education justice articles

Why Access to Education is Key to Systemic Equality

All students have a right to an equal education, but students of color — particularly Black and Brown students and students with disabilities, have historically been marginalized and criminalized by the public school system. The ACLU has been working to challenge unconstitutional disciplinary policies in schools, combat classroom censorship efforts that disproportionately impact marginalized students, and support race conscious admission policies to increase access to higher education.

Let’s break down why education equity is critical to the fight for systemic equality.

What does “education equity” mean, and why is it a civil rights issue?

Education equity means all students have equal access to a high quality education, safe learning environment, and a diverse student body that enriches the educational experiences of all students.

As the Supreme Court said in Brown v. Board of Education , education “is the very foundation of good citizenship.” Through education, young people learn important values about our culture and democratic society, and about their own values and relationships to others in this society. In addition to being an important foundation for kids’ and young adults’ future professional success, education allows individuals to be informed voters and participants in democratic processes, and public education is the first experience most people will have with the government.

For all of these reasons, equity in education is a critical foundation for a democratic society in which people of all backgrounds are equally included. Without equal opportunities to obtain an education, they will not be able to participate equally in jobs, in voting, and in other crucial areas of life. And when students are not able to learn together, this harms their ability to work together and live and engage with one another later in life.

What was the foundational Supreme Court case aimed at addressing discrimination in education nationwide?

Modern understandings of educational equity have their roots in Brown v. Board of Education , the 1954 landmark Supreme Court decision that ordered an end to school segregation and held racial segregation in education violates the Equal Protection Clause of the constitution. The ACLU played an important role in the Brown litigation, and has continued to fight for education equity on many fronts in the decades since.

What is the “school-to-prison pipeline”?

The school-to-prison pipeline refers to school discipline practices, such as suspensions and referrals to law enforcement, that funnel youth out of the classroom and into the juvenile and criminal legal systems.

This trend reflects our country’s prioritization of incarceration over education, and it's made worse as resources for public schools are cut. From inadequate resources for counseling to an overreliance on school-based police officers to enforce harsh zero-tolerance policies, many students — overwhelmingly students of color and students with disabilities — are isolated, punished, and pushed out of our education system for typical childish behavior and behaviors associated with disabilities.

Cops and No Counselors

How the lack of school mental health staff is harming students.

Source: American Civil Liberties Union

Even a single suspension or disciplinary infraction can have enormous consequences for a child’s education. As a student is pushed further down the school-to-prison pipeline, those consequences escalate quickly. In some jurisdictions, students who have been suspended or expelled have no right to an education at all. In others, they are sent to disciplinary alternative schools.Youth who become involved in the juvenile system are often denied procedural protections in the courts, and students pushed along the pipeline find themselves in juvenile detention facilities, many of which provide few, if any, educational services.

How are Black students, students of color, and students with disabilities disproportionately impacted by discrimination in education? What barriers to higher education exist for students of color?

Black and Brown students and students with disabilities are disproportionately subjected to discipline and referrals to law enforcement that remove them from the classroom and subject them to additional punitive consequences and even physical injury. For example, over the 2017-2018 school year, Black students accounted for 28.7 percent of all students referred to law enforcement and 31.6 percent of all students arrested at school or during a school-related activity — despite representing just 15.1 percent of the total enrolled student population.

Our country’s schools are increasingly diverse, but also increasingly segregated . Students of all races are harmed by the inability to learn with one another in diverse school settings. Black and Latine students are also more likely to attend schools that are intensely segregated both by race and by socioeconomic status. Students of color are also less likely to have access to advanced courses, and are frequently tracked away from college preparatory courses when they do exist.

Moving Beyond the Supreme Court’s Affirmative Action Rulings

The work to ensure educational opportunities for people of color continues, despite the court’s decision.

Inequities in K-12 education can be replicated in college and university admissions criteria. As with elementary and secondary schools, colleges and universities are required to ensure that educational opportunities are open to all students from the application stage and through student’s experiences during their college education. There are a wide range of things that colleges and universities can do to ensure that educational opportunities are open to people of all backgrounds.

What non-punitive responses should schools take when approaching school discipline issues? What non-punitive resources should schools invest in?

There are a range of evidence-based methods schools can use to respond to the behavioral needs of students. These range from strategies that teachers and schools can use to foster a positive learning culture and model, to interventions addressing particular disciplinary issues, such as conflict de-escalation or restorative justice, to using functional behavioral assessments and wraparound support for those students with higher levels of need.

Additionally, schools that employed more mental health providers saw improved student engagement and graduation rates . Schools that used other types of support, including restorative and trauma-informed practices, saw beneficial results, including reduced disciplinary incidents, suspensions, dropouts, and expulsions. Investing in mental health resources, support personnel, and interventions that promote positive student interactions can make schools safer and healthier learning environments, while also helping to combat the discriminatory school-to-prison pipeline that targets students of color and students with disabilities.

How do classroom censorship efforts (i.e. laws that block students and teachers from talking and learning about race and gender) lead to inequality in education?

Instruction about racism and sexism belongs in schools because it equips students to process the world around them and to live in a multicultural society.

Attacks on education have morphed from demands to exclude critical race theory from classrooms to ever-increasingly devious and dangerous demands to erase entire concepts from American history. Book bans, so-called transparency laws designed to intimidate educators into compliance, and attacks on individual expression have left our education system at the mercy of a hostile and discriminatory minority. Students can’t learn in that type of environment. Our future depends on educational institutions that value instruction about systemic racism and sexism. We need to expand culturally relevant instruction and increase funding for diversity, equity, and inclusion in schools, not attack it for its role in uplifting the systematically oppressed.

What can colleges do to ensure they create opportunities for students of color in light of the recent Supreme Court decision effectively eliminating the use of affirmative action in college admissions?

Affirmative action in college admissions has been an important tool, but it is not the only avenue for ensuring that educational opportunities are open to all. In the absence of affirmative action, it is more important than ever that schools work to identify and remove inequitable barriers to higher education. At a minimum, schools must continue to comply with federal and state civil rights laws that require them to provide educational opportunities on an equal basis. They can achieve this by ensuring that policies and practices do not unnecessarily limit opportunities for people on the basis of race or ethnicity (or other protected characteristics, including disability, sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity) and by ensuring that school climate enables all students to access and engage with educational opportunities .

What does the ACLU’s work in education equity look like today?

The ACLU and our affiliates around the country are challenging disciplinary policies that disparately target students of color and students with disabilities and infringe on their right to a safe learning environment. This includes litigation, such as our recent victory resulting in the end to charging students with “disorderly conduct” or “disturbing schools” in South Carolina schools, and advocacy, such as the ACLU of Idaho’s recent report Proud to be Brown and the related civil rights complaint. The report documents how school districts in Idaho are jeopardizing Latine students’ civil rights and liberties by enforcing “gang” dress codes that target mostly Latine students in a discriminatory way, and have negative consequences on their cultural identity, discipline, and education.

CYAP v. Wilson

The ACLU Union filed a federal lawsuit challenging South Carolina’s “disturbing schools” law.

We are also fighting back against efforts to ban books and restrict what students can learn about race, gender, and sexual orientation. In Florida, for example, we’re challenging the state’s harmful Stop WOKE Act. We continue to press for equity in higher education following the Supreme Court’s ruling on affirmative action, and defend against attacks on diversity in K-12 schools.

From K-12 to higher education, the ACLU is working to combat discrimination in education and ensure all people have equal access to safe, quality education.

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Defining Social Justice in Education

Comparative Perspectives from Practitioners and Scholars

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• First Online: 01 October 2020
• Cite this living reference work entry

• John C. Pijanowski 2 &
• Kevin P. Brady 2  

Part of the book series: Springer International Handbooks of Education ((SIHE))

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The definition of social justice in education is neither universally agreed upon nor has it remained static over time. Concepts of fairness, social recognition, diversity, inclusion, and antibias are among the main concepts that constitute how scholars think about, and educators practice, social justice in their work. Although conceptualizing social justice and the ways social justice looks in the field do not always align, they do inform each other, and university educator preparation programs provide a unique bridge between theory and practice. Although there have been notable attempts to co-opt and limit the social justice lexicon, over time ideas about what social justice means have grown to be more eclectic, not more exclusive. Moreover, initially disparate ideas about justice have found connections in philosophy and practice, and inform each other in interesting ways that help guide educators in how to conceive of, engage in, and measure transformative social justice action. This chapter traces the tensions, collaborations, and evolution of how social justice in education has been defined over time and across far-flung corners of the education enterprise. The primary questions this work considers are: (1) How do scholars conceptualize and advocate for social justice in theory and practice? (2) How do practitioners engage in the practice of social justice? (3) Where do practitioners draw their theoretical understanding of, and ideas for, practicing, social justice?

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Social Justice: Why It Matters and How It Can Be Implemented in a Classroom

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Pijanowski, J.C., Brady, K.P. (2020). Defining Social Justice in Education. In: Mullen, C.A. (eds) Handbook of Social Justice Interventions in Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29553-0_106-1

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What Is Social Justice Education Anyway?

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The notion of social justice pedagogy has become pertinent in education, especially in urban communities that have a history of being oppressed through schooling. To practice social justice teaching and learning practices is to truly see students for who they are and where they come from. But what does it mean to see students? Seeing students requires teachers to recognize them as valuable contributors to the classroom space, as opposed to social, cultural, and academic burdens on the so-called master in the room—the teacher.

A social justice education is centered in democracy and the freedom to exercise one’s full humanity. Conceptions of equity and democracy have always been practically and theoretically connected to the field of education, which is often perceived as the greatest human equalizer. Although there is some truth to this, it is important to understand that the notion of meritocracy is flawed, especially when you come from economically marginalized communities. If you work hard and get straight As in school, it does not automatically mean that you will attain social mobility. This is the very nature of capitalism: Somebody wins, and many people lose. This is particularly true if you are from a poor or working-class community.

Many people think that social justice education is optional, something cool to do during a special professional-development session.

What I am describing here is social reproduction theory, developed by Karl Marx, to illustrate the ways that social inequality is passed on from one generation to the next. What does this have to do with education? Well, we must begin to look at education intersectionally. We cannot talk about schools, without addressing race, class, gender, ability, sexuality, and politics, because education is a political act. To ignore intersectionality within schools erases the very identities present in our classrooms and in our respective communities, every day.

As the director of a teacher-education program, one of my primary goals upon stepping into this role was building a vision that honors social justice teaching and learning practices. In one of my courses on curriculum and instruction, I implore students to look at curriculum as a primary mechanism for making the world a more equitable place.

We learn curricular theories from the likes of John Dewey and bell hooks. We use these theories as lenses to better understand ourselves, those who are different from us, and the various communities we all represent. Through this process, students begin to come to terms with the ways that their own education has been oppressive, while thinking through solutions for not repeating the cycle, once they step into the classroom.

However, I must admit that this work is not easy, primarily because many people think that social justice education is optional , something cool to do during a special professional-development session. As I continue to push for social justice education across all urban teacher education courses, everyone initially agrees to do this work. But agreeing and implementing social justice pedagogy are two different things.

One can agree that education is a great human equalizer, yet there are still schools that have significantly fewer resources and less funding than others. There are still many students, predominantly Black and Brown, who are stereotyped as “below standard” before they are loved, taught, and respected. Teachers are still underpaid and overworked, often blamed for all of the failings of the public education system. However, the problems of the public education system are layered and connected to policymakers, school districts, parents, teachers, students, and deeply entrenched racist ideologies. A surefire way to penetrate the racialized and class-based problems of urban school systems is by adopting a social justice pedagogy.

So what exactly does a social justice pedagogy or model look like?

Here are five social justice-based strategies that will help create a more humanizing, welcoming, and intellectual learning environment in your classroom across grade levels and content areas.

1. Acknowledge who is in the room.

In order to truly teach your students in a way that is humanizing and affirming, you must know who they are and where they come from. This means learning about their respective communities, cultures, and families.

2. Start with the knowledge your students have.

Your students are coming into your classroom with prior knowledge tied to various content areas that are connected to their culturally relevant understandings of the world. Embrace what they already know by implementing it into the curriculum, while building new knowledge alongside them.

3. Create unit plans and curricular maps for the entire year.

Planning for your students ahead of time is key to having the most critical and engaging school year. By using a backwards-design framework centered in equity and inclusivity with regard to your content area, you want to think of where you want your students to be by the end of the year, and work backwards to develop the assessments and activities that will accompany objective mastery.

4. Be honest about who you are and your biases.

We all have biases as a result of living in the United States, which was founded upon white supremacy. As such, it is important to reflect on your personal prejudices. Acknowledging and healing your biases will make you a better social justice educator.

5. Encourage students to question everything, including your teaching.

A social justice classroom is one that is critical in nature, thus, we should be constantly encouraging students to question the world around them as well as the schools they attend. Give students opportunities to critique and construct their own opinions and interpretations of your teaching and the overall school culture.

If we truly want to change the world we live in, education is the best place to start. Considering the rapid transformation of the United States socially, culturally, racially, and linguistically, the only pathway to a more just education system is by adopting a radical and relentless pursuit of social justice teaching and learning practices.

A version of this article appeared in the January 23, 2019 edition of Education Week as What Is Social Justice Education Anyway?

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Incorporating Social Justice in the Curriculum

A framework based on interdisciplinary experiential learning can help teachers approach issues of injustice with middle and high school students.

In several states in the United States, talking about race and racism is currently restricted in one way or another . In the year 2021, not 1950. So how will those of us who are committed anti-biased and anti-racist teachers proceed? With conviction and vigor.

Part of what we need to do is to reimagine education—to apply pedagogical theory to practice, design rigorous and engaging curricula, implement effective lessons, and critically analyze texts and subject matter with students, all while integrating issues of social justice. The teaching of truth is how we will get there. This is an opportunity for us to flex our creative muscles and practice what we preach.

Textured Teaching is one answer to this need. This new framework, which I developed , is centered on culturally sustaining pedagogy  and asks teachers to work with four ideas: flexibility, interdisciplinary design, experiential learning, and a student-driven, community-centered approach. When teachers practice Textured Teaching, they’re working toward social justice—it’s a form of activism in the classroom.

4 Pillars of Textured Teaching

1. Flexibility: Through flexibility of design, structures, assessments, and more, teachers are able to meet students where they are and help them move closer to the desired goals. We’re also flexible about our role with students and our expectations. That flexibility requires that we practice and model for students the bending and pushing we need in order to work toward liberation.

Flexibility also involves pushing against rigid, biased rules that oppress students. For example, in the past there were rules that did not allow African Americans to read, that demanded assimilation from Native children, or that punished bilingualism. Today, there are rules like not allowing students to attend graduation because of the texture or style of their hair, deeming certain cultural attire unacceptable, or discriminating against Black girls in schools.

2. Interdisciplinary design: An interdisciplinary approach to teaching welcomes the integration of many ideas and subjects into the ones we teach. It humanizes students’ learning by welcoming diversity of thought. It allows us to think critically across systems, helps students see the power of our subject area in the “real world,” and supports them in developing a critical eye to analyze how institutions interact to maintain oppression around them.

In a math classroom, for example, this can be accomplished by having students research and study early Mayan pyramids. By considering their design (architecture), doing some basic research (history), and creating drawings (art), students can engage in an interdisciplinary mathematical exercise that is skill based and celebratory of Indigenous creation and intellect.

3. Experiential learning: Through experiential learning, we bring our subject matter to life. We help students see it, feel it, and more fully internalize it. In this way, we are effective at supporting students in developing both skills and empathy. This empathy builds along the way as students find themselves in the shoes of the people they are learning about or deepening their understanding of social issues they are exploring together. It can happen naturally but should be fostered intentionally by the teacher through content design.

For example, when teaching the respiratory system, a science teacher might include issues of asthma and how it impacts the Black community, and engage students in understanding how environmental discrimination plays a role in this problem. The class could take a trip to a local politician’s office to advocate for better living conditions, or to a local agency that is organizing to bring about change for the community.

4. A student-driven and community-centered approach: Lasty, Textured Teaching requires a student-driven and community-centered approach. We should be aiming to help the young people in front of us make sense of the society they live in, find ways to address the problems in it, and work hard to make it better.

With a student-driven approach, teachers welcome the issues that matter to students and focus on their needs versus simply whatever the curriculum demands. Sometimes there is a discrepancy between academic demands and student needs. We work for students, and we should be driven by their needs. This includes surveying them about topics they want to study and leveraging their knowledge for further learning, as well as welcoming their feedback into curriculum design.

Being community centered means being aware of what is going on in the students’ community and incorporating some of that to make lessons and content both relatable and useful. Is the community undergoing radical change due to gentrification? Make space for that in your math classroom through a statistical study of the population shifts. Is there a local climate or land issue? Make it a field trip in your science class and embed the topic in your unit. Are there racial tensions in the community? Welcome a book that explores this issue in your ELA classroom. This helps students transfer their skills much more easily to deal with their reality.

Students are not just the future—they are the present. How are we guiding them to be the change everyone, including themselves, needs right now? A Textured Teacher lives in the gray areas and messiness of our society—they address social issues and thrive when students start to solve problems that matter to them.

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Justice Department watchdog finds failures in FBI’s handling of child sex abuse cases

The Justice Department watchdog says the FBI has failed to report some child sexual abuse allegations to local law enforcement or social service agencies.

FILE - Disgraced former sports doctor Larry Nassar appears in court for a plea hearing, Nov. 22, 2017, in Lansing, Mich. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya, File)

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WASHINGTON (AP) — The FBI has failed to report some child sexual abuse allegations to local law enforcement or social service agencies even after changes prompted by its handling of the case against former USA Gymnastics team doctor Larry Nassar , according to a Justice Department watchdog report released Thursday.

In a review brought on by the FBI’s failures to promptly investigate Nassar, the inspector general found serious problems persist that run the risk of child sexual abuse allegations falling through the cracks as overworked agents juggle dozens of cases at a time. In one case, a victim was abused for 15 months after the FBI first received a tip about a registered sex offender, the report said.

“This report makes clear that the FBI is simply not doing its job when it comes to protecting our children from the monsters among us who stalk them,” said John Manly, a lawyer who represents victims of Nassar. “Despite years of promises and numerous congressional hearings it’s now clear that the Larry Nassar scandal could happen again today.”

A senior FBI official acknowledged that the bureau has made mistakes in investigating crimes against children but said the “vast majority of work” has been handled appropriately.

“Ensuring the safety and security of children is not just a priority for the FBI; it is a solemn duty that we are committed to fulfilling with the highest standards. The FBI’s efforts combating crimes against children are among the most critical and demanding undertakings we do,” the FBI said in a statement.

The inquiry follows a scathing 2021 report that found that FBI’s failure to take action against Nassar allowed the doctor to continue to prey on victims for months before his 2016 arrest. The FBI put in place many changes, but the inspector general says more are needed to protect children.

In a review of more than 300 cases between 2021 and 2023, the inspector general flagged 42 cases for the FBI that required “immediate attention” because there was no evidence of recent investigative steps taken or because of other concerns, according to the report.

The inspector general found no evidence that the FBI followed rules requiring allegations to be reported to local law enforcement in about 50 percent of the cases. When the FBI did report an allegation to law enforcement or social service agencies, it followed FBI policy to report it within 24 hours in only 43 percent of the cases, according to the report.

The FBI accepted all of the findings and recommendations of the report. Among the changes the FBI is committed to is the development of a training program for investigators and supervisors focused not only on investigative techniques but also on the bureau’s own policies and procedures.

Most of the incidents that the inspector general flagged to the bureau “reflected the failure to properly document completed investigative steps or involved investigations where no additional action was necessary,” Michael Nordwall, FBI executive assistant director, wrote in a letter included with the report.

Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Dick Durbin said the panel will hold a hearing on the FBI’s mishandling of child sexual abuse allegations later this year.

“The FBI’s failures enabling Larry Nassar’s abuse of young victims continue to remain a stain on the Bureau,” the Democrat from Illinois said.

Even while acknowledging errors, the FBI cited the “overwhelming” burden on agents tasked with investigating crimes against children given the conduct involved, an influx in tips flooding in to law enforcement, increased use of encrypted technology to conceal the offenses and budget cuts.

Citing one agent who was juggling about 60 investigations, the inspector general said special agents “must constantly triage their caseload.” The inspector general said the FBI needs to comes up with a plan to tackle the growing number of cases to ensure that agents are able to manage the cases on their plate.

The report released in 2021 faulted the FBI for failing to treat Nassar’s case with the “utmost seriousness and urgency,” and then making numerous errors and violating policies when it did finally swing into action. Nassar pleaded guilty in 2017 to sexually assaulting gymnasts and other athletes with his hands under the guise of medical treatment for hip and leg injuries.

The FBI has described the actions of the officials involved in the Nassar investigation as “inexcusable and a discredit” to the organization. In April, the Justice Department announced a $138.7 million settlement with more than 100 people who accused the FBI of grossly mishandling the allegations against Nassar.

Associated Press reporter Ed White in Detroit contributed to this report

Curriculum and Instruction

Critical Practices: • Critical Engagement with Materials • Supporting All Learners Through Differentiation • Supporting Student Action • Cooperative and Collaborative Learning • Social Justice-Based Assessment, Evaluation and Grading

Educator and author Lee Anne Bell, Ed.D., provides an excellent analysis of social justice in the Learning for Justice article “ What Is Social Justice Education? ” Bell defines the critical role of social justice education as: “[providing] tools to examine the structural features of oppression and our own socialization within unjust systems. It helps us develop awareness of injustice in our personal lives, communities, institutions and the broader society. Such an education enables us to develop empathy and commitment, as well as skills and tools for acting with others to interrupt and change oppressive patterns and behaviors in ourselves and the institutions and communities of which we are a part. Understanding the dynamics of oppression is important for developing effective strategies to counteract it.”

That understanding of social justice can inform the selection or development of curriculum (what is taught) and the practice of instruction (how the content is taught). The topics and strategies in this section provide educators with tools to build students’ understanding of justice and help them develop skills to take action and participate in a diverse democracy.

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Trump indicted again in federal election interference case following Supreme Court immunity ruling

WASHINGTON — Former President Donald Trump has once again been indicted over his efforts to overturn his 2020 presidential election loss, an effort that culminated in the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol.

A federal grand jury on Tuesday returned a superseding indictment that charges Trump with the same four counts he faced in the original indictment last August : conspiracy to defraud the United States, conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding, obstruction of and attempt to obstruct an official proceeding and conspiracy against rights.

The new indictment was returned following the Supreme Court's decision on presidential immunity last month , which barred the government from using certain "official acts" Trump took in his role as president in its prosecution.

“The superseding indictment, which was presented to a new grand jury that had not previously heard evidence in this case, reflects the Government’s efforts to respect and implement the Supreme Court’s holdings and remand instructions,” special counsel Jack Smith's office said in Tuesday's filing.

Trump blasted the new indictment as “shocking” and “a direct attack on democracy” in a string of social media posts. “The case has to do with ‘Conspiracy to Obstruct the 2020 Presidential Election,’ when they are the ones that did the obstructing of the Election, not me,” he wrote . His campaign also sent out a fundraising email within two hours of the filing, saying Trump was "just indicted again" and urging supporters to "stand with Trump" by donating.

While the charges are the same, some of the evidence has been whittled down in light of the Supreme Court's ruling, which expanded what could be considered official acts.

Gone from the superseding indictment are the sections that detailed Trump’s conversations with Justice Department officials in which he is alleged to have asked them to support his false claims of election fraud. Former Justice Department official Jeffrey Clark , who backed Trump's claims and was almost named acting attorney general, has been removed as an unindicted co-conspirator. Prosecutors also removed references to advice Trump got from or conversations he had with direct advisers in the Oval Office, like White House counsel Pat Cipollone, and references to some of his tweets from that period.

The new indictment also notes Vice President Mike Pence's role as president of the Senate on the day of the electoral vote count — Jan. 6, 2021 — in an apparent nod to concerns from the Supreme Court about whether evidence of Trump's campaign to get Pence to intervene in the count should be allowed. The Supreme Court ruling said, "Whenever the President and Vice President discuss their official responsibilities, they engage in official conduct," and there is therefore a "presumption of immunity" around their conversations. But the ruling also noted that Pence's responsibility of "'presiding over the Senate' is 'not an ‘executive branch’ function.”

Other parts of the new indictment are the same, with prosecutors again taking the position that Trump didn't actually believe the lies he was spreading in the wake of his 2020 election loss and that he knew that they were, in fact, lies.

“These claims were unsupported, objectively unreasonable, and ever-changing, and the Defendant and his co-conspirators repeated them even after they were publicly disproven," the indictment says. "These claims were false, and the Defendant knew that they were false."

While many Jan. 6 defendants have told courts that they now recognize they were tricked and lament that they were “gullible” enough to fall for the misinformation about the 2020 election that Trump promoted , Trump himself has never publicly admitted that he realizes he was spreading misinformation.

Trump's state of mind will be a major issue at a future trial , which won't take place before Election Day and could be complicated if he wins. If Trump is victorious, he or his appointees would almost certainly kill the case, as well as other Jan. 6 prosecutions: Trump has referred to Capitol rioters as " hostages " and " unbelievable patriots ," and he has indicated he would pardon many, if not all, Jan. 6 defendants. (Trump said he would "absolutely" consider pardoning every Jan. 6 criminal defendant, but his campaign has said pardons would be issued case by case.)

Trump's legal team had prepared for the possibility of a new indictment, according to a source familiar with the defense team's thinking, but believes the revised indictment still contains "fatal" flaws under the Supreme Court's reasoning.

“We don’t think they’ll be able to prove this was all purely campaign-related,” the source added, suggesting the timing works in the former president's favor.

The defense team is expected to ask for briefing schedule to argue why the superseding indictment should be dismissed too — a process that could drag out for months.

Trump's original challenge on immunity grounds led U.S. District Judge Tanya Chutkan to fr e eze the underlying case in December while he appealed. The case was returned to her court this month; the defense and the prosecution are scheduled to file a joint status report Friday laying out their proposed schedules for proceeding.

Any litigation on pending immunity questions must be settled before other action in the case, the Supreme Court ruling said. That could take multiple forms, from a public evidentiary hearing with witnesses or a fully on-paper process consisting of multiple rounds of briefings followed by written rulings from the judge.

Trump is also using the immunity ruling to fight his conviction on charges of falsifying business record in New York. His attorneys contend that the indictment in that case should be dismissed because the grand jury was presented with evidence of official acts — tweets and conversations with advisers — that shouldn't have been considered.

A new grand jury brought the new indictment in the federal case. The slimmed-down allegations could also be a way for prosecutors to avoid extensive fights over evidence they were concerned wouldn't be allowed because of the Supreme Court ruling.

Ryan J. Reilly is a justice reporter for NBC News.

Daniel Barnes reports for NBC News, based in Washington.

Dareh Gregorian is a politics reporter for NBC News.

39 Facts About Khimki

Written by Sharlene Kight

Modified & Updated: 25 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Sherman Smith

• Russian History Facts

Khimki, located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, is a vibrant city with a rich history and a promising future. Known for its strategic location near Moscow and its close proximity to major transportation routes, Khimki has become a hub for economic and cultural development. With a population of over 200,000 people, the city is bustling with activity and offers a wide range of amenities and attractions for visitors and residents alike. In this article, we will explore 39 fascinating facts about Khimki, delving into its history, landmarks, industries, and unique characteristics that make it a standout destination in the region. So, buckle up and get ready to discover the wonders of Khimki!

Key Takeaways:

• Khimki, a city near Moscow, offers a blend of history, nature, and culture. From the Khimki Reservoir to vibrant nightlife, it’s a charming destination for all types of travelers.
• With its warm community and diverse attractions, Khimki is a convenient and captivating getaway from the bustling city center of Moscow. Whether you’re a nature lover or a sports enthusiast, there’s something for everyone to enjoy.

Khimki is situated just 19 kilometers northwest of Moscow, making it a convenient getaway from the bustling city center.

Khimki’s close proximity to Moscow allows visitors to explore both the cosmopolitan offerings of the capital and the peaceful charm of the suburban landscape.

The city is home to the picturesque Khimki Reservoir, a stunning artificial lake spread across an area of 27 square kilometers.

The Khimki Reservoir serves as a popular recreational spot, offering opportunities for boating, fishing , and picnicking amidst breathtaking natural surroundings.

Khimki was officially founded in 1939 as an industrial settlement, primarily focused on timber and chemical production.

Over the years, Khimki has transformed into a thriving city with a diverse economy and a flourishing business sector.

The Khimki Forest, also known as the Moscow Forest, is one of the largest green areas near the city, covering approximately 3,500 hectares.

This expansive forest provides a peaceful escape from the urban landscape, featuring winding trails, lush vegetation, and diverse wildlife.

Khimki has a rich cultural scene, boasting numerous theaters, art galleries, and cultural centers that showcase both local and international talent.

Art lovers will be delighted by the variety of exhibitions, performances, and concerts available throughout the year.

The city’s transportation infrastructure is well-developed, with a modern network of roads, railways, and an international airport.

Getting to and around Khimki is convenient, ensuring seamless travel experiences for visitors.

Khimki is famous for its football team, FC Khimki, which competes in the Russian Football National League.

Sports enthusiasts can catch an exciting match and cheer on the local team, immersing themselves in the fervor of the game .

The Khimki City Museum offers a captivating journey through the history and heritage of the region, from ancient times to the present day.

Visitors can explore archaeological artifacts , learn about important historical events, and gain insights into the city’s evolution.

The Church of St. George the Victorious is a prominent religious landmark in Khimki, known for its stunning architecture and serene ambiance.

It serves as a place of worship and a symbol of spiritual unity for the local community.

Khimki is well-regarded for its educational institutions, including universities, colleges, and schools that offer quality education across various fields of study.

Students from all over Russia come to Khimki to pursue their academic aspirations.

The Khimki Central Market is a bustling hub of activity, where locals and visitors can find an array of fresh produce, local delicacies, and unique souvenirs.

Exploring the market is an immersive experience that awakens the senses and provides glimpses into the local culinary scene.

The Lianozovsky Park, located in the heart of Khimki, is a serene green oasis with picturesque landscapes, tranquil ponds, and charming walking paths.

Visitors can take a leisurely stroll, have a picnic, or simply relax amidst the beauty of nature.

Khimki is known for its thriving industrial sector, with numerous factories and manufacturing plants contributing to the city’s economic growth.

These industries play a crucial role in providing employment opportunities for the local population .

The 39km-long Moscow Canal passes through the outskirts of Khimki, connecting the city with the Moscow River and providing a scenic waterway.

Boat rides along the canal offer a unique perspective of Khimki’s landscape and highlight the importance of water transportation.

The Khimki Railway Station serves as a major transportation hub, connecting the city with various destinations across Russia and neighboring countries.

It plays a vital role in facilitating trade, tourism, and commuter travel.

The Khimki Plaza shopping mall is a popular retail destination in the city, offering a wide range of stores, eateries, and entertainment options.

Shoppers can indulge in a day of retail therapy and explore the latest fashion trends.

Khimki has a vibrant nightlife scene, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues offering a lively atmosphere for nocturnal adventures.

Whether you’re looking for a sophisticated cocktail lounge or a high-energy dance floor, Khimki has options to suit all tastes.

The Khimki City Park is a beloved recreational spot, featuring beautifully landscaped gardens, playgrounds, and sports facilities.

Families can enjoy quality time together, and nature enthusiasts can revel in the beauty of the park’s flora and fauna.

Khimki has a strong sense of community, with various local events and festivals that bring residents together to celebrate their cultural heritage.

Attending these festivities allows visitors to immerse themselves in the traditions and customs of Khimki.

The Sheremetyevo International Airport, located near Khimki, is one of the busiest airports in Russia, connecting the city with numerous international destinations.

Travelers can easily access Khimki from around the world, making it a gateway to the wonders of Russia .

The famous Moscow Metro extends into Khimki, providing seamless connectivity to Moscow’s metro system and making commuting efficient and convenient.

This integration offers visitors the opportunity to explore both Khimki and Moscow with ease.

Khimki has a growing technology sector, with various IT companies and startups establishing their presence in the city.

The city’s focus on technological advancements and innovation contributes to its ongoing economic development.

The Khimki History and Art Museum is a treasure trove of historical artifacts, artworks, and exhibitions that showcase the city’s cultural heritage and artistic achievements.

It provides visitors with a deeper understanding of Khimki’s past and its place in the broader historical context.

The Khimki Business Park is a modern business district that hosts various national and international companies, attracting investment and fostering economic growth.

The business park serves as a hub for innovation, entrepreneurship, and collaboration.

Khimki is home to the Otkritie Arena, a renowned sports stadium that hosts various sporting events, including football matches and athletic competitions.

Sports enthusiasts can relish the electrifying atmosphere and witness the skills of both local and international athletes.

The Khimki City Library is a valuable resource for knowledge seekers, offering an extensive collection of books and educational materials.

Visitors can explore literary treasures and engage in intellectual pursuits within the walls of this cultural institution.

Khimki boasts a diverse culinary scene, with restaurants and eateries serving a wide array of cuisines, ranging from traditional Russian delicacies to international flavors.

Food enthusiasts can embark on a gastronomic journey that tantalizes their taste buds and satisfies their cravings.

The Khimki Youth Theater is a platform for young talent, showcasing innovative performances that push the boundaries of artistic expression.

Attending a theatrical production here provides a unique glimpse into the emerging theater scene of Khimki.

For adrenaline junkies, Khimki offers various adventure sports and outdoor activities, such as rock climbing, hiking, and zip-lining.

These thrilling experiences allow visitors to embrace their adventurous spirit and create lasting memories.

The Khimki City Stadium is a sporting arena that hosts local and regional events, bringing the community together in the spirit of competition.

Cheering on athletes and teams in this vibrant stadium creates an atmosphere of camaraderie and excitement.

Khimki has a strong commitment to environmental sustainability, with initiatives aimed at preserving the natural beauty of the region and promoting eco-friendly practices.

Visitors can appreciate Khimki’s efforts in creating a greener and more sustainable future.

The Khimki Concert Hall is a cultural landmark that hosts a wide variety of musical performances, from classical symphonies to contemporary concerts.

Audience members can revel in the power of music and witness exceptional talent on stage.

Khimki is home to several beautiful parks and gardens, offering tranquil spaces for relaxation, exercise, and leisurely walks.

Nature enthusiasts will be delighted by the abundance of green spaces dotted throughout the city.

The Khimki History and Architectural Museum-Preserve is a captivating institution that showcases the city’s architectural heritage and highlights its role in Russian history.

Exploring the museum-preserve allows visitors to step back in time and appreciate the architectural marvels of Khimki.

Khimki has a vibrant street art scene, with colorful murals and graffiti adorning the walls of buildings, adding an artistic flair to the city’s urban landscape.

Art enthusiasts can embark on a street art tour and marvel at the creativity and talent displayed by local artists.

The Khimki Concert and Exhibition Center is a versatile venue that hosts a wide range of events, including concerts, exhibitions, conferences, and trade shows.

Attending an event at this multifunctional center offers opportunities for networking and cultural enrichment.

Khimki has a strong tradition of folk arts and crafts, with local artisans creating intricate handmade products that showcase the region’s cultural heritage.

Exploring the local markets and shops allows visitors to purchase unique souvenirs and support the local craft community.

The Khimki Sports Palace is a hub of sporting activities, housing facilities for various indoor sports such as ice hockey, volleyball, and basketball.

Sports enthusiasts can watch thrilling matches or participate in their favorite sports in this state-of-the-art arena.

Khimki has a warm and welcoming community, known for its hospitality and friendly demeanor towards visitors.

Interacting with the locals provides a glimpse into the genuine warmth and charm that defines the city.

Embark on an unforgettable journey through the enchanting city of Khimki and discover the hidden gems that make this destination truly remarkable. Whether you’re intrigued by its history, captivated by its natural beauty, or enthralled by its cultural offerings, Khimki has something to captivate every traveler.

In conclusion, Khimki is a fascinating city with a rich history, vibrant culture , and numerous attractions. From its stunning natural landscapes to its impressive architectural landmarks, Khimki offers something for every visitor. Whether you’re interested in exploring the city’s historical sites, enjoying outdoor activities, or indulging in its delicious cuisine, Khimki has it all. With its convenient location near Moscow and its excellent transportation network, Khimki is a perfect destination for both locals and tourists alike. So, plan your visit to Khimki and immerse yourself in the charm and beauty of this wonderful city.

1. What is the population of Khimki?

Khimki has a population of approximately 207,425 people.

2. What is the weather like in Khimki?

Khimki experiences a typical continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The average temperature in summer ranges from 20°C to 30°C, while in winter , it can drop to -10°C or even lower.

3. Are there any famous landmarks in Khimki?

Yes , Khimki is home to several notable landmarks, including the Khimki Reservoir, Khimki Cathedral, and the Memorial Complex “To the Warriors of the Khimki Front.

4. How can I reach Khimki from Moscow?

Khimki is conveniently located near Moscow, and you can easily reach it by taking a train, bus, or taxi. The journey usually takes around 30 minutes, depending on the mode of transportation and traffic conditions.

5. What are some popular outdoor activities in Khimki?

Khimki offers a variety of outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling , and boating. You can explore the beautiful forests and parks surrounding the city or indulge in water sports on the Khimki Reservoir.

6. Are there any shopping malls in Khimki?

Yes, Khimki is known for its modern shopping malls, including Mega Khimki, Grand Canyon , and Aviapark. These malls offer a wide range of shops, entertainment facilities, and dining options.

Khimki's allure extends beyond its 39 fascinating facts. Sports enthusiasts can explore the captivating history of Arena Khimki , home to thrilling matches and unforgettable moments. Football fans won't want to miss the intriguing facts about FC Khimki , a club with a rich legacy and passionate supporters. Delving into these additional topics will enrich your understanding of Khimki's vibrant sports culture and the pride its residents take in their beloved teams.

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