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The Journal of International Medical Research is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which focuses on original clinical and preclinical research, systematic and perspective reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports, with every article accepted by peer review given a full technical edit to make all papers highly accessible to the international medical community. The journal will be of particular interest to authors from countries where English is not the first language. We are looking for research that adds to the existing literature and shows innovation and relevancy. Authors must follow EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines for any manuscript they wish to submit to the journal. Authors must also follow our publishing policies .

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Journal of International Medical Research

Preview this book.

• Description
• Aims and Scope
• Editorial Board
• Abstracting / Indexing
• Submission Guidelines

Submit your manuscript today at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jimr .

Please see the Submission Guidelines tab for more information on how to submit your article to the journal.

Page charge information

Publication in the journal is subject to payment of a page charge. The page charge serves to support the journal and ensures that articles are freely accessible online in perpetuity under a Creative Commons licence . The current rate is £325 GBP per printed page. The page charge fee is based on the page count estimate made after submission and is payable upon provisional acceptance for technical editing. The page charge is payable only when a manuscript is accepted after peer review, before it is published. The page charge is subject to taxes where applicable. Please see further details here .

Please direct any queries to [email protected] .

The Journal of International Medical Research is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which focuses on original clinical and preclinical research, systematic and perspective reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports, with every article accepted by peer review given a full technical edit to make all papers highly accessible to the international medical community. The journal will be of particular interest to authors from countries where English is not the first language. We are looking for research that adds to the existing literature and shows innovation and relevancy. Authors must follow EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines for any manuscript they wish to submit to the journal. Authors must also follow our publishing policies .

You are free to submit a manuscript on your area of research at any time. We also have lists of Special Topics and Special Collections for you to consider.

The journal takes pride in the quality of its rigorous peer review, editing and publishing service, and in ensuring that articles are thoroughly checked to eliminate unethical publishing and any errors in content, formatting, presentation, typography and layout:

Rigorous peer review: All manuscripts are subjected to single-blind peer review with comments required from at least two independent peer reviewers and ultimate decisions made by the Editors.

Thorough technical edit: Accepted manuscripts receive an in-depth technical edit to make sure the content is understood and accepted by the medical community worldwide. This editing stage makes the journal particularly appealing to authors where English is not their first language.

Free-to-view articles: Once the technical edit queries have been answered to the satisfaction of the journal, your paper will be published and made available freely to anyone on our website and on PubMed Central under a creative commons licence.

Prestigious indexing: The journal is indexed by PubMed: MEDLINE and by Scopus and is ranked in the Clarivate Analytics: Science Citation Index ®

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• Clarivate Analytics: Current Contents - Life Sciences
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• Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
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February 2024 - Volume 159 - Issue 2

• Editor-in-Chief: Dr Samiran Panda
• ISSN: 0971-5916 (Print)
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• Impact Factor: 4.2

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Current Issue Highlights

Navigating cancer care in india: reflections & imperatives.

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):117-119, February 2024.

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Review Article

Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium leprae : Need to move towards genome-wide approaches

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):121-129, February 2024.

• Abstract Abstract
• Mycobacterium leprae</em>: Need to move towards genome-wide approaches', '04042024', 'Purna Dwivedi, Mukul Sharma, Afzal Ansari, et al', '159', '2', 'Copyright: \u00A9 2024 Indian Journal of Medical Research', '02223309-202402000-00002', '', true, '')" href="javascript:"> Permissions

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Original Article

Evaluation of prescriptions from tertiary care hospitals across India for deviations from treatment guidelines & their potential consequences

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):130-141, February 2024.

Pharmacoeconomics of medicines used for geriatric individuals in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):143-152, February 2024.

Emerging role of exosomes as a liquid biopsy tool for diagnosis, prognosis & monitoring treatment response of communicable & non-communicable diseases

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):163-180, February 2024.

Molecular detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in ectoparasites & their small mammal hosts captured from scrub typhus endemic areas in Madurai district, India

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):180-192, February 2024.

• Orientia tsutsugamushi</em> in ectoparasites &amp; their small mammal hosts captured from scrub typhus endemic areas in Madurai district, India', '04042024', 'R. Govindarajan, S. Gowri Sankar, M. Senthil Kumar, et al', '159', '2', 'Copyright: \u00A9 2024 Indian Journal of Medical Research', '02223309-202402000-00007', '', true, '')" href="javascript:"> Permissions

Short Paper

Does Lake Louise questionnaire interpret high-altitude headache as acute mountain sickness? Experience in the western Himalayas

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):241-245, February 2024.

Evaluation of molecular diagnostic test for detection of adult pulmonary tuberculosis: A generic protocol

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):246-253, February 2024.

Correspondence

Low abundance of healthy bacteria in the gastric microbiota can be a potential biomarker for gastrointestinal diseases: A pilot study

Indian Journal of Medical Research. 159(2):254-258, February 2024.

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Title proper: Journal of international medical research.

Abbreviated key-title: J. int. med. res. (Online)

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Dates of publication: 1972- 9999

Description: Print began in 1972.

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Dietary protein intake and human health

Affiliation.

• 1 Departments of Animal Science and Medical Physiology and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. [email protected].
• PMID: 26797090
• DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01530h

A protein consists of amino acids (AA) linked by peptide bonds. Dietary protein is hydrolyzed by proteases and peptidases to generate AA, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These digestion products are utilized by bacteria in the small intestine or absorbed into enterocytes. AA that are not degraded by the small intestine enter the portal vein for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and other tissues. AA are also used for cell-specific production of low-molecular-weight metabolites with enormous physiological importance. Thus, protein undernutrition results in stunting, anemia, physical weakness, edema, vascular dysfunction, and impaired immunity. Based on short-term nitrogen balance studies, the Recommended Dietary Allowance of protein for a healthy adult with minimal physical activity is currently 0.8 g protein per kg body weight (BW) per day. To meet the functional needs such as promoting skeletal-muscle protein accretion and physical strength, dietary intake of 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 g protein per kg BW per day is recommended for individuals with minimal, moderate, and intense physical activity, respectively. Long-term consumption of protein at 2 g per kg BW per day is safe for healthy adults, and the tolerable upper limit is 3.5 g per kg BW per day for well-adapted subjects. Chronic high protein intake (>2 g per kg BW per day for adults) may result in digestive, renal, and vascular abnormalities and should be avoided. The quantity and quality of protein are the determinants of its nutritional values. Therefore, adequate consumption of high-quality proteins from animal products (e.g., lean meat and milk) is essential for optimal growth, development, and health of humans.

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• Role of protein and amino acids in promoting lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating lean mass loss during energy deficit in humans. Churchward-Venne TA, Murphy CH, Longland TM, Phillips SM. Churchward-Venne TA, et al. Amino Acids. 2013 Aug;45(2):231-40. doi: 10.1007/s00726-013-1506-0. Epub 2013 May 5. Amino Acids. 2013. PMID: 23645387
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International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences

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International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (IJRMS) is an open access, international, peer-reviewed general medical journal. The journal's full text is available online at https://www.msjonline.org. The journal allows free access to its contents. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences is dedicated to publishing research in medical science from all disciplines and therapeutic areas of medical science or practice. The journal has a broad coverage of relevant topics across medical science or practice. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (IJRMS) is one of the fastest communication journals and articles are published online within short time after acceptance of manuscripts. The types of articles accepted include original research articles, review articles, editorial, medical news, case reports, adverse drug reactions, short communications, correspondence, images in medical practice, clinical problem solving, perspectives and new drug updates. It is published monthly and available in print and online version. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (IJRMS) complies with the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, issued by the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors.

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• Francine Garrett-Bakelman 35 , 36 ,
• Jan Krumsiek   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-3791 1 , 2 , 6 ,
• Qiuying Chen 37 ,
• Dawson Miller 37 ,
• Joe Shuga 38 ,
• Stephen Williams 38 ,
• Corey Nemec   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-1753 38 ,
• Guy Trudel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-4294 39 , 40 , 41 ,
• Martin Pelchat 42 ,
• Odette Laneuville   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-3892 43 ,
• Iwijn De Vlaminck   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6085-7311 21 ,
• Steven Gross 37 ,
• Kelly L. Bolton 44 ,
• Susan M. Bailey   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-9364 23 , 45 ,
• Richard Granstein 46 ,
• David Furman   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-9519 10 , 47 , 48 , 49 ,
• Ari M. Melnick   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-2287 12 , 22 ,
• Sylvain V. Costes   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-2389 14 ,
• Bader Shirah   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6493-2155 50 ,
• Anil S. Menon   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-3553 34 ,
• Jaime Mateus 19 ,
• Cem Meydan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-6216 1 , 2 , 22 &
• Christopher E. Mason   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-1642 1 , 2 , 3 , 51 , 52  

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• Medical research
• Molecular biology

Spaceflight induces molecular, cellular, and physiological shifts in astronauts and poses myriad biomedical challenges to the human body, which are becoming increasingly relevant as more humans venture into space 1-6 . Yet, current frameworks for aerospace medicine are nascent and lag far behind advancements in precision medicine on Earth, underscoring the need for rapid development of space medicine databases, tools, and protocols. Here, we present the Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA), an integrated data and sample repository for clinical, cellular, and multi-omic research profiles from a diverse range of missions, including the NASA Twins Study 7 , JAXA CFE study 8,9 , SpaceX Inspiration4 crew 10-12 , plus Axiom and Polaris. The SOMA resource represents a >10-fold increase in publicly available human space omics data, with matched samples available from the Cornell Aerospace Medicine Biobank. The Atlas includes extensive molecular and physiological profiles encompassing genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome data sets, which reveal some consistent features across missions, including cytokine shifts, telomere elongation, and gene expression changes, as well as mission-specific molecular responses and links to orthologous, tissue-specific murine data sets. Leveraging the datasets, tools, and resources in SOMA can help accelerate precision aerospace medicine, bringing needed health monitoring, risk mitigation, and countermeasures data for upcoming lunar, Mars, and exploration-class missions.

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A Second Space Age Spanning Omics, Platforms, and Medicine Across Orbits

Single-cell multi-ome and immune profiles of the Inspiration4 crew reveal conserved, cell-type, and sex-specific responses to spaceflight

Collection of biospecimens from the inspiration4 mission establishes the standards for the space omics and medical atlas (SOMA)

Author information, authors and affiliations.

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Braden T. Tierney, Jiwoon Park, Nadia Houerbi, Alexander G. Lucaci, Sebastian Garcia Medina, Namita Damle, Kirill Grigorev, Evan E. Afshin, Krista A. Ryon, Christopher R. Chin, Jonathan Foox, Craig Westover, Jeremy Wain Hirschberg, Jacqueline Proszynski, Marissa Burke, Ashley Kleinman, Daniel J. Butler, Christopher Mozsary, Jan Krumsiek, Cem Meydan & Christopher E. Mason

The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Braden T. Tierney, Jiwoon Park, Nadia Houerbi, Alexander G. Lucaci, Sebastian Garcia Medina, Kirill Grigorev, Evan E. Afshin, Karolina Sienkiewicz, Annalise Schweickart, Jonathan Foox, Jan Krumsiek, Cem Meydan & Christopher E. Mason

BioAstra, Inc, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey & Christopher E. Mason

Center for STEM, University of Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Eliah G. Overbey

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Deena Najjar

Tri-Institutional Biology and Medicine program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Karolina Sienkiewicz, Matthew MacKay, Annalise Schweickart, Maria A. Sierra, Gabriel Deards, Chandrima Bhattacharya & Jan Krumsiek

Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Laura Patras, Serena Lucotti, Irina Matei & David C. Lyden

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Laura Patras

Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Remi Klotz, Veronica Ortiz & Min Yu

Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA

Matias F. Valenzuela & David Furman

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Ezequiel Dantas

Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Ezequiel Dantas, Irina Matei, David C. Lyden & Ari M. Melnick

Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Theodore M. Nelson

Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Egle Cekanaviciute, Lauren M. Sanders & Sylvain V. Costes

Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

S. Anand Narayanan

Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Caleb M. Schmidt, Michael A. Schmidt & Julian C. Schmidt

Advanced Pattern Analysis and Human Performance Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Caleb M. Schmidt

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), Hawthorne, CA, USA

Sean Mullane, Seth Stravers Tigchelaar, Steven Levitte & Jaime Mateus

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Steven Levitte

Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Conor Loy, Omary Mzava, Joan Lenz & Iwijn De Vlaminck

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Doru Paul, Ari M. Melnick & Cem Meydan

Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Lynn E. Taylor & Susan M. Bailey

TrialX Inc., New York, NY, USA

Chintan O. Patel, Sharib A. Khan, Mir Suhail, Syed G. Byhaqui & Burhan Aslam

Seer, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA

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Element Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA

Kelly Blease, Juan Moreno, Andrew Boddicker, Junhua Zhao, Bryan Lajoie, Andrew Altomare, Semyon Kruglyak & Shawn Levy

KBR; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Ryan T. Scott, Rachel R. Gilbert & San-huei Lai Polo

Alamar Biosciences, Inc, 47071 Bayside Parkway, Fremont, CA, USA

Ishara Ariyapala, Joanne Beer & Bingqing Zhang

NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA

Briana M. Hudson, Aric Rininger & Sarah E. Church

Blue Marble Space Institute of Science; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

• Afshin Beheshti

Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Medical School and the Wyss Institute, Boston, MA, USA

George M. Church

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Houston, TX, USA

Scott M. Smith & Brian E. Crucian

University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Sara R. Zwart & Anil S. Menon

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Francine Garrett-Bakelman

Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Qiuying Chen, Dawson Miller & Steven Gross

10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA

Joe Shuga, Stephen Williams & Corey Nemec

Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Martin Pelchat

Department of Biology, Gendron Hall Room 3-372, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Odette Laneuville

Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA

Kelly L. Bolton

Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Susan M. Bailey

Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Richard Granstein

Cosmica Biosciences Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA

David Furman

Stanford 1000 Immunomes Project, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Institute for Research in Translational Medicine, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Bader Shirah

The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA

Christopher E. Mason

WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Correspondence to Eliah G. Overbey , Cem Meydan or Christopher E. Mason .

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-3, Supplementary Tables 4 and 9, Supplementary Note 1 and additional references.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary table 1.

Sample Information. Comprehensive list of samples collected from each crew member, at each timepoint, for each assay. Tab 1 is an overview of which samples are present at each timepoint. Tab 2 is an itemized list of each sample, including the number of sequenced DNA/RNA molecules for sequencing assays.

Supplementary Table 2

OSDR Studies. Comprehensive list of prior studies in OSDR for previous assays on human, metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic samples.

Supplementary Table 3

Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry Stats Tables. Sequencing and mass spectrometry statistics for multiome, TCR, BCR, cfRNA, dRNA, and proteomics assays.

Supplementary Table 5

cfRNA Calculations. Tissue of origin analysis from cfRNA sequencing. Tab 1 contains fractions of cell type specific RNA enrichment. Tab 2 contains comparisons between timepoints.

Supplementary Table 6

Recovery Profile Pathways. Overrepresented KEGG pathways during recovery from spaceflight in PBMCs. Tabs are split for CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD14+ monocyte and CD16+ monocytes.

Supplementary Table 7

Metagenome and Metatranscriptome CVs. Species-level CV calculations across crew members for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic samples from oral, nasal, and skin swab samples.

Supplementary Table 8

Human Omics CVs. Gene/analyte-level CV calculations across crew members for NULISAseq, EVP proteomic, plasma proteomic, metabolomic, dRNA-seq and short read RNA-seq assays. GSEA pathway enrichment is calculated for pre-flight, post-flight (R+1), and recovery time intervals.

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Overbey, E.G., Kim, J., Tierney, B.T. et al. The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) and international astronaut biobank. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y

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Received : 30 December 2022

Accepted : 31 May 2024

Published : 11 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y

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