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Essay on Unemployment

Here we have shared the Essay on Unemployment in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 300, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Unemployment in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams.

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Unemployment in 150-250 words

Essay on unemployment in 300-500 words, essay on unemployment in 500-1000 words.

Unemployment is a pressing issue that affects individuals and societies globally. It refers to the state of being without a job or a source of income despite actively seeking employment. Unemployment poses significant challenges, both economic and social, for individuals and communities.

The consequences of unemployment are far-reaching. Financial instability decreased living standards, and a loss of self-esteem and confidence are common outcomes. Individuals may face difficulties in meeting their basic needs, providing for their families, and planning for the future. Moreover, unemployment can lead to social unrest, increased crime rates, and a strain on public resources.

Addressing unemployment requires a multifaceted approach. It involves creating favorable economic conditions, promoting job growth through investment and entrepreneurship, and providing individuals with the necessary skills and training for employment opportunities. Furthermore, social safety nets, such as unemployment benefits and job placement services, play a crucial role in supporting those who are unemployed.

Efforts to reduce unemployment should also focus on addressing structural issues in the labor market, promoting fair employment practices, and encouraging inclusive growth. Additionally, fostering a supportive environment for innovation, research, and development can stimulate job creation and economic prosperity.

In conclusion, unemployment is a complex issue with wide-ranging implications for individuals and societies. It demands comprehensive strategies that encompass economic policies, skill development, and social support systems. By addressing unemployment effectively, we can strive towards a society where individuals have access to fulfilling work opportunities and can contribute to the overall well-being and prosperity of their communities.

Title: Unemployment – The Economic and Social Challenge

Introduction :

Unemployment is a pressing issue that affects individuals, families, and societies worldwide. It refers to the state of being without a job or a viable source of income despite actively seeking employment. High levels of unemployment have significant economic and social consequences, making it a critical challenge to address.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment can stem from various factors. Economic downturns and recessions often result in job losses as businesses struggle to sustain their operations. Technological advancements and automation have also led to job displacement, particularly in industries that rely heavily on manual labor. Globalization and outsourcing practices have contributed to the relocation of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, creating unemployment in certain regions.

Impact of Unemployment

Unemployment has far-reaching implications. Financial instability resulting from joblessness can lead to increased poverty rates, limited access to healthcare, and housing insecurity. It also strains social cohesion, as unemployed individuals may experience psychological distress, low self-esteem, and a loss of purpose. Moreover, long-term unemployment can lead to skills deterioration and a loss of work experience, making it increasingly difficult for individuals to re-enter the labor market.

Addressing Unemployment

Addressing unemployment requires a multi-faceted approach:

Economic Policies: Governments should implement policies that promote economic growth, investment, and job creation. This includes fostering a business-friendly environment, reducing bureaucratic barriers, and providing incentives for entrepreneurship and innovation. Additionally, targeted industry development strategies can identify sectors with growth potential and encourage job creation in those areas.

Education and Skills Development: Investing in education and skills development is crucial to equip individuals with the necessary competencies for available job opportunities. Collaboration between educational institutions, employers, and government agencies can help bridge the skills gap and ensure that individuals are prepared for the changing demands of the labor market. Upskilling and reskilling programs can help unemployed individuals acquire new skills and improve their employability.

Job Creation Initiatives: Governments should prioritize job creation initiatives, particularly in sectors with high growth potential. This can be achieved through infrastructure projects, green technology investments, and support for small and medium-sized enterprises. Public-private partnerships can also play a significant role in stimulating job creation and economic development.

Social Safety Nets: Establishing robust social safety nets is crucial to support those facing unemployment. Unemployment benefits, healthcare coverage, and access to retraining programs can help individuals meet their basic needs and regain economic stability while actively seeking employment. Such support systems alleviate the financial burden and provide a safety net during challenging times.

Conclusion :

Unemployment is a complex and persistent socioeconomic challenge that demands comprehensive solutions. By implementing effective economic policies, investing in education and skills development, promoting job creation, and providing social safety nets, societies can mitigate the impacts of unemployment and strive toward a more equitable and prosperous future. It is essential to address this issue with urgency, as reducing unemployment rates not only improves individual well-being but also fosters economic growth and social cohesion.

Title: Unemployment – A Dual Crisis of Economic Stability and Human Dignity

Unemployment is a complex and pervasive issue that affects individuals, families, and societies at large. It refers to the state of being without a job or a viable source of income despite actively seeking employment. High levels of unemployment have severe economic and social consequences, making it a pressing challenge that demands effective solutions and interventions. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the causes, impacts, and potential remedies for unemployment, recognizing its multifaceted nature and the need for a holistic approach.

I. Understanding Unemployment

Unemployment can be classified into various types based on its causes and duration. Structural unemployment arises from shifts in the economy, such as technological advancements or changes in market demand, rendering certain jobs obsolete. Cyclical unemployment, on the other hand, is caused by economic downturns and fluctuations in business cycles. Frictional unemployment occurs when individuals are between jobs or in transition, while seasonal unemployment is linked to seasonal variations in certain industries.

II. Economic Implications

Unemployment poses significant challenges to the economy at both micro and macro levels. At an individual level, it leads to a loss of income and financial instability, making it difficult for individuals to meet their basic needs, contribute to the economy, and plan for the future. Moreover, the lack of economic opportunities leads to a decrease in consumer spending, which negatively impacts businesses and reduces their profitability. This, in turn, can trigger downsizing, closures, and a negative cycle of job losses, further exacerbating the unemployment crisis.

On a macroeconomic scale, high unemployment rates hinder economic growth and development. The decline in consumer spending decreases demand for goods and services, creating a ripple effect throughout the economy. Governments also face challenges in generating tax revenues, leading to reduced public investment in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Additionally, increased government spending on unemployment benefits and social support places a strain on public finances, potentially leading to higher budget deficits or cuts in other areas.

III. Social Consequences

Unemployment not only impacts individuals’ economic well-being but also has profound social implications. Financial instability resulting from joblessness can lead to increased poverty levels, housing insecurity, and limited access to healthcare, further exacerbating social inequalities. The psychological toll of unemployment cannot be overlooked, as individuals may experience feelings of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and a loss of purpose. This can strain relationships, lead to social isolation, and create a sense of hopelessness among the unemployed.

Furthermore, long-term unemployment can result in skills deterioration and a loss of work experience, making it increasingly difficult for individuals to re-enter the labor market. This perpetuates a cycle of unemployment and hinders upward social mobility, reinforcing existing inequalities and social divisions.

IV. Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is influenced by a combination of economic, structural, and policy-related factors. Economic downturns, such as recessions or financial crises, can lead to widespread job losses as businesses struggle to stay afloat. Technological advancements and automation also contribute to job displacement, particularly in industries that rely heavily on manual labor. Globalization and outsourcing practices can result in the relocation of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, further aggravating unemployment in certain regions.

Inadequate education and skills training also contribute to unemployment. Rapid changes in the labor market demand individuals with up-to-date skills and knowledge. Failure to adapt and provide relevant training can leave individuals ill-equipped to secure employment in sectors with higher demand.

V. Addressing Unemployment

Effectively addressing unemployment requires a comprehensive approach that combines economic policies, education and skills development, job creation initiatives, and social safety nets. Some potential strategies include:

Economic Policies
Education and Skills Development
Job Creation and Support
Social Safety Nets

Economic Policies:

Governments should implement policies that foster a conducive business environment, promote investment, and stimulate job creation. This may involve reducing bureaucratic barriers, providing incentives for entrepreneurship and innovation, and investing in infrastructure projects to generate employment opportunities.

Education and Skills Development:

A focus on education and skills training is crucial to equip individuals with the necessary competencies for available job opportunities. Collaboration between educational institutions, employers, and government agencies can help bridge the skills gap and align education with labor market needs. Upskilling and reskilling programs should be promoted to ensure individuals can adapt to evolving job requirements.

Job Creation and Support:

Governments should prioritize job creation initiatives in sectors with growth potential, such as renewable energy, healthcare, technology, and infrastructure development. This can be achieved through investment incentives, public-private partnerships, and targeted industry development strategies. Additionally, providing job placement services, vocational training, and financial assistance to unemployed individuals can enhance their employability and facilitate their transition back into the workforce.

Social Safety Nets:

Establishing robust social safety nets is essential to provide temporary relief and assistance to those facing job loss. Unemployment benefits, healthcare coverage, and support for retraining can help individuals meet their basic needs and regain economic stability while actively seeking employment. Such measures help alleviate the negative impacts of unemployment and support individuals during periods of transition.

Unemployment is a dual crisis of economic stability and human dignity, impacting individuals and societies on multiple levels. The economic and social consequences of unemployment demand comprehensive and coordinated efforts to address its causes and mitigate its impacts. By implementing effective economic policies, investing in education and skills development, promoting job creation, and providing robust social safety nets, societies can strive towards reducing unemployment rates and creating a more inclusive and prosperous future for all.

Unemployment Essay

500+ words essay on unemployment.

Unemployment is a serious problem among young people. There are thousands of people who do not have any work to do and cannot find work for themselves. Unemployment refers to the situation where a person wants to work but cannot find employment in the labour market. One of the major reasons that contribute to unemployment is the large population of India and the limited availability of resources. In this essay on unemployment, we will discuss all these issues responsible for unemployment in India and how we can overcome this problem. Students must go through this unemployment essay to get ideas on how to write an effective essay on the topic related to unemployment. Also, they can practice more CBSE essays on different topics to boost their writing skills.

Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, defined as the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. The unemployment rate for the year 2013-14 in rural India was 4.7%, whereas it was 5.5% for urban India. In the short term, unemployment significantly reduces a person’s income and, in the long term, it reduces their ability to save for retirement and other goals. Unemployment is a loss of valuable productive resources to the economy. The impact of job loss in rural and regional areas flows through the local community, damaging businesses.

Reason for Unemployment

An unemployed person is one who is an active member of the labour force and is seeking work but is unable to find any work for himself. There are multiple reasons behind the unemployment of a person. One of them is the slow economic growth, due to which jobs in adequate numbers are not created. Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities also limit employment generation. Unemployment in urban areas is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas. This has also resulted in a labour workforce in cities. The lack of technology and proper machinery has also contributed to unemployment.

The present educational system is based on theoretical knowledge instead of practical work. Thus, it lacks the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers. This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training. This results in unemployment, especially among the youth and educated people with high degrees and qualifications. Apart from it, the lack of investment and infrastructure has led to inadequate employment opportunities in different sectors.

Steps to Eliminate Unemployment

Various strategies and proposals have been implemented to generate employment. Many Employment programmes and policies have been introduced and undertaken to boost self-employment and help unemployed people engage in public works. The Government of India has taken several policy measures to fight the problem of unemployment. Some of the measures are the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), National Skill Development Mission, Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs).

Despite the measures taken by the government, India remains a country experiencing severe unemployment problems. It can be resolved by imparting education in such a way that youth get the necessary skills so as to get employment easily. Setting up various vocational training and vocational courses for undergraduate and postgraduate students will help in finding employment for youth. The government needs to emphasise these courses at the primary level and make them a compulsory part of the curriculum to make students proficient in their early stages of life. Career counselling should be provided within schools and colleges so that students can choose a better career option based on their interests and ability. Government should create more job opportunities for the youth and graduates.

India is a fast-growing economy. There is an enormous scope for improvement in the unemployment sector. The various measures and steps taken by the government to increase the employment rate have succeeded to a great extent. The widespread skill development programmes have gained popularity across the nation. With better enforcement of the strategies, the employment level can be significantly improved. Although, we have to go a long way before we can say that all the people in India will get employment.

We hope this essay on unemployment must have helped students in boosting their essay-writing skills. Keep learning and visiting the BYJU’S website for more study material.

Frequently Asked Questions on Unemployment Essay

Is unemployment still an existing problem in india.

Yes, unemployment is still a serious issue in our country. Steps need to be taken by the government and also by the youngsters in India to improve this situation.

Is it necessary for schoolchildren to be informed about unemployment?

Students at this young age should definitely be informed about this topic as it will motivate them to study and aim for higher scores in exams.

What points are to be added to an essay topic on Unemployment?

Add details about different age groups of people suffering from this state of employment. You can focus on the fact that poverty is an indirect reason for unemployment and vice-versa. Then, suggest steps that can be taken to bring about an improvement in education and increase the percentage of literacy.

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Essay on Unemployment: 100 to 300 Words

Updated on
Mar 30, 2024

Writing an essay on unemployment provides an opportunity to explore a critical issue affecting societies worldwide. Unemployment, a multifaceted problem, has far-reaching consequences that touch upon various aspects of individuals, families, and nations. In this essay, we will delve into the complexities of unemployment, examine its causes and consequences, discuss government initiatives, and shed light on potential solutions.

Table of Contents

1 What is Unemployment?
2 Essay on Unemployment in 100 words
3 Essay on Unemployment in 200 words
4 Essay on Unemployment in 300 words
5 Tips to Ace in Writing An Essay

Must Read: The Beginner’s Guide to Writing an Essay

What is Unemployment?

Lack of jobs leads to unemployment. It is a very serious economic and social concern that is happening all around the globe leading to many social ills. This issue is a major one and hence many governments are trying to address it. When people of a nation are employed, that leads to the economic and social well-being of that nation. To address it, the education system needs to be modeled differently so as to increase the employability of people. In democracies, political parties use unemployment as a core issue in their election manifestos.

Essay on Unemployment in 100 words

Unemployment refers to the condition when individuals, capable and willing to work, are unable to secure gainful employment. It is a pervasive issue across the globe, with varying degrees of impact on societies. Unemployment results in financial instability, and emotional distress, and hampers individual growth. Governments and organizations must collaborate to create opportunities for employment through skill development and policy implementation.

Essay on Unemployment in 200 words

Unemployment, a pressing concern globally, stems from multiple factors that hinder the workforce’s engagement in productive activities. It affects both developed and developing nations, contributing to economic imbalances and social disparities. The consequences of unemployment include reduced income levels, increased poverty rates, and strained government resources. Moreover, the psychological toll it takes on individuals and families can be severe, leading to stress, depression, and strained relationships.

Essay on Unemployment in 300 words

The intricate web of unemployment is spun from a mix of causes, ranging from economic fluctuations to structural shifts in industries. Cyclical unemployment, driven by economic downturns, and structural unemployment, resulting from a mismatch between skills and job openings, are widespread forms. Additionally, technological advancements lead to technological unemployment as machines replace human labour.

Unemployment has cascading effects on societies. Diminished purchasing power affects market demand, thereby impacting economic growth. As unemployment rates rise, so does the burden on social welfare programs and the healthcare system. The phenomenon also fuels social unrest and political instability, making it a challenge governments cannot ignore.

Governments worldwide have initiated strategies to tackle unemployment. Skill development programs, vocational training, and entrepreneurship initiatives are designed to equip individuals with market-relevant skills. Furthermore, promoting labour-intensive industries and investing in sectors with growth potential can generate employment opportunities.

In conclusion, unemployment is a complex issue that necessitates a multi-pronged approach. Governments, industries, and individuals must collaborate to alleviate its impact. Effective policy implementation, education reforms, and the cultivation of entrepreneurial spirit can pave the way towards reducing unemployment rates and fostering a more stable and prosperous society.

Tips to Ace in Writing An Essay

Before we dive into the specifics of unemployment, let’s briefly discuss some tips to enhance your essay-writing skills:

Understand the Prompt: Ensure a clear understanding of the essay prompt to address all its components effectively.
Research Thoroughly: Gather relevant information from credible sources to build a comprehensive and informed essay.
Organize Your Thoughts: Create an outline to structure your essay logically, allowing your ideas to flow coherently.
Introduction and Conclusion: Craft a compelling introduction to engage your readers, and a succinct conclusion to summarize your key points.
Use Clear Language: Express your ideas using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
Provide Examples: Illustrate your points with real-life examples to enhance understanding and credibility.
Edit and Proofread: Revise your essay for grammar, punctuation, and coherence to ensure a polished final draft.

Also Read: Unemployment v/s Underemployment – What’s Worse?

Manasvi Kotwal

Manasvi's flair in writing abilities is derived from her past experience of working with bootstrap start-ups, Advertisement and PR agencies as well as freelancing. She's currently working as a Content Marketing Associate at Leverage Edu to be a part of its thriving ecosystem.

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Essays About Unemployment: Top 6 Examples and 5 Prompts

Read our guide to see helpful essay examples and prompts to further your understanding and write essays about unemployment.

Unemployment is an unfortunate circumstance many find themselves in; it is a challenge that civilized society faces today. When people are unemployed, they look for jobs but cannot get them. As a result, they are left without a source of income and cannot adequately provide for themselves and their families. This, in turn, can lead to various issues, including depression.

Unemployment is a social, economic, and political issue. It leaves many people in poverty and prevents people from obtaining a source of income. As a result, politicians capture the eyes of voters by promising to lower the unemployment rate to get elected.

You can get started by reading these essay examples if you are writing essays about unemployment.

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6 Examples of Essays About Unemployment

1. unemployment reflection by christopher haynes, 2. what i learned from nearly a year of unemployment by becca slaughter, 3. why aren’t europe and canada in the same boat as u.s. for unemployment by glen hendrix, 4. a global dilemma: how unemployment creates poverty by tess hinteregger, 5. why has covid-19 been especially harmful for working women by nicole bateman and martha ross, 6. youth day and ordeal of nigerian youth by utomi jerome-mario, essay prompts about unemployment, 1. unemployment during the covid-19 pandemic, 2. the connection between unemployment and crime, 3. unemployment: whose fault is it, 4. the causes of unemployment, 5. the effects of unemployment.

“In order to secure work, we must be prepared to change or upgrade our skills and be willing to relocate if necessary. But some people are not interested in retraining to find work in another field, some people do not have the confidence to go out and look for work, and some refuse to accept a job they feel is below their level. Unless people like this change their attitudes, they will not be able to find work.”

Haynes provides two perspectives on unemployment; first, that the government should do more to address it, and second, that if people want work, they must adjust to make a living. He believes that many are unemployed because they are unwilling to change their skillset or relocate to get a job. Therefore, more should be done to reduce unemployment, but it goes both ways; everyone must put in the effort.

“I remember feeling embarrassed and powerless. I was angry it wasn’t my decision. I was happy I didn’t have to go back there, yet I was stressed about not having anywhere to go. Ultimately, I felt an overwhelming sadness that left me terrified. While I was overflowing with confusing and contradicting emotions, I somehow felt empty.”

In her essay, Slaughter reflects on her unemployed time and how it changed her. Her previous job was long and stressful, but whenever someone would ask her what she did for a living, she was embarrassed and regretful for not being there anymore. In addition to losing her job, she feels like she lost a part of herself at that time. Thankfully, she got a new job, one less taxing than her previous one.

“You would think paying all that money year after year to a government whose purpose is to “establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity” would entitle that person to a modicum of “blessings” to insure his “tranquility” and “general welfare” in case of some stupid virus pandemic. It would certainly be the “just” thing to do. And that person’s “posterity” might look a bit less bleak. European governments and Canada did just that. And it’s not even explicitly stated in the preamble to their constitution.”

Hendrix criticizes the United States’ response to the unemployment problem caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that Canada and European nations have done a much better job. He discusses how much better their unemployment benefit system is compared to the U.S. and how it is ironic that the United States, whose constitution says all of these things promoting justice and wellbeing, cannot provide that for its citizens during a global pandemic.

“While unemployment can create poverty, poverty also reduces the chance of being employed. To ensure that those who are affected by unemployment do not fall into the negative cycle, researchers believe that governments should focus on improving quality education and training all young people so they remain in school.”

Hinteregger, in her essay, explains the link between unemployment and poverty, writing that it leads to the loss of income. People will also have to raise their families in poverty, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty. In addition, the poor may resort to violence to make a living. She points out the sheer irony of this issue, as unemployment causes poverty while poverty may also reduce the chance of being employed.

“COVID-19 is hard on women because the U.S. economy is hard on women, and this virus excels at taking existing tensions and ratcheting them up. Millions of women were already supporting themselves and their families on meager wages before coronavirus-mitigation lockdowns sent unemployment rates skyrocketing and millions of jobs disappeared. And working mothers were already shouldering the majority of family caregiving responsibilities in the face of a childcare system that is wholly inadequate for a society in which most parents work outside the home.”

Bateman and Ross write about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women. Many women are forced to go through so much to provide for their families; however, the lockdowns led to many of them losing their jobs. The unemployment rate for women rose dramatically, by 12 percent, from February to April of 2020. It has been difficult for them to balance work with taking care of their families, women’s primary role as dictated by society.

“Youth unemployment is potentially dangerous as it sends a signal to all segments of the Nigerian Society. Here in Nigeria, the rate of youth unemployment is high, even at the period of economic normalcy i.e. the oil boom of the 1970s (6.2 per cent); 1980s (9.8 per cent) and the 1990s (11.5 per cent). Youth unemployment therefore is not a recent phenomenon. But if what happened in the 1980s/90s were a challenge of sorts, what is happening presently, going by the latest report by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), is a challenge.”

Jerome-Mario’s essay focuses on several issues affecting the Nigerian youth, including unemployment. The country has a high unemployment rate; over a fourth of the youth population is unemployed. He stresses the importance of the youth using their voice to make a change and to persuade the government to care for its citizens more.

How COVID-19 contributed to the nursing shortage?

The pandemic and its lockdown policies have undoubtedly caused many people to lose jobs. Look into the impact of COVID-19 on the unemployment rate, particularly during the early months of the pandemic. Which sectors were most affected? Pull data and statistics to show how the public was affected by the covid-19 pandemic in terms of unemployment.

Many say that unemployment leads to higher crime rates. Do you believe this is true? Research how unemployment is linked to crime; examine the effects of unemployment on mental health; and conclude whether this may contribute to the increased likelihood of committing a crime.

In Haynes’ essay, he claims that employers/the government, and workers are to blame for unemployment. After reading his essay and both arguments, who do you believe is at fault? Explain your response in detail, and make sure to provide a solid base of evidence.

Unemployment has many contributing causes. Assuming a non-pandemic setting, research what causes unemployment and list them down in your essay. Elaborate on each one and, if you can draw connections, explain them as well.

As a grave issue, unemployment has many severe effects, notably poverty. For your essay, write about the effects of unemployment on a person, both physical and mental. How are they connected? What secondary effects might they produce? For a compelling and argumentative essay, answer these questions using research material and interview data.

For help with this topic, read our guide explaining what is persuasive writing ?If you are interested in learning more, check out our essay writing tips !

Home — Essay Samples — Economics — Unemployment — Unemployment: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Unemployment: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Categories: Unemployment

About this sample

Words: 685 |

Published: Jan 30, 2024

Words: 685 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Introduction, causes of unemployment, effects of unemployment, solutions to combat unemployment, a. economic factors.

Global recession: During economic downturns, companies may reduce employment to cut costs and remain competitive.
Automation and technological advancements: The use of machines and technology may replace human workers in some industries, leading to job losses.
Outsourcing of jobs: Companies may choose to outsource jobs to other countries where labor costs are lower, leaving domestic workers unemployed.

B. Societal Factors

Lack of education and skills: Individuals without proper education and job training may be ill-equipped to meet the demands of a constantly evolving job market.
Discrimination in hiring processes: Certain groups, such as women, minorities, and older workers, may face barriers in securing employment due to discrimination.
Dependency on welfare programs: Some individuals may choose to remain on welfare programs due to a lack of incentive to enter the workforce or because they cannot find suitable employment.

A. Economic Effects

Reduction in consumer spending: Without a steady income, unemployed individuals may have less money to spend, resulting in a decline in consumer spending.
Decline in government revenue: With fewer people working, the government may see a decline in tax revenue, which can impact its ability to provide necessary services and promote economic growth.
Increase in social welfare expenses: The government may need to allocate more funds toward social welfare programs, such as unemployment benefits and food assistance, to support those who are unemployed.

B. Social Effects

Increase in crime rates: Individuals who are unemployed may resort to criminal activities to make ends meet, leading to a rise in crime rates.
Mental health issues: Unemployment can cause stress, anxiety, and depression, which can negatively impact an individual's mental health.
Strained relationships and family instability: Unemployment may cause financial strain and tension within families, leading to relationship problems and instability.

A. Economic Solutions

Encouraging entrepreneurship and small business development: Providing resources and support for individuals to start their own businesses can lead to job creation and economic growth.
Promoting vocational training and skill development programs: Ensuring that individuals have access to education and training programs can increase their job readiness and competitiveness in the job market.
Implementing balanced trade policies: Creating policies that promote fair trade and reduce job outsourcing can protect domestic jobs and promote job growth.

B. Social Solutions

Addressing educational disparities and providing access to quality education: Providing quality education to disadvantaged communities can improve their job readiness and reduce unemployment rates.
Combating discrimination in the workplace: Enforcing anti-discrimination laws and promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace can reduce barriers to employment for certain groups.
Strengthening social safety net programs: Ensuring that social welfare programs are designed to incentivize work and provide support to those in need can promote economic stability and reduce poverty.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021, October 8). Employment Situation Summary. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm

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Unemployment Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on unemployment.

Unemployment is a very serious issue not only in India but in the whole world. There are hundreds and thousands of people out there who do not have employment . Besides, the problems of unemployment are very severe in India because of the growing population and demand for jobs. Moreover, if we neglect this problem then it will be going to become the reason for the doom of the nation.

What is Unemployment?

Unemployment refers to a situation in which a skilled and talented people wanted to do a job. But cannot find a proper job due to several reasons.

Types of Unemployment

Now we know what is unemployment but unemployment does not only mean that the person does not have a job. Likewise, unemployment also includes people working in areas out of their expertise.

The various types of unemployment include disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, open unemployment, technological unemployment, structural unemployment. Besides, some other unemployment is cyclic unemployment, educated unemployment, underemployment, frictional unemployment, chronic unemployment, and casual unemployment.

Above all, seasonal unemployment, under unemployment, and disguised unemployment are the most common unemployment that is found in India.

Reasons for Unemployment

In a country like India, there is much reason for a large section of the population for being unemployed. Some of these factors are population growth, slow economic growth , seasonal occupation, slow growth of the economic sector, and fall in the cottage industry.

Moreover, these are the major reason for unemployment in India. Also, the situation has become so drastic that highly educated people are ready to do the job of a sweeper. Besides, the government is not doing his work seriously.

Apart from all these, a large portion of the population is engaged in the agricultural sector and the sector only provides employment in harvest or plantation time.

In addition, the biggest reason of unemployment in India is its vast population which demands a large number of jobs every year which the government and authorities are unable to provide.

Consequences of Unemployment

If things will go on like the current scenario then unemployment will become a major issue. Apart from this, the following things happen in an economy which is an increase in poverty, an increase in crime rate, exploitation of labor, political instability, mental health, and loss of skills. As a result, all this will eventually lead to the demise of the nation.

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Initiative by Government

The government has taken the problem very seriously and have taken measures to slowly reduce unemployment. Some of these schemes includes IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme), DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Employment Assurance Scheme, NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojana), Training for self-Employment, PMIUPEP (Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program), employment exchange, Employment Guarantee Scheme, development of organized sector, small and cottage industries, employment in forging countries, and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana and few more.

Besides, these schemes the government also make some rules flexible, so that employment can be created in the private sector also.

To conclude, we can say that the problem of unemployment in India has reached a critical stage. But, now the government and local authorities have taken the problem seriously and working on it to reduce unemployment. Also, to completely solve the issue of unemployment we have to tackle the main issue of unemployment that is the vast population of India.

FAQs about Unemployment

Q.1 Why there is a problem of unemployment in India? A.1 Due to overpopulation and lack of proper skills there is a problem of unemployment in India.

Q.2 Define Disguised unemployment? A.2 Disguised unemployment refers to a form of employment in which more than the required numbers of people work in industry or factory. And removing some employee will not affect productivity.

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Essay on Unemployment

Introduction to Unemployment

Unemployment, a pervasive economic challenge, is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching implications for individuals, societies, and nations. As a dynamic force within the labor market, its multifaceted nature encompasses structural, cyclical, and frictional components. Understanding its causes, effects, and potential solutions is crucial in crafting effective policies and strategies to mitigate its impact. This essay delves into the intricacies of unemployment, dissecting its various facets and exploring actionable insights to address this critical issue in the contemporary socio-economic landscape.

Types of Unemployment

Unemployment can manifest in various forms, each with distinct characteristics and causes. Here are the main types of unemployment:

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1. Structural Unemployment

Structural unemployment occurs when there is a discrepancy between the skills and qualifications of workers and the demands of available jobs.

Causes : Changes in technology, shifts in consumer preferences, and structural changes in industries can render specific skills obsolete, leading to structural unemployment.
Example : The decline of traditional manufacturing industries due to automation and globalization has left many workers unemployed, as their skills no longer match the demands of the evolving job market.

2. Frictional Unemployment

Frictional unemployment occurs when individuals are temporarily unemployed as they transition between jobs or enter the workforce for the first time.

Causes : Frictional unemployment is inherent in any dynamic economy, as it takes time for individuals to search for suitable employment opportunities and for employers to find the right candidates.
Example : Recent graduates entering the job market and individuals relocating to new cities may experience frictional unemployment while they search for suitable positions.

3. Cyclical Unemployment

Cyclical unemployment is caused by economic fluctuations, with joblessness increasing during periods of downturn and decreasing during periods of growth.

Causes : A decline in aggregate demand primarily drives cyclical unemployment, reducing production and layoffs across industries.
Example : During the global financial crisis of 2008, many businesses downsized or closed operations, resulting in a significant increase in cyclical unemployment as demand for goods and services plummeted.

4. Seasonal Unemployment

Seasonal unemployment occurs when individuals are unemployed due to fluctuations in labor demand tied to seasonal patterns or specific times of the year.

Causes : Industries such as agriculture, tourism, and retail experience predictable fluctuations in demand based on seasonal factors.
Example : During the summer, ski resorts may face seasonal unemployment due to reduced demand for winter sports activities, resulting in temporary layoffs for many workers.

5. Underemployment

Underemployment occurs when individuals work in jobs that do not use their skills, education, or experience or when they work part-time but want full-time employment.

Causes : Underemployment can result from limited job opportunities, involuntary part-time work, or mismatches between workers’ qualifications and available positions.
For example, highly educated professionals working in low-skilled jobs or individuals with advanced degrees working part-time due to a lack of full-time opportunities are examples of underemployment.

Unemployment Rates and Trends

Unemployment rates and trends are key indicators of the health of an economy and the labor market. Here’s an overview of unemployment rates and trends:

Unemployment Rate: The unemployment rate is typically expressed as a percentage and represents the number of unemployed individuals as a proportion of the total labor force. Divide the unemployed by the total labor force and multiply by 100 to calculate the unemployment rate.

Trends in Unemployment Rates: Unemployment rates fluctuate in response to changes in economic conditions, policy interventions, and structural shifts in the labor market. During economic downturns or recessions, unemployment rates tend to rise as businesses reduce hiring and lay off workers, and overall demand for labor decreases.

Types of Unemployment Rates

Overall Unemployment Rate: This rate reflects the total number of unemployed individuals in the labor force.
Youth Unemployment Rate: Specifically measures the unemployment rate among individuals aged 15 to 24. Youth unemployment is typically higher than overall unemployment rates due to factors such as limited work experience and educational transitions.
Long-term Unemployment Rate: Measures the proportion of unemployed individuals who have been out of work for an extended period, typically defined as 27 weeks or more. Long-term unemployment can have significant economic and social consequences, including skill depreciation and reduced employability.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is a complex economic phenomenon influenced by various factors. Understanding its causes is essential for devising effective policy responses and interventions. Here are the key causes of unemployment:

Economic Recession and Cyclical Factors: Economic downturns, characterized by reduced consumer spending, declining business investment, and decreased aggregate demand, often lead to layoffs and job losses. During recessions, businesses may cut costs by reducing their workforce, resulting in increased unemployment rates.
Technological Advancements and Automation: Technological innovations and automation have increased efficiency in production processes and displaced workers in specific industries. Automation replaces human labor with machines, reducing the demand for specific jobs and leading to structural unemployment.
Globalization and Outsourcing: Globalization has facilitated the movement of capital, goods, and services across borders, allowing companies to outsource production and services to countries with lower labor costs. Outsourcing can result in job losses in the domestic market as companies seek cheaper alternatives overseas, contributing to structural unemployment in specific industries.
Structural Changes in Industries: Changes in consumer preferences, technological advancements, and shifts in global markets often result in structural changes within industries. Some industries may decline while others emerge, leading to a mismatch between the skills demanded by employers and those possessed by the workforce, causing structural unemployment.
Skills Mismatch and Education Disparities: Rapid changes in technology and industry requirements can result in a mismatch between the skills of job seekers and the skills demanded by employers. Inadequate education and training programs may leave individuals ill-equipped to meet the demands of evolving industries, leading to unemployment or underemployment.
Labor Market Regulations and Policies: Labor market rules, such as minimum wage laws, employment protection policies, and labor market rigidities, may influence employers’ hiring decisions. Excessive regulations may discourage employers from hiring new workers, contributing to unemployment, particularly among vulnerable populations such as youth and low-skilled workers.
Demographic Factors: Population growth, aging demographics, and changes in labor force participation rates can influence unemployment levels. Demographic shifts may create imbalances between the supply and demand for labor, leading to unemployment, especially among certain age groups or demographic segments.
Geographical and Regional Disparities: Due to industrial composition, infrastructure development, and economic policies, unemployment rates vary across regions and localities. Regions heavily dependent on specific industries may experience higher unemployment rates during economic downturns or structural shifts in the economy.

Impacts of Unemployment

Unemployment has far-reaching impacts on individuals, families, communities, and the broader economy. Here are the key effects of unemployment:

Economic Consequences:

Loss of Income: Unemployment leads to a loss of income for individuals and their families, resulting in financial strain and reduced purchasing power.
Reduced Consumer Spending: Unemployed individuals will likely reduce discretionary spending, affecting businesses and economic activity.
Lower Tax Revenues: Reduced employment levels result in lower tax revenues for governments, limiting their ability to fund social programs and public services.

Social Repercussions:

Psychological Stress: Unemployment often leads to feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression among individuals, impacting their mental health and overall well-being.
Social Isolation: People without jobs may struggle to stay in social circles and participate in community events, leading to feelings of alienation and social isolation.
Family Strain: Unemployment can strain family relationships and lead to conflicts due to financial pressures and uncertainty about the future.

Human Capital Depreciation:

Skill Erosion: Prolonged unemployment can result in the depreciation of individuals’ skills and professional qualifications, making it harder for them to re-enter the workforce.
Loss of Work Experience: Unemployment leads to a loss of valuable work experience, hindering individuals’ career advancement and future job prospects.

Health Impacts:

Physical Health: Chronic illnesses like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are more common among people without jobs, and unemployment is also associated with worse physical health results. Stress levels have gone up, and there are less healthcare resources available.
Mental Health: Due to emotions of inadequacy, identity loss, and social shame among jobless people, unemployment can result in illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and substance addiction.

Increased Social Welfare Costs:

Unemployment Benefits: Governments incur higher expenditures on unemployment benefits and social welfare programs to support unemployed individuals and their families during periods of economic hardship.
Healthcare Costs: Increased unemployment can strain healthcare systems, leading to higher healthcare costs associated with treating physical and mental health conditions.

Crime and Social Disruption:

Higher Crime Rates: Unemployment is associated with higher crime rates, as individuals facing financial hardship may turn to illegal activities to survive or out of desperation.
Social Unrest: Prolonged periods of high unemployment can contribute to social unrest, political instability, and protests as communities demand government action and economic reforms.

Solutions to Unemployment

Addressing unemployment requires a multifaceted approach encompassing various strategies to create employment opportunities, foster economic growth, and enhance the workforce’s skills and employability. Here are some key solutions to unemployment:

Education and Skills Development: Individuals can acquire the skills and credentials required to fulfill the needs of changing sectors by investing in education and vocational training programs. Promoting STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education and lifelong learning initiatives can enhance workforce readiness and adaptability to technological advancements.
Job Creation Initiatives: Implement infrastructure projects like transportation networks, renewable energy installations, and urban development initiatives to create jobs and stimulate economic activity. Support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through access to financing, tax incentives, and business development services to encourage entrepreneurship and job creation.
Labor Market Reforms: Make hiring and expanding easier by reducing bureaucratic hurdles and streamlining labor market regulations. Foster flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting, part-time employment, and job-sharing programs, to accommodate diverse needs and preferences in the labor market.
Investment in Innovation and Technology: To promote technical innovation, high-value job creation, and increased competitiveness in international markets, invest in R&D and innovation: support technology transfer initiatives and industry-academic collaborations to commercialize research findings and promote entrepreneurship.
Promotion of Sustainable Industries: Promote industries with high growth potential, such as renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, healthcare, and information technology, to create new job opportunities and reduce dependence on declining sectors. Incentivize businesses to adopt environmentally sustainable practices and invest in green technologies to address climate change and create green jobs.
Targeted Support for Vulnerable Groups: Implement targeted employment programs and support services for vulnerable populations, including youth, women, persons with disabilities, and marginalized communities, to enhance their employability and job opportunities. Provide subsidies, wage incentives, and training subsidies for employers to hire and retain workers from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Macroeconomic Policies and Stimulus Measures: Implement counter-cyclical fiscal and monetary policies, such as tax cuts, public spending programs, and interest rate adjustments, to stimulate economic growth, boost consumer demand, and reduce unemployment during economic downturns. Prioritize investments in social infrastructure, including healthcare, education, and social protection systems, to enhance human capital development and reduce poverty and inequality.
International Cooperation and Trade Policies: Foster international cooperation to address global unemployment, migration, and income inequality challenges through multilateral forums and agreements. Promote fair trade practices, labor standards, and social protection mechanisms to ensure inclusive and sustainable economic development for all countries and regions.

Initiatives taken by Government

Governments play a crucial role in addressing unemployment through various initiatives and policies to stimulate economic growth, create job opportunities, and support the workforce. Here are some key initiatives taken by governments to tackle unemployment:

Fiscal Stimulus Packages: During economic downturns or recessions, governments often implement fiscal stimulus packages to boost aggregate demand and spur economic growth. These packages may include increased government spending on infrastructure projects, tax cuts for businesses and individuals, and direct financial assistance to households.
Investment in Infrastructure: Governments invest in infrastructure projects such as transportation networks, energy facilities, and public utilities to create jobs and stimulate economic activity. These investments create employment opportunities and contribute to long-term economic development and competitiveness.
Support for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): Governments support SMEs through access to financing, technical assistance, and business development services. Initiatives may include loan guarantees, tax incentives, and capacity-building programs to help SMEs grow, innovate, and create jobs.
Education and Skills Development Programs: To provide people with the abilities and credentials required to succeed in the job market, governments fund programs for education and vocational training. Initiatives may include scholarships, grants, and apprenticeship programs to facilitate access to education and training opportunities.
Labor Market Reforms: Governments undertake labor market reforms to promote flexibility, reduce barriers to employment, and improve the functioning of labor markets. Reforms may include changes to labor regulations, unemployment benefits systems, and social protection mechanisms to enhance job creation and facilitate workforce mobility.
Job Creation Incentives: Governments incentivize businesses to create new jobs and hire unemployed individuals. Incentives may include wage subsidies, tax credits, and grants for hiring and training workers, particularly for disadvantaged and underrepresented groups.
Public Employment Programs: Governments implement public employment programs to provide temporary job opportunities for unemployed individuals. These programs may involve projects in areas such as infrastructure maintenance, environmental conservation, and community development.
Unemployment Benefits and Social Safety Nets: Governments provide unemployment benefits and social safety nets to support individuals and families during unemployment. Benefits may include financial assistance, healthcare coverage, housing support, and job placement services to help unemployed individuals transition into the workforce.
Support for Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Governments support innovation and entrepreneurship through funding, research grants, and incubator programs to foster the development of new industries and technologies. Initiatives may include tax incentives, regulatory reforms, and access to venture capital to encourage entrepreneurship and job creation.

Case Studies

Here are case studies that highlight successful approaches to addressing unemployment:

1. Germany’s Dual Education System:

Praise for Germany’s low unemployment rate and skilled workforce has been longstanding. One of the key factors contributing to the country’s success is its dual education system that combines classroom learning with on-the-job training.

Initiative: The dual education system involves collaboration between schools and businesses. Typically starting in their mid-teens, students alternate between academic coursework and practical training in a company.

Skill Development: The program ensures students acquire relevant, practical skills aligned with industry needs.
Smooth Transition to Workforce: Graduates are well-prepared for the workforce, leading to lower youth unemployment rates.
Strong Employer Engagement: Companies benefit from a pool of skilled workers and have a hand in shaping the curriculum to meet their specific needs.

Lesson Learned: Integrating education with practical training can create a pipeline of skilled workers and address the skills gap, reducing unemployment.

2. South Korea’s Economic Planning and Industrial Policies:

South Korea transformed from a war-torn country in the 1950s to an economic powerhouse in a relatively short period. Central to this transformation were comprehensive financial planning and industrial policies.

Initiative: The South Korean Government played a central role in economic planning, directing resources toward key industries such as steel, shipbuilding, and electronics. It also focused on education and skill development.

Industrial Growth: Strategic planning and targeted investments led to the growth of key industries, creating jobs and driving economic expansion.
Export-Led Growth: A focus on exports helped South Korea become a significant player in the global market, further boosting economic growth and employment.
Education Emphasis: Investments in education and research contributed to a skilled workforce, supporting the growth of technology-intensive industries.

Lesson Learned: Coordinated economic planning and targeted industrial policies can drive economic growth, job creation, and global competitiveness.

3. Singapore’s Adaptation to Economic Changes:

Singapore, a small island nation with limited natural resources, has transformed into a global economic hub over the past few decades. Despite economic challenges, Singapore maintains a relatively low unemployment rate.

Initiative: Singapore’s success in managing unemployment stems from its proactive economic adaptation and diversification approach. The Government invests heavily in education, technology, and infrastructure to stay competitive.

Investment in Education: Singapore prioritizes education and skills training to ensure its workforce remains adaptable and relevant in a rapidly evolving global economy.
Promotion of Innovation: The Government actively supports innovation and entrepreneurship, fostering an environment conducive to the growth of new industries and job creation.
Attracting Foreign Investment: Singapore’s business-friendly policies and strategic location have attracted foreign investment, created job opportunities, and fueled economic growth.

Lesson Learned: Continuous investment in education, innovation, and infrastructure is crucial for maintaining low unemployment rates and sustaining economic growth in the face of global challenges.

4. United States’ Response to the Great Recession (2007-2009):

The United States saw massive job losses and high unemployment rates due to the Great Recession, a severe economic crisis.

Initiative: In response to the crisis, the U.S. government implemented several initiatives aimed at stimulating the economy, creating jobs, and supporting unemployed workers.

Fiscal Stimulus Packages: The Government enacted stimulus packages, including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which allocated funds for infrastructure projects, tax cuts, and unemployment benefits extensions.
Investment in Green Jobs: The Obama administration invested in renewable energy and green technology initiatives to create jobs while addressing environmental challenges.
Training and Reemployment Assistance: Programs like the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) provided training and reemployment services to workers displaced by trade-related layoffs.

Lesson Learned: During times of economic crisis, targeted fiscal stimulus measures, investment in emerging industries, and support for displaced workers can help mitigate the impact of unemployment and accelerate economic recovery.

Addressing unemployment requires a multifaceted approach integrating education, innovation, and targeted policy interventions. By investing in skills development, promoting entrepreneurship, and fostering economic diversification, governments can create sustainable job opportunities and mitigate the adverse effects of unemployment on individuals and communities. Collaboration between public and private sectors and proactive measures to adapt to changing economic landscapes are essential for building resilient labor markets and achieving inclusive growth in a rapidly evolving global economy.

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Unemployment Essay Writing Guide

Academic writing

Essay paper writing

Employment is one of the major forces that bring on the economic growth of each country. In addition, unemployment rates can show how economic state of a country changes with time. That is why, it is crucially important to study the causes and effects of unemployment on the economy, social issues, and the life of every individual. Every student can do that by working on a research paper or essay about unemployment.

Luckily, you have come across this article, in which we collected the tips and ideas on how to write the best essay or research paper on unemployment. Stay tuned and read on to know all the intricacies of writing the best academic paper on this topic from scratch, even if you know little or nothing in this field.

Purpose of writing an unemployment research paper

Let’s start with a discussion on how to write a research paper. Conducting unemployment research, you are encouraged to explore and identify issues that arise when willing workers can’t find a well-paid job or lose jobs as a result of their employers’ inability to maintain the growing rate of production.

Of course, this process affects the economy in general as well as the lives of each and every one of us. Having said that, when you look at this problem analytically and study it from different points of view, using recent data, it allows you to either find solutions to it or encourage other students, activists, or even scholars to further this research and propose their solutions.

Unemployment research paper topics

Here are some interesting research topics on unemployment for your consideration:

Karl Marx’s theory of unemployment
To what extent can automation be helpful or harmful in the workforce?
What are the long-term consequences of unemployment?
What is a link between inflation and unemployment?
Why is unemployment particularly bad for women?
How does the unemployment rate affect the phycological state of people?
Unemployment during the Big Depression
Unemployment rate during COVID-19 pandemics
Automation of labor and unemployment
The effects of unemployment on students
The unemployment rate in the country of choice
Which population is the most vulnerable to unemployment?
The link between unemployment and crime rate
Ways of reducing unemployment

Unemployment research questions

When you have chosen the topic, it is important to formulate a few unemployment research questions and choose one or a few that you are going to focus on in your work. If your topic is broad, narrow it down to something more specific that you would be able to cover within the given word count. Make sure it is not too narrow to be researchable but specific enough for you to understand what kind of information to look for specifically.

The questions you formulate can be focused on the:

Comparison between certain aspects of unemployment.
Relationships between variables of your choice.
Advantages/disadvantages of certain aspects.
Causal relationships between specific variables.
Factors contributing to the problem or its solution.

There are a lot of ways to formulate a research question for an unemployment paper, and we suggest that you run the question of your choice by your professor before starting to write.

Unemployment research paper outline

While your outline should include as many details as possible, the main sections it will cover are:

Introduction
Introductory phrase
Background information
Statement of hypothesis/thesis statement
Body sections:
Literature review
Methodology
Restated hypothesis/thesis
Main points of research.
Further application/Significance of research.

Tips for writing an essay on unemployment

Writing an academic essay on unemployment might appear like quite a difficult task. In order to make your life easier, we have decided to provide with the best writing tips:

Choose the topic which you are genuinely interested in. This way, the writing process will be exciting and productive.
Make an outline. This is an essential part of employment essay writing, which helps you to keep your ideas in order and write a well-structured text.
Write the first draft. It will help you understand how to present your arguments and evidence as well as frame your essay.
Look for well-written examples. There are a lot of sample essays on unemployment on the Web. Therefore, if you are not sure what to focus yours on or how to put your ideas on paper, reading a few examples might help.
Proofread your essay. It’s a good idea to revise your paper the next day after you finish writing it. This way, you will notice more grammatical errors and common structural and stylistic mistakes.

Topics for writing an essay on unemployment

Essay on educated unemployment
Essay on unemployment among graduates
Essay on unemployment and poverty
Essay on rural unemployment
Essay on the evils of unemployment
Essay on poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment
Essay on poverty and unemployment in specific countries/states
Essay on unemployment and underemployment after wars
Essay on effects of unemployment (psychological, sociological, financial, etc.)
Causes of unemployment essay
Essay on reasons for unemployment
Essay on the impact of unemployment
Causes and effects of unemployment essay
Cause and effect of unemployment essay: is there a link between low quality education and unemployment?
Argumentative essay on unemployment: should government help the vulnerable population with job search?
Cause and effect essay on unemployment and inflation
Unemployment problem solution essay
Essay on employment and unemployment
Essay on unemployment in America
Essay on unemployment and its long-term effects

Unemployment essay outline

Whether you are writing a one-page essay on unemployment or a longer well-researched one at the end of the semester, making an outline is an important step you should never skip. Just like with a research paper, an unemployment essay outline also has a specific structure:

Unemployment essay introduction. For starters, you need to provide readers with background on the topic and some justifications as to why you have chosen it. At the end of the intro, present your thesis statement with the main points that you will be discussing in more detail further.
Body paragraphs. The main part is the most extended and informative section of the whole essay. It usually consists of 3-5 paragraphs (however, there can be more or less, depending on the specific requirements). Each paragraph has to include the argument connected with your thesis statement, which is reinforced with evidence and examples. Make sure that your body paragraphs are logically interconnected. In this case, transition words will be of great help.
Conclusion for an essay on unemployment. At the final stage, here comes the time to briefly remind the readers about all the arguments discussed throughout the essay and the thesis statement that you have put forward in the intro. Don’t make new points in a conclusion for an unemployment essay. This is the part where you reflect on what was written without adding factual or statistical info to continue the discussion. In the final sentences of the unemployment essay conclusion, try coming up with a catchy phrase to wrap up everything that you have showcased before effectively and to encourage your readers for further reflections.

Statistics for your essay on unemployment

We have collected some interesting and somehow shocking statistics, which you can use in your unemployment essay or research paper:

Developed countries often cannot offer permanent positions for an excessive number of college graduates, both local residents and international students. This problem creates enormous competition for permanent positions in their chosen fields of study. One great example of such a situation is the US economic recession of 2007-2008 when the employment rate of candidates with bachelor's degrees suddenly dropped to as low as 9%.
One of the recent American surveys showed that some of the highest unemployment rates were among Philosophy (6.2%) as well as the English Language (6.4%) and Mass Media (7.4%) graduates. On the other hand, the lowest unemployment rates were fixed in the fields of Industrial Engineering (1.7%) and Medical Technicians (0.9%).
Youth are approximately three times more likely to be unemployed than adults (2.7).
Among all developing regions, East Asia has the largest unemployment rate.
The number of unemployed workers in the world’s developing economies is roughly the same as the population of Bangladesh (156.6 million), the world’s eighth-most populous country.
Despite COVID-19 pandemics, the US unemployment rate has fallen to 7.9% (from 8.4%). The most prosperous are the restaurant, retail, and healthcare sectors.

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Essay on Unemployment

Students are often asked to write an essay on Unemployment in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Unemployment

Understanding unemployment.

Unemployment refers to the state of being without a job, while actively seeking one. It’s a serious issue that affects individuals and the economy.

Types of Unemployment

Effects of unemployment.

Unemployment can lead to financial hardship, mental stress, and a decrease in living standards. It also impacts the economy by reducing the overall income and production levels.

Solutions to Unemployment

Solutions include improving education, increasing economic growth, and creating job opportunities. Government policies can also help reduce unemployment.

250 Words Essay on Unemployment

Introduction.

Unemployment is a significant socioeconomic issue that affects individuals and societies alike. It refers to the state of being without a job while actively seeking one. It’s a complex phenomenon, not merely a personal misfortune but a societal malady with far-reaching implications.

Causes of Unemployment

Several reasons contribute to unemployment. Technological advancements often lead to job redundancies as automation replaces human labor. Economic recessions or downturns also result in layoffs, thereby increasing unemployment rates. Inadequate education and skills mismatch can leave individuals unprepared for available jobs, exacerbating the problem.

Impacts of Unemployment

Unemployment has profound impacts on individuals and society. For individuals, it often results in financial hardship, lowered self-esteem, and can lead to mental health issues. At a societal level, high unemployment rates can lead to increased crime rates, social unrest, and economic stagnation.

Addressing unemployment requires multi-faceted strategies. Education and training programs can equip individuals with relevant skills for the job market. Governments can also implement policies to stimulate economic growth and create jobs. Technological innovation, while displacing some jobs, can also create new ones in emerging fields.

500 Words Essay on Unemployment

Unemployment, a significant socio-economic issue, is a state where individuals who are capable and willing to work cannot find employment. This condition can be a result of several factors, ranging from economic downturns to technological advancements. It’s vital to understand the causes, effects, and potential solutions of unemployment to mitigate its impact on society.

One of the primary causes of unemployment is economic fluctuations. During a recession, companies often lay off employees to cut costs, leading to increased unemployment rates.

Technological advancements can also contribute to unemployment. As industries adopt automation and artificial intelligence, the demand for manual labor decreases, leading to job losses. This phenomenon, known as technological unemployment, is becoming increasingly prevalent in the digital age.

Structural unemployment is another cause, where there’s a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer and the skills needed for available jobs. This mismatch can be due to factors like geographical barriers, changes in consumer demand, or advancements in technology.

Addressing unemployment requires a multi-faceted approach. On the economic front, governments can use fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate economic growth and create jobs. For instance, reducing interest rates can encourage businesses to invest and expand, potentially creating more job opportunities.

Unemployment is a complex issue with significant economic and social implications. While economic fluctuations, technological advancements, and structural factors can lead to unemployment, strategies such as economic stimulus, education and training programs, and strategic investments can help mitigate its impact. By understanding and addressing the causes and effects of unemployment, we can work towards a society where everyone who wants to work can find meaningful employment.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Essay on Unemployment

The three basic needs of human beings are - food, home and clothing. All these needs can be properly fulfilled only if a person has money. And to earn this money, the person must be employed, that is, he or she must have a paid occupation. However, there are many people in the world and our country too who have failed to secure a job. As a result, they have an insignificant source of income. This state of joblessness is called unemployment.

Why Unemployment is a Serious Issue?

To live a dignified life, people need to earn money and fulfil their basic needs. Unemployment snatches this right from them and their standard of life gets degraded.

The lack of money due to unemployment leads to the lack of nutritious food. The health of the unemployed is bound to deteriorate. The children of unemployed people cannot get the proper diet. Hence, they suffer from various illnesses. Their quality of life reduces drastically over time.

An unemployed parent cannot give proper education to his child. As a result, the child too will not be able to get a good job once he grows up. Thus, unemployment breeds unemployment.

Unemployment and Social Instability

An unemployed person is open to doing socially unacceptable work to get money. Thus, very often in a society where there are a huge number of unemployed people, there will be a great proliferation of thieves, snatchers, bank-robbers and much more serious anti-social elements.

Covid-19 & Unemployment in India and the World

In March 2020, India entered into lockdown to stop the spread of Coronavirus. While the lockdown was effective, hundreds of people got jobless because of the prolonged shutdown of the offices. The unemployment rate has climbed up to 27.1% in April. Sure, once the offices are opened, this rate will come down. However, this grim scenario will haunt us for at least one year.

The situation in other countries is the same. 30 million people in the US have filed unemployment claims. The unemployment rate, there, is 14.7%. In the UK the number of unemployment claims has shot up by 70%.

How Can We Come Out of The Muck?

1. Self-Dependence

As the Prime Minister of India proclaimed, the Indians need to be self-dependent. We need more vocational training. Gone are the days when being employed meant being an engineer or a doctor. A farmer is an employed person. He produces his food and that of the others. There is no shame in being a farmer. We have to stop depending on foreign countries for IT work - Let us open more startups. Why do we depend on China for Diwali firecrackers or Holi colors - We can make them ourselves. Self-help is the best help.

2. Shifting The Manufacturing To India

To create more jobs, India needs to make more manufacturing hubs in the country. Let us not just assemble the Smartphone parts, let us scour the mineral-rich country and take out silicon to make circuit boards.

3. Educating The Women

There is a real connection between the lack of education and unemployment. To educate the children of the country, we first need to educate the women of the country. Only then can the children be educated properly.

4. Stopping Politics Based On Religion And Region

Stopping petty politics is the need of the hour. The politicians need to work in a concerted way to make Indians employed.

As Charlie Chaplin said, there is no glory in poverty. Let us not pride ourselves on being compromising. Let us remain hungry for a better life. Let’s get employed.

FAQs on Unemployment Essay

1. What are the types of unemployment prevalent in the world?

Unemployment is a serious issue across the globe and is of four major different types, that is, demand deficient unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, and voluntary unemployment.

Demand deficient unemployment: it is the biggest form of unemployment occurring generally during a recession. A recession is a period when the demand for a certain product in the market decreases, and in reaction to that company reduces its production and cuts down on the workforce.

Frictional unemployment: it is a stage of unemployment where the worker by his own will is searching for a job that is more suitable for his/ her skills and also pays him equal to or more than what he was getting in his previous workplace.

Structural unemployment: In this particular unemployment, geographical location acts as a barrier or the skill set of a worker is not following the skills desired by the jobs available in the market.

Voluntary unemployment: this type of unemployment is by the will of the worker because the worker leaves his/ her job on his own because the pay he is getting is less than his cost of living.

2. What are the causes of unemployment?

Unemployment is a global concern across the globe. Unemployment can be due to any possible reason. Unemployment doesn’t need to be from the employer side only, it can even be from the demand side, that is the demand of the product is low, therefore production is reduced due to which the workforce is also cut down. Unemployment is also from the worker side, that is, the current job doesn't pay him well according to his skill set or the current job is not much of his desired skills. In both these cases, the worker himself leaves his job.

3. What is meant by long-term unemployment and short-term unemployment?

Long-term unemployment refers to the phase of unemployment that lasts for more than 27 weeks, that is 189 days. Short-term unemployment refers to a state where the individual is not unemployed for more than a month and gets a new job very quickly. Long-term unemployment is very dangerous as compared to short-term unemployment and has adverse effects on the economic condition of an individual because of obvious reasons. The main effects of long-term unemployment on an employee are:

There is a significant decrease in the net worth reported in almost 56% of the long-term unemployment cases.

Unemployment not only affects the financial status but family relations as well, 46% of the cases of unemployment experienced strained family relationships.

Unemployment also poses an adverse effect on the career growth of individuals. Almost 43% of the long-term unemployed have observed a drastic effect on their ability to achieve their desired career goals.

Apart from financial and effect on career, long-term unemployment also affects the self-respect of individuals that was reported among approximately 38% of cases of long-term unemployment. Out of these 38% cases, 24% cases required professional help to come back to normal.

4. What are the major reasons that cause unemployment?

Unemployment can persist in a country due to many different reasons.

One of the main reasons for unemployment is population growth because an exponential increase in population has given rise to higher rates of unemployment. After all, the number of people looking for a job is increasing but the jobs available in the market are constant or are not increasing significantly as compared to the rate of population growth.

Due to the rapid growth of technology on a global scale, most of the work that was done through human interference is now carried out through machines and technologies. The advancement in technology has completely replaced the unskilled and low-skilled labourers in factories and companies. All factories now prefer technology over labour simply because technologies are more accurate and fast.

Lack of education and desired skills is another major cause of unemployment. Currently, with technologies driving the world, the demand for skilled and educated workers has increased and the employment opportunities for people without adequate education have decreased, raising the unemployment rate of the country.

Also, the rising pay scale sometimes makes it difficult for companies to hire employees and pay them the optimum salary.

5. What are the initiatives taken by the government to deal with increasing rates of unemployment?

The government has taken the issue of unemployment very seriously. There are various programs, schemes, and initiatives taken by the government to deal with this situation efficiently. Some of the schemes started by the government to reduce unemployment are Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP), Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP), Employment Assurance Scheme, Jawahar Rozgar Yojna, Nehru Rozgar Yojna (NRY), Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP), Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna, employment guarantee scheme, employment exchange, promoting small and cottage industries and development of the organized sector. There are many more schemes launched by the government apart from the ones mentioned here. Also, apart from schemes, the government has launched training for self-employment and skill India program, to help individuals learn skills which can help them in finding a satisfactory job for themselves and their families.

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Essay on Unemployment for Students in English | 500 Words Essay

December 20, 2020 by Sandeep

Essay on Unemployment: It is a serious social issue in India and a big global concern too. There are thousands of people who are not employed owing to the rising population and a steady decline in jobs, leading to unemployment. Automation of jobs, illiteracy, stiff competition, unavailability of resources, unqualified, political factors, etc. has given way to unemployment. Unemployment causes financial distress in families, hampers mental health and causes depression, anxiety, stress and other physical ailments.

Essay on Unemployment 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Unemployment Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 school students.

There is saying that “Give a man a fish, and he will be hungry again tomorrow; teach him to catch a fish, and he will be richer for all his life.” The importance of jobs in life is very significant to afford a good quality of life. Due to the increasing population and high competition, people are not able to grab jobs. This has led to recession and burden on the economy.

What is Unemployment: It is defined as a situation in which a person who is willing to do a job fails to find a job that earns him/her a living. It does not include people who are not looking for jobs.

Types of Unemployment

The unemployment rates are increasing, showing the slowdown in the economy. Unemployment can be classified mainly in two categories one in urban areas and others in rural areas. The major part of India’s population lives in rural areas. There are different types of unemployment – open, disguised, and seasonal. In Urban areas, the infrastructure is well developed, and there are a lot of advancements in technology. The main types of unemployment here are Industrial, educated, and technological development.

Open – It is a case in which there is no work to do. People are willing to work, but there is no work available.
Disguised – It is a situation in which some individuals are noticeably employed but are literally unemployed. It is in the agricultural sector where there are way more people working than required.
Seasonal – It means the needs of the workers are only in particular seasons. It points to a time period where there is less requirement than normal season.
Industrial – The illiterate people who can work in manufacturing industries are eager to do work but not getting any work in urban areas. It is called Industrial unemployment
Educated – When the person is educated but not able to find a job according to his academic qualifications. Then, it is called educated unemployment.
Technological – Technological unemployment happens because of the advancement in technology. It has a significant impact on the organization, as productivity increases and efficiency enhances.

The most common types of unemployment in India is seasonal and disguised unemployment.

Reasons for Unemployment

There are multiple reasons causing a great jump in the rate of unemployment. The biggest reason is the increasing rate of population. There is consistent growth in the population of India. The greater the population, the more the demands of the job seekers, but the advancement in technology causes a decrease in the labour force required.
Another reason is the lack of education and skills among the youth. Job seekers are more, and well-skilled people are very less for the country. It is also called structural unemployment, where the skills needed for the job do not match the skills of the worker.
The advancement in technology in this modern era is also taking away the jobs that can be handled by machines and systems. It has replaced unskilled labour, and the results are more effective and accurate. The production is faster, and the cost is minimised.
Lack of capital threatens companies to pay for its operations. It makes it difficult to prepare for emergencies and sometimes difficult to pay its employees.

Consequences of Unemployment

There are severe consequences of unemployment, causing the economy to suffer. Mainly the people who are affected by it have to go through it. It causes an increase in suicide cases, stress levels boost up, crime rates surge, etc. Unemployed people get demotivated and degrade their skills, which is bad for the economy. There are big impacts which include the loss of productive labour force in the country, which can help in growing GDP. It deteriorates the growth of businesses as well.

As many unemployed people cannot afford basic commodities, it causes fewer sales in businesses. Social causes of long term employment are very substantial. It affects the health of individuals and their families. There is less consumption of nutritious diet, including fruits and vegetables. It can stop their physical and mental development. Again, not creating a valuable asset for the economy in the long run.

Initiative by Government

The government has taken several steps to solve this significant issue. Some initiatives were launched to curb this problem of unemployment. These initiatives include IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme), training for self-employment, NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojana), Drought Prone area program, PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), Employment Guarantee Scheme and more.

The Employment Guarantee Scheme ensures a minimum of 100 working days with wages to do unskilled work. Training for self-employment aims at reducing employment among the youth. Moreover, the government is spending on irrigation, farms, and roads, etc. The government can take some more steps to reduce unemployment like population control, more Small- medium enterprises, good education system and improvement in agriculture.

Essay on Unemployment for Children and Students

Table of Contents

One of the major hindrances in the growth of any country is unemployment. Unemployment is a serious issue in India. Lack of education, lack of employment opportunities and performance issues are some of the factors that lead to unemployment. The government of India must take effective steps to eliminate this problem. One of the main problems faced by the developing countries is unemployment. It is not only one of the major obstacles in the country’s economic growth but also has several other negative repercussions on the individual as well as the society as a whole.

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Long and Short Essay on Unemployment in English

We have provided below short and long essay on unemployment in English for your knowledge and information. These essays have been written in simple and impressive language to convey the message with minimum effort.

After going through these Essays on Unemployment you will know about the factors leading to unemployment in India; what are the possible solutions for the eradication of unemployment; different types of unemployment; initiatives taken by the government to reduce unemployment; unemployment statistics in India etc.

These Unemployment essay will be useful in your school/college events of essay writing, speech giving or debate.

Unemployment Essay 1 (200 words)

People who are willing to work and are earnestly looking for job but are unable to find one are said to be unemployed. It does not include people who are voluntarily unemployed as well as those who are unable to seek job due to certain physical or mental health problem.

There are various factors that lead to the problem of unemployment in the country. These include:

Slow Industrial Growth
Rapid Increase in Population
Focus on Theoretical Education
Fall in Cottage Industries
Lack of alternative employment opportunities for the agricultural workers
Technological Advancement

Unemployment does not impact only the individuals but also the growth of the country. It has a negative impact on social and economic growth of the country. Here are some of the consequences of unemployment:

Increase in crime rate
Poor standard of living
Loss of skill
Political instability
Mental health issues
Slow economic growth

Surprisingly, despite the negative repercussions it has on the society, unemployment is one of the most overlooked issues in India. The government has taken certain steps to control the problem; however, these have not been effective enough. The government should not just initiate programs to control this problem but also keep a check on their effectiveness and revise them if need be.

Unemployment Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

Unemployment is a curse to the society. It does not only impact the individuals but also the society as a whole. There are a number of factors that lead to unemployment. Here is a look at these factors in detail and also the possible solutions to control this problem.

Factors Leading to Unemployment in India

Growth in Population

The rapid growth in the population of the country is one of the leading causes of unemployment.

Slow Economic Growth

Slow economic growth of the country results in lesser employment opportunities for people, thereby leading to unemployment.

Seasonal Occupation

Large part of the country’s population is engaged in the agricultural sector. With this being a seasonal occupation, it provides work opportunity only for a certain part of the year.

Slow Growth of Industrial Sector

The growth of industrial sector in the country is slow. Thus, the employment opportunities in this sector are limited.

Fall in Cottage Industry

The production in cottage industry has fallen drastically and this has left several artisans unemployed.

Possible Solutions to Eradicate Unemployment

Population Control

It is high time the government of India should take stern steps to control the population of the country.

Education System

The education system in India focuses majorly on the theoretical aspects rather than skill development. The system must be improved to generate skilled manpower.

Industrialization

The government must take steps to boost the industrial sector to create greater opportunities for people.

Overseas Companies

The government must encourage foreign companies to open their units in the country to generate more employment opportunities.

Employment Opportunities

Employment opportunities must be created in rural areas for seasonally unemployed people.

The problem of unemployment in the country has persisted since long. While the government has launched several programmes for employment generation, desirable progress has not been achieved. The policy-makers and the citizens should make collective efforts in creating more jobs as well as acquiring the right skill-set for employability.

Unemployment Essay 3 (400 words)

Unemployment in India can be divided into many categories including disguised unemployment, open unemployment, educated unemployment, cyclic unemployment, seasonal unemployment, technological unemployment, underemployment, structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, chronic unemployment and casual unemployment. Before leaning about these types of unemployment in detail let us understand as to who exactly is said to be unemployed. It is basically a person who is willing to work and is seeking an employment opportunity, however, is unable to find one. Those who choose to remain unemployed voluntarily or are unable to work due to some physical or mental health issue are not counted as unemployed.

Here is a detailed look at the different types of unemployment:

Disguised Unemployment

When more than the required numbers of people are employed at a place, it is said to be disguised unemployment. Removing these people does not impact the productivity.

Seasonal Unemployment

As the term suggests, this is the type of unemployment that is seen during certain seasons of the year. The industries mostly affected by seasonal unemployment include the agricultural industry, resorts and ice factories, to name a few.

Open Unemployment

This is when a vast number of labourers are unable to seek a job that provides them regular income. The problem occurs as the labour force increases at a much greater rate compared to the economy’s growth rate.

Technological Unemployment

The use of technological equipments has also led to unemployment by reducing the requirement of manual labour.

Structural Unemployment

This kind of unemployment occurs because of a major change in the country’s economic structure. This is said to be a result of technological advancement and economic development.

Cyclic Unemployment

A reduction in the overall level of business activities leads to cyclic unemployment. However, the phenomenon is short-run.

Educated Unemployment

Inability to find a suitable job, lack of employable skill and flawed education system are some of the reasons why the educated lot remains unemployed.

Underemployment

In this kind of unemployment people either take up a job on part time basis or take up work for which they are over-qualified.

Frictional Unemployment

This occurs when the demand of labour force and its supply are not synced appropriately.

Chronic Unemployment

This is long-term unemployment that continues in a country due to the rapid increase in population and low level of economic development.

Casual Unemployment

This may occur because of a sudden fall in demand, short-term contracts or shortage of raw material.

Though the government has launched several programmes to control each type of unemployment, however, the results are far from satisfactory. The government needs to devise more effective strategies for employment generation.

Unemployment Essay 4 (500 words)

Unemployment is a serious problem. There are a number of factors including lack of education, lack of employment opportunities, lack of skill, performance issues and increasing population rate that lead to this issue in India. Unemployment has a number of negative repercussions on the individuals as well as the country as a whole. The government has taken several initiatives to control this problem. Some of these are mentioned here in detail.

Government Initiatives to Reduce Unemployment

Training for Self Employment

Launched in 1979, the program was named, National Scheme of Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM). It is aimed at reducing unemployment among the youth in the rural areas.

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

In the year 1978-79, the Indian government launched the Integrated Rural Development Programme to ensure full employment opportunities in rural areas. A sum of Rs. 312 crore was spent on this programme and as many as 182 lakh families benefited from it.

Employment in Foreign Countries

The government helps people get employment in overseas companies. Special agencies have been established to hire people for work in other countries.

Small and Cottage Industries

In an attempt to reduce the issue of unemployment, the government has also developed small and cottage industries. Several people are making their living with this initiative.

The Swaran Jayanti Rozgar Yojana

This program is aimed at providing self-employment as well as wage-employment opportunities to the urban population. It includes two plans:

Urban Self-Employment Programme
Urban Wage Employment Programme
Employment Assurance Scheme

The program was launched in as many in 1994 in as 1752 backward blocks in the country. It provided unskilled manual work for 100 days to the poor unemployed people living in rural areas.

Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)

The program was started in 13 states and covered as many as 70 drought-prone districts with an aim to remove seasonal unemployment. In its seventh plan, the government spent Rs. 474 crore.

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

The program launched in April 1989 aimed at providing employment to a minimum of one member in each poor rural family for a period of fifty to hundred days a year. The employment opportunity is provided in the person’s vicinity and 30% of these opportunities are reserved for women.

Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)

There are a total of three schemes under this program. Under the first scheme, the urban poor are given subsidy to establish micro enterprises. Under the second scheme, wage-employment is arranged for labourers in cities having a population of less than 10 lakh. Under the third scheme, urban poor in the cities are given employment opportunities matching their skills.

Employment Guarantee Scheme

Unemployed people are provided economic assistance under this scheme. It has been launched in a number of states including Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, etc.

Apart from this, many other similar programs have been launched to reduce unemployment.

Though the government has been taking several measures to control the problem of unemployment in the country a lot still needs to be worked upon in order to curb this problem in true sense.

Unemployment Essay 5 (600 words)

Unemployment is a grave issue. There are a number of factors that lead to it. Some of these include lack of proper education, lack of good skill set, inability to perform, lack of good employment opportunities and rapidly increasing population. Here is a look at the unemployment statics in the country, the consequences of unemployment and the measures taken by the government to control it.

Unemployment: Statistics in India

The Ministry of Labour and Employment of India keeps the records of unemployment in the country. The measure of unemployment is calculated based on the number of people who had no work for a substantial amount of time during the 365 days preceding the date of collation of data and are still seeking employment.

India saw an average of 7.32 percent unemployment rate from 1983 to 2013 with a highest of 9.40 percent in the year 2009 and a record low of 4.90 percent in 2013. In the year 2015-16, the unemployment rate shot up significantly with 8.7 per cent for women and 4.3 per cent for men.

Consequences of Unemployment

Unemployment leads to serious socio-economic issues. It does not only impact the individuals but the society as a whole. Shared below are some of the major consequences of unemployment:

Increase in Poverty

It goes without saying that increase in unemployment rate results in increase in the rate of poverty in the country. Unemployment is largely responsible for hampering the economic growth of the country.

Increase in Crime Rate

Unable to find a suitable job, the unemployed lot usually takes the path of crime as this seems to be an easy way of making money. One of the main causes of rapidly increasing cases of theft, robbery and other heinous crimes is unemployment.

Exploitation of Labour

Employees usually take advantage of scarcity of jobs in the market by offering low wages. Unable to find a job matching their skill people usually settle for a low-paying job. Employees are also forced to work for more than the set number of hours each day.

Political Instability

Lack of employment opportunities results in loss of faith in the government and this often leads to political instability.

Mental Health

The dissatisfaction level among unemployed people increases and it can gradually lead to anxiety, depression and other mental health problems.

Loss of Skill

Staying out of job for long period of time makes one dull and eventually results in the loss of skill. It also lowers a person’s self confidence to a large extent.

The government of India has taken several initiatives to reduce the problem of unemployment as well as to help the unemployed lot in the country. Some of these include the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Training for Self-Employment, Nehru Rozgar Yojna (NRY), Employment Assurance Scheme, Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP) Development of Organized Sector, Employment Exchanges, Employment in Foreign Countries, Small and Cottage Industries, Employment Guarantee Scheme and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana, to name a few.

Besides offering employment opportunities by way of these programs, the government is also sensitizing the importance of education and providing skill training to the unemployed people.

Unemployment is the root cause of various problems in the society. While the government has taken initiatives to reduce this problem, the measures taken are not effective enough. The various factors causing this problem must be studied well to look for effective and integrated solutions for the same. It is time the government should recognize the sensitivity of the matter and take some serious steps to reduce it.

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My retired father uses his pension to pay for my basic needs because I can't find a job. I'm worried I'm ruining his retirement.

I'm a recent college grad, and I'm struggling to make ends meet; I can't find a full-time job.
I've asked my retired father for his financial support, and he is giving me some of this pension.
I feel guilty for taking my father's pension and want him to enjoy his retirement.

Scrolling through my LinkedIn feed has become a daily ritual. Some days, I scroll to draw inspiration; some days, I search for answers. Watching women my age bag academic and professional accolades while being financially independent has become a fantasy for me.

Three years ago, I reached a remarkable academic milestone: I graduated from a prestigious university with a bachelor's in social work. I was optimistic about securing a decent job with a great salary. I had it all well-planned and clearly journaled. Living a " soft life " and being independent was the ultimate goal.

I never thought unemployment would be part of my career progression . However, I have encountered countless experiences of recruiter ghosting, rejection emails, and short-term contracts — which have all contributed heavily to my financial insecurity.

Instead of the post-grad life I've dreamed of, I'm leaning on my family for support.

My father is responsible for my expenses and basic needs

I am two months away from reaching my late 20s, and I have not yet achieved most of my professional aspirations .

Recently, I stumbled on a huge financial crisis. I was struggling to pay off my debts and meet my personal needs. I had to hold an honest conversation with my father about how I was struggling because I was failing to secure a stable job with a constant flow of income. I have been writing freelance articles for international magazines and publications. I have had numerous financial gains from my youth work activities. However, due to the high cost of living, this has not been adequate enough to cater to all my needs.

Self-sufficiency has always been one of my greatest priorities, so initiating a conversation about my failures with my father as a graduate was quite difficult and uncomfortable — especially because my father paid for my college tuition and was in retirement for seven years.

He graciously offered to help me with money from his pension. Since then, my father has assisted me with his pension funds to cater to my upkeep and internet data expenses.

My father has always been a great anchor in my career progression, but this season has made me more appreciative of him. His constant calls and messages to check up on me, his sharing of work opportunities, and his effort to link me up with his network have shown how much he cares for me.

There's a tremendous emotional burden of being a dependent daughter

Often, I have bore the emotional brunt of being the dependent eldest daughter of the family. I often feel distress, inadequacy, insecurity, and anxiety. I have dreams shelved in diaries. I feel like I'm trapped in a bubble with no way out.

How To Tackle The Weirdest Supplemental Essay Prompts For This Application Cycle

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Writing the college essay

How do you write a letter to a friend that shows you’re a good candidate for the University of Pennsylvania? What reading list will help the Columbia University admissions committee understand your interdisciplinary interests? How can you convey your desire to attend Yale by inventing a course description for a topic you’re interested in studying?

These are the challenges students must overcome when writing their supplemental essays . Supplemental essays are a critical component of college applications—like the personal statement, they provide students with the opportunity to showcase their authentic voice and perspective beyond the quantitative elements of their applications. However, unlike the personal essay, supplemental essays allow colleges to read students’ responses to targeted prompts and evaluate their candidacy for their specific institution. For this reason, supplemental essay prompts are often abstract, requiring students to get creative, read between the lines, and ditch the traditional essay-writing format when crafting their responses.

While many schools simply want to know “why do you want to attend our school?” others break the mold, inviting students to think outside of the box and answer prompts that are original, head-scratching, or downright weird. This year, the following five colleges pushed students to get creative—if you’re struggling to rise to the challenge, here are some tips for tackling their unique prompts:

University of Chicago

Prompt: We’re all familiar with green-eyed envy or feeling blue, but what about being “caught purple-handed”? Or “tickled orange”? Give an old color-infused expression a new hue and tell us what it represents. – Inspired by Ramsey Bottorff, Class of 2026

What Makes it Unique: No discussion of unique supplemental essay prompts would be complete without mentioning the University of Chicago, a school notorious for its puzzling and original prompts (perhaps the most well-known of these has been the recurring prompt “Find x”). This prompt challenges you to invent a new color-based expression, encouraging both linguistic creativity and a deep dive into the emotional or cultural connotations of color. It’s a prompt that allows you to play with language, think abstractly, and show off your ability to forge connections between concepts that aren’t typically linked—all qualities that likewise demonstrate your preparedness for UChicago’s unique academic environment.

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How to Answer it: While it may be easy to get distracted by the open-ended nature of the prompt, remember that both the substance and structure of your response should give some insight into your personality, perspective, and characteristics. With this in mind, begin by considering the emotions, experiences, or ideas that most resonate with you. Then, use your imagination to consider how a specific color could represent that feeling or concept. Remember that the prompt is ultimately an opportunity to showcase your creativity and original way of looking at the world, so your explanation does not need to be unnecessarily deep or complex—if you have a playful personality, convey your playfulness in your response; if you are known for your sarcasm, consider how you can weave in your biting wit; if you are an amateur poet, consider how you might take inspiration from poetry as you write, or offer a response in the form of a poem.

The goal is to take a familiar concept and turn it into something new and meaningful through a creative lens. Use this essay to showcase your ability to think inventively and to draw surprising connections between language and life.

Harvard University

Prompt: Top 3 things your roommates might like to know about you.

What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in both form and substance—first, you only have 150 words to write about all 3 things. Consider using a form other than a traditional essay or short answer response, such as a bullet list or short letter. Additionally, note that the things your roommate might like to learn about you do not necessarily overlap with the things you would traditionally share with an admissions committee. The aim of the prompt is to get to know your quirks and foibles—who are you as a person and a friend? What distinguishes you outside of academics and accolades?

How to Answer it: First and foremost, feel free to get creative with your response to this prompt. While you are producing a supplemental essay and thus a professional piece of writing, the prompt invites you to share more personal qualities, and you should aim to demonstrate your unique characteristics in your own voice. Consider things such as: How would your friends describe you? What funny stories do your parents and siblings share that encapsulate your personality? Or, consider what someone might want to know about living with you: do you snore? Do you have a collection of vintage posters? Are you particularly fastidious? While these may seem like trivial things to mention, the true creativity is in how you connect these qualities to deeper truths about yourself—perhaps your sleepwalking is consistent with your reputation for being the first to raise your hand in class or speak up about a cause you’re passionate about. Perhaps your living conditions are a metaphor for how your brain works—though it looks like a mess to everyone else, you have a place for everything and know exactly where to find it. Whatever qualities you choose, embrace the opportunity to think outside of the box and showcase something that admissions officers won’t learn about anywhere else on your application.

University of Pennsylvania

Prompt: Write a short thank-you note to someone you have not yet thanked and would like to acknowledge.

What Makes it Unique: Breaking from the traditional essay format, this supplement invites you to write directly to a third party in the form of a 150-200 word long letter. The challenge in answering this distinct prompt is to remember that your letter should say as much about you, your unique qualities and what you value as it does about the recipient—all while not seeming overly boastful or contrived.

How to Answer it: As you select a recipient, consider the relationships that have been most formative in your high school experience—writing to someone who has played a large part in your story will allow the admissions committee some insight into your development and the meaningful relationships that guided you on your journey. Once you’ve identified the person, craft a thank-you note that is specific and heartfelt—unlike other essays, this prompt invites you to be sentimental and emotional, as long as doing so would authentically convey your feelings of gratitude. Describe the impact they’ve had on you, what you’ve learned from them, and how their influence has shaped your path. For example, if you’re thanking a teacher, don’t just say they helped you become a better student—explain how their encouragement gave you the confidence to pursue your passions. Keep the tone sincere and personal, avoid clichés and focus on the unique role this person has played in your life.

University of Notre Dame

Prompt: What compliment are you most proud of receiving, and why does it mean so much to you?

What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in that it invites students to share something about themselves by reflecting on someone else’s words in 50-100 words.

How to Answer it: The key to answering this prompt is to avoid focusing too much on the complement itself and instead focus on your response to receiving it and why it was so important to you. Note that this prompt is not an opportunity to brag about your achievements, but instead to showcase what truly matters to you. Select a compliment that truly speaks to who you are and what you value. It could be related to your character, work ethic, kindness, creativity, or any other quality that you hold in high regard. The compliment doesn’t have to be grand or come from someone with authority—it could be something small but significant that left a lasting impression on you, or it could have particular meaning for you because it came from someone you didn’t expect it to come from. Be brief in setting the stage and explaining the context of the compliment—what is most important is your reflection on its significance and how it shaped your understanding of yourself.

Stanford University

Prompt: List five things that are important to you.

What Makes it Unique: This prompt’s simplicity is what makes it so challenging. Stanford asks for a list, not an essay, which means you have very limited space (50 words) to convey something meaningful about yourself. Additionally, the prompt does not specify what these “things” must be—they could be a physical item, an idea, a concept, or even a pastime. Whatever you choose, these five items should add depth to your identity, values, and priorities.

How to Answer it: Start by brainstorming what matters most to you—these could be values, activities, people, places, or even abstract concepts. The key is to choose items or concepts that, when considered together, provide a comprehensive snapshot of who you are. For example, you might select something tangible and specific such as “an antique telescope gifted by my grandfather” alongside something conceptual such as “the willingness to admit when you’re wrong.” The beauty of this prompt is that it doesn’t require complex sentences or elaborate explanations—just a clear and honest reflection of what you hold dear. Be thoughtful in your selections, and use this prompt to showcase your creativity and core values.

While the supplemental essays should convey something meaningful about you, your values, and your unique qualifications for the university to which you are applying, the best essays are those that are playful, original, and unexpected. By starting early and taking the time to draft and revise their ideas, students can showcase their authentic personalities and distinguish themselves from other applicants through their supplemental essays.

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In Indonesia, the use of “joki,” or writers-for-hire, is a long-standing – and mostly normalized – practice among university students.

The main gate of Yogyakarta State University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, January 10, 2022.

Would you pay someone to write your university thesis?

For some, the answer will be an immediate “no” for a range of reasons, either moral, legal or practical. For others, it may be that such a “service” is simply unthinkable, completely unheard of, or prohibitively expensive.

In Indonesia however, a decades-old thriving business known as joki or writers-for-hire, where fellow students or recent graduates write other students’ theses, dissertations, extended essays or classroom assignments for a low fee, is back in the news.

While joki is nothing new in Indonesia, it has become a revived talking point recently following a viral video posted on X in July by the founder of the sociopolitics media platform What Is Up Indonesia, Abigail Limuria.

In the video , Limuria named a number of issues already facing the Indonesian education system, including teacher welfare, the curriculum, and teaching quality, continuing to say that the practice of joki was only adding to the existing problems.

“What makes me mindblown is that so many people don’t realize that this is wrong,” she said. “Come on guys, how can you not be aware that this is deception?”

The video has been viewed some 11 million times, and prompted discussion from students, academics and even some of the joki themselves, defending the practice and lamenting the lack of other jobs in Indonesia.

Undoubtedly, the concept of writers-for-hire comes from a confluence of factors.

One is the aforementioned saturated job market in Indonesia, which means that students and fresh graduates need to find creative ways to make money. According to Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, the unemployment rate in February 2024 stood at 4.82 percent .

Another issue is obviously overstretched and underpaid university lecturers, who often struggle with large class sizes of hundreds of students, and overwhelming administrative duties that leave them with little time to clamp down on issues like the increasing use of AI and plagiarism.

Thirdly, university students in Indonesia have become accustomed to the concept of joki , with many failing to see it as a dishonest practice, but rather a shortcut that everyone takes.

Why write your own thesis, when all your friends have hired someone else to write theirs?

Students on X, and some academics, also blamed the lack of support for students on the decision to simply pay someone else to do their work.

In particular, some highlighted the failure of many Indonesian institutions to teach students how to accurately research a topic and structure an academic thesis to reflect their findings – again being too overburdened by teaching and marking that they only have time to teach their core syllabus.

Perhaps one of the main reasons the practice flourishes is that there is really no stigma attached to it – something demonstrated by the way in which scribes-for-hire openly promote their services on social media platforms and e-commerce marketplaces.

Yet not only is joki unethical, it is also against the law – a fact confirmed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education’s X account , which replied to Limuria’s viral video.

“The academic community is prohibited from using jockeys (other people’s services) to complete assignments and scientific work because it violates ethics and the law. This is a form of plagiarism which is prohibited in Law No. 20/2003 concerning the National Education System,” the tweet said.

Yet clamping down on such a widespread practice is difficult, as universities are hardly likely to report students to the authorities for plagiarism, even if they know that it exists.

There is also scant research on the practice of joki, making it difficult to assess how widespread it actually is, and how universities could tackle something so deeply embedded in Indonesian academia.

Some lecturers on X suggested that another issue is that Indonesian academic institutions only offer the option of a thesis in order to graduate, and that this could be changed to a personal essay or another form of exam that would be more difficult for students to plagiarize.

Certainly, this is something that could be considered as a way of overturning a decades-long practice of cheating.

At a deeper level, however, academic institutions need to provide more guidance and support for students and be vigilant about the practice of joki – rather than practicing a “see-no-evil” approach that does nothing to address the issue.

If Indonesian institutions turn a blind eye to cheating before students even enter the workforce and public life, they will likely continue to learn the wrong lessons from the very academic powers that should be setting an example.

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Barnaul, Altai Krai (Siberia)

Barnaul is the administrative center of the Altai Krai [Altai Territory] which had been created in 1937. In the years following the 1941 Deportation of the Volga Germans, many Volga German families moved from the rural settlements in the Altai Krai into the city of Barnaul.

During World War II, more than half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Army was manufactured in Barnaul in factories that had been relocated there from Moscow, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Odessa, and Kharkov following the invasion of the Nazis.

- Barnaul (Wikipedia)

Barnaul street scene. Source: Marina Webber.

Panorama of Barnaul (2007). Source: Russian Wikipedia.

Pre-Volga Origin

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Barnaul – the view from above

No comments · Posted by Sergei Rzhevsky in Cities , Photos , Travel

Barnaul is a city with a population of about 632 thousand people located in the south of Western Siberia at the confluence of the Barnaulka and the Ob rivers, the administrative center of the Altai Krai .

It was founded as a settlement at the Akinfiy Demidov silver smelting plant in 1730. The blast furnace on the city’s coat of arms reminds of those times. Today, it is a large industrial, cultural, medical, and educational center of Siberia . Photos by: Slava Stepanov .

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 1

Nagorniy (Highland) Park located on a 175-meter hill.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 2

The seven-meter sign “BARNAUL” is installed on the hillside.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 3

From the top of the stairs leading to the top of the hill, you can enjoy beautiful views of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 4

Sovetov Square – the main square of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 5

Administration of the Altai Krai.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 6

Administration of Barnaul and the City Duma.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 8

October Square – one of the central squares and the main road junction of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 9

“House with the Spire” – one of the main architectural symbols of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 10

Lenin Avenue – the main street of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 11

Altai Regional Drama Theater named after V.M. Shukshin.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 12

Znamensky Church (1853-1858).

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 13

Krasnoarmeysky Avenue – one of the central streets of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 14

The intersection of Lenin Avenue and Gogol Street.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 15

Altai Regional Philharmonic.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 16

Pedestrian Malo-Tobolskaya Street, which is called the Barnaul Arbat.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 17

Church of John the Baptist in Nagorniy Park.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 18

Barnaul Railway Station. On the left you can see the building of the old railway station (1914).

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 19

The railway bridge (1915) over the Ob River.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 20

The Ob River.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 21

New apartment buildings in the western part of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 22

The 25-story residential building on Guschina Street, 150/3 – the highest building in Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 23

Church of the Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian (2009).

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 24

Youth football school of Olympic reserve named after Alexei Smertin.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 25

Arlekino Park.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 26

Regional Clinical Hospital – the largest health care institution in the Altai Krai.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 27

Barnaul Thermal Power Plant #3, which provides half of the housing stock of Barnaul with heat and hot water.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 28

Night lights of Barnaul.

Barnaul, Russia - the view from above, photo 30

Tags: Altai krai · Barnaul city

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When Does a Recession Become Official?

By Peter Coy

Opinion Writer

Let’s say you’re an armchair economist and you think the U.S. economy is already in a recession (as many people do ). Or maybe you’re sure it’s still growing. Either way, you would love to serve on the committee that makes the semiofficial determinations of when recessions begin and end.

Sorry, no applications are being accepted. Robert Hall, a Stanford and Hoover Institution economist who has chaired the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research since its inception in 1978, told Bloomberg in 2018 that to be on the committee, you have to be an academic macroeconomist with a strong track record of business cycle research, and even then you can’t nominate yourself.

“It would be very unfortunate if somebody called me up or called up James Poterba and said, ‘I want to be on the committee,’” Hall said. Poterba is the N.B.E.R.’s president. “That would be — that’s just not the way people behave,” Hall said. “They wait for us to call them.”

But you don’t need to be a committee member to take a crack at doing what the committee does. You can look at the six economic indicators the committee says it mainly relies on and decide whether the economy is in or near a recession. (The committee itself doesn’t make its decisions until long after recessions have begun or ended, allowing time for the data to be fully vetted.)

By the bureau’s definition, a recession is “a significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy and that lasts more than a few months.”

Unlike most, the Covid recession of 2020 did not last “more than a few months.” It started in February and ended in April. The first package of charts shows how the six indicators the committee focuses on have changed since the end of that recession.

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New Times, New Thinking.

The Weekend Essay

Can Kamala Harris end America’s interregnum?

The country is still searching for its first post-neoliberal president.

By Justin H Vassallo

Democrats elated by Kamala Harris’s candidacy for president and further buoyed by the apparent strife inside the Republican campaign are no longer so panicked over the odds of beating Donald Trump in November. But as the dust settles from this summer’s dramatic events – the withering of Joe Biden, the assassination attempt on Trump, the selection of JD Vance as Trump’s running mate – the American public faces an odd rerun of past elections. As we’ll surely see at the Democratic National Convention in the coming days, Harris is betting on the fresh contrast she provides with Trump. Yet the themes she and her party have embraced are the same as those from 2016 and 2020: to save democracy and prevent Trump’s wreckage of U.S. institutions. Gestures to cheque book issues aside, Harris does not yet seem ready to campaign as a populist who would challenge the country’s economic elite.

That approach leaves an opening for a reorganised Trump-Vance ticket which prioritised economic discontent in the swing states that will determine the election. And it comes at a time when parts of the Republican Party, once synonymous with big business and free-market dogma, are more aggressively trying to establish a pro-worker image. Democrats, of course, dismiss the GOP’s threadbare commitments to labour, highlighting Trump’s anti-worker rhetoric , preference for yet another corporate tax cut and the deregulatory zeal of Project 2025, the alleged blueprint for a second Trump administration. Yet Harris cannot coast on America’s relatively strong economic performance and low unemployment rate under Biden. Anxiety over living costs is pervasive, and while Biden’s sweeping industrial strategy was bold it was not well understood by the public.

In fact, Harris’s window to take a firmer stance on questions of economic power may be quickly passing. Her pick of Tim Walz, Minnesota’s progressive Democratic governor, has been well-received across the party base, and it is widely thought that his record of pro-labour reform will quell doubts about the ticket’s priorities. But Walz’s primary purpose is to shore-up the “Blue Wall” in the Midwest, not shape campaign promises. Harris has shown a willingness to explore some radical ideas, not least with talk of banning grocery “price gouging” mooted in a speech in North Carolina on Friday. But as chatter persists over whether she might abandon Biden’s more populist initiatives under pressure from Wall Street and the donor class, the fear among economic progressives is that Trump’s relentless “America first” message will, in the final stretch, once more eclipse the Democrats’ reflexive appeal to values and identity politics.

This may surprise those who believed the Democrats had emerged a bolder and stronger party after Trump’s chaotic term. Many supporters hoped Biden’s gamble on a developmentalist agenda would dampen Trump’s strength with working-class whites and return some of them to the Democratic fold. But despite a suite of investments directed toward America’s rust belts – as well as some important steps toward protecting workers and consumers from corporate abuse – Biden’s policies are slow to catch on in places that continue to weather plant closures , higher poverty rates, and declining family formation. The impasse has vexed progressive Democrats otherwise emboldened by their legislative accomplishments and newfound faith in Harris. Biden may be heralded by the commentariat as the first “post-neoliberal” president, but Bidenism hasn’t crystallised into something greater than the sum of its parts, let alone a platform that could realign the electorate on the scale of the New Deal or Reagan revolution.

The mandate to cement a new order in this election is thus up for grabs. Still, there are reasons to doubt that either Trump or Harris, short of an electoral sweep, will turn post-neoliberalism into something more definitive. The tenuous agreement between Democrats and Republicans on the need to reindustrialise parts of America and limit foreign competition proves the link between Trump and Biden. But it is also a reminder that American political economy is stuck in an interregnum , with only halting progress on labour rights, anti-trust enforcement, and family policy. Though hyper-globalisation continues to founder, neither party has offered a transformative vision that might decisively build on what Biden has started.

The Saturday Read

Morning call.

As the 2024 party convention bids farewell to his leadership of the Democratic Party, it is still remarkable to reflect how much Biden, a career centrist, broke with 40 years of economic orthodoxy. Hailed as a sea change, “Bidenomics” nevertheless failed to earn high marks from voters. Some of this can be attributed to a post-pandemic malaise and inflation’s disproportionate effect on working-class families. For many Americans, tight labour markets did not translate into significantly higher pay packets. Increased costs for regular goods and services, as well as interest rates that have spiked debt loads and cut into savings for major life purchases, have consequently led a percentage of black men, Latinos, and swing voters to favourably reassess Trump’s term.

There were also conflicting expectations of what a Biden presidency would represent. Alert to the despair and degradation that helped fuel Trump’s rise, Biden tried unsuccessfully to be both the elder statesman and a transformational figure. Of course, he was neither able to deliver the “return to normalcy” his campaign promised nor raise overall living standards in an efficient manner. Rhetorical invocations of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal equally fell flat. While Biden’s agenda is the closest the Democrats have come in decades to channelling the Rooseveltian spirit, it often seemed that a geopolitical project to secure key industries for the energy transition took precedence over affordable housing and a stronger welfare state.

This accentuated the disconnect between the macroeconomic picture touted by the president’s allies and Americans’ day-to-day perceptions of their well-being. Meanwhile, many on the left, infuriated by legislative compromises with centrist Democrats, argue that Biden didn’t go far enough – or picked the wrong priorities altogether. Perhaps most important, though, Biden proved incapable of crafting a persuasive narrative about how his policies would forge a new basis for shared prosperity.

However maddening it may be for stalwart Democrats, such shortcomings contrast poorly with Trump’s enduring power to shape perceptions of the country’s direction and win over past critics (including, most notably, Vance). Indeed, the flimsiness of Trump’s “populist” ideas has not stopped him from playing the insurgent against the establishment nearly a decade on from his first campaign. Of course, Trump’s preternatural ability to do so may be reaching its end, given his flailing attacks on Harris and other progressives such as Shawn Fain, the popular leader of the United Auto Workers. Most Democrats, however, have yet to truly skewer Trump and his core donors as the economic royalists they are. As it has countless times before, the party is instead vacillating over whether it is in favour of a bold social-democratic vision or something more restrained and technocratic.

These dynamics have a created a double bind for Democratic leaders: even as they have tried to resurrect an activist state on behalf of the left behind, they are also the party of “ conserving ” the gains from globalisation and the modern urban affluence which sprung from it. Hence the party’s Janus-faced approach to populism. The reality is that the Democratic Party – which for much of the 20th century drove a policy agenda in Washington based on taming corporate power, industrialising the American South, and helping trade unions – has struggled to move beyond Bidenism’s reactive impetus. If Biden’s substantive application of Trump’s critique of free-trade, China’s geoeconomics, and globalisation took the political world by surprise, Trump nevertheless holds the advantage of having set the terms of the debate.

Along with Trump’s unique political instincts, this has bolstered the Republican Party’s ongoing effort to refashion itself as a vehicle for blue-collar Americans and blunted, in key locales, Democratic attacks on other salient issues. That strength confounds Democrats who believe they have meaningful solutions for downtrodden communities. They miss, however, the way the populist revolt behind Trump shredded the central, if oversimplified, narrative of American politics: that Republicans invariably serve the most privileged classes and regions, while Democrats champion wage-earners and those who have fallen on hard times.

On key metrics, this is no longer the case. The counties that voted for Biden in 2020 and Hillary Clinton in 2016 produced a majority of the country’s GDP, and Democrats now represent a majority of the wealthiest districts in the House of Representatives. Incremental reforms in coastal blue cities and states, meanwhile, have done little to dent the perception that their governments cater to the winners of the knowledge economy. Appeals to a shared multiculturalism between these elites and the urban underclass arguably hold less sway than when Trump first arrived on the scene. Despite the depth of the country’s polarisation and the pull of negative partisanship, working-class “dealignment” appears to be accelerating. Like the “Reagan Democrat” of the late 20th century, the proverbial “Obama-Trump” voter is a greater phenomenon than most analysts realise.

So, what to make of the GOP’s play for the working-class vote? Its sincerity has been gainsaid by progressives for reasons as sound as they are obvious. Still, the party’s core ideology can no longer be equated with the neoconservative globalism of George W Bush nor is its support so strongly anchored in the country club suburbs. While most Republicans still only offer tepid remedies for the problems that ail post-industrial America, the fact that they represent an increasing share of low-income Americans underscores why influential voices on the right believe that Vance, with his hardscrabble background and populist rhetoric, symbolises the party’s future. The implicit theory is that, within the next few election cycles, the anti-establishment groundswell will at last force the GOP to meet the unsatisfied economic demands of their base. Trump, in this more calculated reading, is simply a vehicle to a new political alignment, not an object of blind reverence.

In some ways one can see why advocates of Republican populism believe they still have the wind at their backs – and that more has changed in the U.S. party system than progressives realise. In particular, they point to ideas circulated by “New Right” think tanks such as American Compass and overlooked bipartisanship in Congress as proof the GOP’s rising stars want to promote ideas once associated with New Deal liberalism: fair competition and consumer rights, collective bargaining, family subsidies, and long-term investments in regional development. A post-neoliberalism of the right, in other words, would set parameters for market behaviour and alleviate economic pressures on working families – just don’t call it redistribution.

By any reasonable measure, Trump’s GOP continues to fall short of these lofty expectations. Besides the usual stale mix of tax cuts and deregulation, the centrepiece of the Trump-Vance ticket’s economic platform is a universal baseline tariff to stoke domestic industry. Tariffs and other trade restrictions, as the Biden administration has conceded, are part of the tool kit to coax fixed investment. But on their own they are hardly enough, in an economy flooded with precarious gig work, to correct regional and structural imbalances and dramatically lift wages. As before, the populist wing may wager that the true potential of Trumpian economic nationalism can be measured by the backlash it sparks among elites. But while the lack of support for the ticket among major business executives has generated considerable noise in recent weeks, this discomfort speaks more to the incoherence of Trump’s vision than any purported radicalism on behalf of workers.

One pathbreaking idea on hand is to devalue the dollar to boost manufacturing exports and curb financialisation – a position once advocated by Elizabeth Warren, the progressive Democratic senator from Massachusetts and former presidential candidate. That would certainly mark a breach with a regime that still favours a strong currency, one of the pillars of the old Washington consensus that Biden has left intact. In combination with the inflationary pressures that extended tax cuts and higher tariffs would likely generate, such action might compel Republicans to support other interventions they would normally reject in order to stabilise the purchasing power of working households. Suffice to say, this is a major hypothetical not backed up by where most of the GOP stands on regulating the market.

The GOP’s manifest limitations on these fronts reinforce the view that the post-neoliberal consensus remains inchoate. Republicans aren’t willing to go much further than tariffs and subsidies for innovation in the “defense industrial base”, and in this sense are much closer to the actual Reagan paradigm than either the populists or market fundamentalists would like to admit. Many Democrats who have the vice-president’s ear, meanwhile, seem keen to bracket Bidenism – to limit their horizons to being stewards of economic growth whom high-profile business leaders can trust. Although a President Harris would likely preserve aspects of Biden’s trade and industrial policies for national security reasons – another roundabout concession to Trumpian populism – the appetite to do more on labour and welfare policy could easily dissipate, particularly if pro-business moderates are seen as providing her margin of victory in November.

The question of what post-neoliberalism ultimately entails – of whom must be appeased, which policies must be advanced, and what can be scrapped – thus hovers over both parties. As the country staggers through this transitory period, it may be more apt to say both parties have merely rejected “ Rubinomics ”, the set of policies named after Robert Rubin, Bill Clinton’s Treasury Secretary. A governing philosophy which extolled maximum capital mobility, trade liberalisation, and fiscal austerity is finally obsolete. But what follows “peak globalisation” is less certain.

This brings us to a paradox of the 2024 election. As high as the stakes are, there is a case to be made that American politics is headed toward further stasis, that talk of an epochal realignment in terms of class, region, and ideology is premature – regardless of who wins. Until the economy suffers a more existential shock than what we’ve seen this century, post-neoliberalism may be more about propping up existing coalitions than reckoning with American capitalism as such.

Given Harris’s evident momentum , she can afford to risk more. Trump’s economic populism, like the GOP ticket itself, has deflated remarkably in the few weeks since the Republican National Convention, when it briefly seemed that Trump would achieve his long-sought commanding victory at the ballot box. A compelling Democratic agenda, therefore, must not only draw a contrast based on Trump’s deficits – moral and otherwise. It must declare how a Harris administration will nourish economic democracy in the US and radically curb the abuses and fraud which are inflicted upon so many struggling families. By the end of her nomination speech next Thursday, we’ll know if Harris is taking on more than Trump.

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University Writing Program

Hartmann-villalta co-edits on “precarity, caregiving, and covid”.

UWP is excited to announce that Laura Hartmann-Villalta, in collaboration with Emily Bloom, has co-edited a feature titled “ Precarity, Caregiving, and COVID ,” now published by the journal Modernism/modernity as a Print+ feature. This publication, which began as an MLA 2021 roundtable, has been three years in the making and delves into timely and critical discussions.

The articles are both scholarly and deeply moving. Below is an excerpt from Hartmann-Villalta’s co-written introduction, offering a glimpse into each piece. While the first sentence suggests a focus on modernism, most of the articles explore various aspects of academic life, including its challenges and injustices during the pandemic.

“Contributors to this collection engage with modernism in various ways. Libbie Rifkin discusses abandoning teaching Gertrude Stein’s Tender Buttons during the pandemic only to rediscover Stein’s relevance for pandemic-era students; situating Stein within Disability Studies, Rikin argues that Stein offers a necessary critique of academic ableism in a time when disabled students are disproportionately left behind. In her essay, Beryl Pong looks to Blitz-era British World War II writing as offering a precedent for the chronological disorders of pandemic time. Not all contributors address modernism directly, but several focus on their experience as scholars and teachers. Dania Dwyer discusses why calls by administrators to offer care to students during the pandemic placed a disproportionate burden on Black faculty who were left reeling from the murders of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor. Also addressing the topic of faculty burnout, Lynn Deboeck outlines a series of proposals for improving the lives of precarious faculty. And finally, Eleanor Russell describes finding solace in the “cool” aesthetics of Ottessa Moshfegh in a time of caretaking and unemployment.”

Bloom, E., & Hartmann-Villalta, L. (2024, July 24). Precarity, caregiving, and covid . Modernism/modernity Print Plus. https://modernismmodernity.org/forums/precarity-caregiving-and-covid

Unemployment Essay

To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Unemployment can be defined as the condition where citizens of a country are jobless and have in the recent past been involved in searching work without a success. Unemployment rate can be defined as the prevalence of unemployment opportunities in a country. The unemployment index is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the number of individuals in the labour force (Arestis & John 15).

I have chosen the unemployment situation because of the increasing and prevalent unemployment rates in various countries.

Recent statistics indicate that, the rate of unemployment is on the increase and there is a lot of information to cover the complex area of unemployment. There are various reasons which cause unemployment in a country. The following are some of the reasons that cause unemployment rate in a country (Arestis & John 20).

Advances in new technologies. New technologies to a large extent replace the human labour force which renders most human beings as unemployed.
Population increase. The level of unemployment is believed to go up as population in a country increases. Increase in population leads to an increased pressure on the available resources. These limited resources are few and cannot accommodate the increasing demands of the population
National policies. Some countries have stringent national policies that favour the increase in the unemployment levels in a country. These national policies will always restrict the participation of certain gender groups in specific employment sectors. For example, some countries restricts the participation of women in many employment sectors especially the building, and construction sector.
Political environments also play a major role towards increasing the rate of unemployment. Political environments that increase the rate of unemployment are quite dominant especially in the developing countries. Such environments will enhance political vices such as nepotism and corruption which undermines the possibility of having fair distribution of employment opportunities to citizens.
Economic depression. Economic depression is a form of economic recession that is long-term which is characterized by a downturn in the various economic activities in a country.

In analyzing this complex situation of unemployment, it is of vital importance to consider the application of various system analyzing tools such as “tools, methods, methodology and many techniques”. This will make the analysis of the complex situation being analyzed to be understood easily.

In my research I will analyze the complex process of unemployment with the aim of creating a sustainable environment in the employment sector.

The research will encompass the various causes of unemployment rates, the challenges being encountered in the process of reducing unemployment rates. The research will critically analyze the various types of unemployment and, the mechanisms which can be adopted in order to reduce the prevalent rates of unemployment.

Unemployment is a complex problem facing many countries presently. The process of reducing unemployment rates can be a daunting process fraught with disappointments. As a summary of the major findings of the research, the major cause of unemployment is lack of information among citizens, and poor governance policies in a country (Arestis & John 30).

Various citizens are ignorant on how to effectively utilize the available natural and human resources to create employment. They lack a sense of creativity which could possibly create employment opportunities. Also, most citizens are ignorant on how to effectively participate in democratic governance process.

This ignorance eventually creates autocratic governance regimes which fosters nepotism and corruption. These political vices reduce the availability of employment opportunities in a country, leading to unemployment (Arestis & John 15).

One key requirement of a good system practitioner is the ability of the system practitioner to apply the various models, methods and theories of system practitioner into the real life.

My undertaking of this project will assist me to apply the various system practitioner concepts learnt in class to the real life complex scenario of unemployment (Jacques & Stephen, 1994, pg. 21). In analyzing the complexity associated with unemployment, I will consider the various theories of complex management which I will discuss along with the development of this paper.

Applying hard systems method

Before analyzing the complex process of unemployment, it is important to make a distinction between hard and soft systems. Hard systems can be defined as those problems that deal with the “how” questions. For example, the question of how to increase the rate of employment is an example of a hard problem.

A hard problem is always characterized by the fact that there is a distinct solution, and there are a number of defined goals that are well defined which should be accomplished. On the other hand, a soft system is a problem that encompasses both the “how” and “what” questions (Jacques & Stephen, 1994, pg. 27)

The complex process of unemployment could be well analyzed using the hard system method of approach. The hard system method tries to analyze a complex problem through many stages which will be discussed in this paper.

There are various advantages that are associated with the use of the hard system methodology of concept analysis. The following are some of the advantages of using the hard system method (Jacques & Stephen, 1994, pg. 35)

It provides a deeper understanding and analysis of the problem of unemployment and answers the question of how to mitigate the unemployment problem.
Hard system analysis provides answers to other complex problems related to unemployment like how to use technology to increase the rate of employment.

The following diagram indicates the application of hard system in the analysis of unemployment.

The above diagram indicates the various processes that will be undertaken in the analysis of the unemployment problem.

Stage 1. System description

System description will always indicate the current position and status of the problem being analyzed. Currently we are experiencing a high rate of unemployment which is characterized by the increasing population rate. The world population is estimated at 7 billion people.

The available limited employment resources are not sufficient to carter for the demands of the 7 billion individuals. This eventually piles up pressure on the resources that could be used to create employment opportunities, hence leading to an increased level of unemployment (Steger, Maznevski & Wolfgang 39).

The following table illustrates the world population by continent by 2011.

The alarming increase in the level of unemployment creates a need for analyzing the complex concept of unemployment with the aim of unmasking the strategies to be adopted in order to reduce unemployment rates (Arestis & John 55).

The following table indicates the world top ten countries by unemployment rate

Country	Unemployment rate in %	year
Zimbabwe	95	2009 estimate
Nauru	90	2004 est.
Liberia	85	2003 est.
Burkina Faso	77	2004
Turkmenistan	60	2004
Djibouti	59	2007
Namibia	51.2	2008
Senegal	48	2007
Nepal	46	2008
Kosovo	45	2009

The above data directly underpins the fact that unemployment is a complex prevalent issue. If much is not done to contain the issue, then, the issue will become out of control and cause adverse effects to the limited human, and natural resources available (Arestis & John 60).

Stage 2. Identification of constraints and objectives

The main objective of this sturdy is to identify the various causes of unemployment and any relevant measure that can be adopted to mitigate the problem of unemployment. Also, the sturdy is aimed at identifying the reasons as to why there is a huge gap between the unemployment rates in developed countries and the developing countries (Steger, Maznevski & Wolfgang 40).

The major projected constrain is the political environments and government policies and ideologies governing the utilization of resources, and the creation of employment opportunities.

Stage 3. Generation of routes to objectives

Governments and relevant stakeholders should ensure that, there is gender equity and equality in the allocation of employment opportunities.
Governments should adopt various strategies that will involve the citizens in the creation of employment opportunity for self-sustainability. A self-sustenance economy should be adopted which can be achieved through promotion of innovation and creativity.
Removal of political and governance ideologies that promote nepotism, and corruption.
Creation of public awareness and increased public participation in the governance process.

Stage 4. Formulating measures for performance

Measures of performance will measure to what extent has the research objectives been met. In order to measure the performance, the unemployment index will be recorded for the next five years after the activities stipulated in the routes to objectives have been undertaken.

The unemployment index obtained will then be compared to unemployment index done before undertaking this research. The comparison will give vital information as to whether there is been an improvement in the unemployment index after the adoption of the routes to objectives (Zimmer & Jake 44).

Stage 5. Modeling

The modeling process will involve those activities that are geared towards determining the outcomes of the research (Zimmer & Jake 51). In order to identify the outcomes, a survey will be carried out after every year for the next five years to find out the rate of unemployment.

This will be calculated by dividing the number of employed individuals by the number of unemployed individuals. The index obtained will then be compared in order to determine whether there is an improvement or a decline in the unemployment rate (Arestis & John 31).

Stage 6. Evaluation

The evaluation stage is the most important stage in the analysis of the complex issue. Evaluation will involve the analysis of the outcomes obtained from the modelling stage. The evaluation will involve the analysis of the disparities that will be recorded in the research.

This will involve the sturdy of what factors are causing the disparity and how to re-align and reconfigure the process routes in order to achieve the research objectives. Evaluation process might also include the prototyping technique where the routes are tested, and retested in order to determine their viability before being fully implemented (Zimmer & Jake 71).

Stage 7. Selecting the best routes to objectives

After the evaluation process, the best route towards achieving the objectives should be selected. The route chosen should ensure that the research objectives have been met to a large extent. In the analysis of unemployment, the best route that was identified was the creation of awareness and involving the individuals in the governance process (Steger, Maznevski & Wolfgang 59).

This route will increase the level of democracy in a country hence creating equal employment opportunities for both women and men. Also, creating public awareness will ensure that citizens are well equipped with knowledge of how to effective utilize resources and create employment opportunities.

Also, public participation in the governance process will ensure that the governance policies adopted foster democracy which is a key ingredient towards reducing the rate of unemployment (Arestis & John 75).

Stage 8. Implementation of the selected routes

The implementation process will involve the process of adopting and enrolling the best selected route. In the case of unemployment, the selected route of creating awareness and increasing public participation in the governance process will be adopted.

Creating awareness will involve conducting of seminars to enlighten the public on how to effectively use the available resources, and how to create employment opportunities through innovation (Steger, Maznevski & Wolfgang 69).

Public participation in the process of policy formulation will be achieved through promotion of civic education among citizens on how to carefully vote and chose leaders with integrity.

Also, the civic education will be aimed at increasing public participation in government related projects, and governance processes starting from the grassroots government structures. Also, the civic education will aim at educating citizens on how they can get access to public funds and amenities.

Stakeholders involved

Stakeholders can be described as those people who are in one way or the other affected by the problem of unemployment. Also, stakeholders in one way or the other affect the entire problem of unemployment. Stakeholders can negatively or positively be affected by the unemployment concept.

On the other hand, stakeholders can positively or negatively influence the prevalence of unemployment concept (Jacques & Stephen, 1994, pg. 75)

The following tables indicates a summary of the how stakeholders are affected/affect the unemployment concept


Government
Private employers
Unemployed citizens


		increases reduces unemployment rate
Government		increases increases reduces
Private investors		increases increases reduces
Unemployed citizens		increases reduces reduces

Ethicality statement

As a system practitioner I fully commit myself to the various ethical guidelines that should be followed whenever undertaking any research work. I will consider the following ethical consideration I my research undertaking:

The data collected will be solely used for the purpose of the research, and no client data will be used for any other purposes not stipulated in the research.
The clients will be fully informed on the purpose of the research, and the duration the research is going to take.
The participation of subjects in the research will be voluntary, and out of consent. Where approval is required, then, the relevant approving bodies will be sought.

Conclusion and recommendations

In conclusion, it is evident from the research that unemployment is a complex issue that can be solved abstractly. With the increasing levels of unemployment, much has to be done in order to mitigate and reduce the rate of unemployment. This calls for public awareness, and participation in the entire process of creating employment. Such a complex issue should not be entrusted in the hands of greedy and selfish leaders.

Project log

The entire project will be spread over a period of six weeks with the first two weeks dealing with the preparation process and the last four weeks dealing with the data collection and analysis. The five weeks have been broken into three phases.

The following table indicates the project log phases.


Week 1 & week 2	Preparation and identification of sturdy areas
Week 3 & week 4 and Week 5	Data collection
Week 6	Data analysis and findings

Week 1 and week 2

During the first two weeks, I was involved in the process of consulting my colleagues and tutor to try and sought out their opinion about the topic. This gave a chance to discuss the various available methodologies that could be used in the sturdy. Also, this gave a chance to identify whether unemployment is a complex process or not.

Also, during the first week, I was able to undertake a literature review in order to determine what other researchers have done about the unemployment concept. The literature review sufficed me with relevant information about the unemployment concept.

Also, the information obtained was useful in avoiding mistakes done by previous researchers. The literature review involved researching the relevant literature materials like the internet, books, journals, and articles. I also obtained a chance of visiting various libraries in order to find out more information about the unemployment concept.

Week 3, 4 and 5

Most of the research work was conducted during the third, fourth and the fifth week. Various data was collected about the unemployment rate of individuals. Also, clients were required to fill in a survey form and a questionnaire in order to determine the causes of unemployment. Also, the subjects were required to give their individual opinions about what could be done in order to reduce the rate of unemployment.

Various data collections methods were employed in the process of data collection which includes the following methods; survey forms, questionnaires, and interviews.

Subjects were required to fill in questionnaires which sought to find out what were the causes of unemployment and what could be done to reduce the unemployment rates. Subjects were also required to fill in a survey form to determine whether the government is doing much to contain the problem of unemployment.

A series of interviews were also conducted with the aim of finding more first-hand information about the problem of unemployment. A total of three interviews were conducted during the entire period of the project. The following are the interviews that were conducted during the time of research.


Ministry of labour officials	Week 1
A prominent private investor	Week 2
A low income worker	Week 3

The sixth week of the research was purely dedicated to data analysis and the sturdy of the findings. The data collected was analyzed and compared to previous data that was collected by other researchers on the same subject. The data analysis stage involved the application of the hard system on the complex process of unemployment. Various stages of the hard system methodology were studied in respect to unemployment.

Also, the compilation of the results obtained was done on the sixth week. This was the last week of the project undertaking, and due consultation was made to ensure that the project is up to date and with the relevant requirements.

I also, spent some time with my project supervisor in order to discuss the application of TMA in the complex process of unemployment. My supervisor advice helped a lot in the development of the project in the sense that, the information I was given largely assisted in the ensuring the realization of the research objectives.

Summary of the project log

In this section of the report, I will cover a brief summary of what I have been able to undertake during my six weeks of undertaking the project.

Undertaking the T306 course has largely helped build more on the concept that I learnt in my previous course, T205-An approach to system thinking. Managing complexity has equipped me with knowledge of how to apply various managing complexity theories, systems, and methodology in analyzing complex situations.

During the first five weeks of my project undertaking, I was extensively involved in the process of data collection and literature review. This introduced me to a number of literature and concept regarding the problem of unemployment. It also introduced me to a wide range of knowledge regarding data collection methods like interviews, questionnaires, and surveys.

The last week of the project was dedicated to data analysis. During this period of data analysis, various data analysis techniques were employed to analyze the data. This introduced me to a wide range of scientific data analysis methods of analyzing data.

Client report

The major client in the above research is the unemployed citizen or individual. They are the ones who are largely affected by the rising unemployment rate. Most of the unemployed individuals or citizens have the common ideology that it is the responsibility of government and private sectors to create employment.

Such an ideology is wrong because the process of creating employment opportunities is neither a government responsibility nor the responsibility of the private sector. It is a collective responsibility that has to be done by the collaboration of the citizens, the private sector, and the government.

There are various forms of employment that currently exists. One can be self employed which means that, they are their own employers. This form of employment fosters renovation and a spirit of entrepreneurship among citizens. This spirit eventually promotes innovation and creativity which eventually creates employment opportunities.

Also, citizens should be made to understand that, democracy plays a major role towards creation of employment opportunities. Democracy ensures accountability and transparency towards the use of resources, hence creating avenues for more employment opportunities. On the other hand, corruption, nepotism, and violence lead to misuse of resources which eventually blocks avenues for creating employment opportunities.

In order to reduce the adverse effects associated with unemployment, citizens should engage in innovation and creative activities. This will enhance the proper utilization of resources and eventually creating employment opportunities. One major desirable aspect of a good economy is the ability to be self sustainable.

A self sustainable economy will ensure that citizens have the services and products they require. One way of ensuring a self sustaining economy is by having citizens engage in innovative and creative activities. Such activities will lead to specialization, and creation of more job, and employment opportunities.

Works Cited

Arestis, Philip & McCombie, John. Unemployment: Past and Present . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.

Jaques, Elliott, and Stephen, Clement. Executive Leadership: A Practical Guide to Managing Complexity . Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 1994. Print.

Steger, Ulrich & Maznevski, Martha & Wolfgang, Amann. Managing Complexity in Global Organizations . Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2007. Print.

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1. IvyPanda . "Unemployment." May 21, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/unemployment-essay/.

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Essay on Unemployment

Essay on Unemployment in 150-250 words

Introduction :

Causes of Unemployment

Impact of Unemployment

Addressing Unemployment

Conclusion :

I. Understanding Unemployment

II. Economic Implications

III. Social Consequences

IV. Causes of Unemployment

V. Addressing Unemployment

Economic Policies:

Education and Skills Development:

Job Creation and Support:

Social Safety Nets:

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Introduction to Unemployment

Types of Unemployment

1. Structural Unemployment

2. Frictional Unemployment

3. Cyclical Unemployment

4. Seasonal Unemployment

5. Underemployment

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