially responsible.

This blog is very useful for the students. I want to add one website that is very helpful to law students

https://srislaw.com/

You missed out http://www.indiacode.nic.in and http://www.advocatekhoj.com , no list are complete without these two websites.

Your blog is very informative and helpful, tank you for sharing this post..!!

Your article is very nice and informative. Thanks for sharing it!

Nice blog keep up your good work

Thanks for sharing me this important post. It really useful for me

This is nice way for law coaching

Analysis of Tempo Driver Sarabjeet Singh’s Use of Force against Delhi Police Personnel at Mukherjee Nagar on 17 Jun 2019

1. Everyone likes to blame and abuse the police. It is so easy. Even those, whom we consider as responsible persons in our society, do so without analysing the consequences of such an act. It does not require uncommon sense to see that the Delhi police carries a heavy responsibility of maintaining law and order in the nation’s capital. They have to do so in spite of being under manned, over worked and under payed. Not only do they have a very difficult work environment, but their duty exposes them frequently to potential situations of grave bodily harm from anti-social elements, criminal and convicts. 2. The recent incident of tempo driver Sarabjeet Singh, a driver from the Sikh community, attacking Delhi police personnel with a sword on 17 June is one such incident. Shortly after the incident, some of the community members had even ganged up to assault and beat the ACP of Mukherjee Nagar police station. Most political parties too appear to have prejudged the incident and held only the Delhi Police in the wrong for unwarranted abuse of power in the said incident. In fact three police constables have already been suspended. The police force does not form a voter base, since on the voting day itself, they are probably deployed elsewhere for ensuring conduct of free and fair polls. Hence abusing the police, holding them accountable and blaming them in a knee jerk reaction is the easiest thing to do. But, is it a correct assessment of the situation, and is the view held by the media, society, people, politician justified? Thankfully somebody had video graphed and posted videos of the whole incident online, and ample details are available to form a clear picture of events as they actually transpired. Let’s do a point by point study and analysis. 3. As per information available and accessible in the public domain, the tempo driver Sarabjeet Singh and his minor son, who were driving a tempo, hit a police van in Mukherjee Nagar. An argument with the police personnel followed. No physical assault or tussle took place initially. 4. Sarabjeet Singh, being from a minority community is privileged to carry a kirpan / knife under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution for religious practice and profession of his faith. This is an exceptional privilege; for, if any other Indian carries such a weapon, he may be booked under the Indian Arms Act 1959. Mind you, this is very important issue. No one from any other community; Hindu, Muslim, Parsi, Jain, Buddhist or a Jew can carry such weapon. Hence use of a sword by Sarbjeet Singh to threaten and attack the police personnel performing their duty is not only a crime by itself, but is also an abuse of his religious and minority privilege. This abuse of privilege by a minority community member over his Hindu brethren and policemen on duty is clearly visible in the videos available in the media. 5 Threatening police personnel on duty, and stopping them from doing their duty, by itself, is an offence under section under section 186 of IPC, and is punishable with three months of imprisonment. Additionally Sarabjeet used his sword in complete disregard to authority and order of police personnel which is also an offence under section 188 of IPC 1860 – disobedience of order duly promulgated by public servant. Displaying and using a naked sword to prevent the police from carrying out their duty under threat of injury is an offence u/s 189 of the IPC. 6. All the above mentioned action / offences by Sarabjeet are prima fascie visible in the videos being circulated. Sections 96 and 97 of the IPC 1860 provides right of private defence. The Delhi Police, in exercise of their right to private defence against a sword wielding man, would have been reasonably justified in shooting him down with a gun or inflicting much more grievous injury. But they exercised great restraint and didn’t do so. Instead, they risked life and injury to physically over power and disarm him. This is not use of maximum and / or unbridled force but application of restraint, caution and minimum force. In this case, the Delhi Police personnel clearly deserve appreciation for a job well done; for performing their duty with courage, restraint and professionalism. 7. There was no justification for Sarabjeet Singh to have pulled out his sword to threaten and attack the police. Sarabjeet was a history sheeter, with a history of violent assaults. In such a situation, where he had pulled out his sword to threaten the police, the latter need to deal with him firmly. Mind you, Police has a responsibility of providing security to the whole society and not just one person. They have to do it within the limited resources and time available. They did handle the offender firmly or may be slightly roughly; but it was human reaction from personal who had been assaulted with a sword for no fault of theirs, and for carrying out their duty. 8. Surprisingly, while the father was battling the Police, his minor son drove his tempo over police personnel trying to control Sarabjeet, injuring few policemen. Being a minor, he did not even have a license. The lad, in a display of utter disregard for law, uniformed police and authority of the state, chooses to undertake a vicious assault on the police personnel doing their duty, knowing that he is likely to cause them grave injuries. While police had the option of shooting down the armed attacker Sarabjeet Singh, but they use minimum force. However, the offender’s son doesn’t have such inhibition. He is quite comfortable in mauling the police personnel under his tempo, with an attempt to kill them. By doing such act he has not only committed an offence under section 322 of IPC – ‘voluntary causing grievous hurt’, but he is also guilty of attempt to murder. In addition he has violated provisions of motor vehicle act by rashly, negligently driving vehicle over police personnel, and driving without licence. He is also guilty under section 287 of IPC – negligent conduct with respect to machinery. However, he probably knew that, being a minor, he would get away lightly. Apparently, while the youngster knew his rights and privileges, he did not understand his duties and responsibilities to the society, or both father and son chose to ignore them. But why should we? At least the political leadership and the media, while commenting on the incident, should at least think of the families of the police personals exposed to such threats and risks throughout the day; every day. 9. In spite of the professional handling of a known repeat offender, most politicians and media personnel have found it convenient to condemn the Delhi police force. Arvind Kejriwal, the Chief Minister of Delhi, has condemned only the Delhi Police. In a knee jerk reaction, three constables have already been suspended to appease the minority community and a potential vote bank. The police, being uniformed personnel, are easy target of condemnation and ridicule. Everyone condemns the police every time without thinking of the effect it will have on their morale. Why should it be difficult to understand that even the police deserve justice and support from the leadership and the public whom they serve? 10. Sadly, in spite of the videos of a sword wielding history sheeter Sarabjeet Singh and the assault on ACP Mukherjee Nagar, some members from the minority community have come out in full support of Sarabjeet Singh. They have made it a “we versus them” issue. i.e “sikh vs non-sikhs”. Such conduct is clearly unbecoming of them and merits condemnation. 11. As a society we fail when we do not come out in support of those who are doing their duty in ensuring our protection. The arguments that police personnel are corrupt, take bribe and are rude is no justification for any group of hooligan to beat up policeman on duty. Even if some elements of the police force are dishonest, we must understand the Police force is essentially a supporting force; a necessity that we cannot do without. We too must come out in full support when men in uniform needs our support. At no point in time should it become a convenient norm to threaten and thrash the police force. If the police force is removed even for a day, it will result in total anarchy in the state. Does anyone need an example? 12. Under pressure of the big media houses with their personal agenda, and with the political leadership keen to conserve their vote banks, the police was forced to release Sarabjeet Singh. This is, sadly, a failure of the state and the society. This was in fact, an ideal occasion when the political and religious leadership of the minority community should have come out, publicly and unconditionally, in support of the Delhi police action and insisted that any and all persons from their community, who commit a crime, are criminals, and should be treated as such. It is heartening to see that some prominent persons from the Muslim community in Kolkata have done just that. They have publicly appealed to CM ‘Mamata Didi’ to prosecute all criminals from their community as per law, without any attempt to appease the community. May the same sense prevail upon all of us in Delhi too. p.s. author’s views are not against a community, but hooligans and goonda elements who exploit and abuse the law by taking law in their hands to subjugate the state. I choose to speak truth as I see it. My information is drawn only from open sources.

A student of Law

Lt Cdr Bharat Singh, LLB final year, CCS University. [email protected]

It amazing n very helpful for given detail information. Search Lawyers in Nagpur.

search in really good for given details information of lawyers and advocates in nagpur for a students.

Nice Information. It is nicely presented and very informative for me.

Amazing What is regional organization

Nice Article balance of power

Thankyou all of you for giving your valuable websites.

v.v.important for new advocate .

Its a good list… I might add 3 more useful sites – http://vakilno1.com http://indiacode.nic.in http://consumerlawindia.com

How did you miss this? Specifically, it provides bills and enactments with a summary. http://www.prsindia.org/

Also, a student must see the only repository of State laws. http://www.lawsofindia.org/ The list may be modified on subject specific (Sources; news,comments and notes; internships; conferences…)

http://www.advocate khoj.com

Apart from searching jobs if someone is interested in reading about law and public policy …..then few more sites… The Wire Economic and Political Weekly

http://www.indianlawyersforum.com

I want to websites releted to the case study

I want to add two more websites which are very useful in point of view of lawyers as well as students:-

http://www.indiankanoon.org http://www.legalserviceindia.com

These are the limited version , for law students in india there are couple of other sites also which are very useful for research purpose etc.

for e.g. chambersandpartners indianlawyerclub indialegalinformation findlaw.com alsa.org ilsa.org http://lawlib.wlu.edu/lj/ washlaw.edu conferencealerts.com practicallawyer.com whoswholegal.com asil.org legal.com http://www.eisil.org/ http://ilex.asil.org/

go to above mention also for more information……the list is expandable and cannot be restrict to few only as said above.

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Case Briefs

Explore clear and concise summaries of landmark legal cases in India. Perfect for law students, practitioners, and anyone interested in understanding important legal decisions. Get the essential details and insights to help with your studies and legal research.

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Taj Trapezium Case [M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India & Ors]

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Gauri Shankar Sharma vs State of UP

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Jurisprudence – Notes, Cases & Study Material

Jurisprudence is the study of the theory and philosophy of law. learn from legal bites comprehensive course..

Jurisprudence is the study of the theory and philosophy of law. The subject, in its entirety, differs from other social sciences. This has given rise to several debates with regard to the nature of jurisprudence as a science vis-à-vis its nature as art.

To help students become proficient in the study of Jurisprudence, Legal Bites has created a comprehensive course consisting of 5 modules and an additional section which contains well-researched and informative articles on a range of topics.

The study material provides detailed insight into all three branches of jurisprudence: analytical , sociological , and theoretical . By the end of this course, readers will be able to understand the fundamentals of law, and gain the necessary legal acumen to interpret and familiarize themselves with legal systems and thought.

Important articles and study material on Jurisprudence – Click on the topics to Read:

Module 1: introduction and sources of law.

Meaning of the term 'jurisprudence', Importance and Indian Perspective
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Law and Justice
Sources of Law
Jurisprudence & Other Social Sciences: Evaluating the Interrelation
Different Approaches towards the Study of Jurisprudence

Understanding Law and Justice: Different Theories

Module 2: Schools of Jurisprudence

Criticism of Austin's theory of positivism
Historical School of Jurisprudence
Sociological School of Jurisprudence
Natural law School
Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law & HLA Hart's Theory
Legal Realism – American Realism and the Scandinavian Realists

Module 3: Ownership, Possession, and Property

Possession: Definition, concept, and importance
Ownership: Definition, Concept and Kinds
Relation between Possession and Ownership
Kinds of property

Module 4: Concept of Rights and Duties

Rights, Duties, and Wrongs: An Overview
Hohfeld's Theory of Jural Relations

Module 5: Constitutionalism

Evolution of liberal theories of justice
Role of State in Maintaining Freedom
Marxism and the element of ideology in law
Role of culture in constitutionalism
Notion of otherness and the politics of difference

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Top 20 Landmark Judgements of Constitutional Law that every law student should know

constitutional laws of india cases judgements

20 Landmark Constitutional Law Judgements

Champakam Dorairajan State of Madras, 1951

In this case caste based reservations were stuck down by the court, as against Article 16(2) of the Constitution.

With regard to admission of students to the Engineering and Medical Colleges of the State, the Province of Madras had issued an order which, fixed number of seats for particular communities.

It noticed that while Cl. (1) Art. 29 protects the language, script or culture of a section of the citizens, cl. (2) guarantees the fundamental right of an individual citizen.

This right can not to be denied to the citizen only on grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.

If a citizen who seeks admission into any such educational institution has not the requisite academic qualifications and is denied admission on that ground, he certainly cannot be heard to complain of an infraction of his fundamental right under this Article.

This case resulted in First Amendment of the Constitution of India.

Golaknath State of Punjab 1967

The Apex court held that law made by the Parliament shall not be such that infringes and takes away the fundamental rights of the citizen which are provided by the Constitution of India.

Law made by a Parliament in a law under Article 13 of the Constitution.

Further, the constitution can be amended.

The judgement was overruled by 24 th amendment.

The judgement was restored and its scope was extended in Keshav nand Bharti case.

Madhav Jiwaji Rao Scindia Union of India, 1970

The infamous case, Madhav Jiwaji Rao Scindia v. Union of India deals with Article 18 of the Constitution of India.

It abolishes all special titles.

The Supreme Court in this case held the 1970 Presidential order as invalid,.

This decision of the court led to abolishing titles and privileges of India’s erstwhile princely rulers.

It even abolished privy purses of India’s erstwhile princely rulers.

Kesavananda Bharati State of Kerala, 1973

The bench in the present case comprised of 13 judges.

This is the largest bench till date in the Indian judicial history.

The Supreme Court gave Parliament power to amend any part of Constitution of India.

The court further added that such amendment shall not take away the fundamental rights of the citizen which are provided by the Constitution of India.

Such law is a law under article 13 of the constitution.

This case is also referred as Fundamental rights case .

Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain, 1975

The Supreme Court held clause 4 of 39 th amendment as unconstitutional and void as it was out rightly denied of the right to equality enshrined in Article 14.

The apex Court also added basic features of the constitution to list laid down in Keshavananda Bharti case.

They are stated below:

judicial review,
rule of law.

Further, the court added jurisdiction of Supreme Court under Article 32, which deals with writs basically also forms basic structure of the constitution.

D.M. Jabalpur v. S. Shukla, 1976

The apex Court in the infamous case of A.D.M. Jabalpur v. S. Shukla was a case during prevailing of emergency in the country.

Right to move to the court for enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed under constitution stands suspended.

This even includes Article 14, 21 and 22.

This created a havoc in the nation.

In later amendment it was held that Article 21 and 22 cannot be suspended during the time of emergency.

Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India, 1978

The case is considered a landmark case as it gave a new and highly varied interpretation to the meaning of ‘life and personal liberty’ under Article 21 of the Constitution.

This law which prescribes a procedure for depriving a person of “personal liberty” has to fulfill the requirements of Articles 14 and 19 also.

Also, it expanded the horizons of freedom of speech and expression. The case saw a high degree of judicial activism.

One of the significant interpretation in this case is the discovery of inter connections between the three Articles- Article 14, 19 and 21 .

It was finally held by the court that the right to travel and go outside the country is included in the right to personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21.

Minerva Mills Union of India, 1980

The Supreme Court of India, strengthened the doctrine of the basic structure which was propounded earlier in the Keshavananda Bharti Case and held social welfare laws should not infringe fundamental rights.

Few changes made by the 42nd Amendment Act were declared as null and void.

It laid foundation of judicial review of the laws and judgements in the courts of India.

Judicial review is dealt in Article 13(2) of thee Constitution of India.

MC Mehta v. Union of India, 1986

MC Mehta filed a Public Interest Litigation for escape of poisonous gases by a plant in Bhopal.

The court in this case extended the scope of Article 21 and 32 of the Constitution of India.

The case is also famous as Bhopal Gas Tragedy .

Finally, the court granted interim compensation of 250 crores to the victims.

Though High Court asked Union Carbide to pay compensation of 350 crores to the victim.

SR Bommai v. Union of India, 1993

The court in this case curtailed power of President under Article 356 of the constitution of India.

It also held that secularism is the basic structure of the Constitution.

It laid the existence of Ram Temple in the disputed area.

It held the case to larger bench for demolition of Babri Masjid.

Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu, 1994

The court in this case decided that the right to privacy subsisted even if a matter becomes one of public record and hence right to be let alone is part of personal liberty.

This comes under the perview of Article 21

The case is also known as auto Shankar case.

The judges held that the petitioners have a right to publish, what they allege to be the life story/autobiography of Auto Shankar insofar as it appears from the public records, even without his consent or authorization.

There is a violation of the right to freedom of expression.

Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation , 1985

This case came before the Supreme Court as a writ petition.

5 judge-bench gave decision allowing petitioners who live on pavements and in slums in the city of Bombay to stay on the pavements against their order of eviction.

The court also held that right to livelihood is a right to life as per Article 21.

Though the slum resident agreed not to challenge the decision of Municipal Corporation.

Court held that one’s fundamental right cannot be waived.

Vishaka State of Rajasthan, 1997

This case came before the Supreme Court as a Public Interest Litigation against State of Rajasthan and Union of India by Vishakha and other women groups.

The petitioners demanded enforcement fundamental rights for working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.

For this, Vishaka Guidelines were issued.

The judgment also provided basic definitions of sexual harassment at the workplace along with provided guidelines to deal with the same.

Employers shall initiate appropriate action in accordance with concerned criminal law by making a complaint with the appropriate authority.

Disciplinary actions should be taken.

Threw light on compliance mechanism and workers’ initiative.

D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal

In this case, the Supreme Court laid down detailed guidelines to be followed by the central and state investigating agencies.

It related all cases dealing with arrest and detention

The court held that till legal provisions are made in that behalf as preventive measures.

Court held that any form of torture or cruel inhuman or degrading treatment.

Even it occurs during interrogation, investigation or otherwise, falls within the ambit of Article 21.

Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association v. Union of India, 1993

It overruled S P Gupta v. Union of India.

Court held primacy of Chief justice cannot be taken away in appointment and transfer of judges of Supreme Court and High Courts.

It recommended constitution of collegiums of judges for the same.

The case is named as Second judges transfer case.

It was later overruled a committee called NJAC was appointed for appointment and transfer of judges of Supreme Court and High Courts.

It was again over ruled and NJAC was held unconstitutional in Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association v. Union of India, 2014

PA Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra, 2004

The case was decided by a 2-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court

The dispute related to the fixation of quota in unaided professional institutions

It also dealt withholding of examinations for admission into such colleges.

The 2 matters were hence challenged in the court.

The court held no fixation of quota in unaided professional institutions.

Admissions to be conducted on merit basis.

Subramanian swamy vs. Unlon of India,2016

The Supreme Court upheld the Constitutional Validity of Sections 499 to 502[[Chapter XXIl] of Indian Penal Code relating to Criminal Defamation.

The Bench comprising of Justices Dipak Misra and PC.Pant held that the right to Life under Article 21 includes right to reputation.

The Bench has dismissed the Petitions filed by Subramanian Swamy, Rahul Gandhi and Arvind Kejriwal challenging the law relating to Criminal Defamation in India.

Criminal Defamation law not unconstitutional.

Viiay Kumar Mishra and Anr Vs High court of Judicature at Patna To and Ors,2016

The Apex Court held that Article 233(2) of the Constitution of India only prohibits the appointment of a person as District Judge.

As he is already in the service of the Union or the State, but not the selection of such a person.

The Court set aside the Patna High Court judgment.

Which held that, the aspirant to resign his membership of the subordinate judicial service if he aspires to become a District judge.

SC can transfer cases from Jammu & Kashmir Courts to courts

Persons in Govt/Judicial service need not resign to participate in District Judge Selection Process

Kazi vs. Muslim education society,2016

The Supreme Court held that all Tribunals are not necessary parties.

This is majorly in a Special Civil Applications under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution,

They are not required to defend its orders when they are challenged before the High Court.

All Tribunals are not necessary parties to the proceedings where legality of its orders challenged

Anita Kushwaha vs. Pushpa Sudan,2016

The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held that Supreme Court can, by invoking Article 32, 136 and 142 of the Constitution.

It is empowered to transfer a case from a Court in the State of Jammu and Kashmir to a Court outside the State or vice versa.

The Judges Bench comprised of Chief Justice of India Dr. T.S. Thakur, Justices Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla, A.K. Sikri, S.A. Bobde, and R. Banumathi

They further made an important observation that Access to Justice is guaranteed to citizens by Article 14 and Article 21 of the Constitution of India.

10 Important judgements every law student should know

A Judgement is a decision made by the Judge in the Court. Judgments are often used as Precedents and are binding on all Lower Courts.

Various LandmarkJudgements were pronounced by the Supreme Court that made an impact on our Constitutional History, changed the face of Indian polity, paved a way for better functioning, and redefined the legal system in India.

The Supreme Court is the Apex Judicial Body and the highest constitutional body that gives vital judgements on various cases. Let’s see some of them below.

1)Kesavananda Bharati v/s State of Kerala 1973-

Kesavananda Bharati V.State of Kerala was the longest-running and most vital case in Indian history. It consisted of a 13 judge bench who deliberated on the facts of the case through a narrow 7-6 majority. This case protected the democratic set up in India.

In this case, Petitioner Swami Keshavananda ran an Edneer Mutt in the State of Kerala. The State wanted to acquire some Sects of the Mutt’s land under the land Reform Amendment Act 1969. Kesavananda with the help of a renowned lawyer, Nani Palkivala, filed Public interest litigation stating the fact that a religious institution had the right to run its business without government interference and challenged the Kerala Land reform act 1969, and 3 constitutional amendments 24,25,29 on grounds that they abrogated and infringed right to profess and propagate religion under Article 25.

Also during that time, the Supreme court in the case of Golaknath v/s.The state of Punjab had stated that the parliament has no powers to interfere with the fundamental rights of people and had the right to amend these rights. This created a tiff between the State and the Supreme Court.

Judgement

This case laid down the basic structure doctrine that stated that parliament had the power to make amends in fundamental rights but did not have rights to fiddle or interfere with the basic structure of the constitution, thus judgment given in the Golaknath v/s State of Punjab was thus overruled and Parliament was given powers to amend Fundamental rights subject to certain restrictions. The Doctrine of the Basic structure was introduced to ensure amendments did not take away the rights of citizens which were guaranteed to them by fundamental rights. The validity of all amendments was held.

2)Ak Gopalan v/s State of Madras .

The judgement of this case was given by a six-judge bench consisting of Justice Kania, Hiralal J.(CJ), Fazal Ali, Saiyid Sastri, M.Patanjali Mahajan, Mehr Chand Das, Sudhi Ranjan Mukherjea, B.K.on 19th May 1950.

Ak Gopalan was a communist leader, he was detained in madras jail. Every time he was released from the jail, fresh orders of detention were issued against him and he was detained again. He had been sentenced to frequent imprisonment under convictions of criminal law but those convictions were set aside. When he was under detention under orders of the Madras Government he served an order under Preventive Detention Act,1950. The Petitioner hence filed a Writ Petition of Habeas Corpus against his detention in the Madras Jail. Ak Gopalan Challenged the constitutionality and legality of the Act as it contravened Articles under 13,19,21 of the Constitution of India. He also challenged the fact whether the acts were in accordance with Article 22. This was the case in which various fundamental rights were discussed.

The Supreme court took a narrow view and dismissed the writ Petition and held the detention was lawful even though that law violated some of his Fundamental Laws. According to the Supreme court Punitive and preventive Detention were outside the ambit of Article 19 it was according to the due process of law hence the detention act did not violate those. Preventive Detention Act followed valid procedure in form enacted by state law so it held t did not infringe upon rights under Ar.21.It was held none of the sections of the Preventive Detention Act 4 of the constitution infringe provisions of part III only sec 14 was held to be ultra vires.

3)Vishaka and others vs state of Rajasthan

This was the case that introduced and framed Vishaka guidelines for the protection of women at the workplace. Vishaka Guidelines came to be treated as law under Article 141 of the Indian Constitution. It laid the foundation for The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)Act,2013. The fact that there was a lack of law to prevent sexual harassment of women and provide a safe working environment was acknowledged in this case. This case was decided on 13 August by a division bench consisting of CJI, Sujata V.Manohar, B.N kripal.

Bhanwari Devi was a social activist working in a Rajasthan village. She worked for social development program under the Rajasthan government to stop child marriage. Bhanwari Devi tried to stop the marriage of the daughter of Ramkaran Gujjar who was an infant, to which she failed. She was Gang raped by Ramkaran Gujjar and his 5 friends in front of her husband. All medical doctors refused to examine her and police tortured and taunted her. The trial court gave the verdict in favor of the accused and thus women and NGOs together filed a PIL in the supreme court to which vishaka guidelines and the act came into being.

4)Shayara Bano vs Union of India:-

Triple Talaq was a practice that was followed by Majority Muslim husbands to give instant divorce to their wives by pronouncing Talaq thrice. Many Men used this power arbitrarily and abruptly due to which many Muslim women were succumbed to despair and were devastated.

Shayara Bano vs Union of India was the case that declared triple talaq to be unconstitutional and void. It focused on advancing women’s rights and promoting gender equality in India. On 22nd August 2017, the Five judge bench of the Supreme Court presided by J.S Khehar delivered its decision on Triple Talaq with a majority of 3:2.

Shayara Bano the petitioner had wedlock with Rizwan Ahmed for 15 years, In 2016 he gave her divorce by instant talaq -Talaq-a-Biddat, She filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court asking the court to hold Talaq-e-Biddat, Polygamy, Nikah-halala unconstitutional as it violated Fundamental rights under Article 14,15,21 and 25 of the Constitution.

The court held the practice to be unconstitutional and ruled to give maintenance money to Shah Bano. The Government introduced a bill that was passed in Dec 2017 which criminalized triple talaq.

5)Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India:-

Maneka Gandhi was issued a passport on 1st June 1976 in accordance with the passport act 1967. She was ordered on 2nd July 1977 by the Regional Passport Office (NewDelhi) to surrender it back in the public interest. The petitioner was not given any explanation and reason as to why her passport had been confiscated. The petitioner hence filed a writ, approached the Supreme court contending that this act by authorities had deprived her of her Personal Liberty under Article 21(No Person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure of law )of the constitution. These issues raised in this case included whether

PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION-A REVOLUTION IN JUSTICE
Detention Order Can’t be Passed Without Application of Mind
Habeas Corpus- Section 97 CrPC has become Dead Letter Due to Shortcuts: Supreme Court
Filing of Charge Sheet Does Not Take Away the Right to Default Bail: Allahabad HC
Allahabad HC Frees Dr. Khafeel Khan From NSA

The right to travel abroad came in the ambit of Article 21. Whether the Passport Act violated rights under Article 14,19(1)(a) and 21and was freedom of speech and expression confined to Indian Territories.

On 25th January 1978 Supreme court passed a unanimous judgment consisting of 7 judge bench. The judgement widened the Scope of article 21, The judgement paved way for the apex court to include other rights in Article 21 like a speedy trial, right to food, Right to travel abroad, etc. The Passport Act that detained Maneka Gandhi was declared null and void. If a law deprives a person of liberty it cannot deprive a person of Article 14 and 19.

This case gave effect to post-decisional theory and liberal interpretation of Article 21 of procedure of law with due process of law.

6)Nalsa vs Union of India-

Today the society not only recognizes males and females as the genders, but it also accepts a third gender called transgender. Transgenders have always been tortured and shunned away as untouchables. Nalsa vs Union of India was the landmark decision by Supreme Court that declared Transgender people as the third gender and upheld their equal rights like other genders. This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India as Trangenders had no recognition, and had no freedom of gender. It consisted of a two-judge bench. The Judgement directed the central and state Government to take proactive action in securing transgender person rights.

7) Joseph Shine vs Union of India

Adultery was Criminalised and was considered as an offense prior to this case being delivered. Adultery was a gender bias law, where only men were punished for having adulterous relations out of wedlock and not women. Adultery is defined in section 497 of the Indian Penal Code. Joseph Shine who was a non-resident of Kerala raised questions on the constitutionality of sec 497 of the constitution. On 27 Sep 2018, the five-judge bench unanimously held 497 to be arbitrary and archaic as it wasn’t gender-neutral. With the passing of this judgement all past judgements that criminalize adultery were overruled. Adultery became to be considered only as a civil wrong and ground to seek divorce.

8) SR Bommai vs.Union of India.

Background

SR Bommai was the chief minister of Karnataka. He led the Janta dal party but to his plight, he was dismissed on 21st April 1989 when the Presidential Rule had been imposed in Karnataka.

The questions raised in the case pertained to the proclamation of the president under Article 356(1)and dissolution of Legislative assemblies and whether the president’s rule in six states was constitutionally valid. Different issues were raised in the case such as

Whether the president had unchained rules to proclaim under Article 356(1)of the Constitution, whether Prese

This case put restrictions on the center for imposing The Presidential rule on States. It said that the President does not have absolute power to dismiss a state under Article 356. It was held that the President can impose the president’s rule only after approval of the other two houses.

9) Justice K.S Puttaswamy v. Union of India

The right of privacy is considered as one of the basic human rights which is explicitly stated under Article 12 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human rights. Justice K.S Puttaswamy, a retired judge of Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhar scheme. He held that giving detailed information to aadhar violated the right to privacy. The court considered whether the right to privacy is a part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution.

This case was decided by a nine-judge bench consisting of Justice Chelameswar, Bobde, etc on 24th August 2017. The matter was first referred to the 5 judge bench and later was referred to the 9 judge bench. The bench unanimously decided the right to privacy of every individual is to be guaranteed by the Constitution, within Article 21 of the constitution.

10)Navtej Singh Johar vs.Union of India

In this case the constitutional validity of sec 377(Unnatural offenses sodomy, Bestiality was the main issue. Section 377 stated whoever had carnal intercourse with any man or woman or animal against the natural course or against the order of nature shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and also liable to fine.

This case was decided by a five Judge Bench that gave a decision on 377 of the Penal Code, and decriminalized homosexuality. It was stated by the Hon’ble court that since fundamental rights are the basic structure and any other provision which violates the provisions under Part III shall be deemed to be ultra-vires and hence Section 377 was given constitutional morality and homosexuality was decriminalized accordingly.

Further, the Supreme Court reversed the Delhi High Court verdict in 2013 in its Suresh Koushal judgment and held that the decision of decriminalizing homosexuality can only be done by the Parliament and not the Court. It also held that Section 377 criminalizes certain acts and not any particular class of people. Subsequently, on 6th September 2018, the five-judge Bench partially struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, decriminalizing same-sex relations between consenting adults. LGBT individuals were hence legally allowed to engage in consensual intercourse. The Court has upheld provisions in Section 377 that criminalize non-consensual acts or sexual acts performed on animals.

Story by Apurva Surve – Intern

Latest articles, बिना किसी ठोस कारण के विचाराधीन कैदी के पासपोर्ट की वैधता कम करना निर्दोषता की धारणा का उल्लंघन है: राजस्थान हाईकोर्ट, मुख्य न्यायाधीश चंद्रचूड़ ने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मध्यस्थता में भारत को अग्रणी बनाने की वकालत की, supreme court calls for centre’s input on public awareness pil regarding rape and sexual offences, reducing passport validity for under-trial without cogent reasons violates presumption of innocence: rajasthan high court, chief justice chandrachud advocates for india as a leader in international arbitration.

India Law Research

Vlex database, free & open internet, government: executive, government: legislature, government: judiciary, journals and periodicals, international encyclopedia of laws, additional resources, getting help, quick links.

Below are quick links to our most popular resources for India research. More detailed instructions for using these resources are located further down in the guide.

HOLLIS Library Catalog
Indian Kanoon Database
Manupatra Database
SCC Online Database

Introduction to Researching the Law of India

The Sovereign, Democratic, and Republic state of India (also known as Bharat) has been a free nation since it declared its independence from British rule in 1947. It adopted its constitution on January 26,1950. In addition to outlining the powers of the branches of government, the constitution defines protected fundamental rights (see Part III), and outlines the policy directives of the state and the fundamental duties of Indian citizens (see Part IV). With more than 450 articles, India has the longest constitution of any sovereign nation in the world.

India is governed by a federal parliamentary system. In addition to the Central Government, each of the country's 28 states has its own government. There are also eight Union Territories (UTs) administrated by Central Government appointees. For information about each of the states and UTs, along with links to their respective government websites, visit https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/ .

As is the case with other former British colonies, India has a common law legal system that recognizes the principles of judge-made law and stare decisis.

The Harvard Law School Library has an extensive print collection of historical and current primary and secondary sources researching the law of India. In addition, the library subscribes to two databases: Manupatra and SCC Online . This guide provides instructions and tips for navigating these resources.

A quick introductory video on the features of this guide is below.

Photo: Supreme Court of India, taken by Jennifer Allison on Dec. 14, 2019.

The Harvard Library Catalog: HOLLIS

Use the HOLLIS online library catalog (http://hollis.harvard.edu) to find print and electronic materials in Harvard's libraries, including the law library.

This guide includes links to HOLLIS searches that use either general keywords, Library of Congress Subject Headings , or both. HOLLIS search links in this guide appear in this format:

HOLLIS search: "India" AND "Law OR Legal"

Most searches are deliberately broad. Limit the search results by adding additional keywords to the search query, refining the results using the options listed on the right side of the HOLLIS screen, or both.

Historical Research: The HLS Library's Moody Call Number System

In the past, the Harvard Law Library used a proprietary classification system for foreign materials, the Moody System. To learn more about it, visit https://guides.library.harvard.edu/moodysystem .

You should know about this system if you are doing historical legal research in our collection for India. Many older materials in the library's offsite storage facility (which cannot be browsed by researchers) still have Moody call numbers, even though the library switched to using the Library of Congress classification system for foreign materials several years ago.

Moody Call Numbers

Call numbers in this system are compiled as follows:

The call number starts with a code for the jurisdiction (for India, it's "IN")
The first number represents form or type of material (for a list of these numbers, see https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=309924&p=2070177 )
The second and third numbers represent the subject of the material (for a list of these numbers, see https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=309924&p=2070178 )
At the end of the call number is a three-letter abbreviation of the author's name.

Browsing by Moody Call Number in HOLLIS

For example, if you would like to browse the older treatises about the criminal law of India in our collection, do this:

1. Go to https://hollis.harvard.edu/ .

2. Above the search box, click STARTS WITH/BROWSE .

3. In the Browse by drop-down menu, click Call Number - Other .

4. In the search box, enter IN 980 (Note: this means "India + Treatises [900] + Criminal Law [80]")

5. Click Search .

Bluebook Citation Rules for Legal Sources from India

The Bluebook's citation rules for primary law materials from India are available online at https://www.legalbluebook.com/bluebook/v21/tables/t2-foreign-jurisdictions/t2-18-india .

These rules indicate preferred case law reporters by court, as well as instructions for citing the constitution and legislation.

Manupatra Subscription Database

Manupatra is a subscription legal database for India. It includes both primary sources (judicial opinions, statutes and other legislative materials, administrative agency materials, and more) and secondary sources (including treatises and law journals).

To access Manupatra:

Sign in with your HarvardKey at https://hollis.harvard.edu .
Go to http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990104767090203941/catalog and click the ONLINE ACCESS link.

You should see the homepage of the Manupatra database, which looks like this:

Homepage of the Manupatra Indian Law Subscription Database

Searching and Browsing in Manupatra

To browse by source type, use the menu on the left side of the screen.

To search, click one of the options in the blue search bar at the top of the screen:

Manu Search : Search the database using keywords.
Legal Search : Advanced search option, using forms with fields, for judgments, statues (acts), rules, and other types of sources.
Citation Search : Use this option to search for a case if you have a citation to a case law reporter, such as All India Reporter (AIR), Indian Law Reports (ILR), SCC (Supreme Court Cases), or Weekly Law Notes (WLN). Coverage also includes regional court reporters, such as the Bombay Cases Reporter (BomCR), Calcutta Law Journal (CLJ), Delhi Law Times (DLT), and many others. To view a coverage list of reporters, visit http://www.manupatrafast.in.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/Search/Publishers.aspx .
Assisted Search : Provides a form to assist with crafting searches using Boolean connectors.

Search Example

As an example, assume that you have the following information about a case from the Bombay High Court:

State vs. Panduran Tatyasaheb Shinde, AIR 1956 Bom 711.

Find this case in Manupatra as follows:

Click Citation Search .
In the Publisher menu, select AIR(Bombay) .
In the Year box, enter 1956 .
In the Page Number box, enter 711 .
Click Search .

You will see one result. Click the link provided to view the case.

SCC Online Subscription Database

SCC Online is a subscription legal database. You can browse or search for cases from a wide variety of Indian courts, including the Supreme Court, the Privy Council, high courts, district courts, and tribunals and commissions. It also includes selected case law from other jurisdictions in the region, including Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and from several African jurisdictions. SCC online also includes other Indian legal materials: acts and rules, articles, secondary sources, treaties, and more.

Access SCC Online as follows:

Go to https://hollis.harvard.edu and sign in with your HarvardKey credentials.
Go to this HOLLIS record: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/99153820291903941/catalog .
Click the ONLINE ACCESS link.
On the SCC Online homepage, click LOGIN in the upper right corner.
Select the IP login option, and enter your Harvard email address.
When the SCC Dashboard screen appears, click the type of search you want to do. You may have to do this quickly to avoid being signed out. If you are not sure what to click, click the third blue box labeled Find by Citation .

You should now be on the main search screen. If this is not the type of search you want to do, return to the dashboard by clicking the icon with 9 little boxes in it at the top of the screen. The dashboard provides all the options you need for finding cases by citation, party name, or topic, in addition to browsing law reports, judgments, acts and rules, secondary materials and more.

Note that SCC Online can be hard to log into. If the directions above do not work for you, here are a few things to try:

Clear the cache and cookies on your browser.
Use a different internet browser (if you are using Google Chrome and it's not working, try it in Firefox).

If you tried all those things and it's still not working, contact a research librarian for help ( https://asklib.law.harvard.edu ).

Harvard's subscription to the vLex database includes the following materials for India:

Laws and Regulations
Books and Journals

To access vLex, go to its HOLLIS catalog record: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990104683840203941/catalog . Then, click the ONLINE ACCESS link.

To go to the India materials, click Browse in the menu on the right side, then All Jurisdictions > Asia > India.

Materials from India appear throughout vLex. For example, vLex includes cases and legislation from India in the citing references for UK cases.

HeinOnline Subscription Database

HeinOnline's resources for researching the law of India include the following:

Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (IFLP): Search for "India" as a Subject
World Constitutions Illustrated: India

Free Databases for Indian Legal Research

Indian Kanoon Free database of Indian legislation and case law, offering simple and advanced search options as well as a way to browse by individual court and tribunal.
Legal Information Institute of India (LII) Links to primary and secondary sources for Indian law.

Google Searches for Materials on Government Websites

Most Indian government websites are in the "gov.in" domain. You can search for materials on government websites using Google using this query format:

"circulars" site:gov.in

This search will return all sites that include the word "circulars" on Indian government sites. ("Circular" is a name used for a document that a government entity releases to describe its activities.)

Some Indian government sites are in the "nic.in" domain ("NIC" is the Central Government's National Informatics Centre ). So if your "gov.in" domain search does not return the results you are looking for, try the same search using "nic.in" instead.

According to Part V, Chapter I of the Indian Constitution , the head of state is the President , who appoints the members of the Council of Ministers (headed by the Prime Minister ) and the judges who serve on the Supreme Court .

The executive branch also includes the following:

Union Ministries (including the Ministry of Law and Justice )
Union Government Departments (including the Department of Legal Affairs )
Commissions (including the Law Commission of India )

The executive has certain powers related to legislation. For example, the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice drafts legislation for the Central Government. Other ministries also contribute to the drafting of bills based on their subject matter.

Under Article 123 of the Indian Constitution, the President can enact ordinances when Parliament is not in session. These ordinances can only become permanent law if the Parliament approves them after returning from its recess.

Finding Executive and Administrative Materials

HOLLIS Searches

HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Delegated Legislation"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Gazette"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Government" AND "Circulars"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Ministry OR Department OR Commission" (in the "Author" field)
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Record" AND "Office" (in the "Author" field)

Electronic Resources

The Gazette of India Bilingual (English and Hindi) publication of government activities. e-Gazettes are available here for the Central Government and for State Governments.
National Government Services Portal This site provides information about the services that various government entities (Central Government and State Governments) offer to the the people of India. You can browse by service type or search for a service.

According to Part V, Chapter II of the Indian Constitution , legislative power vests in a Parliament , which includes:

The President
The Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
The House of the People (Lok Sabha)

Finding Legislation

Historically, Indian national and state legislation has been published by a lot of different entities under a lot of different names. This means you may need to do several HOLLIS searches to find the publication that has the law you are looking for.

The searches below include various ways Harvard's library catalogers have named and described Indian publications that include legislation.

HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Acts of Parliament"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Central Acts"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Central Legislature"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "State Acts"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Statutory Rules"
HOLLIS Search: "Law" AND "India" AND "Statutes and Codes"
HOLLIS Search: "Law and Legislation" AND "India"
HOLLIS Search: "Laws, etc." AND "India"
HOLLIS Search: "Laws of India"
HOLLIS Search: "Statutes of India"

In addition to the subscription databases Manupatra and SCC Online, there are several freely-available online sources for Indian legislative materials.

Bare Acts Live (Chawla Publications)
India Code: Digital Repository of All Central and State Acts
LEGIS Database of Acts Database of acts, bills, and ordinances - maintained by the Supreme Court Judges' Library.
List of Central Acts Maintained by the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice; available in chronological and alphabetical order.
Ministry of Law and Justice Legislative Department: Legislative References Includes a list of the Acts of Parliament (1838-2019), and links to the text of ordinances promulgated, President's Acts, Central Regulations, and Orders issued under the Constitution of India.
National Portal of India: Acts/Rules
Parliamentary Research Service (PRS)

Part V, Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution establishes the Union Judiciary, at the head of which is the Supreme Court of India .

As India is a common law jurisdiction, opinions issued by the Supreme Court are binding on all other Indian courts (see Art. 141).

India's judiciary is also comprised of regional courts throughout the country, including High courts and District courts .

For disputes involving government employees, India has a network of Administrative Tribunals .

Finding Case Law

Over time, there have been hundreds of publications reporting cases decided in India's courts, and some of them have changed their names several times. The Supreme Court of India's Equivalent Citation Table can help a researcher not only make sense of the various case reporter names, but also determine parallel citations if necessary.

Note that, in Indian legal bibliography, the term "law journal" can mean many different things, including a case law reporter.

Harvard has been collecting case law reporters from India for many years. To find judicial decisions from Indian courts in the law library's print collection, try the searches below, which include various ways Harvard's library catalogers have named and described relevant publications.

HOLLIS Search: "All India Reporter"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "High Court" AND "Cases OR Reports OR Digests OR Decisions"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Judicial Commissioner's Court"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Law Reports, Digests, Etc."
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Reports of Cases"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Supreme Court Cases"
HOLLIS Search: "Indian Decisions" AND "Law OR Legal"
HOLLIS Search: "Indian High Court Reports"
HOLLIS Search: "Indian Law Reports"
HOLLIS Search: "Justice, Administration of -- India" (Subject field search)
HOLLIS Search: "Supreme Court of India" AND "Cases OR Reports OR Digests OR Decisions"
Directory of District Court Websites Links to District Court websites are provided, through which you can browse and search for opinions.
Directory of High Court Websites Links to High Court websites are provided, through which you can browse and search for opinions.
Supreme Court Judges' Library: SUPLIS Database of Caselaws
Supreme Court of India: Judgments Database Search by case number, diary number, judgment date, judge name, parties, free text, and more.

Legal Journals and Periodicals

In Indian legal bibliography, the term "law journal" can mean many different things, including the following:

A case law reporter
A legal periodical that publishes article-length scholarly works (like a "law review" in the United States)

The Union Catalogue of Legal Journals , maintained by the Judges' Library of the Supreme Court of India, provides a helpful overview of Indian legal periodicals.

Scholarly Law Journals

Many scholarly law journals in India are published by law schools. Depending on the journal and the publication date, they can be found open-access through a law school website, through a subscription database (such as HeinOnline , Sage , Jstor , or Taylor and Francis ), and/or in the library's print collection.

To find journals in our collection, you can search the HOLLIS library catalog . However, it might be easier and faster to check the list of journals published at Indian law schools below, in case the one you want is available open access online.

Chanakya National Law University (CNLU) (Patna) Chanakya Law Review.
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University (RMLNLU) (Lucknow) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University Journal (ISSN: 0975 – 9549); RMLNLU Law Review (ISSN: 0975 – 9530); CMET Journal, Child Protection in Uttar Pradesh Quarterly Newsletter.
Gujarat National Law University (GNLU) (Gandhi Nagar) GNLU Journal of Law, Development and Politics (GJLDP); GNLU Law Review; Gujarat Law Journal; GNLU Journal of Law & Economics (GJLE); GNLU Law and Society Review
Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU) (Raipur) Journal of Law and Social Science
NALSAR University School of Law (Hyderabad) NALSAR Law Review (ISSN 2319-1988); Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Law (Print ISSN 0975-492X and e-ISSN 2278-862X); Environmental Law and Practice Review (ISSN 2319-1856); Media Law Review (ISSN 2319-1848); Journal of Corporate Affairs and Corporate Crimes (ISSN 2278-8611); NALSAR Student Law Review (ISSN 0975-0216); The Indian Journal of Constitutional Law (ISSN 0975-0134); The Indian Journal of Law and Economics (ISSN 2319-1864); NALSAR ADR Journal (ISSN 2348-7690); International Journal of Constitutional Law (IJCL); NALSAR International Law Journal
National Law Institute University (NLIU) (Bhopal) Using the top menu, navigate through Research - Research Publications - NLIU Publications to find Indian Law Review, NLIU Journal of Intellectual Property Law, NLIU Law Review, NLIU e-Journals (International Law, Media Law).
National Law School of India University (NLSIU) (Bengaluru / Bangalore) National Law School Journal, National Law School of India Review, NLS Business Law Review, Socio-Legal Review, IN LAW Magazine, Journal on Environmental Law Policy and Development, Journal of Law and Public Policy, CEERA March of the Environmental Law
National Law University and Judicial Academy Assam (NLUJAA) NLUA Law Review, Child Rights & Policy Review; Journal for Sports Law, Policy, and Governance; NLUA Law and Policy Review; Journal for Disability Studies and Policy Review.
National Law University Delhi (NLUD) Journal of National Law University Delhi; Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice; NLUD Student Law Journal; Indian Journal of Criminology.
National Law University Jodhpur (NLUJ) NLUJ Law Review; Trade, Law, and Development; Indian Journal of Arbitration Law; Journal on Corporate Law and Governance; Journal on Comparative Constitutional Law and Administrative Law; Indian Journal of Legal Theory; Journal of Intellectual Property Studies; Journal on Indian Competition Review; Scholasticus.
National Law University Odisha (NLUO) NULO Law Journal; Human Rights Law Journal; Journal on the Rights of the Child; NLUO Student Law Journal.
National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS) (Kochi) NUALS Intellectual Property Law Review; NUALS Law Journal.
National University of Study and Research in Law (NUSRL) (Ranchi) NUSRL Journal of Law & Policy; NUSRL Journal of Human Rights.
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law (RGNUL) (Patiala, Punjab) RGNUL Law Review; RLR Student Edition; Student Law Review; RFM Law Review; RGNUL Social Science Review; Human Rights Journal; Law and Tech Times; Indian Journal of Criminology.
WB National University of Juridicial Sciences (NUJS) (Kolkata) NUJS Law Review; Journal of Telecommunication and Broadcasting Law; Journal of Indian Law and Society (formerly Indian Juridicial Review); Asian Journal of Legal Education; International Journal of Law and Policy Review; International Journal of Legal Studies & Research; Journal on Dispute Resolution.

International Encyclopedia of Laws: Entries for India

The Kluwer Online subscription database's International Encyclopedia of Laws includes an entry for India in each of the subject areas listed below.

Click the link, provide your HarvardKey credentials if necessary, and then click India under National Monographs.

Civil Procedure
Commercial and Economic Law
Competition Law
Constitutional Law
Corporations and Partnerships
Environmental Law
Family and Succession Law
Insurance Law
Intellectual Property
Medical Law
Private International Law
Social Security Law
Transport Law
Bombay High Court Judges' Library
Foreign Law Guide: India HarvardKey credentials required
GlobaLex: A Guide to India's Legal Research and Legal System
GlobaLex: Guide to Indian Laws
Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals: Country Subject = India IFLP has more than 2,000 articles with "India" as the country subject. This ink to IFLP is in the HeinOnline subscription database and HarvardKey credentials are required to access it.
India Legal Research Guide University of Wisconsin Law Library
India Legal Research Guide Libraries of the National University of Singapore
Indian Law Research Guide University of Melbourne
The Indian Legal Profession in the Age of Globalization: The Rise of the Corporate Legal Sector and its Impact on Lawyers and Society 2017 book co-authored by David Wilkins, Vikramaditya S. Khanna, and David M. Trubek.
Indian Legal System Research Guide Library of the O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India.
Judges' Library of the Supreme Court of India
Legal Research Guide: India Law Library of Congress
Legal Resources of India Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford
Vikaspedia (InDG) Description from the site: This portal has been developed as part of the national level initiative - India Development Gateway (InDG), dedicated for providing information / knowledge and ICT based knowledge products and services in the domain of social development. InDG is a Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Government of India initiative and is executed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hyderabad.

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Criminal cases
Indian rape laws

Most famous and controversial criminal cases in India

The article is written by Ansruta Debnath , a law student of National Law University Odisha. This article briefs various famous and controversial criminal cases in India.

This article has been published by Sneha Mahawar .

Table of Contents

Introduction

Criminal cases that reach widespread fame generally have a scandalous element in them. On the other hand, some cases are just bizarre while others so horrific, people remain shocked for decades to come. This article enumerates certain famous and hotly debated criminal cases of the country. While this is not an exhaustive list, this author has attempted to include cases that highlight certain important aspects of the nature of the criminal law of India. Thus cases have been included from a wide range of crimes, from the most gruesome murders to shocking rapes, bizarre identity crimes, scandalous scams and even the killing of ‘ghosts’.

Murder and killings

The tarakeswar affair (1874).

This case, the oldest in this article, involved a public scandal that occurred in 19th century Bengal during British rule. The case was called Queen v. Nobin Chandra Banerjee (1874) and here Nobin Chandra, a government servant was charged with the murder by decapitation of Elokeshi, his wife because of her love affair with the Brahmin head priest, or Mahant of the temple of Tarakeshwar. The Hooghly Sessions Court at Serampore took up the case and during the entire trial, the Court had transformed into a ‘theatre’. The media also contributed heavily to the increasing publicity of the case.

The defence attorney claimed that Nobin Chandra had committed the act in a fit of rage and to ensure that his wife had to belong to him. It was claimed that when Elokeshi confessed about her actions to the defendant, Nobin wanted to protect her and shift her from her parent’s house, over which the Priest had control. But the latter became aware of these plans and his goons prevented the shift from happening, leading to Nobin Chandra killing his wife. Nobin then immediately went to the Police to confess his crimes.

The entire series of events painted Nobin as the victim. The jury eventually acquitted the defendant on the grounds of insanity. But the Sessions judge overturned the judgement on the ground of “disagreement on the native sense of justice” and sent the case to the Calcutta High Court wherein the defendant was held guilty.

However, Nobin was not the only person under trial. For the general public, Nobin was justified in his actions and the Mahant was the one that was the actual criminal. The Mahant was tried under Section 497 of the newly passed Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Sessions Judge convicted the priest and imposed a punishment of three years’ rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rupees 2,000. On appeal, the conviction was upheld. The public felt that Nobin Chandra was unjustly convicted while the Mahant had gotten away easily. Within three years, due to popular public demand and protests, Nobin Chandra was released from prison.

The murder of ghosts – Ram Bahadur Thapa (1959)

This was a very peculiar case, called State of Orissa v. Ram Bahadur Thapa (1959) . J.B. Chatterjee of the Chatterjee Bros. firm in Calcutta employed Ram Bahadur Thapa as a servant. They had gone to Rasgovindpur, a village in Orissa’s Balasore district, to buy scrap from an abandoned airport outside of town. The local people considered that area haunted and the same was made known to the visitors. As they drove to the aerodrome late at night, they noticed a flickering light within the premises that seemed to move because of the strong winds. Thapa leapt into action, brandishing his khukri in the direction of the ‘ghosts.’ They turned out to be indigenous Adivasi ladies with a hurricane light who had congregated under a mahua tree to gather flowers. Thapa injured two women and killed another and thus was charged with Section 302 (murder), Section 326 (grievous hurt with dangerous weapons) and Section 324 (hurt with dangerous weapons) of the Penal Code. The Sessions Judge held that the accused committed the acts under a bona fide mistake of fact, thinking that he was attacking ghosts and not human beings and hence acquitted him relying on Section 79 , which talks about acts justified by law or acts which under a mistake of fact is thought to be justified by law. The petitioners challenged this through an appeal to the Supreme Court saying that through extra care and caution, this event could have been averted. But the Court dismissed these arguments and said that Ram Bahadur Thapa had to be accorded the protection of Section 79.

The Nanavati murder case (1959)

This case, K.M. Nanavati v. the State of Maharashtra (1961) is one of the landmark cases in Indian history and marked the end of jury trials in India. K.M. Nanavati was a respected naval officer who killed his wife’s extra-marital lover, Ahuja in 1959. Nanavati, after committing the crime went to the local police and turned himself in. The main point of contention was whether the action of Nanavati was due to grave provocation or it was a pre-mediated murder. The petitioners contended that during a confrontation of Nanavati with Ahuja, the latter stated that he “could not marry every woman he slept with”, which led to Nanavati killing Ahuja. Their arguments were based on the fact that Nanavati committed the murder in the heat of the moment and thus it was a case of culpable homicide, not amounting to murder. ( Exception 1 under Section 300 ). The Respondents contended that Nanavati had, after listening to his wife’s confession, dropped her and their children off to the cinema, gone to his ship to procure a rifle and then gone to visit Ahuja. It was contended that it was clearly implied that Nanavati had the intention to murder Ahuja and there was no sudden provocation.

The jury of the trial court declared K.M. Nanavati was found not guilty with an 8:1 majority verdict. The verdict, like the Tarakeswar case, reflected the popular sentiment that sympathised with Nanavati. But the Session’s judge overturned the verdict and sent it to the High Court of Bombay wherein the Court held the accused guilty of murder under Section 302 of the Penal Code and sentenced him to life imprisonment. On appeal, the Supreme Court upheld the High Court judgment, saying that Nanavati had plenty of time to calm down and thus it was a case of premeditated murder. However, he was granted parole on grounds of ill health in 1963 and then later pardoned by the Governor of Bombay. The higher judiciary, purely on the touchstone of law, found Nanavati guilty. But beyond the realm of law is the world of morality; was Nanavati morally right in killing a man who had destroyed his marriage and family? The public opinion felt that Nanavati had been wronged, so did the jury, but not the law.

The contract killing of Mrs Vidya Jain (1967)

The case of Narendra Singh Jain is linked to the infamous contract killing of Mrs Vidya Jain in 1973. In this case, the defendant was Dr. N.S. Jain, the personal eye physician of the then-Indian President V.V. Giri, who conspired with his paramour, Chandresh, to hire two persons to murder his forty-five-year-old wife.

The case involved several failed attempts to kill Mrs. Jain by engagement with various assassins, but the plan eventually got executed on 4 December 1967. The trial court charged all the accused under Section 120-B of the Penal Code for having entered into a conspiracy to commit the murder of Vidya Jain and under Section 320 for her murder. Some of the accused were also charged with Section 27 of the Arms Act, 1959 .

Conspiracy comes into being the moment the agreement to commit the crucial act is reached, and it does not cease to exist so long as the intention of acting upon the agreement exists. When Chandresh and Rakesh (friend of Chandresh) went to hire Karan Singh as an assassin, the criminal conspiracy had come into existence and did not cease when the latter refused to execute what was assigned to him. The duo then engaged with another assassin who also refused, and the conspiracy continued. Finally, the inclusion of the final two assassins was also part of the criminal conspiracy.

The crucial point of contention was the gravity of crimes of all the involved parties i.e., who should be more responsible for the crime of murder. The trial court had sentenced the accused to life imprisonment but on appeal, the High Court, in N.S. Jain v. the State (1977) increased the punishment of the two contract killers to death by hanging.

Tandoor murders (1995)

The Hotel Ashok Yatri Niwas of Delhi became the site of the very gruesome murder of a woman. The accused, hotel manager Keshav Kumar and co-owner of the hotel, Shushil Sharma was discovered to be stoking a fire in the kitchen tandoor with wood on that fateful night of 2 July 1995 by two police officers. Detecting a foul odour, the officers douse the flames and discovered that the tandoor was stuffed with partially burnt human remains, a torso and burnt bones. A black polythene sheet nearby bore traces of blood. The body was revealed to be of Naina Sahni, wife of Shushil Sharma. While Kumar was immediately caught by the police, Sharma fled and was later arrested by the Bangalore police and handed over to the Delhi authorities. The use of the tandoor to attempt to cover up the murder is what truly horrified people and made this become a case people could not stop talking about. Not many people remember that the tandoor was not the weapon of the murder, that Naina had been shot to death and the tandoor was only used to destroy the body.

The trial was held in the sessions court in Delhi, in 2003 where Sharma pleaded that due to the media furore and the misdirected public hatred he would be subjected to an unfair and unjust trial. Therefore, he claimed, he should either be discharged or the trial be postponed but the same was not granted. Capital punishment was awarded to Sharma, placing the case in the ‘rarest of rare’ category, warranting the imposition of extreme punishment by the trial court. In State v. Sushil Sharma (2007) , the Delhi High Court admitted an appeal filed by Sushil Sharma, challenging his conviction and death sentence by the trial court. However, the High Court rejected these assertions and upheld the verdict of the trial court in this case. The Supreme Court, on the other hand, while reaching the conclusion that the accused were indeed liable to be convicted for committing the heinous crime of murder and brutally disposing of the body of the accused, said that the action of Sharma was the result of a strained individual relationship and not an offence against society. Thus, the Supreme Court in Sushil Sharma v. State (NCT) Of Delhi (2013) commuted capital punishment to life imprisonment, while also taking into account certain mitigating factors like the accused previous criminal record and the age of the accused.

The murder of Neeraj Grover (2008)

Neeraj Grover was a media executive. Maria Monica Susairaj was a Kannada actress who wanted to work in the TV industry. When she moved to Mumbai, Maria befriended Grover and they soon entered into an intimate relationship. However, Maria started having doubts about whether Grover was serious about aiding her career. The prosecution alleged that the plan to kill Grover was hatched on 6 May 2008, when Maria contacted Emile Jerome Joseph, her fiancé. On 7 May 2008, both Maria and Joseph killed Grover and chopped up his body. Later, Maria confessed to her crimes and led the police to the place where the body parts were burned. She also stated that Joseph had forced her to commit the act with him with the threat of rape. Later, the confessional statement was retracted by Maria. According to the Court’s analysis of Maria’s confession, it was concluded that only Joseph was responsible for the murder of the victim.

After considering the evidence, the Court held the accused guilty of both causing disappearance and destruction of evidence. The prosecution proved that Joseph killed the victim but the defendant pleaded the first exception to murder, i.e., culpable homicide due to the grave and sudden provocation. The Court ruled out premeditation on the part of Joseph and maintained that he was under provocation. Both of the accused were charged under Section 201 for causing the disappearance of evidence, with a maximum penalty of three years. Joseph was charged under Section 304 (1) of the IPC for culpable homicide not amounting to murder and was given ten years’ rigorous imprisonment as well as a fine of Rs 50,000. Maria was convicted under Section 201 of the IPC for the destruction of evidence and was given three years’ rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 50,000. Joseph was also convicted under the same offence and given the same punishment, for which his sentence would run concurrently.

D.K. Basu and custodial deaths

Shri D.K. Basu, Ashok K. Johri v. State of West Bengal, State Of U.P. (1996) was a landmark judgement that elaborated on custodial deaths. The initial party to the case was West Bengal and D.K. Basu. D.K. Basu was the Executive Chairman of Legal Aid Services of West Bengal. Basu wrote a letter to the Chief Justice of India enumerating certain news articles in newspapers that have spoken about custodial deaths and instances of custodial torture. The letter emphasized the need to draw up guidelines that an arresting authority must follow while remanding a person to custody and to draw up victim compensation schemes in those scenarios of custodial death and torture. Because the issue that was mentioned in the letter was of gravity, the letter was considered to be a writ petition and accordingly proceedings were initiated. Later, Shri Ashok K. Johri wrote a similar letter to the Chief Justice about a custodial death in Uttar Pradesh and accordingly that letter was also considered to be a writ petition and the two were clubbed together. The state governments in their reply stated that custodial deaths were taken into consideration and appropriate actions were taken against the concerned individual. Further, the Supreme Court solicited the Law Commission to deliver an official report on this issue and accordingly the 113th report on “Injuries in Police Custody” was released.

In the judgement, the Supreme Court reiterated that any type of torture or cruel, inhuman, or humiliating treatment, whether it occurs during an investigation, interrogation, or otherwise, is covered by Article 21. The rights protected by Article 21 cannot be denied to undertrials, convicts, detainees, and other detainees in custody unless they are refused in accordance with the method established by law, which may include reasonable restrictions on the right.

The primary achievement of this judgement was that the Court gave out certain specific guidelines that had to be followed while making arrests. These included the need for arresting or interrogating officers to bear accurate, visible and clear identification and name tags with their designations and allowing one relative of the arrested person to be informed about the arrest and place of detention.

Cases where children were the victim

Renuka shinde and seema gavit : child killers (1990-1996).

In Maharashtra, a woman named Anjanabai, the matriarch of her family, taught and encouraged her family to murder and abuse young children for money. The entire episode came to light when her two daughters, twenty-nine-year-old Renuka Kiran Shinde, twenty-five-year-old Seema Mohan Gavit along with Renuka’s husband, Kiran Shinde, were arrested in 1996. The three, along with Anjanabai, were accused of abducting and killing children, particularly those less than five years of age. Although they were accused of abducting thirteen children between 1990–96 and killing nine of them, they were eventually charged with only five murders.

The sisters had managed to kidnap children from many major cities in Maharashtra and would keep these children in Pune at their residence. The modus operandi of the sisters was easy: they would keep the child with them, often preferring to physically carry them while they went about their business of snatching purses and petty thievery. The children were murdered when they attracted any attention or cried, or became too old to be carried in their arms. The sisters often committed the murder of these children in the most gruesome and cruel ways which included banging the head of the child to a wall until it died. The Supreme Court while ordering the death penalty for the accused observed that the decision had been reached after carefully considering the fact that the accused were a menace to society and that there was no chance of them being reformed.

The mercy petitions of the sisters were rejected by the President on 31 July 2014. However, in January 2022, the Bombay High Court commuted their death sentence to life imprisonment on account of the state’s delay in seeking a decision on their mercy petitions after the Supreme Court rejected their appeal in 2006.

The Billa – Ranga Case (1978)

The main aim of Billa and Ranga, two hardened criminals who had just been released from Arthur Road Jail in Mumbai on the day the crime occurred, was to capture kids that they happened to come across and demand ransom from their parents. The unfortunate in this situation were two teenagers, Geeta and Sanjay Chopra who happened to come across their vehicle, a yellow Fiat and entered it to take a lift to the AIR office where they were to participate in a programme. Certain people realised there was a problem as the car sped away because the teenage duo had themselves realised the nefarious intentions of Billa and Ranga and had started fighting in the car and screaming from within. A police report was attempted to be made by one concerned citizen but the police refused to take the report citing jurisdictional issues.

At the same time, Billa and Ranga realised that the teenager’s family would not be able to afford the ransom they had in mind and immediately killed the two. The parents came to know that their children were missing when they did not hear them on the radio in that programme the children were supposed to be in. An FIR was filed and subsequently, the bodies were discovered, making the case a murder case.

Due to extensive media coverage, the murderers were soon captured and upon investigation, it was found that after Sanjay was killed, Geeta was stripped naked, raped and then killed. The High Court observed that the accused had a diabolical plan of a cold-blooded, ruthless, cruel murder of two young innocent teenagers and deserved no mercy. Thus the death penalty was awarded and the Supreme Court also upheld the verdict.

A major point of the case was the courage shown by the teenagers as witnesses said that they put up a big fight and as a result, Billa had to receive stitches from a hospital. The Indian government bestowed the Kirti Chakra gallantry award on Geeta and Sanjay Chopra on 5 April 1981. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two annual bravery awards for children under the age of sixteen, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Yet the point remains that had the police gotten into prompt action, this murder could have been prevented.

Cases that triggered changes in Indian rape laws

The rape of mathura (1972).

The Mathura rape case was an instance of custodial rape that occurred in the March of 1972 when a tribal girl was allegedly raped by two policemen on the compound of Desaiganj Police Station in the Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra.

The case first came to the sessions court in 1974 where it held that because Mathura was “habituated to sexual intercourse”, her consent was voluntary and thus there was sexual intercourse but not rape. The Nagpur bench of the Bombay High Court on appeal held that there was rape and sentenced the two policemen to one and five years of imprisonment. The Court observed submission to rape under threat or fear is not a valid form of consent.

But the Supreme Court, in Tuka Ram And Anr v State Of Maharashtra (1978) , overturned that judgement and acquitted the accused. Due to widespread protests, the Government of India eventually brought about the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1983 which made a statutory provision in the face of Section 114 (A) of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 . It states that if the victim says that she did not consent to the sexual intercourse, the Court shall presume that she did not consent as a rebuttable presumption.

Bhanwari Devi rape case (1992)

Bhanwari Devi was an Indian social worker from Rajasthan who was gang-raped in 1992 by men who were enraged by her efforts to prevent their family from having a child marriage. Her subsequent treatment by the police and the accused’s subsequent acquittal in court drew enormous national and international attention, and it became a watershed moment in India’s women’s rights movement.

In 1995, the Session’s Court acquitted the accused stating that because the husband of Devi was nearby, rape could not have happened. But, upon pressure from various groups, the Rajasthan State Government appealed the decision in the High Court but because two of the accused were already dead, only one hearing took place.

This case was important because after being inspired by Devi, a number of women’s organizations led by one called Vishaka filed a Public Interest Litigation in the Supreme Court against the State of Rajasthan and the Union of India through Vishaka & Ors v. State Of Rajasthan & Ors. (1997) This led to the formation of the Vishakha guidelines which dealt with sexual harassment in the workplace.

The Nirbhaya gang-rape (2012)

This is a case that sparked widespread protests and triggered changes in major rape laws in India. The gruesome and horrifying gang rape of Jyoti Singh also called Nirbhaya or the Unafraid , brought the entire youth of India to the streets. Instead of victim shaming, the people of India screamed her name as it had become a source of strength in the face of the fear of the unsafe nature of the Delhi streets. Women and the youth week seemed to have enough and were poised to fight for their rights. After a long legal battle, the accused were finally hanged in the Tihar Jail in the March of 2020.

The changes made in the rape law were substantial. A committee was set up under a former judge of the Supreme Court, J.S. Verma to suggest amendments in the criminal law. The report found that crimes against women were directly linked to failures of the government and the police. The major suggestions of the report were to make rape punishable by life sentence instead of death as it had been seen that the death sentence did not act as a deterrent and cleared ambiguity over the control of the Delhi police in such cases. The committee, however, did not favour setting the official age of a juvenile at sixteen rather than eighteen.

For starters, through the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 the definition of rape was changed in Section 375 to include the insertion of any object in the vagina or rectum of a woman. Further, The punishment for rape is seven years at the least and may extend up to life imprisonment ( Section 376 ). Any man, be it a police officer, medical officer, army personnel, jail officer, public officer or public servant, who commits rape may be imprisoned for at least ten years (Section 376). A punishment of life imprisonment, extending to death, was prescribed for situations wherein the rape concludes with the death of the victim, or the victim being in a vegetative state ( Section 376-A ). Gang rape has been prescribed punishment of at least twenty years under the newly amended sections ( Section 376-D ). The new amendment also defined ‘consent’ to mean an unequivocal agreement to engage in a particular sexual act; clarifying further that the absence of resistance will not imply consent.

Bizzare identity crimes

Lal bihari identity case (1975-1994).

Lal Bihari was born in 1955, died between 1975 and 1994, and has been an activist since then. His uncle bribed government officials to declare him dead so that he might receive their ancestral land, and Mr Lal Bihari was officially declared dead. He began his battle against the Indian bureaucracy to establish that he was still alive after he discovered what had happened. Meanwhile, he staged a sham burial, demanded widow’s pay for his wife, ran against Rajiv Gandhi in the 1989 election, and even added a ‘Mritak’ to his name. He is currently the director of an organisation that seeks to deal with similar identity situations for others who have lost theirs.

Bhawal Case (1920-1946)

This was a strange case centred on a probable impostor claiming to be the prince of the Bhawal Estate, which included over 2000 villages and was one of the largest zamindari estates in undivided Bengal. Ramendra, the Bhawal estate’s second Kumar , died in the early twentieth century, although there were rumours that he wasn’t truly dead. A sanyasi who resembled Ramendra was discovered strolling the streets of Dhaka ten years later, in 1921. Former tenants and farmers of Ramendra vouched for him and supported his claim to the title for some reason. Except for Ramendra’s widow, Bibhabati, almost everyone believed him.

A long legal battle ensued but the new Ramendra shifted to Calcutta and was hailed as the actual one by the city elites. Further, he started using revenues from his estate. In 1946 the Court ruled in his favour, but he passed away shortly after.

Criminal defamation

Personal opinion or defamation: the khusboo case (2010).

The events that led to the lawsuit began in September 2005, when India Today magazine conducted a poll on the sexual habits of people living in India’s major cities. One of the topics explored was premarital sex and opinions from many social groups were gathered. Khushboo, a south Indian actress, expressed her opinion on the subject, stating that the occurrence of premarital sex was becoming more common. She later vehemently defended her statement and as a result twenty-one criminal complaints under Sections 499 , 500 , 509 , 153-A and 292 of the IPC, read with Sections 4 and 6 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 , in various separate jurisdictions were filed.

To get respite from this constant prosecution, she approached the High Court of Madras to quash these complaints. Despite clear indications that this was a matter of political victimization, the High Court refused to step in and directed the chief judicial magistrate to combine all the complaints. Kushboo’s lawyers then went to the Supreme Court to quash the complaints, who in S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal & Anr (2010) held that her statements were not defamatory under Section 499 of the Penal Code. Khushboo did not mean to hurt the complainants’ reputation, and no genuine harm could be determined from her words, according to the Court. She wasn’t implying that all Tamil Nadu women participate in premarital sex; rather, she was addressing how premarital sex was perceived in society at the time.

The uproar surrounding comments made on the subject of premarital sex has raised serious concerns about our ability to tolerate viewpoints that differ from those held by the majority. A simple reference to the rising prevalence of premarital sex and the appeal for societal acceptance was challenged because it was outside the scope of free speech protection.

Scandalous scams

Collapse of kingfisher .

Vijay Mallaya was an Indian business tycoon who had to abscond to the United Kingdom after being accused of fraud and money laundering in the country. Mallya fled the country and sought sanctuary in the United Kingdom in 2016. Vijay Mallya is said to owe around Rs 9000 crores to multiple banks, which he took out as a loan to save his now-defunct Kingfisher Airlines from going bankrupt. Mallya’s desire to develop his liquor and airline businesses sparked the whole thing. His advisers advised him against it, but he went ahead and did it anyway. To fund the newly created Kingfisher Airlines, he sold another company founded by his father.

Vijay Mallya’s Kingfisher quickly established itself as one of India’s best domestic airlines, and many Indians’ first choice for flying. But, the Indian government refused to allow Kingfisher to conduct foreign flights due to specific constraints. To travel internationally, he used United Spirits or United Breweries, his parent business, to purchase Deccan Air, which was losing a lot of money at the time. He intended to merge with Deccan, but he was unable to make a profit for Kingfisher even by 2010. Hence started the loans.

The Harsha Mehta scam

Any article on controversial crimes would be incomplete without India’s biggest cases of scams. Harshad Mehta was a stockbroker who was one of the primary stock manipulators of the Bombay Stock Exchange, commonly known as the 1992 Indian stock market scam. When the scam came to light, the entire stock market collapsed. The securities scandal involved the transfer of Rs 3,500 crore in bank cash to a gang of stockbrokers led by Harshad Mehta. This money was subsequently invested strategically in the stock market, enabling it to soar to almost 4,500 points. Mehta came to be known as the ‘Big Bull’ and gullible investors followed his lead. Sucheta Dalal, an experienced journalist, was the first to uncover it in April 1992.

Harshad Mehta owed the State Bank of India Rs. 500 crores after it discovered it was hanging onto worthless bank receipts. By the end of April 1992, he was accused of diverting money from the public sector company, Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) to his accounts. A full-fledged committee, the Janakiraman Committee, was established by the RBI to probe into the details of the scam. Mehta was convicted by both the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court and charged with 74 criminal offences. His legal battles dragged on until 2001 when he passed away in jail from a cardiac arrest.

2G Spectrum case

This was an Indian case of abuse of power and even featured second in Time Magazine’s “Top Ten Abuses of Power” . This case involved allegations of bribery against former telecom minister of India, A. Raja of the UPA government. It was alleged that Raja had allotted airwaves and licences for telephone networks in exchange for bribes, causing financial losses up to Rs 1.76 lakh crore to the Indian national exchequer. Further, a proper auction was not conducted as was the norm in these situations. The Supreme Court cancelled 122 2G licences but the Special CBI Court acquitted the accused in 2017. The Court stated that the prosecution had “miserably failed” to establish evidence against the accused. The arguments in the case of an appeal against the CBI Court decision are ongoing in the Delhi High Court.

Coalgate scam

Another huge scam that sent shockwaves around the country during the UPA government was the ‘Coalgate’ or ‘Coal block allocation scandal’. In a nutshell, it was a political scandal that rocked the UPA government in 2012. Between 2004 and 2009, the government of India was accused of awarding 194 coal blocks to public and private firms for captive usage in a faulty, ad hoc way, according to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).

Satyam scam

This was one of the biggest corporate scams in the country. Satyam Computer Services was a computer outsourcing company whose founders and directors falsified data, inflated stock prices and stole huge amounts from the company. It was a case of corporate governance and fraudulent auditing practices allegedly in connivance with auditors and chartered accountants. The company misrepresented its accounts both to its board, stock exchanges, regulators, investors and all other stakeholders. It was a fraud, which misled the market and other stakeholders by lying about the company’s financial health. Even basic facts such as revenues, operating profits, interest liabilities and cash balances were grossly inflated to show the company in good health. Later in 2009, the company founder Ramalingam Raju confessed to the crime. In 2015, the accused were sentenced to seven-year imprisonment. Further huge amounts of fines were also imposed.

The BOFORS scandal

During the 1980s and 1990s, there was a huge weapons-contracting controversy between India and Sweden. In 1986, India reportedly inked a deal with the Swedish armaments firm Bofors AB to deliver their 155mm field howitzer to the Indian Army for Rs 1437 crore (approx). Many politicians were suspected of taking bribes or “kickbacks” totalling over Rs. 64 crores for the agreement, including then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The Bofors fraud is now believed to be worth roughly Rs. 400 crore.

PNB Bank, Nirav Modi, Mehul Choksi

A more recent case of bank fraud that made headlines and almost ruined the second-largest state-run bank was the Punjab National Bank (PNB) scam case. This scam included Indian diamantaire Nirav Modi, his uncle Mehul Choksi and two top PCB officials. The PNB filed a case with the CBI in 2018 accusing Nirav Modi and his firms of getting Letters of Undertaking (LoUs) from PNB without paying the margin amount on loans. This meant that if those companies defaulted on the loan, PNB would be responsible for the repayment. The fraud’s discovery not only exposed PNB’s management flaws but also shattered faith in India’s state-run banking system, which controls more than two-thirds of the country’s bank assets.

Pinky Anand and Gauri Goburdhun, TRIALS OF TRUTH: India’s Landmark Criminal Cases (Penguin Books)
40 landmark judgments that changed the course of India
11 Most Mysterious And Sensational Cases Of Murder In India
10 Most Interesting Indian Court Cases Everyone Needs To Know About
The Tarakeswar case: When the “theatre” in the courtroom was more interesting than Othello
Scam 1992 Explained: How Harshad Mehta, Brokers And Banks Gamed The System
Harshad Mehta Fraud Case: Hansal Mehta to Release Series Scam 1992
What was the 2G spectrum scam? 10 things to know – FYI News
Coal blocks allocation cases Explained: The allegations, investigation, and what next | Explained News, The Indian Express
Satyam scam: All you need to know about India’s biggest accounting fraud – Hindustan Times
9 of the biggest financial scams in India

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Case Studies

Supreme Court allows BEST (Brihan Mumbai Electricity Supply & Transport) customer of Mumbai to move to Tata power and get 50% cheaper Electricity.

Orissa High court decision in legal matter of Orissa Manganese and Mineral Pvt. Ltd. Vs Adhunik Steel Ltd. AIR 2005 113 on termination of mining contract of leasehold land.

Apex Court judgement in Orissa Mining Corporation v Ministry of Environment and Forest matter related to rights of Schedule Tribe and traditional Forest dwellers.

Delhi High Court declined to give its approval to a foreign decree that granted divorce on the ground of irretrievable breakdown of marriage.

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Life as a Law Student in India

1.1. Loads of Reading

1.2. Studying law in a multicultural setting

1.3. You build connections for a lifetime

1.4. Although there isn't one "eureka!" moment, everything comes together gradually

1.5. Academics is not enough

1.6. Internships

1.7. Self-Discipline

1.8. People will approach you for Legal Advice

1.9. Social Stigma

1.10. Upgrading from High school to Law school

1.11. Understanding the laws of India in-depth

It is accurate to state that a profession in law is respectable, lucrative, and demanding. The legal profession also produces great leaders, creative thinkers, and people who are passionate about a variety of societal issues.

If you're considering applying to law school or are just anticipating that your first semester will begin, you probably have a lot of questions on your mind. "How challenging is law school?" What's it like in law school? "Is becoming a lawyer challenging?" and "how would you manage a legal degree?" will undoubtedly come up. If it describes your situation, don't worry! To help you, we've put together a list of items you should be aware of as you begin law school.

How it is like to be a Law Student in India?

Along with the obvious advantages of a profitable career in the public sector, corporate law, and independent practice, law school life, has perks that few other professional programs provide.

Loads of Reading

It is difficult to describe how much reading a legal degree entails other than to say that there are a lot of law books, so let's get the scary one out of the way first. Law students have a reputation for putting in long hours in the library since they have to master the fundamentals of the law every week as well as the academic community's perspectives on it, neither of which will be an easy task. There is an art to organizing the reading lists, but it takes some time to get used to the pace of learning. When you first arrive, older students will give you all the help you need.

Yet, at the end of your first term, you'll be surprised by how fast you can identify a case's major points or the article's main themes. So, prepare yourself for the inevitable late-night reading sessions and pulling all-nighters. They do happen, but they are (nearly) only as frequently as you want them to be; if you are good at managing your time, you are never given more work than you can handle. You should form the habit of setting yourself a schedule for reading and any other assignments you have to complete.

Studying law in a multicultural setting

The fact that you will inevitably be surrounded by people from all backgrounds is one of the exciting parts of law school. Students from diverse backgrounds and educational experiences can study law. During class or study sessions, law students have the opportunity to engage and develop in a diverse environment. You will be able to identify with their interests, peculiarities, professions, and whatever motivates them.

Law school promises to be one of the most inclusive environments because you are an essential part of a varied group. Finding compatible pals allows you to examine many viewpoints at the same time.

You build connections for a lifetime

Meeting individuals from various backgrounds is an essential part of law school and legal studies, and the more people you know, the higher your chances of success are. Building lifetime networks is one of law school's most underrated advantages. Opportunities to connect with people who can help you achieve in life will present themselves to you. Even if you choose not to pursue a career in law, these relationships will follow you for the rest of your life.

Although there isn't one "eureka!" moment, everything comes together gradually

Several legal disciplines, notably contract, and tort deal with various human actions, but they are so similar overall that you might not find a difference at all. As you typically only study a few things at once, you could not fully comprehend one topic until you have studied the next topic. Although universities work to set out the courses such that the first-year tests can at least stand on their own, it is quite normal to feel a little lost at first. For instance, criminal law is a suitable first-year subject because the concepts are simple to grasp and there is little overlap with other subjects. Just know that it's okay if you don't fully understand some topics, when you end up reading all the topics, you will understand the terms better.

Academics is not enough

Law school students are very competitive; they are highly scholarly, memorizing every case, passing every exam, and studying legal maxims. Yet, you must realize that achieving academic success depends on more than just academic performance, therefore students should spend time honing other crucial talents as well.

Students should spend time honing their communication abilities, making mature friendships, practicing public speaking, fostering collaboration skills, and other traits necessary for success in the legal profession.

Your performance in law school will be largely determined by your participation in events like conferences, debate tournaments, moot court contests, arbitration and mediation seminars, etc.

Being able to think critically is crucial for lawyers. So, you must acquire practical abilities that may be used in the workplace to resolve issues.

Internships

Internships expose students to the outside world. For hands-on community service, first-year students might begin their internships with NGOs or lower courts. Internships teach students a lot; by working with older attorneys, they have a greater understanding of case presentations, documentation, argument framing, and many other topics. It is a lifelong learning journey. Internships offer excellent chances for networking and might open many doors. Never forget that networking is the key and that knowledge is most useful in this situation.

Self-Discipline

As everything is new to first-year students, it may take them some time to become used to university life. It's great to have fun when you're a freshman, but keep your goals in mind and your focus. The top positions go to the best students. Thus, keep your attention on yourself and avoid comparing yourself to your peers. University, unlike undergraduate education, is a competitive environment. Have a plan, stick to a schedule, and practice discipline in all you do because all of the students are competing for the same top jobs. You will encounter all different types of people, so befriend those that want to work rather than play. Keep in mind that a law degree is one of the most difficult to earn but also offers excellent rewards.

People will approach you for Legal Advice

Being a lawyer entails this. If you do a good job, people will come to you for assistance in informal settings all the time without having to pay you a cent. You might not know everything at the tip of your fingers as a law student. You won't typically remember specific requirements or guidelines from the legal text either. This only suggests that you're truly learning, not that you're a weak lawyer.

Social Stigma

Every career comes with a set of preconceptions, but law school prejudices are particularly harsh. People will disparage you for standing up for guilty parties and will call you names like the argumentative third party. You must keep in mind, that not all lawyers are equal. Of course, you will encounter people in law school who are solely interested in the power and wealth that a law degree brings——but there are also people who are interested in the field of law because they find it fascinating or they want to help "great people" get out of jail. The two classes can acquire significant wealth and power without experiencing any difficulty. You can practice law successfully without sacrificing your moral principles, too!

Upgrading from High school to Law school

Several things change rapidly when one moves from high school to law school, and it's not always easy to complete. As an adult with just acquired freedom, you must give yourself some optimum time to adapt to your new environment and learn how to take care of yourself.

Few people are aware of this, but you are likely to fall behind in your first few weeks or long periods of law school. During readings, you could feel utterly illogical or unqualified to be in this place. Don't worry; most students experience this, especially those who are the first in their families to pursue a legal career. Things will become better as anticipated.

Understanding the laws of India in-depth

The most important thing to understand about a law degree is that you will come across various things that you won’t like. This is an unpleasant by-product of the fact that law degrees are mostly vocational, requiring you to study topics that are not particularly attractive but are essential to society's efficient operation. While it's excellent that some students claim to have a passion for business law, it does seem to be the norm for students to enter college determined to become human rights lawyers.

Yet, because you master these subjects in great depth, you do find that your interest in them grows far more than you anticipated. When you think about it, what may appear to be a fairly technical subject, like land registration, is very crucial to specific individuals. For example, many cases involving this issue result in someone being forced out of their family home or being allowed to stay despite the prospective buyer not being aware that they had a legal interest in the property because it was not recorded in the register.

There is a mindset to adopt in this situation, and it is crucial to make sure that you love studying law. There will always be an interesting aspect to something that doesn't first appeal to you; it's usually the "human interest" or political perspective.

The life of a law student involves more than just legal issues. Students can show off their skills in everything from dance to debating at the numerous social and cultural events taking place throughout campus. The journey is unforgettable due to a great number of additional events. Success will come if individuals are driven and enthusiastic in their pursuit of the objective.

Studying law offers the chance to study a variety of skills and gain knowledge about various facets of human existence. Having a degree in law does not obligate you to practice law; you are free to pursue other professional options. Although a law degree gives you the ability to become a successful lawyer, it also prepares you for practically any career that calls for a blend of academic prowess and a practical outlook on life. You have the opportunity to hone your thinking skills and expand your understanding of the entire spectrum of social sciences when you study law. Studying law is a fantastic choice if you want to develop both your practical problem-solving abilities and your capacity for intellectual thought.

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13-September-2024

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Sun. Sep 15th, 2024

[AIBE 2024 Controversy] CJI Seeks Clarification From BCI on Excluding Final Year Law Students Appear for the Bar Exam

The petitioners are all final-semester students enrolled in the 3-year LL.B. program at Delhi University’s Campus Law Centre and Law Centre-I. Their petition contests the Bar Council of India’s notification dated September 3, 2024, which bars final-year law students from registering for and appearing in AIBE-XIX, scheduled for November 24, 2024.

[AIBE 2024 Controversy] CJI Seeks Clarification from BCI on Excluding Final Year Law Students from Bar Exam

NEW DELHI: Today (13th Sept): A writ petition has been filed before the Supreme Court challenging a recent Bar Council of India (BCI) notification that prevents final-year (final semester) law students from registering for or taking the All-India Bar Examination (AIBE) scheduled for November 24, 2024 .

The case was heard by a Bench led by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, with Justices JB Pardiwala and Manoj Misra, on Friday, September 13.

The petitioners are all final-semester students enrolled in the 3-year LL.B. program at Delhi University’s Campus Law Centre and Law Centre-I . Their petition contests the Bar Council of India’s notification dated September 3, 2024, which bars final-year law students from registering for and appearing in AIBE-XIX, scheduled for November 24, 2024.

The petition claims that this notification goes against the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Bar Council of India v. Bonnie FOI Law College (2023) case , where final-semester law students were permitted to take the AIBE .

The Supreme Court directed the BCI to conduct the AIBE twice a year and allow final semester students to appear for the exam, provided they successfully complete all components of their law degree.

The petitioners also reference a Telangana High Court order from October 6, 2023, in the case of Rajasekhar Simma v. Bar Council of India (Writ Petition No. 25056 of 2023). In that case, the High Court instructed the BCI to consider permitting final-year law students to take the AIBE , in accordance with the Supreme Court’s judgment.

The petitioners argue that the BCI’s action infringes on their fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19(1)(g), and 21 of the Constitution . They contend that the restriction on their right to practice their profession is unreasonable and has been imposed through executive action rather than by law.

They contend Denying them the opportunity to sit for the AIBE would result in them losing valuable time in starting their professional careers after graduation. It violates their right to procedural due process under Article 21. It undermines their legitimate expectation that a statutory body will adhere to the law. – It creates an arbitrary distinction between students from universities that have announced results and those that haven’t, violating Article 14.

The petition seeks to have the BCI’s notification quashed and requests that the students be allowed to take the AIBE-XIX.

Additionally, an application for an interim stay of the notification has been filed, asking the court to permit the petitioners to take the AIBE-XIX pending the case’s final resolution.

READ ALSO: [AIBE Controversy] Can Final Year Students Appear for the Exam?|| SC to Hear Plea Against BCI Notification

The petitioners have criticized the BCI’s notification as “arbitrary” and “unreasonable,” highlighting its disregard for the differing result announcement schedules of universities. They argue that this inconsistency unfairly burdens students with delayed results, impeding their professional advancement.

The petitioners seek three main reliefs:

the annulment of the BCI’s notification,
authorization for final-semester students to sit for the upcoming AIBE, and
an interim stay on the notification until the issue is resolved.

During the hearing, the Supreme Court has requested the BCI’s counsel to provide a detailed explanation for the exclusion of final-year students and to submit a justification by next week.

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Minakshi Bindhani

LL.M( Criminal Law)| BA.LL.B (Hons)

Supreme Court Directs Bar Council of India to Ensure English Translations in Disciplinary Proceedings

SC Asks AG About Time Limit for Centre on Collegium Judge Appointments

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Hello students, we are providing case study questions for class 9 social science. Case study questions are the new question format that is introduced in CBSE board. The resources for case study questions are very less. So, to help students we have created chapterwise case study questions for class 9 social science. In this article, you will find case study for CBSE Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 India – Size and Location. It is a part of Case Study Questions for CBSE Class 9 Social Science Series.

	India – Size and Location
	Case Study Questions
	Competency Based Questions
	CBSE
	9
	Social Science – Geography
	Geography: Contemporary India – I
	Class 9 Studying Students
	Yes
	Mentioned

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Table of Contents

Case Study Questions on India – Size and Location Class 9

Read the following passage and answer the questions:

The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and the West Asia. India is a Southward extension of the Asian continent. The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia, provide a strategic central location to India. Note that the Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India’s eminent position in the Indian Ocean, which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it.

Q. 1. Of which continent is India a Southward extension? a. Asia b. Europe c. Antarctica d. Sri Lanka

Q. 2. Which routes connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia? a. Palk Strait route b. Trans Indian Ocean route c. Suez Canal route d. Bay of Bengal route

Q. 3. Name the only country in the world after which an ocean is named. a. Bangladesh b. Myanmar c. India d. Sri Lanka

Q. 4. What is the total length of the coastline of the Indian mainland? a. 7646 km b. 7243.6 km c. 7516.6 km d. 7526.8 km

Q. 5. Which of the following helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast? a. Gulf of Mannar b. Palk Strait c. Deccan Peninsula d. Indian Peninsula

Q. 6. Where is the Indian landmass located in Asia? a. East located b. West located c. Southwards d. Centrally located

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Physical Features of India Class 9 Case Study Social Science Geography Chapter 2
Forest Society and Colonialism Class 9 Case Study Social Science History Chapter 4
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The french revolution class 9 case study social science history chapter 1, topics from which case study questions may be asked.

Here is a list of topics from which case study questions may be asked.

Why Deforestation?
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India shares its international border with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the North-west.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on India – Size and Location Class 9 Case Study

Q1: what are case study questions.

A1: Case study questions are a type of question that presents a detailed scenario or a real-life situation related to a specific topic. Students are required to analyze the situation, apply their knowledge, and provide answers or solutions based on the information given in the case study. These questions help students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Q2: How should I approach case study questions in exams?

A2: To approach case study questions effectively, follow these steps: Read the case study carefully: Understand the scenario and identify the key points. Analyze the information: Look for clues and relevant details that will help you answer the questions. Apply your knowledge: Use what you have learned in your course to interpret the case study and answer the questions. Structure your answers: Write clear and concise responses, making sure to address all parts of the question.

Q3: What are the benefits of practicing case study questions from your website?

A3: Practicing case study questions from our website offers several benefits: Enhanced understanding: Our case studies are designed to deepen your understanding of historical events and concepts. Exam preparation: Regular practice helps you become familiar with the format and types of questions you might encounter in exams. Critical thinking: Analyzing case studies improves your ability to think critically and make connections between different historical events and ideas. Confidence: Practicing with our materials can boost your confidence and improve your performance in exams.

Q4: What are the important keywords in this chapter “India – Size and Location”?

A4: Important keywords for CBSE Class 9 India – Size and Location are given below: Peninsula: An area of land surrounded by water bodies on three sides. Subcontinent: Landmass having distinct physical and cultural identity within the continent. Strategic Central Location: Nuclear-like existence from where the entire periphery is controlled, manipulated and governed or linked. Strait: A relatively narrow water way linking two large bodies of water. Island: A land surrounded on all sides by water bodies. Indian Union: Refers to the union country of India comprising 29 states and 7 union territories. Continent: A large area of land that is surrounded or almost surrounded by oceans and that usually consists of several countries. Coastline: It refers to the line forming the boundary between land and water. Gulf: A large area of sea partly surrounded by land. Maritime: Activities of trade and commerce relating to the sea.

Q5: What is a subcontinent? What two features that make India a subcontinent?

A5: A landmass with distinct physical and cultural diversity within a continent is called a subcontinent. Example: India is a subcontinent. Following qualities (features) make India a subcontinent: (i) India’s self-contained landmass forms a sub-division of the Asian continent. (ii) It is separated from the Asian continent by the Himalayas in the North, Karakoram mountains in the north-east and Arakan Hills in the east.

Q6: Which countries comprise the Indian subcontinent?

A6: The countries which comprise the Indian subcontinent are: (i) Pakistan (ii) Nepal (iii) Bhutan (iv) Myanmar (v) Bangladesh (vi) India

Q7: What is the difference between a continent and a subcontinent?

A7: A Subcontinent: A subcontinent is a part of a continent. It is an independent geographical unit and separated from the main continent. Example: India. Continent: A continent is a vast landmass. It stands as a separate physical unit. There are seven continents in the world. Example: Asia, Australia, North America, South America, Antarctica, Africa and Europe.

Q8: Where does India rank in terms of landmass in the world?

A8: India is ranked seventh in terms of landmass in the world.

Q9: Are there any online resources or tools available for practicing “ India – Size and Location” case study questions?

A10: We provide case study questions for CBSE Class 9 Social Science on our website. Students can visit the website and practice sufficient case study questions and prepare for their exams.

India – Size and Location Class 9 Case Study Social Science Geography Chapter 1

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The resources for case study questions are very less. So, to help students we have created chapterwise case study questions for class 9 social science. In this article, you will find case study for CBSE Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 India - Size and Location. It is a part of Case Study Questions for CBSE Class 9 Social Science ...