advantages and disadvantages of assignment method in teaching

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Assignments for Students

According to an article published by the U.S. News, a teacher assigns more homework than the students can handle in one night. While homework is super essential for the holistic development of a child, it comes with various drawbacks. Therefore, in this article, we shall talk about the pros and cons of assigning homework. 

Pros of Assigning Homework

Written below are all the reasons why homework should not be banned from schools.

Minimizes Screen Time

Without any task or homework, students spend around eight hours using their mobile phones. It is more than the recommended average time of three hours. It further results in laziness and also harms the eyesight. Homework inculcates better long-term habits.

Improves Time Management Skills

Every profession requires time management skills. With these skills, students finish the task in a given slot of time. When a student doesn’t know how to manage time, it becomes impossible to efficiently utilize each hour.

Improves Critical Thinking in Students

Working on different assignments after school helps in improving the critical thinking skills of the students. Besides, it also improves the memory of the individual.

Develops a Sense of Independence

Most of the time, students want to attain more freedom and independence. When they are assigned homework, they tend to work off their own bat and explore their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, homework instills a sense of independence and helps a child grow.

Sparks Enthusiasm

In addition to this, homework sparks enthusiasm if the topics are interesting and relevant. It further motivates the students and encourages them to learn something new. Besides, when encountering new topics, students tend to take help from their parents or peers, sparking new connections.

Cons of Assigning Homework

Students all over the world feel pressured when they have a lot of work to do. They believe that the extra work is unfair and doesn’t help in their personal growth. Apart from that, it is also said that homework should only take thirty-forty minutes of their time after school. Here are all the cons of assigning homework.

No Free Time at Home

After spending 7-8 hours in school, extra work at home takes around two hours on average. Thus, homework feels more like a punishment than learning something new. Children can utilize the same playing a sport that they love or indulge in other favorite hobbies. It helps the child feel more in control of his life besides helping him find his purpose on this planet, which homework alone won’t help.

Homework and assignments do not help in grades but put more pressure on exams or tests. To complete the homework, the students miss out on revisions and perform badly in tests or exams. They usually don’t know about the possibilities online services give them. Don’t miss your chance to get assistance with online classes, homework assignments and exams at myhomeworkdone.com . Their team consists of just the best experts who are ready to help you 24/7.

Adverse Effect on Mental Health

Extra work after school harms a child’s brain and overall mental health. Most of the time, teachers fail to realize this and keep piling students with extra work.

Challenging Tasks

Some students find it difficult to balance their personal and professional lives when required to submit assignments after school is over. They are quite tired by the end of the day and have zero energy. Moreover, they cannot even take a break to relax for a while.

Lack of Support

Sometimes it is difficult for students to work on their own. It can be due to the lack of resources of support from their parents or guardian. Therefore, the lack of resources demotivates the child, and he may not even turn in the assignment.

Irrelevant Tasks

Homework that has nothing important to do with the topic of a subject only wastes the students’ time. Besides, after assigning irrelevant topics, the teachers should not expect excellent work since students have no clue what the topic is about.

Final Verdict

Since there are several advantages and disadvantages of homework, it is quite difficult to decide if they should be assigned or not. Even if teachers assign tasks to the students, they should be given enough time to complete it.

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The Pros and Cons of Popular Instructional Strategies

Often, students find a benefit in mixing things up a bit with content presentation or assessment, and teachers may find moving out of their traditional practice, stretching, and trying something new is super gratifying as well. I love a design sprint workshop or an impromptu planning experience; however, during the school week, educators do not always have the time to step back and take part. In the past few years, planning periods may have been devoured up by attending meetings, covering a class, or simply trying to catch up. Professional learning has unfortunately taken a backseat to survival. While there are many different types of students and classes, people learn best when they are stimulated and engaged. For teachers to accomplish this, there are different teaching methods and plans they can employ. These are collectively called instructional strategies . Exploring some different instructional strategies and discovering how to incorporate them into the classroom process can rekindle a love affair with teaching. Finding the right instructional strategy to fit your classroom can make a world of difference to your students by allowing them to make meaningful connections with what they are learning. Take a look at a few different strategies, and see which one might suit your students this academic year.

Constructivism and Questioning

Asking questions and listening for learning in the answers is both fun and engaging for students of all ages. Educators naturally do this, but by simply becoming a bit more intentional and process driven with the questions, educators can create an environment that supports a unique experience of learning.

The Socratic Method

Named after the Greek philosopher Socrates, the Socratic method is often used to promote critical thinking. Students come to class prepared for discussion. Educators need to guide student preparation with a pre-class assignment. It is the discussion that leads the way through material. Inquiry is promoted through open-ended questions, and students have the option to explore different perspectives. Each question leads to discussion and can produce more than one answer. The meat of the learning is found in the process, teaching students to think about the material. In this method, educators ask questions of students, listen to the answers, and continue until any contradictions are exposed. Socrates also used this method of questioning to encourage people to question the things they were told and to look beyond the obvious. This process helps students develop critical-thinking skills, gets them to think quickly, and requires them to be prepared and attentive. Examples of questions to pose include: “What exactly do you mean?” and “Why is it vital?” and “What else can we assume?” Questions can focus on viewpoint, such as “Why is it better than the alternative (What is the alternative?)?” and “What would be the effect of that?” and “What made you feel that way?”

Project-Based Learning

Project-based learning or problem-based learning (PBL) is designed to engage students in solving a real-world problem or answering a complex question. Project-based learning unleashes a contagious, creative energy among students and teachers. It is NOT a moment in the curriculum when students build a diorama. PBL begins with teachers assigning an open-ended problem with more than one solution. With the problem presented, students then investigate potential solutions, often within small groups. The role of educators is to facilitate and support. Ultimately, students demonstrate their knowledge and skills by creating a public product or presentation for a real audience. As a result, students develop deep content knowledge, as well as critical-thinking, collaboration, creativity, and communication skills. PBL can vary in length from one class to an entire semester depending on the complexity of the problem. The project should contain and frame curriculum and instruction. Projects tend to be more open-ended than problem-based learning, giving students more choice when it comes to demonstrating what they know. Different from projects that are the culmination of a learning unit, PBL projects ARE the learning unit, meaning that fundamental concepts and skills are learned throughout the project. PBL is an evidence-based practice under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), and it meets the evidence requirements for tiers 1 and 2 under ESSA, which is exciting on so many levels. There are a few steps for learning to be considered PBL versus just another classroom project. While the core problems will vary among disciplines, some characteristics of good PBL problems transcend school subjects.

Inquiry-Based Learning

Inquiry-based learning is based on constructivist theories of learning, where knowledge is “constructed” from experience and process. Constructivists believe that learning happens through actively “mulling over” information. This encompasses an array of approaches, including fieldwork, case studies, investigations, individual and group projects, and research ventures. This is in contrast to theories like behaviorism , which proposes that students should be told information from a teacher rather than learning it themselves through experiences. It may sound similar to PBL, but there are subtle differences. Inquiry-based learning places an emphasis on finding answers to questions through discovery. In 1961, psychologist Jerome Bruner introduced the discovery learning model as a technique of inquiring-based learning. In discovery learning, teachers guide the process and investigations, whereas in true PBL, the student discovers everything themselves, even the questions. Both are considered constructivist approaches, where the process of learning is achieved actively through experiences such as investigation and observation in a student-centered environment rather than through passive learning, which is a teacher-centered environment, a contrasting educational approach that favors repetition and memorization. An inquiry-based approach asks students to investigate concepts using research and analysis. When executed correctly, this approach focuses on the use of higher-order-thinking skills like problem-solving to reach conclusions. Students are expected to use logic and reason to come to conclusions about topics. Specific learning processes that students engage in during inquiry include refining questions, seeking evidence to answer questions, explaining evidence, and justifying or laying out an argument for the evidence. Progress and outcomes are assessed through observing students’ learning development over time through conversations, notebook entries, student questions, procedural skills, the use of evidence, and other techniques. In this method, the process is more important than the solution. Effective questioning plays a role in focusing students on unit learning goals or overarching themes.

Bloom’s Approach

This approach and its iterations have been the framework for categorizing educational goals since 1956. It is a hierarchical model that categorized learning objectives into varying levels of complexity. Its theory advocated individualized learning over a universal curriculum. In 2001, Bloom’s was revised to call out the process of learning as active rather than passive.

Mastery-Based Learning

Mastery-based learning was introduced by psychologist Benjamin Bloom (perhaps best known for his taxonomy framework). It applies the principles of individualized instruction and tutoring to whole-class learning. In this model students are assessed multiple times throughout the learning process rather than at the end of a unit or semester. It is an instructional approach where students need to demonstrate a deep understanding before progressing to another topic or subject area. Educators provide individual feedback, diagnose learning needs/difficulties, prescribe specific remediation or enrichment strategies, and reassess with a parallel assessment. Mastery learning is basic to many textbook programs and has promoted formative assessments as a routine of classrooms. It honors the idea that students learn at different levels or paces and follows the philosophy that learning is unique to every student and that by instruction being closely monitored, educators learn and understand what students truly know.

Scaffolded Instruction

Scaffolded instruction focuses on delivering content gradually to support high-quality and unforced learning. It is a teaching technique used to build connections for learners by establishing details surrounding content prior to instruction. With scaffolded instruction, students do not learn new concepts in isolation, but as part of the big picture. Teachers may model a task and slowly transfer the knowledge to learners. Instruction could look like chunking the material into small steps to reach the desired content outcome. Strategies that work with scaffolded instruction include simple steps like pre-teaching vocabulary words before reading a text or using a timeline to teach historical content to allow students to see both when and how events impacted each other.

Teacher-Led, Directed, or Reciprocal/Cooperative Teaching

Teacher led instruction, using experience to share knowledge with students has slowly been moving away from “sage on the stage” to “guide on the side.” However, there are some instructional practices that leverage the techniques that made teacher led instruction popular for so many years.

Reciprocal Teaching

Reciprocal teaching is an instructional approach in which students become the teachers in small-group reading (or other content) sessions. Teachers model and then help students learn to guide group discussions using strategies such as summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting. Once students understand and can apply the strategies, they take turns assuming the role of the teacher in a dialogue. In another version, students take the roles of predictor, summarizer, questioner, and clarifier.

Collaborative Learning

Collaborative learning, another research-based strategy for teaching, follows closely in the vein of peer learning, with students working in pairs or small groups and employing reciprocal teaching methods.

Structured Academic Controversy (SAC)

Structured academic controversy (SAC) is a cooperative learning strategy developed by David and Roger Johnson in order to structure and focus classroom discussions. One practice involves students working in pairs and then coming together in four-person teams, where students explore a question by reading about (or viewing) content and then presenting contrasting positions. Afterward, they engage in discussion to reach consensus. A discussion using SAC moves students beyond “either/or” thinking, examining controversial issues from multiple perspectives.

The Jigsaw Classroom

The jigsaw classroom is a research-based cooperative learning technique invented and developed in 1971 by Elliot Aronson and his students at the University of Texas and later at the University of California. It focuses on fostering student cooperation rather than competition. It strives to create a social environment where student learning is dependent on positive relationships. 

In this process, a large amount of educators’ time is devoted to building student relationships through a culture of mutual respect, modeling, and teaching. In a jigsaw classroom, students are placed in groups where they must work together toward a common goal. Each member of a small group is assigned to learn one part of a lesson and then expected to teach that information back to the group. Students learn to listen to and respect each other and the lessons being taught. 

The primary focus is developing the groups intentionally, building collaboration between students who may not get along or who struggle to understand each other. The content is secondary; it is a means to the collaboration.

Realia refers to real-life objects used in classroom instruction in order to improve students' understanding. It typically refers to instruction of other cultures and real-life situations. 

Teachers of English language learners and global languages employ realia to strengthen associations between words and the objects themselves. Teachers of young students also use this process to provide a tangible resource that connects to their developmental stage. 

Realia is used to link learners with the tactile and multidimensional connections between learned material and the object of the lesson. Primary objectives of this strategy include increasing comprehensible input, using language in context, and promoting verbal interaction and active involvement.

As a former kindergarten and special education teacher, I do not know how we can teach without understanding all aspects of the child. This is an approach to learning that embraces the concept that education should consider all influences on a child's development. It prioritizes all the developmental and personal needs of students in addition to their academic achievements. Hungry children do not learn; anxious children do not learn either. Sometimes, the baseball coach can get more from students than the classroom teacher. It is important, and in many ways, a no-brainer, to meet and understand the needs of students. However, this requires a team and support from the school and district, many of which are stretched thin already.

Interested in engaging virtual learning for your students? Discover five ways EdOptions Academy teachers foster meaningful connections through flexibility, communication, and personalized support to drive success in online courses.

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Types of teaching methods, their advantages and disadvantages

One of the most important things an educator should determine is the teaching approach to apply in class. This is because the educators' techniques have a great impact on learners. Educators can also combine multiple teaching methods for students to grasp the information better. This article covers the benefits and drawbacks of different types of teaching methods to help educators make the best decisions.

Combining teaching methods makes lessons unique and intriguing. Moreover, your students can output excellent exam performance if your teaching style is enjoyable. A facilitator can pass information to pupils in numerous ways. If they don't understand a concept, try other teaching methods to make it easier for them to understand and remember it.

Types of teaching methods and strategies to implement in class

Once a teacher understands the needs of their students, then they can choose the most effective teaching methods to use. Below are a few different teaching methods and their advantages and disadvantages:

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1. Teacher-centered teaching methods

In this teaching methodology‌, the teachers serve as an authority for their students. On the other hand, students tend to receive their knowledge passively by listening to lectures and the teacher's directions.

Types of teacher-centered teaching methods

Teacher-centered teaching aims to help students pass tests and assessments. For the teacher-centered approach, these methods of instruction are used.

a. Lecture-based or direct instruction

This teaching strategy involves making lesson plans for learners and sharing knowledge through lectures, presentations, and demonstrations .

How to implement lecture-based teaching

This teaching method does not factor in student preferences or opportunities for other types of learning. Here is how to apply lecture-based teaching:

• Find out what your students know about the topic by asking questions.
• Introduce a new topic with a story or a review of a related topic you covered before.
• Use examples from your students' experiences or things they can relate to.
• Use visual cues, such as icons, images, and videos, in presentations to keep your students interested in the content.
• Allow time for questions during and after the lecture to allow students to easily engage with the concept and remember it.
• Please encourage students to stay attentive during lectures and handwrite notes. It can also help them recall information better.
• Ensure your conclusion or summary has the key points.
• Keep lessons brief to maintain student attention and engagement.

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b. Flipped classrooms

This approach involves students watching or listening to pre-recorded lessons (videos/audio) at home and completing assignments.

How to implement flipped teaching

• Break lessons into segments of about 7-10 minutes to allow students to digest every part of the lesson.
• Use visuals, animations, and images for students to see and connect with their lesson.
• Create questions for students to answer during or after the lesson. You can also create a task for them to do.
• Please encourage students to watch lectures or instructional videos at home to let them work at their own pace.
• Test their knowledge with questions and self-assessment.

c. Kinesthetic learning

This approach is widely known as tactile learning. Students learn by watching simulations, presentations, or moving around in a hands-on environment.

How to implement kinesthetic teaching

The kinesthetic teaching methodology‌ becomes teacher-centered when they can choose how to learn from their environment. Here is how you can apply this learning method:

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• Allow students to stand or move while learning.
• Give them frequent short breaks.
• Teach them using real-life objects like costumes and arts & crafts .
• Use animation in your teaching, e.g., singing and dancing.
• Use science experiments when teaching.

Advantages of teacher-centered teaching methods

Teacher-centered methods of instruction have the following benefits:

• The classroom remains orderly because the teacher has better control over the students and classroom activities.
• Teachers worry less about students missing an important topic because they direct all classroom activities.
• A teacher can develop cooperation among the students by giving them group assignments.
• Students focus better on the subject when they get short lectures or breaks within lessons.
• It is inexpensive because lectures are done in a central place (classrooms).
• Teaching can be done remotely by letting students watch or listen to pre-recorded lessons (videos/audio) at home.

Disadvantages of teacher-centered teaching methods

Teacher-centered methods of instruction have the following weaknesses:

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• Students may entirely depend on teachers.
• Lecture-based teaching makes students work alone to work alone. Hence they may not learn how to collaborate and communicate with each other.
• Teacher-centered instruction may not allow students to express themselves, ask questions, and control their learning pace.

2. Student-centered teaching methods

In these teaching methods, teachers and learners become a part of the process more or less equal.

The teacher's primary role is coaching and facilitating student learning, as well as making sure that students understand the material. Additionally, they are supposed to evaluate students by assessing them formally and informally.

Types of student-centered teaching methods

In a learner-centered approach, the teacher acts as a guide. The learners get their grades by evaluating their student portfolios and participating in the class. A teacher can use the following methods of instruction:

a. Differentiated instruction

This teaching methodology‌ involves understanding every student's learning needs and tailoring the teaching method to meet those needs.

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How to implement differentiated teaching

Here is how you can apply tailored instructions to all students depending on their learning needs:

• Provide textbooks for visual and word learners and let them present the stories they read using graphic methods.
• Allow auditory learners to listen to audiobooks and give an oral report.
• Help kinesthetic learners do an online interactive assignment and build a diorama illustrating the story.
• Break some students into reading groups to discuss the assignment.
• Allow students to read individually and create quiet spaces for them.
• Have a series of tiered projects for each of your lessons.

b. Inquiry-based learning

In this approach, a teacher serves as a supporter and guide that merely helps the students while they actively participate in their project and ask questions that interest them. Eventually, they demonstrate their research results to the authority figure .

How to implement inquiry-based learning

Below are different ways of applying inquiry-based learning in a classroom:

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• Initiate the inquiry process by asking students questions.
• Promote classroom discussions by putting students in small groups.
• Intervene to clear misconceptions and help students understand the content.
• Allow students to share their findings with classmates and the teacher.
• Use student experiences to create new content knowledge.
• Assess students' knowledge through tests or projects to know what they have learned from the activity.

c. Expeditionary learning

The primary focus of this teaching methodology‌ is for students to learn outside the classroom through expeditions, trips, and educational visits.

How to implement expeditionary learning

Gone are the ringing bells, rows of desks, and fill-in-the-blank worksheets. Rather than making students sit in a classroom to learn one subject at a time, here are ways to apply expeditionary teaching:

• Give students field assignments in groups, e.g., let them interview local business owners or customers.
• Let students explore a topic in depth by working on community service projects.
• Allow students to do scientific research in natural areas.
• Ask them to write what they learn from field assignments, research, and projects in their journals.
• Give learners some quiet reflection space or time. It will help them gather their thoughts on what they have learned.

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d. Personalized learning

In this teaching method, students follow a lesson plan tailored to their interests and abilities. This way, one learns at their own pace and gets enough time to understand the concepts.

How to implement individual learning

A personalized learning approach customizes the learning process to meet each student's strengths, needs, skills, and interests. Here is how you can apply individual learning in a classroom:

• Pose an open-ended question and ask each student to come up with their best answer.
• Please put them in groups or pairs and request them to agree on a response.
• Have time or build a space for individual reflection. It helps each student develop better ideas without relying on classmates.
• Help students build accountability by teaching each other.
• Improvise games to make the classroom lively, e.g., Request each student to write their response to a question without showing the other. Let the desk-mates exchange their papers and discuss their answers.

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e. Game-based learning

This approach uses card games , board games, and video games . This way, they have fun while learning concepts and how to solve problems.

How to implement game-based learning

Game-based learning allows teachers to use fun activities related to real-world concepts. As a result, this can lead to more immersive and collaborative learning for students. Below are some ways one can apply game-based learning in a classroom:

• Capture the learner's attention right from the start. Storytelling is a great way to hold your students' attention.
• Let the players/learners explore the game, and give them choices to make and goals to fulfill.
• Provide players/learners with relevant and practical knowledge within the game.
• Use badges, points, collectibles, or rewards to motivate learners to play the game more and for longer.
• Introduce risks using high-stakes scenarios or questions. For instance, players should risk losing all or winning big (points, badges, collectibles, or rewards) based on simple decisions.
• Make the game challenging but also allow players to take a few attempts.

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Advantages of learner-centered teaching methods

Student-based teaching methods have the following benefits:

• It engages students in education even more and makes them more disciplined in classrooms.
• Students learn essential communicative and collaborative skills through group work.
• Students are more interested in learning activities when they can interact with one another and participate actively.
• Students learn to control their learning, ask questions, and complete tasks independently.
• Creating a culture of reflection, critique, and revision pushes students to better performances.

Disadvantages of student-centered teaching methods

Learner-centered teaching methods have the following shortcomings:

• Differentiated teaching requires a lot of research because you must know the learning needs of each student.
• Some schools lack practical and professional development resources for most student-based learning methods.
• Classrooms may often be noisy or chaotic because students should be allowed talk more often.
• Teachers may be overwhelmed when trying to manage all students' activities at once, and it can be difficult if students are in different stages of the same project.
• Since the teacher may not instruct all students simultaneously, some may miss essential facts.
• Since some students prefer to work alone, group work can become problematic.

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3. High-tech learning method

This teaching methodology‌ utilizes different technology . Many educators use the internet, computers, and tablets in the classroom. Others may use the internet to assign homework.

Advantages of the high-tech learning method

Teachers are embracing new technological tools because of their benefits. Below are the advantages of using a high-tech learning method:

• Learning can happen anywhere and anytime when students and teachers use the internet, computers, and tablets.
• Students and teachers can access a wide range of online learning resources.
• Online classes improve collaboration skills among the students and between the teacher and learners. For instance, they can make presentations on video calls.
• High-tech learning promotes competency in education as the world embraces digital learning methods.
• It promotes active or hands-on learning because tech learning tools are fun. They also allow students to create their learning materials.
• It promotes blended learning (traditional plus high-tech learning). Teachers are present to guide students as they interact with tech learning tools.

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Disadvantages of the high-tech learning method

From apps and e-textbooks to organizational platforms and “gamification,” there’s no shortage of classroom tech tools. However, all these have some shortcomings. Below are the main disadvantages of using a high-tech learning method:

• Technology (computers and the internet) can be a distraction for both teachers and students.
• It reduces direct social interaction since students can research online individually.
• The students and teachers require training to use tech learning tools and materials.
• Technical errors like slow internet can disrupt lessons.
• It can promote faster but less memorable learning.
• It is expensive for most parents and schools in developing countries .
• It can encourage cheating in exams if students do assessments and research online.

4. Low-tech learning method

Low-tech learning is the traditional face-to-face teaching technique that encourages teachers and students to interact frequently in person.

Advantages of the low-tech learning method

In most cases, low-tech learning requires minimal or no interaction with the internet and computers. Below are some advantages of low-tech learning:

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• It improves a student's writing and spelling skills.
• Face-to-face learning keeps students and teachers focused on what is important.
• It encourages students to dig deeper into the topic outside the school or classroom.
• It improves the relationship between teachers and their students and the relationship among the learners.
• It is cheap for most schools and parents in developing countries .

Disadvantages of the low-tech learning method

• Students may not develop strong digital literacy skills like those using modern tech learning tools.
• Unlike those using modern tech learning tools, students using low-tech learning techniques might have limited access to educational resources.

What is the definition of a teaching method?

The term "teaching method" refers to the general principles and strategies teachers use to instruct a classroom. The combination of different methods of teaching in education is something every teacher should practice.

What are the best teaching methods?

All teacher and student-centered learning approaches have their pros and cons. Therefore, none is superior to the other. The best thing to do is to combine various teaching methods to help your students understand the concepts deeper. Some efficient methods of teaching in education are:

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• Lecture-based learning.
• Differentiated instruction.
• Kinesthetic learning.
• Technology-based learning.
• Individual learning.
• Group learning.
• Inquiry-based learning.
• Game-based learning.
• Expeditionary learning
• Flipped classrooms.

What is blended learning?

A blended teaching methodology‌ combines traditional face-to-face learning techniques with online and mobile technologies . It allows educators to link online and in-class activities. However, students with different needs and digital literacies may not access technology-based learning without enough support and training.

What is a universal design for learning?

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach that believes in giving all students equal opportunities to succeed. It accommodates the needs and abilities of all learners and eliminates unnecessary challenges in the learning process. For instance, classrooms that follow UDL allow students to work on different projects within the same topic.

What are the new methods of teaching?

Blended and high-tech learning techniques are the latest methods of teaching in education. Teachers and students use virtual reality technology and AI in a classroom setup. They usually implement VAK teaching (Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic) and gamification (game design elements).

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What are the general methods of teaching?

The lecture method is the oldest teaching method of teaching. In addition, most schools worldwide are also embracing group and project-based teaching methods.

What determines the methods of teaching in education?

There are various methods of teaching in education. The following factors can influence the technique a teacher chooses:

• The educator's teaching objectives.
• The mastery of content and teacher's experience.
• The nature of the subject matter.
• Learning tools and materials the teacher and learners can access.
• The learning environment the teacher and learners are in.
• The age of the learners and other demographics of your classroom.

As a teacher, the most crucial thing to decide is the types of teaching methods you will use in your classroom. To do this, you first have to understand your students' needs and find out which methods will be most suitable.

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Education resources › Blog › 10 advantages and disadvantages of classroom group work

10 advantages and disadvantages of classroom group work

• Leadership & teamwork
• The science of learning

Written by the InnerDrive team | Edited by Bradley Busch

The use of group work in the classroom is one of the most widely researched and implemented teaching approaches in the world.  Numerous research studies  have shown the benefits of collaborative learning on academic performance, communication skills, and confidence. 

However, our understanding of how group work facilitates learning and why group work is only effective in certain situations is still limited. And like with all teaching strategies, the disadvantages need to be taken into consideration. 

Amongst educators, there is a growing debate surrounding the efficacy of group work due to the potential for laziness, unequal workload, conflict between students, and a loss of focus on the task at hand. So, we took a look at the pros and cons of implementing group work into the classroom to determine how effective it really is.

10 advantages and disadvantages of group work

5 advantages of group work, a new perspective .

The phrase “two heads are better than one” certainly has some merit. Researchers found that  if students are able to work together , for example on a problem-solving task, they are more likely to experiment with different techniques in order to try and solve it. They can also learn faster from positive and negative feedback.

Students also learn better by discussing and questioning each other’s opinions and reasoning as this allows them to develop different perspectives of how they can go about completing a task.  Research shows  this promotes  cognitive restructuring , enhancing academic,  social, and emotional learning  as a result.

Personal satisfaction

Working in a group can be tough. So, when students are able to overcome all the conflict, stress, and long hours that come with group assignments, the end result of getting a good grade can be extremely satisfying and motivating. 

Research shows  that students who contribute to group discussion and engage with the assigned problem-solving task are highly dedicated to figuring out a solution. When they find that solution, students report feeling extremely satisfied with their role in making that decision compared to students who weren’t as involved. This leads to a more positive depiction of their group learning experience.

Teamwork skills 

Teamwork is a staple part of academic life  and allows students to explore complex tasks that they otherwise wouldn’t have done if they had been alone, enhancing both their individual and collective learning. This is because working in a group exposes students to new perspectives, styles of thinking, and disagreement.

This provides students with an opportunity to improve their communication skills, collaboration and provides a larger capacity for brainstorming different ideas. This not only contributes to a more holistic approach to learning but can help group productivity as well.

Enhancing learning 

A survey showed  that 97% of students reported that working in a group environment has helped facilitate their learning and collaborative skills in some way. Some students suggested that group work served as a learning process in itself; that is, they learnt about groups by working in a group. 

Research also shows  that learning in a group leads to better memory recall and understanding. This is because students remember more from group discussions than if they listened to the same content in a more instructional format. 

However, these benefits are only felt if:

• Clear goals are set
• There is clear leadership
• Each member is assigned a specific role
• There’s equal participation from all group members
• The task is relevant to syllabus content

Although this study  was conducted with university students, these findings are still relevant to other educational levels.

Learning to overcome conflict 

Some teachers argue  that conflict during group work can actually be a good thing as it is representative of experiences students will have in their future workplaces. By experiencing it in a more controlled setting, students learn about communication skills and how to resolve interpersonal issues more safely. 

Group work also allows students to develop a better understanding of themselves and how their peers view them. By gaining  constructive feedback  from their peers about how well they did on a task and how well they worked as part of the group, students are better equipped to evaluate their social skills and behaviour.

5 disadvantages of group work

Anyone who has done group work knows that is can have its fair share of disadvantages. Let’s take a look at why. 

Presence of conflict 

When working with others, it’s natural that disagreement will arise due to differences in opinions. Some students find it difficult to accept  criticism from their peers  and struggle to get on board with ideas that aren’t their own.

Moreover, students who are quiet often have difficulty expressing their ideas in a group and may feel uncomfortable working with people they don’t normally speak to. As a result, they may be seen as lazy, creating conflict. 

Research shows  that the presence of conflict in group work can negatively impact the students’ enjoyment of that class, inhibit their individual learning, and increase stress levels. This is because students felt that compromising and coming to an agreement was an extremely difficult and draining process. This led to many students developing a fear of conflict.

Unequal participation

In group work, you’ll often observe a large discrepancy in participation between the different group members. With a lot of group projects, it’s common to find 1-2 students taking the bulk of the workload, whilst other members essentially freeload. This can lead to conflict and breed bitterness amongst the different group members – especially if the student feels others are being rewarded for their hard work. 

Research shows  that this is more evident in larger groups as individuals tend to diffuse the responsibility of tasks onto others as grades typically don’t consider individual contribution. Other times, a student may just give their peers the answer without explaining how they worked it out. Consequently, no real knowledge and understanding have been gained.

Avoiding the task

When working in a group, it’s quite common for students to go off-topic, especially if the task involves discussion. Some students may use that time to gossip, do other tasks, or loaf around. This results in the group work session being less  effective and productive . 

As a teacher, it’s difficult to make sure everyone is doing the task they’re supposed to for the entire session, not just as you approach their table to see how they’re doing. For some teachers, it feels that they have to  micromanage  the task in order for the task to be effective, diminishing the purpose of working in a group.

Time consuming 

Working in a team can be extremely time-consuming as a student. Not only do meetings have to be scheduled outside of class hours but they have to co-ordinate with everyone’s schedule. For sixth-form students in particular, this can be quite difficult due to  already being overscheduled . 

Researchers have even argued  whether the time-consuming nature of group work made the strategy ineffective. As a result, more research is emerging about when not to use group work in the classroom and suggest that for simpler tasks, students complete them individually.

Individual needs are dominated by the needs of the group 

Not all students learn at the same speed. Some may need more time to fully understand the task and process the information they’re being taught. On the flip side, some students may grasp the material very quickly.

Therefore, when working as a group, certain students are either forced to hurry up their learning to the extent that they either learn nothing or resort to copying. Alternatively, those who work faster may actually be going too fast, attempting to move onto the next task before everyone is ready. This can lead to conflict as students may get frustrated by the learning process.

Final thoughts

Group learning can be effective regardless of people’s socioeconomic status or whether they’re put into a group with the same people throughout the year. However, the advantages of this active learning environment are only observed when it is done right. 

Group size, how groups are assigned and how the teacher manages the groups can have both a positive and negative impact on learning. Due to the potential disadvantages, some  research suggests  that group work should only be used in moderation by allowing simpler tasks to be completed individually and more complex tasks to be completed in groups. 

For tips on how to engage your students in the classroom, take a look at our blogs on how to create a  psychologically smart classroom  and why you should  interleave your teaching .

About the editor

Bradley Busch

Bradley Busch is a Chartered Psychologist and a leading expert on illuminating Cognitive Science research in education. As Director at InnerDrive, his work focuses on translating complex psychological research in a way that is accessible and helpful. He has delivered thousands of workshops for educators and students, helping improve how they think, learn and perform. Bradley is also a prolific writer: he co-authored four books including Teaching & Learning Illuminated and The Science of Learning , as well as regularly featuring in publications such as The Guardian and The Telegraph.

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Project Method of Teaching –  Advantages and Disadvantages

Welcome to our tutorial on the Project Method of Teaching. This modern and student-centered approach to education emphasizes “learning by doing” and places students at the center of the learning process.

We will not only discuss the principles and benefits of this method but also delve into the specific approach developed by Dr. W.H. Kilpatrick, known as the Kilpatrick Project Method. Whether you are a student, teacher, or educational professional, this tutorial will provide valuable insights and information on this innovative teaching strategy.

So, Let’s dive into the world of the Project Method of Teaching and Kilpatrick’s approach.

Table of Contents

Historical Background

Project Method of Teaching has a rich historical background dating back to the early 20th century. It is said to have originated at Richards Colombia University in 1900 and was later popularized by Stevenson J. A who used the term in 1908. The Massachusetts State Board of Education officially recognized the method in 1911, and it gained further momentum when Professor W.H. Kilpatrick of Colombia University made a formal attempt to use it in education in 1918.

The Project Method of Teaching is based on John Dewey’s philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the principle of “learning by doing.” Dewey believed that students should be actively engaged in their own learning and that education should be relevant to student’s lives and experiences. The Project Method of Teaching aligns with this philosophy by providing students with hands-on, real-world projects and activities that allow them to apply what they are learning.

Introduction: Project Method of Teaching

Perennialism is a teaching philosophy that values the memorization and recall of key facts and information. This approach is based on the belief that certain knowledge is timeless and universal, and should be the foundation of education.

This method of teaching is often associated with traditional methods, where students are expected to read, memorize, and reproduce information through drilling and repetition. Although this method can aid in short-term memory retention, it can fall short in terms of promoting deep understanding and critical thinking skills.

On the other hand, the Project Method of Teaching is a modern and student-centered approach that emphasizes learning by doing.

It is based on the philosophy of pragmatism and the principle of “Learning by Doing”. This approach encourages students to actively engage in hands-on, real-world projects and activities that are relevant to their lives and experiences.

The focus is on critical thinking, problem-solving, and active engagement, rather than just memorization. This approach not only helps students to develop important skills but also provides them with a deeper understanding and retention of the material. It is an effective method to change the behavior of students by providing them with practical engagement and involvement in their studies.

Definition:-

A project is a purposeful and meaningful activity that is undertaken in a social setting. It is a real-world task that is brought into the classroom and requires students to use critical thinking, problem-solving, and constructive effort to achieve specific objectives and results. It is a voluntary undertaking that provides students with an authentic and engaging learning experience.

Project Method of teaching = Active Engagement + Real-world Projects + Problem-solving + Understanding + Student-centered approach + Philosophy of pragmatism + Learning by Doing.

The Project Method of Teaching is an approach that emphasizes “learning by doing” and places students at the center of the learning process.

Learning by Doing = Active Engagement + Real-world Experience + Critical Thinking + Problem-solving + Understanding 

Importance of Project Method of Teaching with Example:

The Project Method of Teaching is a vital teaching strategy because it enables students to take responsibility for their education and actively participate in the subject matter.

The idea behind it is “learning by doing,” which is a potent strategy for helping kids comprehend and remember new material. With this method, students can work on projects and activities from the real world that is pertinent to their lives and experiences, giving them greater knowledge and connection to the subject.

Real Life Example of Project Method of Teaching

A real-life example of the Project Method of Teaching computer science would be a class taught by teacher Noman where student Hamza is tasked with creating a mobile application. Teacher Noman provides guidance on the technical aspects of app development such as programming languages, software development kits, and interface design. However, student Hamza is responsible for the entire project, from conceptualizing the idea to designing the user interface to coding the app.

Through this process, student Hamza learns about software development and design, problem-solving, and project management. He develops the skills of coding and designing a user interface. Additionally, student Hamza is encouraged to be creative and think outside the box, as he comes up with a unique idea for his app and works to bring it to life. The project also allows student Hamza to learn about the end-to-end process of software development, from the initial concept to the final product.

What are the types of project methods of teaching?

There are 4 types of projects that Dr. W.H. Kilpatrick has classified in his paper on “The Project Method”.

Constructive project:

This type of project involves practical or physical tasks such as building an object, creating a model, digging a well, or performing a drama. It helps students to develop their hands-on skills and manual dexterity.

Constructive project = Hands-on skills + Manual Dexterity

Aesthetic project:

This type of project focuses on developing the students’ appreciation skills through activities such as musical programs, beautification projects, and the appreciation of poetry.

Aesthetic project = Appreciation skills + Creative expression

Problematic project:

This type of project helps students to develop their problem-solving skills through experiences. It is based on the cognitive domain and allows students to apply critical thinking and reasoning skills.

Problematic project = Problem-solving skills + Critical thinking

Drill project:

 This type of project is designed to help students master a skill or knowledge. It increases the work efficiency and capacity of the students. It is based on the repetition of a certain task or activity to master it.

Drill project = Mastery of skill + Work efficiency

What are the steps of the project method?

The Project Method consists of six steps, including:

Creating a situation:

The teacher creates a situation that is relevant and meaningful to the students.

Selection of the problem:

The teacher helps the students to select a problem or topic of interest, based on their interests and abilities.

The teacher and students work together to develop a step-by-step plan for the project.

The students carry out the project, collecting information and materials as needed. The teacher provides supervision and guidance.

Evaluation:

The students evaluate their work and share their thoughts and feelings about the project.

Reporting and Recording:

The students document the process and results of the project and present it to the teacher for review.

Overall Step of Project Method = Situation Creation + Problem Selection + Planning + Execution + Evaluation + Reporting and Recording

Role of the Teacher In Project Method of Teaching:-

In the Project Method of teaching, the role of the teacher is crucial in guiding, facilitating, and supporting students in their learning journey. Some key roles of a teacher in this method include:

Facilitator: The teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding and supporting students as they work on their projects. They provide resources, answer questions, and offer feedback to help students stay on track and make progress.

Mentor: The teacher serves as a mentor, offering guidance and advice to students as they work through the project. They help students to identify and overcome any challenges they may face and provide support and encouragement as needed.

Assessor: The teacher assesses student progress, providing feedback and evaluations to help students understand their strengths and weaknesses. They help students to understand what they have learned and what they need to work on.

Resource provider: The teacher provides students with the necessary resources and materials to complete their projects, including books, equipment, and technology. They help students to access the information and tools they need to succeed.

Collaborator: The teacher works closely with students, collaborating with them to develop and implement project plans and goals. They help students to understand how their work contributes to the overall project and to the class as a whole.

Encourager: The teacher encourages students to take ownership of their learning, providing support and guidance to help them to achieve their goals. They help students to develop self-motivation, self-direction, and self-evaluation skills.

Overall, the teacher plays a vital role in guiding and supporting students in the Project Method of teaching, helping them to develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed.

Guidelines for Effective Project Method of Teaching:

• The project’s aims and objectives should be made very clear.
• Encourage student participation and teamwork
• Provide guidance and support
• Encourage creativity and innovation
• Provide feedback and evaluation
• Encourage reflection and self-evaluation
• Provide opportunities for students to share their work
• Create a positive and supportive learning environment

Advantages of Project Method of Teaching:-

Project Method of teaching has a number of advantages that make it an effective teaching strategy. Some of the key advantages include:

Hands-on, active learning:

Students are able to apply their knowledge and skills in real-life situations, making the learning experience more engaging and meaningful.

Connections to the Real World:

Projects are often based on real-world problems and issues, helping students to see the relevance and importance of what they are learning.

Developing Critical Thinking Skills:

Projects require students to analyze, evaluate, and create solutions to problems, helping them to develop critical thinking skills.

Adaptability:

Projects can be tailored to the requirements and interests of individual students and can be adapted to a wide range of courses.

Students frequently have to work together on projects, which promotes teamwork and social skills.

Increased Motivation and Engagement:

 Projects allow students to take ownership of their learning, increasing their motivation and engagement in the learning process.

Personalized Learning:

Projects can be designed to meet the needs and interests of individual students, allowing for personalized learning experiences.

Disadvantages of Project Method of Teaching

The Project Method of teaching has some downsides even if it is quite effective at encouraging hands-on learning and critical thinking. These include:

Time and resource constraints:

Projects often require significant time and resources, which may not be readily available in all educational settings.

Insufficient teacher control

It can be challenging for teachers to retain control of the classroom and make sure that all pupils are paying attention when they are controlling the path of their own learning.

Assessment challenge:

Assessing student understanding and progress in a project-based learning environment can be challenging, as traditional methods of assessment may not always be appropriate.

Possibility of unequal involvement

While some students could be more ready to assume leadership roles in a project, others might be more cautious. This may result in inconsistent participation and a lack of interest on the part of some students.

The complexity of organizing and managing projects:

Managing a project requires a significant amount of planning, organization, and coordination. This can be a daunting task for both teachers and students, especially for those without experience in project management.

Failure Probability:

Since project-based learning is an active learning method, failure is a possibility. The project may not be finished effectively by the students, or they may not get the anticipated result.

In summary, the Project Method of Teaching is an effective modern teaching method that prioritizes student engagement and hands-on learning experiences. It has a rich historical background, rooted in the philosophy of pragmatism and the principle of “learning by doing.”

This method allows students to take ownership of their education and apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills to real-world projects. The Project Method of Teaching is a great way to promote understanding and retention of material, as well as to change student behavior through practical engagement and involvement. Overall, it is a powerful teaching strategy that can be applied to various subjects and disciplines, including computer science.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Assignment Method

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What is Assignment Method?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of assignment method.

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What is a Student-Centered Learning Approach?

The educational industry is constantly discussing ways educators can teach their students more effectively. While many go back and forth on the pros and cons of a traditional vs non-traditional education, the truth is that some students require different teaching methods. The student-centered approach to learning is one method that educators are incorporating into their curriculum in some form or another.

A Student-Centered Approach in the Classroom

Student-centered learning (SCL) is a teaching method that focuses on creating connections with students’ interests and the things they learn in school. The ultimate goal is to make the educational process more meaningful to students. The best way to do that is by framing lessons in terms of their interests; thus encouraging them to engage more in the material and therefore learn better.

The shift toward giving students more decision-making roles can look very different. But generally, they’ll all have similar characteristics such as more activities , small groups, discussion, and more student-led.

A great example of a student-centered approach in the classroom is letting students determine the final results of a project or assignment. Instead of dictating to the students what the final project should be, the teacher provides parameters and allows the student to base their final work around their topic interests.

SCL may seem to remove the teacher from the center of the classroom; but really, the teacher’s role is instrumental for its success. The approach relies on students working toward their own autonomy that would support learning at a pace they are comfortable with.

Benefits of SCL

One of the major benefits of the SCL approach is that it presents more decision-making opportunities to students which would let them take a more on-hand approach to their education. Students learn to set their own goals then assess and determine how to achieve them. This allows students to acquire important and useful skills like analytical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and leadership.

In addition, students engage better and are more motivated in their learning in a student-centered classroom environment . This not only helps them academically but also improves relationships between students and educators.

Lastly, student-centered learning offers greater flexibility for small groups or virtual learning, which has become even more important in the past few years. SCL techniques can always be incorporated gradually, making it easier for both students and educators to have the time they need to adapt.

Concerns and Drawbacks

As with any teaching method, there are both advantages and disadvantages. One major concern is reducing the teacher’s responsibilities and power in the classroom. By shifting decision-making to the student, many individuals are concerned that students will derail the curriculum, or look for the “easy way out.” Thus, resulting in diminished lessons and academic outcomes.

While this is a valid concern, if successfully integrated properly, a student-centered approach wouldn’t lead to such a scenario. Teachers aren’t giving all the responsibilities to students, but instead opening the conversation to include more.

Additionally, the challenge then becomes what makes an assignment arduous and useful vs easy and less challenging. Instead of using traditional reports or powerpoints try adding technology for a better application.

Using Minecraft to create a final project doesn’t make it less rigorous; instead, students must creatively demonstrate their topics in a new fun manner that still fulfills their educator’s requirements. It’s a more engaging process that keeps students engrossed in their assignments and gives educators new ideas for student application.

A Student-Centered Approach at Renton Prep

Here at Renton Prep, our student’s educational environment is centered around the success and well-being of our students. We want to challenge them to use their knowledge and skills in creative ways that will inspire their future.

Renton Prep is a Christ-centered technology-driven school where students learn to use their voice to help create solutions. To learn more about our teaching methods or if you have questions about enrollment, please contact us .

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What the Case Study Method Really Teaches

• Nitin Nohria

Seven meta-skills that stick even if the cases fade from memory.

It’s been 100 years since Harvard Business School began using the case study method. Beyond teaching specific subject matter, the case study method excels in instilling meta-skills in students. This article explains the importance of seven such skills: preparation, discernment, bias recognition, judgement, collaboration, curiosity, and self-confidence.

During my decade as dean of Harvard Business School, I spent hundreds of hours talking with our alumni. To enliven these conversations, I relied on a favorite question: “What was the most important thing you learned from your time in our MBA program?”

• Nitin Nohria is the George F. Baker Jr. and Distinguished Service University Professor. He served as the 10th dean of Harvard Business School, from 2010 to 2020.

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Using Case Studies to Teach

Why Use Cases?

Many students are more inductive than deductive reasoners, which means that they learn better from examples than from logical development starting with basic principles. The use of case studies can therefore be a very effective classroom technique.

Case studies are have long been used in business schools, law schools, medical schools and the social sciences, but they can be used in any discipline when instructors want students to explore how what they have learned applies to real world situations. Cases come in many formats, from a simple “What would you do in this situation?” question to a detailed description of a situation with accompanying data to analyze. Whether to use a simple scenario-type case or a complex detailed one depends on your course objectives.

Most case assignments require students to answer an open-ended question or develop a solution to an open-ended problem with multiple potential solutions. Requirements can range from a one-paragraph answer to a fully developed group action plan, proposal or decision.

Common Case Elements

Most “full-blown” cases have these common elements:

• A decision-maker who is grappling with some question or problem that needs to be solved.
• A description of the problem’s context (a law, an industry, a family).
• Supporting data, which can range from data tables to links to URLs, quoted statements or testimony, supporting documents, images, video, or audio.

Case assignments can be done individually or in teams so that the students can brainstorm solutions and share the work load.

The following discussion of this topic incorporates material presented by Robb Dixon of the School of Management and Rob Schadt of the School of Public Health at CEIT workshops. Professor Dixon also provided some written comments that the discussion incorporates.

Advantages to the use of case studies in class

A major advantage of teaching with case studies is that the students are actively engaged in figuring out the principles by abstracting from the examples. This develops their skills in:

• Problem solving
• Analytical tools, quantitative and/or qualitative, depending on the case
• Decision making in complex situations
• Coping with ambiguities

Guidelines for using case studies in class

In the most straightforward application, the presentation of the case study establishes a framework for analysis. It is helpful if the statement of the case provides enough information for the students to figure out solutions and then to identify how to apply those solutions in other similar situations. Instructors may choose to use several cases so that students can identify both the similarities and differences among the cases.

Depending on the course objectives, the instructor may encourage students to follow a systematic approach to their analysis.  For example:

• What is the issue?
• What is the goal of the analysis?
• What is the context of the problem?
• What key facts should be considered?
• What alternatives are available to the decision-maker?
• What would you recommend — and why?

An innovative approach to case analysis might be to have students  role-play the part of the people involved in the case. This not only actively engages students, but forces them to really understand the perspectives of the case characters. Videos or even field trips showing the venue in which the case is situated can help students to visualize the situation that they need to analyze.

Accompanying Readings

Case studies can be especially effective if they are paired with a reading assignment that introduces or explains a concept or analytical method that applies to the case. The amount of emphasis placed on the use of the reading during the case discussion depends on the complexity of the concept or method. If it is straightforward, the focus of the discussion can be placed on the use of the analytical results. If the method is more complex, the instructor may need to walk students through its application and the interpretation of the results.

Leading the Case Discussion and Evaluating Performance

Decision cases are more interesting than descriptive ones. In order to start the discussion in class, the instructor can start with an easy, noncontroversial question that all the students should be able to answer readily. However, some of the best case discussions start by forcing the students to take a stand. Some instructors will ask a student to do a formal “open” of the case, outlining his or her entire analysis.  Others may choose to guide discussion with questions that move students from problem identification to solutions.  A skilled instructor steers questions and discussion to keep the class on track and moving at a reasonable pace.

In order to motivate the students to complete the assignment before class as well as to stimulate attentiveness during the class, the instructor should grade the participation—quantity and especially quality—during the discussion of the case. This might be a simple check, check-plus, check-minus or zero. The instructor should involve as many students as possible. In order to engage all the students, the instructor can divide them into groups, give each group several minutes to discuss how to answer a question related to the case, and then ask a randomly selected person in each group to present the group’s answer and reasoning. Random selection can be accomplished through rolling of dice, shuffled index cards, each with one student’s name, a spinning wheel, etc.

Tips on the Penn State U. website: https://sites.psu.edu/pedagogicalpractices/case-studies/

If you are interested in using this technique in a science course, there is a good website on use of case studies in the sciences at the National Science Teaching Association.

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• > Project Method of Teaching

Project Method of Teaching

Introduction

Over the years, there have been many methods of teaching that have proven to be effective to varying degrees in different individuals. One such method is the project method of teaching. In this blog, we will be talking about what is project method of teaching, the steps involved in the process, the types of project methods, and their advantages and disadvantages of it.

What is the Project Method of Teaching

The project method of teaching is a medium of instruction in which the students are given a number of projects or situations out of which they have to choose the problem they want to solve. After the student has chosen the problem they want to solve, they will have to come up with a solution to the problem on their own. This is one of the most proactive approaches to learning, but what about the teacher in this case? The teacher, in the case of the project method of teaching, assumes the role of a guide than a dictator and guides the class through the lesson at their own pace.

The project method is an alternative classroom model that gives more focus on the aspect of student learning rather than the teaching aspect of the lesson. It emphasizes trusting the students and not imposing a learning style onto them. The responsibility of the work falls directly on the students since even the curriculum content and technique are considered from the student's POV. So this method is completely student-centric.

Who Developed the Project Method of Teaching?

The project method of teaching is generally considered to have been formulated, developed, executed, and perfected by educator William H. Kilpatrick. Even though it is deemed to have been proposed as a concept back in 1908 as a means of improving the method of teaching agriculture, Kilpatrick is credited with elaborating upon the concept and popularizing it worldwide in his famous article, "The Project Method" which was published in 1918.

Project Method - 5 Steps

Given below are the 5 main steps that constitute the project method of teaching:

Project Selection

The first step in the process of the project method is the selection of the project work. The students are given some problems from which they should select the subject or project which has the maximum utility and fulfill a specific practical need. In this process, teachers act as guides and motivate the students to keep on track and choose wisely on the basis of their aptitude.

Planning is the next step in the project method of teaching. In this phase, students should do planning for the project work and the teacher will guide them and help them in the process. The students can be brought together to express their views and give suggestions in the form of a discussion, where the teacher can raise points of objection and problems related to the project they have taken.

Following the planning phase comes execution, where the students execute the project work as per their plan as created in the previous step. The students assign their duties among themselves according to the interest of the individual students and on the basis of their respective capabilities. Every student will hence be contributing toward the completion of the project in their own way - collecting data, visiting places, gathering information, reading history, and so on. The teacher again comes in as a guide and provides the necessary information, helping them to keep on the right track.

The fifth and final stage of the project method is evaluation. The whole work is reviewed by the teacher and students get judged or assessed on the basis of their performance. They carry out the project as planned, following which the mistakes they have made in the process are noted down.

Types of Project Method of Teaching

The proponent of Project Method, Kilpatric, classified it broadly into four types as explained below:

Constructive Method

In the constructive project method, the learners are instructed to construct something related to social life such as models, maps, charts, parcels, and so on.

Artistic Method

This type of teaching is generally employed in the field of aesthetics and arts such as music, fine arts , culture, literature, and so on.

Problem Solving Method

The problem-solving method is used to solve problems related to real-life situations on any subject such as how to send an email, how to operate bank accounts, how to use a particular product, and so on. Solving these problems will ideally make the students efficient in social life.

Group Work Method

This method employs all the students with a task to complete in the form of a group. The team then sets out to complete that task with the teacher acting as a guide. This can be as complex as an engineering project that requires different areas of expertise to collaborate on something as simple as setting up a garden in the school.

Advantages of Project Method

Now that we have covered what the project method entails and its subtypes, let’s get into the advantages of this method of teaching:

Active Learning Experience

The project method emphasizes the concept of learning by doing. Students actively get involved in the learning activity, hence helping them in enhancing their skillset, first-hand experiences, and thinking capacity. Incorporating active learning in students’ daily lives can be quite helpful in the long run.

Inculcating a Sense of Responsibility

In the project method of teaching, the teacher is a guide and the activities carried out in the class are carried out by the students themselves. This helps improve self-reliance and self-responsibility among students. It helps students learn on their own and develop their own style of learning.

Improves Collaboration Among Students

Since the project method employs a methodology where students work in collaboration with their group, it helps students bond with one another on a professional as well as personal level, hence making their overall learning experience interesting and insightful. It instills in them a sense of cooperation and builds on their social skills immensely.

Improves Communication Skills

It helps students improve their communicative skills drastically because students are given the opportunity to express themselves freely among their peers as well as their teachers, hence helping them communicate more effectively.

Improves Critical Thinking Skills

Critical thinking skills are 21st Century Skills that students of all ages need to have in today’s time. It is something that needs to be cultivated with respect to the future of the students and needs to be dealt with with utmost diligence.

Disadvantages of Project Method of Teaching

As with any method of teaching, the project method also has certain disadvantages, some of which are given below:

Time Consuming

Teaching students using the project method can be time-consuming as there are a lot of things that need to be taken into consideration when teaching using this method such as the student's ability to comprehend the subject, the speed with which they do so, the factual accuracy of the project and so on. There are a lot of factors that need to be observed and duly corrected by the teacher. This is the perfect segue into the next point: the lack of expert teachers.

The Lack of Experienced Teachers

The project method of teaching can only be conducted by experienced teachers who have several years of experience, which a lot of teachers may not have. This leads to a shortage of teachers and hence incapability to execute this form of teaching effectively.

Not Suitable for All Subjects

The project method of teaching is most suitable for subjects that require practical knowledge, and so subjects such as arts, literature, and so on may not benefit a lot from this form of teaching.

The project method of teaching is just one type of teaching method that can be applied in a classroom. There are several other teaching methods that can be employed in different situations that make them effective. The context, subject, and type of learning style the students prefer all come into play when determining such a method of teaching.

Suggested Read - What are the Different Methods of Teaching?

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Types of teaching methods, their advantages and disadvantages

One of the most important things an educator should determine is the teaching approach to apply in class. This is because the educators' techniques have a great impact on learners. Educators can also combine multiple teaching methods for students to grasp the information better. This article covers the benefits and drawbacks of different types of teaching methods to help educators make the best decisions.

Combining teaching methods makes lessons unique and intriguing. Moreover, your students can output excellent exam performance if your teaching style is enjoyable. A facilitator can pass information to pupils in numerous ways. If they don't understand a concept, try other teaching methods to make it easier for them to understand and remember it.

Types of teaching methods and strategies to implement in class

Once a teacher understands the needs of their students, then they can choose the most effective teaching methods to use. Below are a few different teaching methods and their advantages and disadvantages:

1. Teacher-centered teaching methods

In this teaching methodology‌, the teachers serve as an authority for their students. On the other hand, students tend to receive their knowledge passively by listening to lectures and the teacher's directions.

Types of teacher-centered teaching methods

Teacher-centered teaching aims to help students pass tests and assessments. For the teacher-centered approach, these methods of instruction are used.

a. Lecture-based or direct instruction

This teaching strategy involves making lesson plans for learners and sharing knowledge through lectures, presentations, and demonstrations.

How to implement lecture-based teaching

This teaching method does not factor in student preferences or opportunities for other types of learning. Here is how to apply lecture-based teaching:

• Find out what your students know about the topic by asking questions.
• Introduce a new topic with a story or a review of a related topic you covered before.
• Use examples from your students' experiences or things they can relate to.
• Use visual cues, such as icons, images, and videos, in presentations to keep your students interested in the content.
• Allow time for questions during and after the lecture to allow students to easily engage with the concept and remember it.
• Please encourage students to stay attentive during lectures and handwrite notes. It can also help them recall information better.
• Ensure your conclusion or summary has the key points.
• Keep lessons brief to maintain student attention and engagement.

b. Flipped classrooms

This approach involves students watching or listening to pre-recorded lessons (videos/audio) at home and completing assignments.

How to implement flipped teaching

• Break lessons into segments of about 7-10 minutes to allow students to digest every part of the lesson.
• Use visuals, animations, and images for students to see and connect with their lesson.
• Create questions for students to answer during or after the lesson. You can also create a task for them to do.
• Please encourage students to watch lectures or instructional videos at home to let them work at their own pace.
• Test their knowledge with questions and self-assessment.

c. Kinesthetic learning

This approach is widely known as tactile learning. Students learn by watching simulations, presentations, or moving around in a hands-on environment.

How to implement kinesthetic teaching

The kinesthetic teaching methodology‌ becomes teacher-centered when they can choose how to learn from their environment. Here is how you can apply this learning method:

• Allow students to stand or move while learning.
• Give them frequent short breaks.
• Teach them using real-life objects like costumes and arts & crafts.
• Use animation in your teaching, e.g., singing and dancing.
• Use science experiments when teaching.

Advantages of teacher-centered teaching methods

Teacher-centered methods of instruction have the following benefits:

• The classroom remains orderly because the teacher has better control over the students and classroom activities.
• Teachers worry less about students missing an important topic because they direct all classroom activities.
• A teacher can develop cooperation among the students by giving them group assignments.
• Students focus better on the subject when they get short lectures or breaks within lessons.
• It is inexpensive because lectures are done in a central place (classrooms).
• Teaching can be done remotely by letting students watch or listen to pre-recorded lessons (videos/audio) at home.

Disadvantages of teacher-centered teaching methods

Teacher-centered methods of instruction have the following weaknesses:

• Students may entirely depend on teachers.
• Lecture-based teaching makes students work alone to work alone. Hence they may not learn how to collaborate and communicate with each other.
• Teacher-centered instruction may not allow students to express themselves, ask questions, and control their learning pace.

2. Student-centered teaching methods

In these teaching methods, teachers and learners become a part of the process more or less equal.

The teacher's primary role is coaching and facilitating student learning, as well as making sure that students understand the material. Additionally, they are supposed to evaluate students by assessing them formally and informally.

Types of student-centered teaching methods

In a learner-centered approach, the teacher acts as a guide. The learners get their grades by evaluating their student portfolios and participating in the class. A teacher can use the following methods of instruction:

a. Differentiated instruction

This teaching methodology‌ involves understanding every student's learning needs and tailoring the teaching method to meet those needs.

How to implement differentiated teaching

Here is how you can apply tailored instructions to all students depending on their learning needs:

• Provide textbooks for visual and word learners and let them present the stories they read using graphic methods.
• Allow auditory learners to listen to audiobooks and give an oral report.
• Help kinesthetic learners do an online interactive assignment and build a diorama illustrating the story.
• Break some students into reading groups to discuss the assignment.
• Allow students to read individually and create quiet spaces for them.
• Have a series of tiered projects for each of your lessons.

b. Inquiry-based learning

In this approach, a teacher serves as a supporter and guide that merely helps the students while they actively participate in their project and ask questions that interest them. Eventually, they demonstrate their research results to the authority figure.

How to implement inquiry-based learning

Below are different ways of applying inquiry-based learning in a classroom:

• Initiate the inquiry process by asking students questions.
• Promote classroom discussions by putting students in small groups.
• Intervene to clear misconceptions and help students understand the content.
• Allow students to share their findings with classmates and the teacher.
• Use student experiences to create new content knowledge.
• Assess students' knowledge through tests or projects to know what they have learned from the activity.

c. Expeditionary learning

The primary focus of this teaching methodology‌ is for students to learn outside the classroom through expeditions, trips, and educational visits.

How to implement expeditionary learning

Gone are the ringing bells, rows of desks, and fill-in-the-blank worksheets. Rather than making students sit in a classroom to learn one subject at a time, here are ways to apply expeditionary teaching:

• Give students field assignments in groups, e.g., let them interview local business owners or customers.
• Let students explore a topic in depth by working on community serviceprojects.
• Allow students to do scientific research in natural areas.
• Ask them to write what they learn from field assignments, research, and projects in their journals.
• Give learners some quiet reflection space or time. It will help them gather their thoughts on what they have learned.

d. Personalized learning

In this teaching method, students follow a lesson plan tailored to their interests and abilities. This way, one learns at their own pace and gets enough time to understand the concepts.

How to implement individual learning

A personalized learning approach customizes the learning process to meet each student's strengths, needs, skills, and interests. Here is how you can apply individual learning in a classroom:

• Pose an open-ended question and ask each student to come up with their best answer.
• Please put them in groups or pairs and request them to agree on a response.
• Have time or build a space for individual reflection. It helps each student develop better ideas without relying on classmates.
• Help students build accountability by teaching each other.
• Improvise games to make the classroom lively, e.g., Request each student to write their response to a question without showing the other. Let the desk-mates exchange their papers and discuss their answers.

e. Game-based learning

This approach uses card games, board games, and video games. This way, they have fun while learning concepts and how to solve problems.

How to implement game-based learning

Game-based learning allows teachers to use fun activities related to real-world concepts. As a result, this can lead to more immersive and collaborative learning for students. Below are some ways one can apply game-based learning in a classroom:

• Capture the learner's attention right from the start. Storytelling is a great way to hold your students' attention.
• Let the players/learners explore the game, and give them choices to make and goals to fulfill.
• Provide players/learners with relevant and practical knowledge within the game.
• Use badges, points, collectibles, or rewards to motivate learners to play the game more and for longer.
• Introduce risks using high-stakes scenarios or questions. For instance, players should risk losing all or winning big (points, badges, collectibles, or rewards) based on simple decisions.
• Make the game challenging but also allow players to take a few attempts.

Advantages of learner-centered teaching methods

Student-based teaching methods have the following benefits:

• It engages students in education even more and makes them more disciplined in classrooms.
• Students learn essential communicative and collaborative skills through group work.
• Students are more interested in learning activities when they can interact with one another and participate actively.
• Students learn to control their learning, ask questions, and complete tasks independently.
• Creating a culture of reflection, critique, and revision pushes students to better performances.

Disadvantages of student-centered teaching methods

Learner-centered teaching methods have the following shortcomings:

• Differentiated teaching requires a lot of research because you must know the learning needs of each student.
• Some schools lack practical and professional development resources for most student-based learning methods.
• Classrooms may often be noisy or chaotic because students should be allowed talk more often.
• Teachers may be overwhelmed when trying to manage all students' activities at once, and it can be difficult if students are in different stages of the same project.
• Since the teacher may not instruct all students simultaneously, some may miss essential facts.
• Since some students prefer to work alone, group work can become problematic.

3. High-tech learning method

This teaching methodology‌ utilizes different technology. Many educators use the internet, computers, and tablets in the classroom. Others may use the internet to assign homework.

Advantages of the high-tech learning method

Teachers are embracing new technological tools because of their benefits. Below are the advantages of using a high-tech learning method:

• Learning can happen anywhere and anytime when students and teachers use the internet, computers, and tablets.
• Students and teachers can access a wide range of online learning resources.
• Online classes improve collaboration skills among the students and between the teacher and learners. For instance, they can make presentations on video calls.
• High-tech learning promotes competency in education as the world embraces digital learning methods.
• It promotes active or hands-on learning because tech learning tools are fun. They also allow students to create their learning materials.
• It promotes blended learning (traditional plus high-tech learning). Teachers are present to guide students as they interact with tech learning tools.

Disadvantages of the high-tech learning method

From apps and e-textbooks to organizational platforms and “gamification,” there’s no shortage of classroom tech tools. However, all these have some shortcomings. Below are the main disadvantages of using a high-tech learning method:

• Technology (computers and the internet) can be a distraction for both teachers and students.
• It reduces direct social interaction since students can research online individually.
• The students and teachers require training to use tech learning tools and materials.
• Technical errors like slow internet can disrupt lessons.
• It can promote faster but less memorable learning.
• It is expensive for most parents and schools in developing countries.
• It can encourage cheating in exams if students do assessments and research online.

4. Low-tech learning method

Low-tech learning is the traditional face-to-face teaching technique that encourages teachers and students to interact frequently in person.

Advantages of the low-tech learning method

In most cases, low-tech learning requires minimal or no interaction with the internet and computers. Below are some advantages of low-tech learning:

• It improves a student's writing and spelling skills.
• Face-to-face learning keeps students and teachers focused on what is important.
• It encourages students to dig deeper into the topic outside the school or classroom.
• It improves the relationship between teachers and their students and the relationship among the learners.
• It is cheap for most schools and parents indeveloping countries.

Disadvantages of the low-tech learning method

• Students may not develop strong digital literacy skills like those using modern tech learning tools.
• Unlike those using modern tech learning tools, students using low-tech learning techniques might have limited access to educational resources.

What is the definition of a teaching method?

The term "teaching method" refers to the general principles and strategies teachers use to instruct a classroom. The combination of different methods of teaching in education is something every teacher should practice.

What are the best teaching methods?

All teacher and student-centered learning approaches have their pros and cons. Therefore, none is superior to the other. The best thing to do is to combine various teaching methods to help your students understand the concepts deeper. Some efficient methods of teaching in education are:

• Lecture-based learning.
• Differentiated instruction.
• Kinesthetic learning.
• Technology-based learning.
• Individual learning.
• Group learning.
• Inquiry-based learning.
• Game-based learning.
• Expeditionary learning
• Flipped classrooms.

What is blended learning?

A blended teaching methodology‌ combines traditional face-to-face learning techniques with online and mobile technologies. It allows educators to link online and in-class activities. However, students with different needs and digital literacies may not access technology-based learning without enough support and training.

What is a universal design for learning?

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach that believes in giving all students equal opportunities to succeed. It accommodates the needs and abilities of all learners and eliminates unnecessary challenges in the learning process. For instance, classrooms that follow UDL allow students to work on different projects within the same topic.

What are the new methods of teaching?

Blended and high-tech learning techniques are the latest methods of teaching in education. Teachers and students use virtual reality technology and AI in a classroom setup. They usually implement VAK teaching (Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic) and gamification (game design elements).

What are the general methods of teaching?

The lecture method is the oldest teaching method of teaching. In addition, most schools worldwide are also embracing group and project-based teaching methods.

What determines the methods of teaching in education?

There are various methods of teaching in education. The following factors can influence the technique a teacher chooses:

• The educator's teaching objectives.
• The mastery of content and teacher's experience.
• The nature of the subject matter.
• Learning tools and materials the teacher and learners can access.
• The learning environment the teacher and learners are in.
• The age of the learners and other demographics of your classroom.

As a teacher, the most crucial thing to decide is the types of teaching methods you will use in your classroom. To do this, you first have to understand your students' needs and find out which methods will be most suitable.

Legit.ng explained how to write anapplication letter when applying for a teaching job. Your letter should efficiently present your skills to potential employers. If you want to teach in a primary school, this is for you.

What is there to know about writing an appealing letter and presenting yourself in the best way? Check the article out to learn more about it.

Source: Legit.ng

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Project Method of Teaching Meaning, Advantage & Disadvantages

Meaning of project method of teaching.

Project method of teaching has evolved from the philosophy of programatists . It is experience-centered strategy related to life-situation. This teaching strategy focus on

• To socialize a child
• To achieve cognitive, affective and psychomotor objectives

This teaching strategy is based on the following principles

• Principle of Utility. Choose those projects which are closer to the social life.
• Principle of readiness. Involve the learners in finding the solution of the problem with their active participation.
• Learning by Doing. Learner performs certain tasks and experiences new things. This adds to his knowledge and results in learning.
• Socialization. It develops the feeling of cooperation and group work.
• Inter-disciplinary Approach. To involve the knowledge of different subjects in solving the social problems.

Types of Project Method of Teaching

According to Kilpatric, “A project is a whole-hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment. Kilpatric has classified the project method in four types.

• Constructive. When learners have to construct some things related to social life. e.g. charts, models, maps, parcels etc.
• Artistic. These projects are generally allotted in the aesthetic fields of life. e.g. in music, drawing, painting art and culture.
• Problem-Solving. These projects are given to solve the problems related to any life-situation or related to any subject e.g. how to operate bank accounts? Or how to send an email or letter. These general problems if solved, will make a child efficient for social-life.
• Group-Work. A team of students is assigned a work to be performed. e.g. to develop a garden in the school.

There are four basic elements of this teaching strategy which make it purposeful 1. Spontaneity, Purpose, Significance, and Interest or Motivation.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Project method of Teaching

• It helps in developing social norms and social values among the learners.
• It provides invaluable opportunities for correlation of various elements of the subject matter and for transfer of training or learning.
• It helps in growing knowledge very effectively as a results of their close cooperation on social participation in the spirit of democracy.

Disadvantages

• The project cannot be planned for all subjects and whole subject matter cannot be taught by this strategy.
• It is not economical from the point of view of time and cost.
• It is very difficult for a teacher to plan or to execute the projects to the learners and supervise them.

Suggestions

• This teaching strategy should not be used an independent teaching strategy but as a supplementary teaching technique.
• Teacher should try to utilize the inexperience and waste projects to prepare models etc.
• To avoid the problem of supervision, teacher may appoint a leader to each group of students.
• Teacher should fix a time limit for each project.

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