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Chicago Citation Style Guide
- Get Started With Chicago Style
- Note-Bibliography Basics
- Author-Date Basics
- Citing Journal Articles
- Citing Newspaper Articles
- Citing Magazines
- Citing Websites & Blogs
- Sound Recordings
- Radio Program (Podcast)
- Broadcast Radio & TV
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- TV & Video (Web)
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- Religious Texts
- Legal & Government Documents
Theses & Dissertations
Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.
- CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations
Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.
If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.
For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .
Note-Bibliography
First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).
Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).
Short Note:
Last-name, "Title of Thesis."
Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."
Bibliography Entry:
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago, 2008.
Author-Date
Text Citation:
(Last-name Year)
(Mihwa 2008)
Reference Entry:
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago.
Note -Bibliography
Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.
Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).
Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."
Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."
Bibliography:
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.
Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.
(Hosking 2010)
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.
Hosking, Barry C. 2010. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.
Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.
12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."
21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.
Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
(Stewart 2005)
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Internet address.
Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
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Citation Help: Dissertations & Theses
- Getting Started
- Audio/Visual
- Business Reports and Gray Literature
- Dissertations & Theses
- Conference Sessions & Presentations
- Web Pages and Social Media
- Data Sets, Software & Tests
- In-text Citation
- Audio / Video
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A quick note:
The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.
Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses
Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.
Important Elements:
- Author
- Title of Dissertation or Thesis
- Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
- Name of Degree Granting Institution
Thesis or dissertation
1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.
1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.
Shortened note
2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.
2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.
Bibliography Entry
Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.
Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.
Examples courtesy of The Turabian 8th edition .
Chicago/Turabian Examples by Source
- Articles
- Audio & Video
- Books
- Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
- Dissertations & Theses
- Websites, Including Social Media
- Other Source Types
Ask a Librarian
Librarians are available to help you with your questions. Please don't hesitate to contact us with any questions you might have regarding citation styles, citation management, etc.
Ask a question below or contact your subject specialist librarian for more help!
Useful Resources for Chicago/Turabian
Check out the Chicago Manual of Style's Shop Talk website for more great information about using the Chicago Manual of Style through the links below!
- Shop Talk for Students
- Formatting a paper in Chicago Style
- What's the difference between Chicago and Turabian?!?
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- MyExperience
Chicago Citation Style, 17th Edition
- Bibliography
- One Author or Editor
- Multiple Authors or Editors
- Author and Editor
- Author and Translator
- Organization as Author
- Anonymous Work
- Chapter from an Edited Work
- Multivolume Work
- Edition Other than the First
- Dictionary or Encyclopedia
- Journal Article
- Magazine Article
- Newspaper Article
- Book Review
- Basic Webpage
- Blogs and Social Media
- Government Website
- Audio/Video Recording
- Online Multimedia
- Interview or Personal Communication
- Lecture or Presentation
- Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection
- Thesis or Dissertation
- Pamphlet or Brochure
- Sacred Text
- Indirect Source
- Government Document
- Paintings, Illustrations, Tables
- AI Generated Content
- Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
Thesis or Dissertation (14.215)
Example 1 – Print
N: 1. Lindsey Bingley, "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959" (master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006), 58.
B: Bingley, Lindsey. "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959." Master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006.
Example 2 – Online (Commercial Database)
N: 1. Libra Rose Hilde, "Worth a Dozen Men: Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American Civil War" (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003), 295, ProQuest ( 3091579).
B: Hilde, Libra Rose. "Worth a Dozen Men: Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American Civil War." PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003. ProQuest (3091579).
Example 3 – Online (Institutional Repository)
N: 1. Hiroshi Ishida, "A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture." (PhD diss., University of Auckland, 1966), 110-16, https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/2489.
B: Ishida, Hiroshi. "A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture" PhD diss., University of Auckland, 1966. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/2489.
Help & Guide Contents
Home General Guidelines Notes Bibliography Books One Author or Editor Multiple Authors or Editors Author and Editor Author and Translator Organization as Author Anonymous Work Chapter from an Edited Work Multivolume Work Edition Other than the First Dictionary or Encyclopedia E-Book Articles Journal Article Magazine Article Newspaper Article Book Review Websites Basic Webpage Blogs and Social Media Government Website Audiovisual Media Audio/Video Recording Online Multimedia Other Sources Interview or Personal Communication Lecture or Presentation Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection Thesis or Dissertation Pamphlet or Brochure Sacred Text Indirect Source Government Document Paintings, Illustrations, Tables Plagiarism
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Chicago 17th edition notes and bibliography
- Introduction
- Author, title, date
- Book chapter
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Citing theses
- Personal communication
- Newspaper or magazine articles
- Manuscripts
- Conference papers
- Legal materials
Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks otherwise they are cited like books.
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.
If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.
Elements of citation |
|
---|---|
Footnote | 17. Michelle Boulous Walker, "Philosophy and Silence: Reading the Maternal Body," (PhD thesis, University of Queensland, 1996), 99, https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:312117. |
Bibliography | Walker, Michelle Boulous. "Philosophy and Silence: Reading the Maternal Body." PhD thesis., University of Queensland, 1996. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:312117. |
Endnote reference type | Thesis To display the URL, edit the output style for Chicago 17. To do this go to Edit Output Style, choose Chicago 17, then choose Bibliography and Templates. Add ", URL|." to the Thesis field. Save a copy of this style. |
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Generate accurate Chicago citations for free
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- Chicago Style
Chicago Style Citation Guide | Templates & Citation Examples
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago Manual of Style](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads//2019/03/chicago-manual-of-style-cover.jpg)
Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes , with a Chicago style bibliography listing your sources in full at the end.
Author-date style is mainly used in the sciences. It uses parenthetical in-text citations , always accompanied by a reference list at the end.
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Table of contents
Citing sources with notes (notes and bibliography), chicago note citation examples (notes and bibliography), creating a chicago style bibliography (notes and bibliography), chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citation.
To cite sources in Chicago notes and bibliography style, place a superscript number at the end of a sentence or clause, after the punctuation mark, corresponding to a numbered footnote or endnote .
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago footnote citation example](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Chicago-footnote-citation-example.webp)
Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page, while endnotes appear at the end of the text. Choose one or the other and use it consistently.
Most word-processing programs can automatically link your superscript numbers and notes.
Full notes vs. short notes
Citations can take the form of full notes or short notes. Full notes provide complete source information, while short notes include only the author’s last name, the source title, and the page number(s) of the cited passage. The usual rule is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and a short note for subsequent citations of the same source.
Guidelines can vary across fields, though; sometimes you might be required to use full notes every time, or conversely to use short notes every time, as long as all your sources are listed in the bibliography. It’s best to check with your instructor if you’re unsure which rule to follow.
Multiple authors in Chicago notes
When a source has multiple authors, list up to three in your note citations. When there are four or more, use “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”).
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
A Chicago footnote or endnote citation always contains the author’s name and the title of the source. The other elements vary by the type of source you’re citing.
Page number(s) should be included if you are referring to a specific part of the text. The elements of the citation are separated by commas , and the note always ends with a period. The page range is separated by an en dash .
Navigate through the Chicago citation examples using the tabs below.
- Book chapter
- Journal article
When citing a book , if an edition is specified, include it in abbreviated form (e.g., 2nd ed.). If the book was accessed online, add a URL.
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago book citation example](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Chicago-book-citation-example-2.webp)
Full note | Author full name, , edition. (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), page numbers, URL. |
---|---|
Short note | Author last name, , page number(s). |
When citing a chapter from a multi-authored book, start with details of the chapter, followed by details of the book.
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago book chapter citation example](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Chicago-chapter-book-chapter-example.webp)
Full note | Author full name, “Chapter Title,” in , ed. Editor full name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s). |
---|---|
Short note | Author last name, “Shortened Chapter Title,” page number(s). |
To cite a journal article , you need to specify the volume and issue as well as the date. It’s best to use a DOI instead of a URL.
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago Journal article citation example](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Chicago-Journal-article-example.webp)
Full note | Author full name, “Article Title,” Volume, no. Issue</span? (Year): page number, DOI/URL. |
---|---|
Short note | Author last name, “Shortened Article Title,” page number(s). |
Web pages often have no author or date specified. If the author is unknown, start with the title in a full note, and use the website name as author in a short note. If the publication date is unknown, include the date you accessed the information (e.g., accessed on March 12, 2022).
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago website citation example](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Chicago-website-example.webp)
Full note | Author full name, “Page Title,” Website Title, Month Day, Year, URL. |
---|---|
Short note | Author last name, “Shortened Page Title.” |
The bibliography lists full references for all your sources. It appears at the end of your paper (before any appendices ).
Author names are inverted in the bibliography, and sources are alphabetized by author last name. Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied to sources that run over onto multiple lines.
If a source has multiple authors, list up to 10 in the bibliography. If there are 11 or more, list the first seven followed by “et al.”
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Example of a Chicago Style bibliography](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Example-of-a-Chicago-Style-bibliography.webp)
When to include a bibliography
It is not mandatory to include a bibliography if you have cited your sources with full notes. However, it is recommended to include one in most cases, with the exception of very short texts with few sources.
Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether to include one.
Chicago style bibliography examples (notes and bibliography)
Bibliography entries vary in format according to source type. Formats and examples for some common source types are shown below.
Format | Author last name, first name. . Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. URL. |
Example | Covey, Stephen. . New York: Free Press, 1989. |
Format | Author last name, first name. “Chapter Title.” In , edited by Editor first name last name, page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. |
Example | Stewart, Bob. “Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership.” In , edited by John Jaimeson, 220–90. Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007. |
Format | Author last name, first name. “Article Title.” Volume, no. Issue (Month Year): Page range. DOI/URL. |
Example | Datta, Hannes. “The Challenge of Retaining Customers Acquired with Free Trials.” 52, no. 52 (April 2015): 217–34. www.jstor.org/stable/43832354. |
Format | Author last name, first name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. |
Example | Caulfield, Jack. “How To Do Thematic Analysis.” Scribbr. September 6, 2019. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/. |
In the (social) sciences, you may be told to use author-date style instead. In this style, citations appear in parentheses in the text.
Unlike note citations, author-date citations look the same for all source types .
Reference list
Author-date citations are always accompanied by a reference list. The reference list is similar to a bibliography: It appears at the end of your text and lists all your sources in full.
The only difference is that the publication year comes straight after the author name, to match with the in-text citations. For example, the book reference from above looks like this in author-date style.
Chicago Author-Date Quick Guide
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In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “
In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”
Full note | Short note | Bibliography | |
---|---|---|---|
2 authors | Anna Burns and Robert Smith | Burns and Smith | Burns, Anna, and Robert Smith. |
3 authors | Anna Burns, Robert Smith, and Judith Green | Burns, Smith, and Green | Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, and Judith Green. |
4+ authors | Anna Burns et al. | Burns et al. | Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, Judith Green, and Maggie White. |
The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .
To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .
In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.
Type | Example |
---|---|
Full note | 1. “An Introduction to Research Methods,” Scribbr, accessed June 11, 2020, https://www.scribbr.com/category/methodology/. |
Short note | 2. Scribbr, “Research Methods.” |
Bibliography | Scribbr. “An Introduction to Research Methods.” Accessed June 11, 2020. https://www.scribbr.com/category/methodology/. |
In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.
When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :
If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”
Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:
- You’re quoting from the text.
- You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
- You’re referring to information from a specific section.
When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.
In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.
However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.
In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.
In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.
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Cite A Dissertation in Chicago Manual of Style citation style
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- Select style:
- Archive material
- Chapter of an edited book
- Conference proceedings
- Dictionary entry
- Dissertation
- DVD, video, or film
- E-book or PDF
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Notes-Bibliography Format
Reference list.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
In-text citation
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Author-Date Format
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How To: Citation and Style Guides
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Chicago Manual of Style Publication Manual
Chicago Manual of Style Basics
- Chicago Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style.
- Turabian Quick Guide A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.
Please note: Chicago Manual of Style has two different citation options:
- Notes-Bibliography Style
- Author-Date Reference Style
If you are unsure which one to use, please contact your instructor.
Chicago Manual of Style Formatting
Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List
- Chicago Style Citation Guide An excellent guide to using the Chicago style citation format from Western Oregon University Library.
- Chicago Style Citation Guide (Seattle) This useful guide from the Seattle Central Community College Library covers the basics of the Chicago citation style in an easy to use format.
- Chicago Style Guide Chicago citation style guide from the Santa Fe College (Gainesville, FL) Library.
Other Resources
- Term Paper Handbook for Chicago (Turabian) Style A detailed guide on how to format your research paper in the Chicago citation style from the Sierra College Writing Center. Includes examples citations of notes and a bibliography.
Chicago Manual of Style Citation and Research Paper Examples
Citation Examples
- Citation Examples from the Chicago Manual of Style Online
Research Paper Examples
- Chicago Style Sample Paper (Purdue OWL) An example of a paper written in the Chicago citation style, including extensive explanatory notes and examples. (Footnotes and bibliography.)
- Chicago Style Sample Research Paper: Notes/Bibliography Style OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Notes and Bibliography (NB) Style
- Chicago Style Sample Paper: Author/Date Style OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Author/Date Style
Chicago Manual of Style Tutorials
- Chicago Style: The Basics A video tutorial created by the OWL at Purdue.
- Chicago Manual of Style Citations Tutorial This tutorial from Western Michigan University Libraries covers the difference between the two basic citation styles used in CMOS.
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Cite a Dissertation in Chicago
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Check your paper before your teacher does!
Avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is your source credible don’t forget to consider these factors., purpose : reason the source exists.
- Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
- Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
- Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
- Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?
Authority - Author: Source of the information
- Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
- What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
- Is there clearly defined contact information for the author?
Authority - Publisher: Source of the information
- Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organization? How might this affect their point of view?
- What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
- What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.
Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic
Currency : timeliness of the information.
- When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
- How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?
Comprehensiveness
- Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
- Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
- Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition
Chicago style for students and researchers.
Ninth Edition
Kate L. Turabian
- Bestselling, trusted, and time-tested advice for writing research papers
- The best interpretation of Chicago style for higher education students and researchers
- Definitive, clear, and easy to read, with plenty of examples
- Shows how to compose a strong research question, construct an evidence-based argument, cite sources, and structure work in a logical way
- Essential for anyone interested in learning about research
- Everything any student or teacher needs to know concerning paper writing
A website for the book, including our Quick Citation Guide.
464 pages | 11 halftones, 22 line drawings, 12 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2018
Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing
Language and Linguistics: Language--Reference
Library Science and Publishing: Publishing
Reference and Bibliography
Rhetoric and Communication
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“Without doubt, for anyone interested in learning about research—what it is, where one goes to pursue it, how to do it, what it entails and means, why it is important (now more so than ever before)— A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers is the place to begin. It will likely show people new to the field a way forward and offer experienced researchers the means to test established modes of operation. This book will not fail you, today or tomorrow, at home or in the library. Look for it at a bookstore near you or online.”
Thomas R. Claire | Publishing Research Quarterly
“Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations continues a tradition of providing one of the best interpretations of The Chicago Manual of Style for higher education students and researchers in this ninth edition. The writing style is clear and easy to read, with examples illustrating proper formatting of items.”
Cynthia Goode | American Reference Books Annual
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Praise for a previous edition | Booklist
“This definitive handbook supplies information on about everything any student or teacher may desire to know concerning paper writing.”
Praise for a previous edition | Quill and Scroll
“Kate L. Turabian was our trusted guide and mentor, the absolute authority, the one who knew all there was to know about the strange world of proper term papers. . . . To write a term paper without a well-worn copy of Turabian handy was unthinkable. Our writing on term papers might be weak, our research haphazard, our insights sophomoric, but, thanks to Kate L. Turabian, our footnotes could always be absolutely flawless.”
Praise for a previous edition | Seattle Post-Intelligencer
"Indispensable. . . . Turabian is everything a student researcher might need save a grammar guide and training in specific research methods. . . . When you consider the sheer wealth of material contained or cited in Turabian, its US $18.00 paperback and eBook list price is an absolute steal."
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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in Chicago Footnote Referencing
- 2-minute read
- 6th May 2020
Have you found useful ideas or data in someone else’s dissertation or thesis to support an argument in your own work? Our guide below explains how to cite a thesis or dissertation correctly in the Chicago footnote style.
Footnote Citation for a Thesis or Dissertation
The Chicago Manual of Style ’s footnote referencing system uses superscript numbers to point to citations. For instance:
Usually at the end of a sentence, like this. 1
The footnote format for a thesis or dissertation in Chicago referencing is similar to the one used for a book . The main difference is that you should use quote marks instead of italics for the title:
n. Author name, “Title of paper” (type of paper, academic institution, year of completion), page number, URL/database name (document ID).
Of course, you only need to give a URL or database name and ID if you accessed the paper online! To cite page 42 of John Smith’s printed PhD thesis, then, your footnote would look like this:
1. John Smith, “Useful Ideas for Research” (PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006), 42.
If you’re citing only an abstract, simply add the word “abstract” after the title:
2. Tom Persson, “Great Thoughts and Stuff,” abstract, (master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012), 81, https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.
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For repeat citations, use the standard shortened footnote format .
The Bibliography Entry
The bibliography entry for a thesis or dissertation will be similar to the first footnote citation. However, there are a few differences in the format:
- You will need to use a period between each element, not a comma.
- The first author’s name should be inverted (i.e., “Surname, First Name”)
- You do not need parentheses for the additional paper information (i.e., the paper type, institution, and year of completion).
- No page number is required.
So, bibliography entries for these sources should look like this:
Author Surname, Author First Name. “Title of paper.” Type of paper, academic institution, year of completion. URL/database ID.
Thus, you would present your bibliography entries as follows:
Persson, Tom. “Great Thoughts and Stuff.” Abstract. Master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012. https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.
Smith, John. “Useful Ideas for Research.” PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006.
The points above will help you cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago footnote referencing. Want further help checking your references and writing are error free? Our team of expert proofreaders is available 24/7.
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Research Guides
Gould library, how to cite your sources.
- Tools and Handbooks
Chicago Quick Guides!
Video examples of chicago manual of style, citing other publication types.
- Citing Government Documents
- Citing Rare Books
- Citing Archival Material
- Image Credits and Captions
- Informal Attribution
Style Guides
What does an Annotated Bibliography look like?
- Chicago Manual of Style: Annotated bibliography example Remember that your annotated bibliographies are not simply lists. They are creative, rhetorical devices that map out the scholarly conversation on a topic.
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- Chicago Style - Books (Video)
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- Notes & Bibliography
- Author-Date
(N) = footnote or endnote style ; (B) = Bibliography style
Your bibliography should be alphabetized by author last name. For works that do not have an author, alphabetize by item title (omitting articles like "a" or "the"). Your bibliography should also be formatted using Hanging Indents .
Newspaper Article/Newspapers
(N) "Shipping News," New York Herald , December 4, 1868, Readex America's Historical Newspapers.
(B) The New York Herald, 1868-1878.
(B) The Ohio State Journal (Columbus, Ohio) April 1-20, 1900.
- See: 14.191: Basic citation format for newspaper articles
- Newspapers are more commonly cited in notes or parenthetical references than in bibliographies.
- An example from the Carleton History Department on how to cite a newspaper in a bibliography (if needed)
(N) 1. “Balkan Romani,” Endangered Languages, Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, accessed September 2, 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20220822122125/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.
- See 14.207: Citing web pages and websites for other options : Include a publication date or date of revision or modification if possible; else, access date
- See 14.10: Short forms for URLs for help with long, weird URLs
- You may also choose to cite to the Internet Archive instead of the live website
Images and Art
(N) 1. Michelangelo Buonarroti, The Slave , 1513-15, marble, 2.09 m., Paris, The Louvre.
(B) Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Slave , 1513-15. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.
- See: 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture
- See: Best practices for Creative Commons attribution
If citing images found in published works or online collections, cite them similarly to book chapters, articles, or web pages within website, with the artist in the author position and the image title in the chapter title, article title, or webpage title position.
Data Sets & DH Projects
(N) 1. Creator, Title (Place: Publisher, Year), link.
(B) Creator. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. link.
(N) 1. The World Bank. Washington Development Indicators . (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
(B) The World Bank. World Development Indicators . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
- See: Example of how to cite different parts of a digital humanities project
Primary Sources in a Republished Source
When possible, always find and cite the original. If this is absolutely impossible, you may need to cite a primary source that is republished in a secondary source.
Follow whatever citation rules apply to your specific item type; for instance, because this example is a newspaper article, there's only a short bibliography entry. If this were a different item type, the bibliography entry might look different.
(N) 1. [Complete citation for the older/original item; see Archival Citations or above for help], quoted in [Complete citation for newer/secondary source; see above for help], page #, URL/doi.
(B) [Complete citation for the older/original item; see Archival Citations or above for help]. Quoted in [Complete citation for newer/secondary source; see above for help]. URL/doi.
(N) 1. Itthi, "Love Problems of the Third Sex -- Solved by Go Pakhnam" [in Thai], Plaek , July 7, 1976, quoted in Peter A. Jackson, First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go’s Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016), 196-197, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4sqf .
(B) Plaek . July 7, 1976. Quoted in Peter A. Jackson. First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go’s Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4sqf .
- See: 14.260: Citations taken from secondary sources
- See: Citing Primary Sources Published in Edited Collections (Trent University)
If citing images or art that stand alone:
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. 1513-15. The Slav e. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.
Creator. Year. Title . Place: Publisher. link
The World Bank. 2012. World Development Indicators . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
Lastname, Firstname. Year. Title . Performed by Firstname Lastname. Place: Studio. Format.
Wong, John. 1999. Cool People at the Libe. Directed by Cat Toff. Northfield: Gould Libe. DVD.
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All you need to know about citations
How to cite a master's thesis in Chicago
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago style master's thesis citation](https://www.bibguru.com/guides/img/chicago-masters-thesis-citation-400x400.png)
To cite a master's thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:
- Author(s) of the thesis: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For more than seven authors, list the first seven names followed by et al.
- Title of the thesis: Give the title in quotation marks.
- Degree: Type of degree.
- University: Give the name of the institution.
- Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a master's thesis in Chicago style 17th edition:
Author(s) of the thesis . " Title of the thesis ." Degree , University , Year of publication .
Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Chicago style guidelines in action:
A psychology master's thesis with one author
Bauger, Lars . " Personality, Passion, Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being among Junior Elite Athletes in Norway ." Master's Thesis , University of Tromsø , 2011 .
A master's thesis with one author
Aube, Kyle Eric . " A Comparison of Water Main Failure Prediction Models in San Luis Obispo, CA ." Master's Thesis , Cal Poly , 2019 .
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This citation style guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition).
More useful guides
- Chicago Citation Quickguide
- How to Cite A Dissertation
- Citing and referencing: University theses and dissertations
More great BibGuru guides
- AMA: how to cite a magazine article
- APA: how to cite a newspaper article
- MLA: how to cite an undergraduate thesis
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style
Chicago/Turabian Style Guide
Need Chicago or Turabian style for a paper you are writing? This guide has everything you need to know about Chicago style according to the latest standards.
This page follows the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and the 9th edition of the Turabian guide ( A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations ), though this guide is not officially connected with either.
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
Here’s what you’ll find on this page:
What is chicago style what is turabian, paper formatting guidelines, citing your sources, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, formatting your bibliography or reference list, other chicago guides.
- Introduction to the Chicago and Turabian styles
- Paper formatting guidelines
- When and what you need to cite when writing a paper
- Notes and bibliography style
- Author-date style
- Bibliography and reference list formatting tips
You may have heard the terms “Chicago” and “Turabian” used interchangeably and wondered what the difference is. Simply put, they are just about the same.
Turabian is a simpler version of Chicago style meant for students who are writing materials that will not be published. Since the CMOS is meant for material that is intended for publication, it’s often used by scholars, publishers, and other professional academics. The Turabian guide is shorter and includes information on formatting rules, the basics of researching and writing academic papers, and citation style. Despite these differences, these two books work in tandem; both are considered to be official Chicago style.
Since Chicago style is typically used for manuscripts that will be published, The Chicago Manual of Style does not offer many guidelines for paper formatting. This is because publishers each have their own house styles and authors must follow these exactly. There are a few areas where guidance is offered.
- Manuscripts : Generally, manuscripts should be double-spaced (CMOS 2.8). Exceptions are block quotations, table titles, and lists in appendixes, which should be single-spaced, and certain front matter (e.g., table of contents), footnotes or endnotes, and bibliographies and reference lists, which should be single-spaced internally but have a blank line between each separate item (Turabian A.1.3).
- Spaces at the end of sentences and after colons : Chicago recommends one space (CMOS 2.9; Turabian A.1.3).
- Margins : Margins should be at least one inch on all four sides (CMOS 2.10). Certain forms of writing like dissertations or theses may require a larger margin on the left side to allow room for binding, but each institution will have different requirements (Turabian A.1.1).
- Justification : Text should be justified to the left (CMOS 2.10).
- Font : Turabian recommends using a font that is both readable and readily available to most people such as Times New Roman or Arial. Times New Roman font size should be no smaller than 12-point and Arial no smaller than 10-point. Footnotes and endnotes may require different sizing and you should refer to your instructor’s guidelines (Turabian A.1.2).
- Pagination : Pagination of the body of the paper and back matter should use arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). Front matter like the title page and table of contents should use lowercase roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). For the placement of page numbers, the general rule is to adhere to local guidelines and be consistent. (Turabian A.1.4)
For more specific formatting guidelines, you can take a look at the appendix “Paper Format and Submission” in the Turabian manual.
Chicago style has two citation styles to let readers know that you used information from somewhere else and to show them where to find it.
- notes and bibliography style
- author-date style.
Though different, each style allows you to tell your readers how you found your information. If you’re wondering how these two styles differ from parenthetical citations, this guide on footnotes, end notes, and parentheticals contains more details on each method.
The 2 styles
The first style is the notes and bibliography style . This style uses footnotes or endnotes to point readers to the original source of the information. This style also often provides a bibliography at the end that readers consult, but this is not always necessary if sources are cited in full in your text.
The second style is called author-date style . This style uses parenthetical in-text citation to let readers know to look at the reference list at the end to find the full citation for the information you have used.
Here’s a chart to compare these two citation styles:
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago Notes and bib author-date comparison](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Chicgao-Notes-and-bib-1024x818.webp)
You must cite your source in any of the following situations:
- If you quote a source exactly
- If you reword ideas from a source
- If you use any material (e.g., statistics, data, methodology) from a source you read while writing
When citing your sources, you usually need a few key pieces of information:
- Who created the source? This might be an author, editor, translator, or corporate body.
- How can you identify the source? This information will likely include a title, page numbers, volume or issue numbers, and edition.
- What is the publication information? This might include the name of the publishing company, the year of publication, and the name of the journal or book the information is in.
- Where can others find the source? This is important for online sources and singular material like that found in rare book collections or archives. For online material, you’ll want to record a URL or database name if possible. For rare book or archival material, you’ll need the name of the place you found it and the collection name.
Why citing your sources is important Telling your readers where you found your information is a very important part of the writing process. It gives credit to the hard work others have done . It also lets readers know that your information is reliable—they don’t just have to take it from you; they can go see what other researchers have written about the topic.
Citing your sources also helps readers to understand the context of your project . You can show that you understand the work that has already been done and where your own research fits in.
Finally, your readers might want to build on your research. Citing helps them to know where you found your information when readers do their own research. They might even cite you if you formally published your work. You can read more about how to integrate the research of others into your paper in Chapter 7 of the Turabian manual or Chapter 13 in the CMOS.
This style uses superscript numbers at the ends of sentences. These numbers alert readers that the sentence contains information from another source. Each superscript number refers to a note.
The notes are located at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper, chapter, or book (endnotes).
- Footnotes make it very easy for readers to find your source, but they can interrupt the document flow.
- Endnotes tend to reduce distraction on the page, but then the reader must flip pages to find the source you cite.
Unless your instructor has told you otherwise, the choice between footnotes and endnotes is up to you. You just need to be consistent and stick to one style or the other.
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago notes and bibliography footnote shortened form](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Screen-Shot-2020-04-09-at-1.31.53-PM.webp)
Updates to “Ibid” It’s important to note that previous editions of the CMOS encouraged the use of “ibid” when the same source was cited multiple times in a row. “Ibid” is a Latin word meaning “in the same place.”
The 17th edition of the CMOS, however, overturns this recommendation because the use of “ibid” can be confusing for readers and authors can easily cite to the wrong source if they are not careful.
The current recommendation of the CMOS is to always use the shortened form of the citation. If you refer to the same work multiple times in a row, you may leave out the shortened title and just list the author’s last name and the page number to which you are citing (See CMOS 14.34 for more information.).
Full Bibliography If you are including a full bibliography, you might choose only to use shortened citation forms in your footnotes or endnotes. You may also use the shortened structure that omits the title for sources that you cite several times in a row.
Keep in mind that if you cite a different source, you need to use the full shortened structure the next time you cite from a source you have used before. Here’s an example:
- Robisheaux, Langenburg , 58
- Robisheaux, 59.
- Robisheaux, 70.
- Cyrus, Scribes , 80.
- Robisheaux, Langenburg , 95.
Citation Examples Here are a few examples of citation structures in the notes and bibliography style. For more examples and information on this style, check out the EasyBib Chicago footnotes guide.
Journal article:
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago Notes Bibliography journal example](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Screen-Shot-2020-04-09-at-1.46.02-PM.webp)
Newspaper or magazine article:
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago Notes Bibliography newspaper example](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Screen-Shot-2020-04-09-at-1.47.03-PM.webp)
This style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list to guide readers to the sources you cite. The in-text citation generally includes the:
- Author’s last name
- Year of publication
- Page numbers referenced
Using the parenthetical citation, the reader can then look at the reference list and find full information for the source.The reference list for this style is usually titled “References” or “Works Cited” and is organized in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. The parenthetical in-text citation always comes at the end of a sentence, and is placed before the final punctuation.
In-text citation example Nicholson’s study reveals a great deal about the general practices of ARL institutions in regard to the technical processing of these personal libraries. About half of the institutions kept the personal libraries shelved together and half used a Library of Congress classification scheme (Nicholson 2010, 114-115).
In the reference list, the citation would appear as follows:
Nicholson, Joseph R. 2010. “Making Personal Libraries More Public: A Study of the Technical Processing of Personal Libraries in ARL Institutions.” RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 11, no. 2 (Fall): 106-133.
Additional Examples Here are more examples of parenthetical in-text citations and their full citations as they would appear in the reference list. There are even more guides linked at the bottom of this page.
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago author-date Book example](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Screen-Shot-2020-04-09-at-1.52.25-PM.webp)
Social media:
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation Chicago author-date social media example](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Screen-Shot-2020-04-09-at-1.56.54-PM.webp)
In-text citation examples
When building in-text citations, you might come across more complicated citations. This chart shows some of the most common citation types you will come across and how to build in-text citations for them.
![chicago manual of style citation dissertation](https://www.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Screen-Shot-2020-04-09-at-1.59.36-PM.webp)
Bibliographies and reference lists are located at the end of your paper. You should include every source you cite in your bibliography or reference list.
Here are a few guidelines to follow:
- Center your title (either “Bibliography” or “Reference List”) at the top of the page.
- Organize entries alphabetically by the last name of the author (or title if no author is known).
- Each entry should be single-spaced with a blank line between entries.
- Each entry should also have a half-inch hanging indent.
3-em dashes
While sometimes 3-em dashes are used in bibliographies and reference lists in repeated list entries under the same author, the 17th edition of CMOS actually recommends that authors not do this in citation lists (CMOS 14.67 and 15.17).
Using 3-em dashes can cause a number of problems and it is best to just use the author’s name each time, especially if submitting your work for formal publication.
If your editor or publisher wants to use the 3-em dash, they will insert them where necessary. You can also check with your teacher and see what they want you to do.
For more guidelines for formatting bibliographies and reference lists, see CMOS 14 and 15 and Chapters 16 and 18 in the Turabian guide.
Citation Basics
- Fundamentals of Chicago Citation
- How to Cite a Book
- How to Cite a Chapter
- How to Cite an E-book
- How to Cite the Bible
Periodicals
- How to Cite a Journal
- How to Cite a Newspaper
- How to Cite a Magazine
Online Content
- How to Cite a Blog
- How to Cite a Website
- How to Cite a Tweet
- How to Cite a Video on YouTube
Audio / Video / Photo / Art
- How to Cite a Film
- How to Cite a Musical Recording
- How to Cite a Painting
- How to Cite a Podcast
- How to Cite a Photo
- How to Cite Sheet Music
- How to Cite a TV/Radio Broadcast
Academic Sources
- How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation
- How to Cite a Conference Paper
- How to Cite a Lecture
Other Source Types
- How to Cite a Report
- How to Cite Interview
- How to Cite a Mobile App
Reference Materials
- How to Cite an Encyclopedia
- How to Cite a Dictionary
Bibliography:
The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
Published October 31, 2011. Updated April 9, 2020.
Written by Janice Hansen . Janice has a doctorate in literature and a master’s degree in library science. She spends a lot of time with rare books and citations.
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Chicago Citation Examples
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Mindfullness & COVID-19
- General Format Rules
- General Rules – Bibliography
- Encyclopedia & Dictionary
- Government Publication
- Social media
- Dissertation/Thesis
- Online Video
- Audio/Podcast
- Lecture/Speech
Chicago Style Guide
Blue text | Replace with information from source |
Purple bold text | Text required by the Chicago style |
[Gray text in brackets] | Tips |
Thesis/Dissertation – Chicago Bibliography
General tips.
- Titles of unpublished works appear in quotation marks—not in italics. This treatment is applied to theses and dissertations.
Thesis/Dissertation Print
Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year .
1. Mihwa Choi, "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty," (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).
2. Choi "Contesting Imaginaires".
Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.
Thesis/Dissertation Commercial Database
For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. This dissertation cited below is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest's database for dissertations and theses.
Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year . Database name ( accession number ).
Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss.,, University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).
Thesis/Dissertation Web
Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year . http:// www.url.com
Johnson, Shakela Carion. "An Examination of the Social Characteristics and Beliefs of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth." PhD thesis. Auburn University, 2007. http://search.proquest.com/docview/304897390?accountid=12528
1. Mihwa Choi, "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty," (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008), ProQuest (AAT 3300426).
Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).
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A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.
THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:
- comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
- authoritative guidance on all matters of style
- updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th edition
- thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
- extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments
Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.
Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.
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Reference Examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .
To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.
When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.
Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).
Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .
Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10
Related handouts
- Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
- Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)
Textual Works
Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.
- Journal Article References
- Magazine Article References
- Newspaper Article References
- Blog Post and Blog Comment References
- UpToDate Article References
- Book/Ebook References
- Diagnostic Manual References
- Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
- Classroom Course Pack Material References
- Religious Work References
- Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
- Dictionary Entry References
- Wikipedia Entry References
- Report by a Government Agency References
- Report with Individual Authors References
- Brochure References
- Ethics Code References
- Fact Sheet References
- ISO Standard References
- Press Release References
- White Paper References
- Conference Presentation References
- Conference Proceeding References
- Published Dissertation or Thesis References
- Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
- ERIC Database References
- Preprint Article References
Data and Assessments
Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.
- Data Set References
- Toolbox References
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.
- Artwork References
- Clip Art or Stock Image References
- Film and Television References
- Musical Score References
- Online Course or MOOC References
- Podcast References
- PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
- Radio Broadcast References
- TED Talk References
- Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
- YouTube Video References
Online Media
Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.
- Facebook References
- Instagram References
- LinkedIn References
- Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
- TikTok References
- X References
- Webpage on a Website References
- Clinical Practice References
- Open Educational Resource References
- Whole Website References
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Theses & Dissertations. CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations. Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics. This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books. The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these ...
This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. Guide Overview. Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database; Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web; Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses. Important Elements: 1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp. 1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . .
Example 1 - Print. N: 1. Lindsey Bingley, "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959" (master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006), 58.
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography. If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name of the database and, in parentheses, any ...
Chicago Style Citation Guide | Templates & Citation Examples. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) contains guidelines for two styles of citation: notes and bibliography and author-date.. Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes, with a ...
Chicago Style 17th Edition - Thesis or Dissertation Notes Basic Format Author(s). "Title of Thesis or Dissertation." (PhD diss., Name of University, Year), page number(s) if applicable. Examples 1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, " King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues" (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99-100. 2. Garcia, Maria.
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
To cite a dissertation thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:. Author(s) of the dissertation: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson).
Chicago style according to The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition and A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Turabian). The Writing Centers of TTU 806.742.2476 Schedule a consultation at Weeks Hall, 3 rd Floor For UWC ext ... bottom of the page to see the citation. Endnotes use the same numbering in the body ...
Use the following template to cite a dissertation using the Chicago Manual of Style (16 th edition) citation style. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS ...
Chicago Manual of Style Basics. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style. A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.
BibMe lets you easily and automatically create dissertation citations and build your bibliography in Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition (note-bib). It's accurate and free! Plagiarism and grammar
"Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations continues a tradition of providing one of the best interpretations of The Chicago Manual of Style for higher education students and researchers in this ninth edition. The writing style is clear and easy to read, with examples illustrating proper formatting of ...
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
Footnote Citation for a Thesis or Dissertation. The Chicago Manual of Style's footnote referencing system uses superscript numbers to point to citations. For instance: Usually at the end of a sentence, like this. 1. The footnote format for a thesis or dissertation in Chicago referencing is similar to the one used for a book. The main ...
Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide: Author-Date (ch 15) Compiled and published by the Chicago Manual of Style (science & social science). Contains examples for how to cite: Book; Chapter or other part of an edited book; Translated book; E-book; Journal article; News or magazine article; Book review; Interview; Personal communication; Thesis or ...
The most well-known example of this is perhaps Turabian style, named for Kate L. Turabian, an American educator and writer. She developed this style as a condensed version of the Chicago Manual of Style in order to present a more concise set of rules to students. 3. There are Some Really Specific and Uniquely Named Citation Styles
To cite a master's thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:. Author(s) of the thesis: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson).
This guide has everything you need to know about Chicago style according to the latest standards. This page follows the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and the 9th edition of the Turabian guide (A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations), though this guide is not officially connected with either.
Thesis/Dissertation - Chicago Bibliography General tips. Titles of unpublished works appear in quotation marks—not in italics. This treatment is applied to theses and dissertations. Thesis/Dissertation Print. Format: Last, First M. "Thesis/Dissertation Title." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis, Academic institution, Year. Example: 1.
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out ...
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference ...
A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as "Turabian"—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that ...
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...