the assignment operator is denoted by in sql

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12.4.4 Assignment Operators

Table 12.6 Assignment Operators

Assignment operator. Causes the user variable on the left hand side of the operator to take on the value to its right. The value on the right hand side may be a literal value, another variable storing a value, or any legal expression that yields a scalar value, including the result of a query (provided that this value is a scalar value). You can perform multiple assignments in the same SET statement. You can perform multiple assignments in the same statement.

Unlike = , the := operator is never interpreted as a comparison operator. This means you can use := in any valid SQL statement (not just in SET statements) to assign a value to a variable.

You can make value assignments using := in other statements besides SELECT , such as UPDATE , as shown here:

While it is also possible both to set and to read the value of the same variable in a single SQL statement using the := operator, this is not recommended. Section 9.4, “User-Defined Variables” , explains why you should avoid doing this.

This operator is used to perform value assignments in two cases, described in the next two paragraphs.

Within a SET statement, = is treated as an assignment operator that causes the user variable on the left hand side of the operator to take on the value to its right. (In other words, when used in a SET statement, = is treated identically to := .) The value on the right hand side may be a literal value, another variable storing a value, or any legal expression that yields a scalar value, including the result of a query (provided that this value is a scalar value). You can perform multiple assignments in the same SET statement.

In the SET clause of an UPDATE statement, = also acts as an assignment operator; in this case, however, it causes the column named on the left hand side of the operator to assume the value given to the right, provided any WHERE conditions that are part of the UPDATE are met. You can make multiple assignments in the same SET clause of an UPDATE statement.

In any other context, = is treated as a comparison operator .

For more information, see Section 13.7.4.1, “SET Syntax for Variable Assignment” , Section 13.2.11, “UPDATE Statement” , and Section 13.2.10, “Subqueries” .

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How to use Assignment Operator in SQL Server - SQL Server / TSQL Tutorial Part 128

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SQL Assignment operator

What is assignment operators, types of assignment operators, examples of assignment operators, what is assignment operator.

That operator which is used to assign any values to a variable is called assignment operator. In this chapter, you will know about the types of assignment operator and its example.

Types of Assignment operator

In this chapter we have learned assignment operator and it's type. In the next chapter you will learn about Set operater and its type with example.

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Assignment Operator in MySQL

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Assignment Operator in MySQL with Examples

The Assignment Operator in MySQL is used to assign or compare a value to a column or a field of a table. The equal sign (=) is the assignment operator where the value on the right is assigned to the value on the left. It is also used to establish a relationship between a column heading and the expression that defines the values for the column.

Example to understand Assignment Operator in MySQL

Please execute the below SQL Script to create and populate the Product table with the required sample data.

Example: Update the Price of each product by adding 10

Once you execute the above Update statement, now verify that the Price column value in the Product table is updated as shown in the below image. SELECT * FROM Product; will give you the following result set.

UPDATE Product SET Price = Price * 1.02 WHERE ProductId = 6;

Here we are updating the Price column of the Product table where the ProductId is 6. And you can observe that only the Price with ProductId =6 has been updated.

Assigning Variables using Assignment Operator in MySQL

Example: using set statement in mysql.

SET @MyCounter = 1; SELECT @MyCounter;

Example: Using SELECT Statement in MySQL

SELECT @ExpensiveItem := MAX(Price) FROM Product;

In the next article, I am going to discussed Constraints in MySQL with Examples. Here, in this article, I try to explain Assignment Operator in MySQL with Examples. I hope you enjoy this article.

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Assignment Operator

I am going to continue the series of very short articles or tidbits on Transaction SQL Operators. An operator is a symbol specifying an action that is performed on one or more expressions.

I will exploring the Assignment Operator today. This equality symbol = in mathematics.

There are two ways in which the assignment operator can be used: alias – associating a column heading with a expression or storage – placing the results of a expression into a variable.

The TSQL example below compares the assignment operator against old and new ANSI standards for aliasing.

The output of each calculation is listed below.

The TSQL example below is a good example of using the assignment operator to store the results of a expression into a variable. It creates a temporary table, declares a local variable and sums up the numbers in the temporary table.

The output of the summation is listed below.

Next time, I will be exploring the Bitwise Operators .

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Let's Define DBMS

DBMS – RELATIONAL ALGEBRA

DBMS – RELATIONAL ALGEBRA : Algebra – As we know is a formal structure that contains sets and operations, with operations being performed on those sets. Relational algebra can be defined as procedural query language which is the core of any relational query languages available for the database. It provides a framework for query implementation and optimization. When a query is made internally the relation algebra is being executed among the relations. To perform queries, it uses both unary and binary operators.

Let us first study the basic fundamental operations and then the other additional operations.

Fundamental operations are-

• Set difference
• Cartesian product

Select operation

• It performs the operation of selecting particular tuple or a row which satisfies a specific predicate from a relation.
• It is a unary operation.
• Represented by σ p (r),where σ is selection predicate, r is relation, p is prepositional logic formula that might use connectors like and, or, not.
• σ name = “ Nicholas_sparks ” (Novels), selects tuples from the Novels where the name of the author is Nicholas sparks.
• σ name = “ Nicholas_sparks ” and price = “ 300 ” (Novels), selects tuples from the Novels where the name of the author is Nicholas sparks and price is 300.
• σ name = “ Nicholas_sparks ” and price = “ 300 ” or “ year ” (Novels), selects tuples from the Novels where the name of the author is Nicholas sparks and price is 300 or those Novels published in a particular year.

Project Operation

• It projects column(s) which satisfy a particular predicate (given predicate).
• Represented by Π A1, A2, An ( r ), where A 1, A 2, A n  are the attributes of relation r.
• As the relation is set, duplicate rows are automatically eliminated.
• Example – Π name, author (Novels), selects and projects columns named as ‘name’ and ‘author’ from the relation Novels.

Union Operation

• It performs the operation of binary union between two relations.
• It is a set operation.
• Represented by r s, where r and s are relations in database.
• The following criteria have to be satisfied for a union operation to be valid, called as union compatibility.
• R and s should have the same degree (same number of attributes in the relation).
• Duplicate tuples are eliminated automatically.
• Domains of the attribute must be compatible. Say if r and s are two relations, then the ith attribute of r should have the same domain as ith attribute of s.
• Example – Π author (Novels) Π author (Articles), projects the names of the authors who have written either a novel or an article or both.

Set Difference Operation

• It gives the result as tuples which are present in one relation but not in the other relation.
• It is a binary operation.
• Represented by Π author (Novels) – Π author (Articles), results in names of the authors who have written Novels but not the Articles.

Cartesian Product Operation

• It performs the function of combining information from two or more relations into one.
• Represented by r Χ s, where r and s are relations.
• Example – ‘ Nicholas_sparks ’ (Novels Χ Articles), provides a relation that shows all books and Articles by Nicholas sparks.

Rename Operation

• Results in relational algebra are just the relations without any name, the rename operation allows to rename the output relation.
• Represented by ρ X (E), where E is a resultant expression with the name given as x.
• Consider the example of a relation ‘ Nicholas_sparks ’ (Novels Χ Articles), which outputs all books and Articles by Nicholas sparks, this does not have any name. If required, it can be named as ρ newname [ Nicholas_sparks ’ (Novels Χ Articles)] where newname is the name given to it.

Other operations are

Intersection

Natural join

Intersection Operation

• It is a set operation, which selects only the common elements from two given relations.
• Example – Π author (Novels) Π author (Articles), provides the names of authors who have written both Novels and Articles.

Natural join operation

• It is a binary operation, combination of some selections and forms cartesian product of its two arguments.
• Forms cartesian product, then performs selection forcing equality on the attributes appearing in both relations and ultimately removes duplicate attributes.
• Represented by r |Χ| s, where r and s are relations.

Division operation

• This outputs the result as restriction of tuples in one relation to the name of attributes unique to it. In other words, restriction of tuples in the header of r but not in the header of s, for which it also indicates all combinations of tuples in r are present in s.
• Represented by r / s, where r and s are relations.

Assignment operation

• It is similar to assignment operator in programming languages.
• Denoted by ←
• It is useful in the situation where it is required to write relational algebra expressions by using temporary relation variables.
• The database might be modified if assignment to a permanent relation is made.

So these were the different types of operations in relational algebra.

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Assignment Operators

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In Multidimensional Expressions (MDX), the assignment operator is the equal sign (=).

The assignment operator is used to assign values to subcubes in MDX Script. For more information, see MDX Scripting Fundamentals (Analysis Services) .

Operators (MDX Syntax)

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SQL Operators

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What are SQL operators?

An operator performs on separate data items and returns a result. The data items are called operands or arguments. Operators are mentioned by special characters or by keywords. For example , the plus operator is represented by a plus (+) sign and the operator that checks for nulls are represented by the keywords IS NULL or IS NOT NULL.

Types of SQL operators

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• State true or false. i) Select operator is not a unary operator. ii) Project operator chooses subset of attributes or columns of a relation.
• The                        operation, denoted by −, allows us to find tuples that are in one relation but are not in another.
• A unit of storage that can store one or more records in a hash file organization is denoted as
• The ___________ operation, denoted by −, allows us to find tuples that are in one relation but are not in another.
• The                operator takes the results of two queries and returns only rows that appear in both result sets.
• The intersection operator is used to get the            tuples.
• Which is a join condition contains an equality operator:
• Which of the following is the comparison operator in tuple relational calculus
• Which of the following is a low level operator?
• In query processing, the                        is the lowest-level operator to access data.

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what's the difference between ::= and := in oracle?

This is impossible to search on google, bing, yahoo, etc, because it uses symbols. How annoying!

What's the difference between ::= and := in oracle's pl/sql?

• colon-equals

• 2 Do you have an actual Oracle code sample which uses ::= ? If so, please post it. –  APC Commented Aug 26, 2014 at 20:13
• 3 There is no ::= standard operator in Oracle SQL or in PL/SQL. I suppose that someone might have defined ::= as a user-defined operator (see CREATE OPERATOR ) but having never done it I'm not sure how this would work. SQL operator reference here . PL/SQL operator reference here . Please edit your question and include a code sample. Share and enjoy. –  Bob Jarvis - Слава Україні Commented Aug 26, 2014 at 23:52
• 1 Meaning of := is easily (?) found from Oracle documentation PL/SQL Language Fundamentals . You can also observe that PL/SQL doesn't have such a built-in delimiter as ::= . I agree with comments of @APC and @BobJarvis. –  user272735 Commented Aug 27, 2014 at 3:43

2 Answers 2

I am not sure about ::= as I have not seen that in Oracle but the wiki says about :=

In computer programming languages, the equals sign typically denotes either a boolean operator to test equality of values (e.g. as in Pascal or Eiffel), which is consistent with the symbol's usage in mathematics, or an assignment operator (e.g. as in C-like languages). Languages making the former choice often use a colon-equals (:=) or ≔ to denote their assignment operator. Languages making the latter choice often use a double equals sign (==) to denote their boolean equality operator.

Also check here :

The assignment operator in PL/SQL is a colon plus an equal sign (:=) . PL/SQL string literals are delimited by single quotes

The only place (that I'm aware of) where ::= is used is in the syntactical description of PL/SQL (or any other language, for that matter) using Backus-Naur Form (BNF). The ::= symbol is a part of the BNF descriptive language itself, not a part of the language being described. There are many tutorials for BNF -- have fun!

• cf. stackoverflow.com/questions/9196066/… –  kmote Commented Oct 12, 2015 at 15:08
• Almost all Oracle SQL tutorials are using BNF . Thank you ! –  roizpi Commented Jan 10, 2017 at 16:29

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