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Substance Use Disorders and Addiction: Mechanisms, Trends, and Treatment Implications

Information & authors, metrics & citations, view options, insights into mechanisms related to cocaine addiction using a novel imaging method for dopamine neurons, treatment implications of understanding brain function during early abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder, relatively low amounts of alcohol intake during pregnancy are associated with subtle neurodevelopmental effects in preadolescent offspring, increased comorbidity between substance use and psychiatric disorders in sexual identity minorities, trends in nicotine use and dependence from 2001–2002 to 2012–2013, conclusions, information, published in.

• Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
• Addiction Psychiatry
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Substance Abuse and Public Health: A Multilevel Perspective and Multiple Responses

Substance abuse has been a thorny public health concern throughout human history. Manifestly, prevention and treatment are the two main strategies commonly adopted to tackle the problem of substance abuse. They are in fact cross-disciplinary, and they relate to the various domains of heredity, biology, psychology, cognitive science, family, social development and cultural structures. This special issue, “Substance Abuse, Environment and Public Health,” has published empirical studies from different regions and countries globally to enhance the international exchange of latest views and findings on the etiology, processes and influences of substance abuse across different domains, through which a multilevel perspective is considered more helpful for analyzing its complex nature, courses and consequences. This in turn suggests the possible need to employ multiple responses dynamically and integratively in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.

1. Introduction

It is apparent that substance abuse is a cross-disciplinary topic of research and concern [ 1 , 2 ], which involves the need to employ concomitantly various theoretical explications and empirical evidence in collaborative efforts to strive for more optimal solutions to limit its contagiousness, and to curb any direct and indirect harm [ 3 , 4 ]. Substance abuse has been described as a “chronic relapsing disease”, with extremely high relapse rates that range from 56.8% to 81.8% [ 5 , 6 ]. Recently, the United Nations reported that “(i)n 2017, an estimated 271 million people, or 5.5 per cent of the global population aged 15–64, had used substances in the previous year” ([ 7 ], p.7). This is 11.5% higher than the estimated number of substance-using people in 2012 [ 8 ]. Due to the nature of recurrence and the rising number of substance users globally, a continuing upsurge in human, social, health and economic costs in the form of substance-related violence, criminal acts, health care needs, legal orders, rehabilitative services, reduced labor productivity and judicial expenditure is evident [ 4 , 6 , 9 ]. Undoubtedly, prevention and treatment are two main intervention approaches that have been commonly adopted to tackle substance abuse [ 2 , 10 ], in which the former focuses primarily on enhancing public awareness of the dangers of substance misuse and addiction, and the latter mainly emphasizes helping substance abusers to attain complete abstinence and avoid relapse. Both prevention and treatment of substance abuse are pertinent to public health, as the two approaches need to employ a multilevel perspective to conceptualize and solve fallout generated from drug trafficking, misuse and harm [ 11 , 12 ]. This points to the need to investigate human hereditary, biological, and psychological needs, cognitive and mental conditions, social development and cultural structures simultaneously and interactively.

For a comprehensive understanding of the nature, processes and impact of substance abuse on human individuals and societies as a whole, an international exchange of the latest scholarly views and empirical research findings is needed. This special issue, “Substance Abuse, Environment and Public Health,” aims to promote international exchange of empirical academic works on substance abuse and its related concerns. It includes 14 empirical research articles and one intervention paper from Bosnia, Croatia, Hong Kong, Italy, mainland China, Norway, Poland, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Slovenia, Sweden and the United States, and covers the topics of substance misuse and addiction amongst various social groups, different types and forms of illicit and legally approved substances and multiple research methods and designs. Importantly, the scholarly works published in this special issue are expected to present an opportunity to enhance the international exchange of cross-disciplinary research and academic inquiries in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.

2. Substance Abuse and Different Social Groups

When researching substance abuse and its harmful effects, researchers predominantly focus on certain social groups with a higher tendency towards substance taking and misuse, such as adolescents and male adults [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. This is valid, as they may encounter various demanding life and social challenges, expectations, interpersonal alienation and biological impulses, all of which are relevant to the triggering of their initiation into drug experimentation as a form of self-medication. Substances may also act as a comforting “soul mate” to help users evade hard realities [ 19 , 20 ]. In this special issue, Zubak et al. [ 21 ] examined the effects of scholastic factors—for example, grade point averages, school and other unexcused absences and poor behavior—in relation to illicit drug misuse (IDM) and its initiation among adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Jee et al. [ 22 ] investigated the trajectories of different smoking groups of young South Korean male adults and the implication of the habit in their atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in middle age. However, substance takers are never restricted to any specific social groups; they can be found in communities of professionals, social talents, elders and university students. Devcic et al. [ 23 ] examined socio-demographics, sports-related factors, factors of hesitation, doping-related factors, consumption of dietary supplements, knowledge of doping and predictors of doping behavior in terms of misusing performance-enhancing substances among high-level competitive swimmers in Slovenia. Wang et al. [ 24 ] investigated how gender, residential areas and study majors were related to misconceptions about antibiotic use among Chinese university students, which in turn linked to their antibiotic misuse behavior. Through the use of a community-based participatory research design, Walter et al. [ 25 ] inquired how work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries among US fishing industry workers affected their use of prescription opioids to treat their pain, which in turn exposed them to increased risk of developing substance disorders. Apparently, different social groups are equally susceptible to the risk of substance abuse and addiction [ 3 , 4 , 12 ], and this is likely to be affected by their specific personal characteristics and environmental conditions. Hence, there is a need for researchers to discover both common and unique precursors germane to different social groups which lead to their substance using behavior.

3. Substance Abuse and Its Types and Forms

Substances that are misused or abused can be categorized into two forms. These include illicit and legally approved substances of various types. The most common illicit types of substances include cannabis, amphetamines, ketamine, methamphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy and heroin [ 2 , 6 ], which are largely banned in most countries. However, marijuana products have recently been legalized and commercialized in some northern American and Western states and regions under the umbrella of “control of reasonable use,” which casts a contemplative doubt over the original intent of reducing cannabis-related criminality and public health problems; hence, more research is needed on this subject [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Tobacco and alcohol are two legally approved types of substances that have been widely used by different social groups across different societies and cultures [ 6 , 11 , 29 ]. Some legally prescribed drugs, such as cough medications and the antibiotics mentioned above, can also be easily misused and abused by the general public, and these too merit the further attention of researchers [ 2 , 30 ].

In this special issue, Lo et al. [ 31 ] explored how far using illicit drugs, smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol predicted sexual misconduct among Macau youths, while simultaneously adjusting for the effects of susceptibility to peer influence and school attachment/commitment. Assari et al. [ 32 ] attempted to assess the impact of subjective and objective socioeconomic status on the cigarette smoking and alcohol use of older African Americans by controlling the effects of pertinent covariates, which included demographic factors (age and gender), living arrangement and family type, health insurance status, chronic medical conditions, self-rated health, sick days, depression and chronic pain. Muller et al. [ 33 ] investigated changes in exercise and nicotine use among 1464 Norwegian prison inmates by classifying them into harmful and non-harmful substance use pre-incarceration groups, according to the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), both of which are commonly used by healthcare practitioners and researchers to assess the severity of illicit drug and intoxicant use. Wang et al. [ 34 ] analyzed the sources of antibiotics leftovers in the home and the risk factors of keeping them in relation to antibiotic self-medication among Chinese university students. Taken together, the relationships between the use of illicit drugs and legally approved substances are complex and intertwined or mutually reinforcing [ 35 , 36 ]. They may be affected by the personal circumstances and environmental conditions of the abusers, and may cause other forms of behavioral maladjustment [ 17 , 37 , 38 ]. Nevertheless, our current understanding of this complicated phenomenon of substance abuse is limited, and so more cross-disciplinary research is again recommended.

4. Researching Substance Abuse: Methods and Designs

As has been mentioned, substance abuse is a public health concern that involves human biological and physical needs, psychosocial demands, cognitive and spiritual fulfillment, and environmental formulations. Therefore, cross-disciplinary research using different methodologies and designs is much needed to scrutinize substance abuse in respect of etiology, maintenance, consequences, abstinence and relapse. Generally speaking, empirical studies using quantitative methods are more common than research involving qualitative inquiry, analysis of secondary data and/or documentary inspection [ 16 , 39 , 40 ]. In fact, research based on a range of methods and designs is useful in enhancing our comprehension of the nature and impact of substance abuse from different perspectives. This special issue incorporates empirical studies conducted by quantitative, qualitative and documentary methods. For quantitative research designs, study findings based on a representative sample or any of the random sampling procedures are desirable, and can strengthen empirical evidence and provide greater external validity [ 41 ]. For example, Oh et al. [ 42 ] investigated whether those who had current or previous experience of facial flushing would drink for different primary reasons, compared with those who had no experience of facial flushing. The sample comprised 4590 college students who were recruited by stratified random sampling procedures proportionately in 82 colleges in South Korea. There are other empirical studies in this special issue that similarly used a representative sample [ 21 , 24 , 31 , 34 ]. However, using quantitative methods to survey empirically the attitudes and behaviors of certain health and human service professional groups is less likely to require a representative sample, and so it is necessary to use non-probabilistic sampling procedures such as quota, purposive or snowballing sampling designs. Molina-Mula et al. [ 43 ] analyzed the attitudes and perceptions of emergency and mental health nurses with regard to alcoholics. Their findings will hopefully help to develop appropriate professional and clinical responses to substance abuse.

Qualitative research methods can help reveal in-depth and formative information related to the processes and development of substance abuse. For their qualitative study, Chan et al. [ 44 ] interviewed 67 drug abusers to explore how their psychological experiences—with special emphasis on interpersonal relatedness—affected their drug taking and relapse behaviors. Walter et al. [ 25 ] used qualitative interviewing to examine knowledge of and attitudes towards opioid use among 21 fishing industry workers in the US. In addition, use of secondary data or documentary information can efficiently and objectively assist in the transition processes of substance users. For example, Asharani et al. [ 45 ] employed and analyzed recorded data from the Registry of Birth and Death, Immigration and Checkpoint Authority of Singapore to investigate the unnatural deaths of 42 treatment seekers of substance addiction between 2011–2015. Their findings provide evidence of the lethal consequences of substance abuse in an unobtrusive manner. Moreover, Chmielowiec et al. [ 46 ] examined the relationship between the mesolimbic dopamine system and addiction in a group of 299 addicted subjects and another group of 301 non-addict controls by analyzing two polymorphisms in their genes (a variable number of tandem repeats in DRD4 and DAT1), which are mainly responsible for dopaminergic transmission, representing a human reward system that is closely related to substance abuse and misuse. It is clear that research using different methods and designs is useful in fortifying and enhancing currently established concepts and knowledge of substance abuse. Therefore, more novel research methods and designs should be encouraged, so that patterns of substance abuse can be more efficiently dissected.

5. Conclusions

Substance abuse has been an issue of public health for hundreds of years [ 47 ]. Nevertheless, professionals and researchers of different domains tend to adopt a one-dimensional view based on their particular expertise when examining, explaining and trying to find solutions to this complex problem [ 10 , 48 , 49 ]. Thus, various and often competing perspectives rooted in the paradigms of heredity, biology, psychology, cognitive science, family, social development and cultural structures can exist simultaneously, thereby unwittingly compounding the problem [ 1 , 2 , 39 , 50 ]. However, as substance abuse is composed of layers of individual development, family and social influences, cultural values and environmental conditions, a multilevel perspective is needed to analyze its etiology, maintenance and consequences. Various theories and models from different scholarly paradigms at different levels of social systems should be employed concomitantly to help examine and resolve the issues as part of a dynamic and comprehensive process [ 2 , 3 , 12 ]. Employing such a multilevel perspective requires researchers and practitioners to explore the interaction of hereditary, physical, psychological, cognitive, mental, family, social, cultural and environmental factors, and to show exactly how such synergy leads to and/or maintains substance use and addiction. Doing so will help in the design of improved multiple responses to the fallout from substance abuse.

As substance abuse is never limited to particular social groups in human societies, it is essential to understand the unique psychological, personality, cognitive, socioeconomic, familial and cultural differences of various social groups, and to explore what common and unique characteristics they hold in terms of the initiation, processes and consequences of substance abuse [ 4 , 6 ]. If researchers, service practitioners, educators and policy makers were able to understand the common and unique etiological causes and stimulants that incur experimentation and the subsequent maintenance of substance abuse, more effective prevention and treatment strategies and programs could be introduced. Furthermore, because each society or nation is comprised of multiple differing social groups, a knowledge and understanding of their unique cultural and ethnic structures would be empirically useful for researchers trying to unearth the common and distinct etiological causes and stimulants of substance use and abuse. This is a largely unchartered area of research.

The abuse of different types and forms of substances may generate different levels of addiction and harm [ 2 , 51 ], which in turn may trigger distinct social maladjustment and craving behaviors [ 12 , 52 ]. Therefore, future research should discern and clarify the effects of different types and forms of substances on the progress, abstinence and relapse of addicts; this would lead to a better comprehension of the nature and impact of substance abuse. Quantitative methods and designs should be adopted to this end, in addition to other methods and designs that will broaden our perspectives on the topic. In other words, future addiction research should consider the employment of mixed-method designs to investigate the nature of different types and forms of substances and their effects on different social groups. Furthermore, the interaction between the biological, individual, family, social and cultural factors that lead to substance abuse is worthy of research, but will require more advanced methodological designs and mathematical and statistical procedures.

The processes and consequences of substance abuse can be seen to evolve in step with social, technological and cultural developments [ 4 , 39 ]. The patterns and forms of substance abuse can vary according to different social groups. Therefore, comparative and longitudinal research is more useful and insightful in helping to reveal its precarious and dynamic influences. In fact, polysubstance abuse—in which substance addicts expect to achieve higher substance-synergy effects of enjoyability by simultaneously abusing multiple types of drugs and substances—has become more common in the past decade [ 53 , 54 ]. This apparently presents an even greater challenge to treatment and healthcare services. In the face of this new phenomenon, the role of empirical research becomes more pivotal in helping to configure effective approaches and solutions.

In conclusion, substance abuse has long been a thorny public health problem, and it continues to evolve. Multiple responses supported by the employment of a multilevel research perspective are needed. Cross-disciplinary collaboration and concerted research are urgently required if we are to optimize our current strategies and remediation.

Author Contributions

T.W.L., J.W.K.Y., and C.H.L.T. conceived the topic for the Special Issue and were the guest editors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Substance use.

The NIH supports a variety of research projects related to substance use prevention, including projects studying alcohol and illicit and non-medical prescription drug use. Find tobacco research-related information and resources in our section on tobacco use .

Pathways to Prevention Workshop: The Role of Opioids in the Treatment of Chronic Pain

An impact evaluation published in Prevention Science describes how the 2014 NIH P2P Workshop: The Role of Opioids in the Treatment of Chronic Pain catalyzed change by helping inform over 100 new research projects to address identified evidence gaps and by contributing to national legislation and practice guidelines.

Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment or Prevention (SBIRT/P) for alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) use and misuse in adult populations that experience health disparities (R01, Clinical Trial Required) [PAR-23-270] . First available due date: February 5, 2024 (expires May 8, 2027)

Resources for Researchers

Explore databases and tools for substance use research.

Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS)

Provides detailed information on 35 categories of alcohol-related policies in the United States at both state and federal levels. It also includes policy-related information on recreational use of cannabis.

A database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), developed to archive and distribute the results of studies that have investigated the interaction of genotype and phenotype. dbGaP includes data from the Collaborative Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) project .

Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health

The first-ever Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health , released in 2016, includes key information and findings related to substance use, misuse, and substance use disorders.

National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III)

A national survey on alcohol and drug use and disorders, related risk factors, and associated physical and mental disabilities.

Interested in funding opportunities or planning to submit an application in substance use research? Use these tools to find what you need:

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INVEST Prevention Drug Use and Addiction Research Fellowship

Provides a unique opportunity for researchers from any country to obtain postdoctoral training with a NIDA-supported U.S. mentor. During the fellowship, the fellow receives training in drug use and addiction research methods, develops and conducts a research project with the NIDA grantee, and participates in professional development activities.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program

Provides research training opportunities for high school, undergraduate, postbaccalaureate, graduate, medical, and postdoctoral students.

NIH Institutes/Centers and Federal Partner Activities

Many NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs) actively engage in and support substance use research and may be helpful starting points as you plan your research or if you’re exploring the latest work in a specific area. Because ICs and other federal agencies may have several ongoing substance use programs and projects, we encourage you to use the links provided to find the most up-to-date information, including how to contact program officials who may be able to address your specific questions.

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• Published: 30 August 2024

Research landscape analysis on dual diagnosis of substance use and mental health disorders: key contributors, research hotspots, and emerging research topics

• Waleed M. Sweileh 1  

Annals of General Psychiatry volume  23 , Article number:  32 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Substance use disorders (SUDs) and mental health disorders (MHDs) are significant public health challenges with far-reaching consequences on individuals and society. Dual diagnosis, the coexistence of SUDs and MHDs, poses unique complexities and impacts treatment outcomes. A research landscape analysis was conducted to explore the growth, active countries, and active journals in this field, identify research hotspots, and emerging research topics.

A systematic research landscape analysis was conducted using Scopus to retrieve articles on dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to focus on research articles published in English up to December 2022. Data were processed and mapped using VOSviewer to visualize research trends.

A total of 935 research articles were found. The number of research articles on has been increasing steadily since the mid-1990s, with a peak of publications between 2003 and 2012, followed by a fluctuating steady state from 2013 to 2022. The United States contributed the most articles (62.5%), followed by Canada (9.4%). The Journal of Dual Diagnosis , Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , and Mental Health and Substance Use Dual Diagnosis were the top active journals in the field. Key research hotspots include the comorbidity of SUDs and MHDs, treatment interventions, quality of life and functioning, epidemiology, and the implications of comorbidity. Emerging research topics include neurobiological and psychosocial aspects, environmental and sociocultural factors, innovative interventions, special populations, and public health implications.

Conclusions

The research landscape analysis provides valuable insights into dual diagnosis research trends, active countries, journals, and emerging topics. Integrated approaches, evidence-based interventions, and targeted policies are crucial for addressing the complex interplay between substance use and mental health disorders and improving patient outcomes.

Introduction

Substance use disorders (SUDs) refer to a range of conditions characterized by problematic use of psychoactive substances, leading to significant impairment in physical, psychological, and social functioning [ 1 ]. These substances may include alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine, opioids, cannabis), and prescription medications. The global burden of SUDs is substantial, with far-reaching consequences on public health, socio-economic development, and overall well-being. For instance, alcohol abuse accounts for 3 million deaths worldwide annually, while the opioid crisis has escalated to unprecedented levels in certain regions, such as North America, resulting in tens of thousands of overdose deaths per year [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Mental health disorders (MHDs) encompass a wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking, behavior, and emotional well-being [ 5 ]. Examples of MHDs include depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. These conditions can significantly impair an individual's ability to function, negatively impacting their quality of life, relationships, and overall productivity [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Furthermore, certain MHD such as major depressive disorder and anxiety are often associated with specific affective temperaments, hopelessness, and suicidal behavior and grasping such connections can help in crafting customized interventions to reduce suicide risk [ 9 ]. In addition, a systematic review of 18 studies found that demoralization with somatic or psychiatric disorders is a significant independent risk factor for suicide and negative clinical outcomes across various populations [ 10 ]. The coexistence of SUDs and MHDs, often referred to as dual diagnosis or comorbidity, represents a complex and prevalent phenomenon that significantly impacts affected individuals and healthcare systems [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. For instance, individuals with depression may be more likely to self-medicate with alcohol or drugs to cope with emotional distress [ 16 ]. Similarly, PTSD has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, as individuals attempt to alleviate the symptoms of trauma [ 17 , 18 ]. Moreover, chronic substance use can lead to changes in brain chemistry, increasing the risk of developing MHDs or exacerbating existing conditions [ 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The coexistence of SUDs and MHDs presents unique challenges from a medical and clinical standpoint. Dual diagnosis often leads to more severe symptoms, poorer treatment outcomes, increased risk of relapse, and higher rates of hospitalization compared to either disorder alone [ 22 ]. Additionally, diagnosing and treating dual diagnosis cases can be complex due to overlapping symptoms and interactions between substances and psychiatric medications. Integrated treatment approaches that address both conditions simultaneously are essential for successful recovery and improved patient outcomes [ 20 ]. Patients grappling with dual diagnosis encounter a multifaceted web of barriers when attempting to access essential mental health services. These barriers significantly compound the complexity of their clinical presentation. The first barrier pertains to stigma, where societal prejudices surrounding mental health and substance use disorders deter individuals from seeking help, fearing discrimination or social repercussions [ 23 ]. A lack of integrated care, stemming from fragmented healthcare systems, poses another significant hurdle as patients often struggle to navigate separate mental health and addiction treatment systems [ 24 ]. Insurance disparities contribute by limiting coverage for mental health services and imposing strict criteria for reimbursement [ 25 ]. Moreover, there is a shortage of adequately trained professionals equipped to address both substance use and mental health issues, creating a workforce barrier [ 26 ]. Geographical disparities in access further hinder care, particularly in rural areas with limited resources [ 27 ]. These barriers collectively serve to exacerbate the clinical complexity of patients with dual diagnosis, and ultimately contributing to poorer outcomes.

A research landscape analysis involves a systematic review and synthesis of existing literature on a specific topic to identify key trends, knowledge gaps, and research priorities [ 28 , 29 ]. Scientific research landscape analysis, is motivated by various factors. First, the rapid growth of scientific literature poses a challenge for researchers to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their respective fields. Research landscape analysis provides a structured approach to comprehend the vast body of literature, identifying crucial insights and emerging trends. Additionally, it plays a vital role in identifying knowledge gaps, areas with limited research, or inadequate understanding. This pinpointing allows researchers to focus on critical areas that demand further investigation, fostering more targeted and impactful research efforts [ 30 ]. Furthermore, in the realm of policymaking and resource allocation, evidence-based decision-making is crucial. Policymakers and funding agencies seek reliable information to make informed decisions about research priorities. Research landscape analysis offers a comprehensive view of existing evidence, facilitating evidence-based decision-making processes [ 28 ]. When it comes to the research landscape analysis of dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs, there are several compelling justifications to explore this complex comorbidity and gain a comprehensive understanding of its interplay and impact on patient outcomes. Firstly, the complexity of the interplay between SUDs and MHDs demands a comprehensive examination of current research to unravel the intricacies of this comorbidity [ 31 ]. Secondly, dual diagnosis presents unique challenges for treatment and intervention strategies due to the overlapping symptoms and interactions between substances and psychiatric medications. A research landscape analysis can shed light on effective integrated treatment approaches and identify areas for improvement [ 18 ]. Moreover, the public health impact of co-occurring SUDs and MHDs is substantial, resulting in more severe symptoms, poorer treatment outcomes, increased risk of relapse, and higher rates of hospitalization. Understanding the research landscape can inform public health policies and interventions to address this issue more effectively [ 32 ]. Lastly, the holistic approach of research landscape analysis enables a comprehensive understanding of current knowledge, encompassing epidemiological data, risk factors, treatment modalities, and emerging interventions. This integrative approach can lead to more coordinated and effective care for individuals with dual diagnosis [ 22 ]. Based on the above argument, the current study aims to conduct a research landscape analysis of dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs. The research landscape analysis bears a lot of significance for individuals and society. First and foremost, it’s a beacon of hope for individuals seeking help. Research isn’t just about dry statistics; it's about finding better ways to treat and support those facing dual diagnosis. By being informed about the latest breakthroughs, healthcare professionals can offer more effective, evidence-backed care, opening the door to improved treatment outcomes and a brighter future for those they serve. Beyond the individual level, this understanding has profound societal implications. It has the power to chip away at the walls of stigma that often surround mental health and substance use issues. Greater awareness and knowledge about the complexities of dual diagnosis can challenge stereotypes and biases, fostering a more compassionate and inclusive society. Additionally, society allocates resources based on research findings. When we understand the prevalence and evolving nature of dual diagnosis, policymakers and healthcare leaders can make informed decisions about where to channel resources most effectively. This ensures that the needs of individuals struggling with co-occurring disorders are not overlooked or under-prioritized. Moreover, research helps identify risk factors and early warning signs related to dual diagnosis. Armed with this information, we can develop prevention strategies and early intervention programs, potentially reducing the incidence of co-occurring disorders and mitigating their impact. Legal and criminal justice systems also stand to benefit. Understanding dual diagnosis trends can inform policies related to diversion programs, treatment alternatives to incarceration, and the rehabilitation of individuals with co-occurring disorders, potentially reducing rates of reoffending. Moreover, dual diagnosis research contributes to public health planning by highlighting the need for integrated mental health and addiction services. This knowledge can guide the development of comprehensive healthcare systems that offer holistic care to individuals with co-occurring disorders. Families and communities, too, are vital players in this narrative. With a grasp of research findings, they can provide informed, empathetic, and effective support to their loved ones, contributing to better outcomes.

The present research landscape analysis of dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs was conducted using a systematic approach to retrieve, process, and analyze relevant articles. The following methodology outlines the key steps taken to address the research questions:

Research Design The present study constitutes a thorough and robust analysis of the research landscape concerning the dual diagnosis of SUD and MHD. It's important to note that the research landscape analysis differs from traditional systematic or scoping reviews. In conducting research landscape analysis, we made deliberate methodological choices aimed at achieving both timely completion and unwavering research quality. These choices included a strategic decision to focus our search exclusively on a single comprehensive database, a departure from the customary practice of utilizing multiple databases. Furthermore, we streamlined the quality control process by assigning specific quality checks to a single author, rather than following the conventional dual-reviewer approach. This approach prioritized efficiency and expediency without compromising the rigor of our analysis. To expedite the research process further, we opted for a narrative synthesis instead of a quantitative one, ensuring that we provide a succinct yet highly informative summary of the available evidence. We place a premium on research transparency and, as such, are committed to sharing the detailed search string employed for data retrieval. This commitment underscores our dedication to fostering reproducibility and transparency in research practices.

Ethical considerations Since the research landscape analysis involved the use of existing and publicly available literature, and no human subjects were directly involved, no formal ethical approval was required.

Article retrieval Scopus, a comprehensive bibliographic database, was utilized to retrieve articles related to the dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs. Scopus is a multidisciplinary abstract and citation database that covers a wide range of scientific disciplines, including life sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, and health sciences. It includes content from thousands of scholarly journals.

Keywords used To optimize the search process and ensure the inclusion of pertinent articles, a set of relevant keywords and equivalent terms were employed. Keywords for “dual diagnosis” included dual diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, comorbid substance use, comorbid addiction, coexisting substance use, combined substance use, simultaneous substance use, substance use and psychiatric, co-occurring substance use and psychiatric, concurrent substance use and mental, coexisting addiction and mental, combined addiction and mental, simultaneous addiction and mental, substance-related and psychiatric, comorbid mental health and substance use, co-occurring substance use and psychiatric, concurrent mental health and substance use, coexisting mental health and substance use, combined mental health and substance use, simultaneous mental health and substance use, substance-related and coexisting psychiatric, comorbid psychiatric and substance abuse, co-occurring mental health and substance-related, concurrent psychiatric and substance use, coexisting psychiatric and substance abuse, combined psychiatric and substance use, simultaneous psychiatric and substance use, substance-related and concurrent mental, substance abuse comorbidity. Keywords for “Substance use disorders” included substance abuse, substance dependence, drug use disorders, addiction, substance-related disorders, drug abuse, opioid use disorder, cocaine use disorder, alcohol use disorder, substance misuse, substance use disorder, substance-related, substance addiction. Keywords for “Mental health disorders” included psychiatric disorders, mental illnesses, mental disorders, emotional disorders, psychological disorders, schizophrenia, depression, PTSD, ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, personality disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, mental health conditions. To narrow down the search to focus specifically on dual diagnosis, we adopted a strategy that involved the simultaneous presence of SUDs and MHDs in the presence of specific keywords in the titles and abstracts such as “dual,” “co-occurring,” “concurrent,” “co-occurring disorders,” “dual disorders,” “dual diagnosis,” “comorbid psychiatric,” “cooccurring psychiatric,” “comorbid*,” and “coexisting”.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria To maintain the study’s focus and relevance, specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Included articles were required to be research article, written in English, and published in peer-reviewed journals up to December 31, 2022, Articles focusing on animal studies, internet addiction, obesity, pain, and validity of instruments and tools were excluded.

Flow chart of the search strategy Supplement 1 shows the overall search strategy and the number of articles retrieved in each step. The total number of research articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were 935.

Validation of search strategy The effectiveness of our search strategy was rigorously assessed through three distinct methods, collectively demonstrating its ability to retrieve pertinent articles while minimizing false positives. First, to gauge precision, we meticulously examined a sample of 30 retrieved articles, scrutinizing their alignment with our research question and their contributions to the topic of dual diagnosis. This manual review revealed that the majority of the assessed articles were highly relevant to our research focus. Second, for a comprehensive evaluation, we compared the articles obtained through our search strategy with a set of randomly selected articles from another source. This set comprised 10 references sourced from Google Scholar [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], and the aim was to determine if our strategy successfully identified articles selected at random from an alternative database. Impressively, our analysis showed that the search strategy had a notably high success rate in capturing these randomly selected articles. Lastly, to further corroborate the relevance of our retrieved articles, we investigated the research interests of the top 10 active authors and the subject scope of the top 10 active journals. This exploration confirmed that their areas of expertise and the journal scopes were in alignment with the field of mental health and/or substance use disorders. These three validation methods collectively reinforce the reliability of our search strategy, affirming that the vast majority of the retrieved articles are indeed pertinent to our research inquiry.

Data processing and mapping Data extracted from the selected articles were processed and organized using Microsoft Excel. Information on the titles/abstracts/author keywords, year of publication, journal name, authors, institution and country affiliation, and number of citations received by the article were extracted. To visualize and analyze the research landscape, VOSviewer, a bibliometric analysis tool, was employed [ 43 ]. This software enables mapping and clustering of co-occurring terms, authors, and countries, providing a comprehensive overview of the dual diagnosis research domain.

Interpreting VOSviewer maps and generating research topics

We conducted a rigorous analysis and generated a comprehensive research landscape using VOSviewer, a widely acclaimed software tool renowned for its expertise in mapping research domains. We seamlessly integrated pertinent data extracted from the Scopus database, including publication metadata, into VOSviewer to delve into the frequency of author keywords and terminologies. The resulting visualizations provided us with profound insights into the intricate web of interconnected research topics and their relationships within the field. Interpreting VOSviewer maps is akin to navigating a vibrant and interconnected tapestry of knowledge. Each term or keyword in the dataset is depicted as a point on the map, represented by a circle or node. These nodes come in varying sizes and colors and are interconnected by lines of differing thicknesses. The size of a node serves as an indicator of the term’s significance or prevalence within the dataset. Larger nodes denote that a specific term is frequently discussed or plays a pivotal role in the body of research, while smaller nodes signify less commonly mentioned concepts. The colors assigned to these nodes serve a dual purpose. Firstly, they facilitate the categorization of terms into thematic groups, with terms of the same color typically belonging to the same cluster or sharing a common thematic thread. Secondly, they aid in the identification of distinct research clusters or thematic groups within the dataset. For instance, a cluster of blue nodes might indicate that these terms are all associated with a particular area of research. The spatial proximity of nodes on the map reflects their closeness in meaning or concept. Nodes positioned closely together share a robust semantic or contextual connection and are likely to be co-mentioned in research articles or share a similar thematic focus. Conversely, nodes situated farther apart indicate less commonality in terms of their usage in the literature. The lines that link these nodes represent the relationships between terms. The thickness of these lines provides insights into the strength and frequency of these connections. Thick lines indicate that the linked terms are frequently discussed together or exhibit a robust thematic association, while thinner lines imply weaker or less frequent connections. In essence, VOSviewer maps offer a visual narrative of the underlying structure and relationships within your dataset. By examining node size and color, you can pinpoint pivotal terms and thematic clusters. Simultaneously, analyzing the distance between nodes and line thickness unveils the semantic closeness and strength of associations between terms. These visual insights are invaluable for researchers seeking to unearth key concepts, identify research clusters, and track emerging trends within their field of study.

Growth pattern, active countries, and active journals

The growth pattern of the 935 research articles on dual diagnosis of substance use disorders and mental health disorders shows an increasing trend in the number of published articles over the years. Starting from the late 1980s and early 1990s with only a few publications, the research interest gradually picked up momentum, and the number of articles has been consistently rising since the mid-1990s. Table 1 shows the number of articles published in three different periods. The majority of publications (52.2%) were produced between 2003 and 2012, indicating a significant surge in research during that decade. The subsequent period from 2013 to 2022 saw a continued interest in the subject, accounting for 35.5% of the total publications. The number of articles published per year during the period from 2013 to 2022 showed a fluctuating steady state with an average of approximately 33 articles per year. The earliest period from 1983 to 2002 comprised 12.3% of the total publications, reflecting the initial stages of research and the gradual development of interest in the field.

Out of the total 935 publications, the United States contributed the most with 585 publications, accounting for approximately 62.5% of the total research output. Canada follows with 88 publications, making up around 9.4% of the total. The United Kingdom and Australia also made substantial contributions with 70 and 53 publications, accounting for 7.5 and 5.7%, respectively. Table 2 shows the top 10 active countries.

Based on the list of top active journals in the field of dual diagnosis of substance use and mental health disorders, it is evident that there are several reputable and specialized journals that focus on this important area of research (Table  3 ). These journals cover a wide range of topics related to dual diagnosis, including comorbidity, treatment approaches, intervention strategies, and epidemiological studies. The Journal of Dual Diagnosis appears to be a leading and comprehensive platform for research on dual diagnosis. It covers a broad spectrum of studies related to substance use disorders and mental health conditions. The Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment ranked second while the Mental Health and Substance Use Dual Diagnosis journal ranked third and seems to be dedicated specifically to the intersection of substance use disorder and mental health disorders, providing valuable insights and research findings related to comorbidities and integrated treatment approaches.

Most frequent author keywords

Mapping author keywords with a minimum occurrence of five (n = 96) provides insights in research related to dual diagnosis. Figure  1 shows the 96 author keywords and their links with other keywords. The number of occurrences represent the number of times each author keyword appears in the dataset, while the total link strength (TLS) indicates the combined strength of connections between keywords based on their co-occurrence patterns. The most frequent author keywords with high occurrences and TLS represent the key areas of focus in research on the dual diagnosis of substance use and mental health disorders.

“Comorbidity” is the most frequent keyword, with 144 occurrences and a high TLS of 356. This reflects the central theme of exploring the co-occurrence of substance use disorders and mental health conditions and their complex relationship. “Substance use disorder” and “dual diagnosis” are also highly prevalent keywords with 122 and 101 occurrences, respectively. These terms highlight the primary focus on studying individuals with both substance use disorders and mental health disorders, underscoring the significance of dual diagnosis in research. “Co-occurring disorders” and “substance use disorders” are frequently used, indicating a focus on understanding the relationship between different types of disorders and the impact of substance use on mental health. Several specific mental health disorders such as “schizophrenia,” “depression,” “bipolar disorder,” and “PTSD” are prominent keywords, indicating a strong emphasis on exploring the comorbidity of these disorders with substance use. “Mental health” and “mental illness” are relevant keywords, reflecting the broader context of research on mental health conditions and their interaction with substance use. “Treatment” is a significant keyword with 34 occurrences, indicating a focus on investigating effective interventions and treatment approaches for individuals with dual diagnosis. “Addiction” and “recovery” are important keywords, highlighting the interest in understanding the addictive nature of substance use and the potential for recovery in this population. The mention of “veterans” as a keyword suggests a specific focus on the dual diagnosis of substance use and mental health disorders in the veteran population. “Integrated treatment” is an important keyword, indicating an interest in studying treatment approaches that address both substance use and mental health disorders together in an integrated manner.

Network visualization map of author keywords with a minimum occurrence of five in the retrieved articles on dual diagnosis of substance use and mental health disorders

Most impactful research topics

To have an insight into the most impactful research topics on dual diagnosis, the top 100 research articles were visualized and the terms with the largest node size and TLS were used to. To come up with the five most common investigated research topics:

Dual diagnosis and comorbidity of SUDs and MHDs: This topic focuses on the co-occurrence of substance use disorders and various mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorder. This research topic explored the prevalence, characteristics, and consequences of comorbidity in different populations, including veterans, adolescents, and individuals experiencing homelessness [ 13 , 19 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].

Treatment and interventions for co-occurring disorders: This topic involves studies on different treatment approaches and interventions for individuals with dual diagnosis. These interventions may include motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, family intervention, integrated treatment models, assertive community treatment, and prolonged exposure therapy. The goal is to improve treatment outcomes and recovery for individuals with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders [ 48 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].

Quality of life and functioning in individuals with dual diagnosis: This research topic explores the impact of dual diagnosis on the quality of life and functioning of affected individuals. It assesses the relationship between dual diagnosis and various aspects of well-being, including social functioning, physical health, and overall quality of life [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ].

Epidemiology and prevalence of co-occurring disorders: This topic involves population-based studies that investigate the prevalence of comorbid substance use and mental health disorders. It examines the demographic and clinical correlates of dual diagnosis, as well as risk factors associated with the development of co-occurring conditions [ 50 , 52 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].

Implications and consequences of comorbidity: This research topic explores the consequences of comorbidity between substance use and mental health disorders, such as treatment utilization, service access barriers, criminal recidivism, and the impact on suicidality. It also investigates the implications of comorbidity for treatment outcomes and the potential risks associated with specific comorbidities [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].

Emerging research topics

Upon scrutinizing the titles, abstracts, author keywords, and a visualization map of the 100 recently published articles, the research themes listed below came to the forefront. It’s worth noting that some of the research themes in the 100 recently published articles were not groundbreaking; rather, they represented a natural progression of ongoing research endeavors, and that is why they were not listed as emerging research themes. For instance, there was a continuation of research into the prevalence and epidemiology of co-occurring mental illnesses and substance use disorders and characteristics of various cases of co-morbid cases of SUDs and MHDs. The list below included such emergent themes. It might seem that certain aspects within these research themes duplicate the initial research topics, but it’s crucial to emphasize that this is not the case. For example, both themes delve into investigations concerning treatment, yet the differentiation lies in the treatment approach adopted.

Neurobiological and psychosocial aspects of dual diagnosis: This research topic focuses on exploring the neurobiological etiology and underlying mechanisms of comorbid substance use and mental health disorders. It investigates brain regions, neurotransmitter systems, hormonal pathways, and other neurobiological factors contributing to the development and maintenance of dual diagnosis. Additionally, this topic may examine psychosocial aspects, such as trauma exposure, adverse childhood experiences, and social support, that interact with neurobiological factors in the context of comorbidity [ 76 ].

Impact of environmental and sociocultural factors on dual diagnosis: This research topic delves into the influence of environmental and sociocultural factors on the occurrence and course of comorbid substance use and mental health disorders. It may explore how cultural norms, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and societal attitudes toward mental health and substance use affect the prevalence, treatment outcomes, and quality of life of individuals with dual diagnosis [ 77 , 78 ].

New interventions and treatment approaches for dual diagnosis: This topic involves studies that propose and evaluate innovative interventions and treatment approaches for individuals with dual diagnosis. These interventions may include novel psychotherapeutic techniques, pharmacological treatments, digital health interventions, and integrated care models. The research aims to improve treatment effectiveness, adherence, and long-term recovery outcomes in individuals with comorbid substance use and mental health disorders [ 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ].

Mental health and substance use in special populations with dual diagnosis: This research topic focuses on exploring the prevalence and unique characteristics of comorbid substance use and mental health disorders in specific populations, such as individuals with eating disorders, incarcerated individuals, and people with autism spectrum disorder. It aims to identify the specific needs and challenges faced by these populations and develop tailored interventions to address their dual diagnosis [ 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ].

Public health implications and policy interventions for dual diagnosis: This topic involves research that addresses the public health implications of dual diagnosis and the need for policy interventions to address this complex issue. It may include studies on the economic burden of comorbidity, the impact on healthcare systems, and the evaluation of policy initiatives aimed at improving prevention, early intervention, and access to integrated care for individuals with dual diagnosis [ 81 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ].

Comparison in research topics

The comparison between the most impactful research topics and emerging research topics in the field of dual diagnosis reveals intriguing insights into the evolving landscape of this critical area of study (Table  4 ). In the most impactful research topics, there is a strong emphasis on the epidemiology of dual diagnosis, indicating a well-established foundation in understanding the prevalence, characteristics, and consequences of comorbid SUDs and MHDs. Treatment and interventions also receive considerable attention, highlighting the ongoing efforts to improve outcomes and recovery for individuals with dual diagnosis. Quality of life and medical consequences are additional focal points, reflecting the concern for the holistic well-being of affected individuals and the health-related implications of comorbidity.

On the other hand, emerging research topics signify a shift towards newer methods and interventions. The exploration of neurobiology in the context of dual diagnosis reflects a growing interest in unraveling the underlying neurobiological mechanisms contributing to comorbidity. This shift suggests a deeper understanding of the neural pathways and potential targets for intervention. The consideration of dual diagnosis in special groups underscores a recognition of the unique needs and challenges faced by specific populations, such as individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This tailored approach acknowledges that one size does not fit all in addressing dual diagnosis. Finally, the exploration of environmental and psychosocial contexts highlights the importance of socio-cultural factors, policy interventions, and societal attitudes in shaping the experience of individuals with dual diagnosis, signaling a broader perspective that extends beyond clinical interventions. In summary, while the most impactful research topics have laid a strong foundation in epidemiology, treatment, quality of life, and medical consequences, the emerging research topics point to a promising future with a deeper dive into the neurobiology of dual diagnosis, a focus on special populations, and a broader consideration of the environmental and psychosocial context. This evolution reflects the dynamic nature of dual diagnosis research as it strives to advance our understanding and improve the lives of those affected by comorbid substance use and mental health disorders.

The main hypothesis underlying the study was that dual diagnosis, or the comorbidity of SUDs and MHDs, was historically underrecognized and under-researched. Over time, however, there has been a significant increase in understanding, appreciation, and research into this complex interplay in clinical settings. This was expected to manifest through a growing number of publications, increased attention to integrated treatment approaches, and a heightened recognition of the complexities and public health implications associated with dual diagnosis. The study aims to analyze this progression and its implications through a research landscape analysis, identifying key trends, knowledge gaps, and research priorities. The research landscape analysis of the dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs has unveiled a substantial and evolving body of knowledge, with a notable rise in publications since the mid-1990s and a significant surge between 2003 and 2012. This growing research interest underscores the increasing recognition of the importance and complexity of dual diagnosis in clinical and public health contexts. The United States has emerged as the most active contributor, followed by Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, with specialized journals such as the Journal of Dual Diagnosis playing a pivotal role in disseminating research findings. Common keywords such as “comorbidity,” “substance use disorder,” “dual diagnosis,” and specific mental health disorders highlight the primary focus areas, with impactful research topics identified as the comorbidity of SUDs and MHDs, treatment and interventions, quality of life, epidemiology, and the implications of comorbidity. Emerging research themes emphasize neurobiological and psychosocial aspects, the impact of environmental and sociocultural factors, innovative treatment approaches, and the needs of special populations with dual diagnosis, reflecting a shift towards a more holistic and nuanced understanding. The study highlights a shift from traditional epidemiological studies towards understanding the underlying mechanisms and broader social determinants of dual diagnosis, with a need for continued research into integrated treatment models, specific needs of diverse populations, and the development of tailored interventions.

The findings of this research landscape analysis have significant implications for clinical practice, public health initiatives, policy development, and future research endeavors. Clinicians and healthcare providers working with individuals with dual diagnosis can benefit from the identified research hotspots, as they highlight crucial aspects that require attention in diagnosis, treatment, and support. The prominence of treatment and intervention topics indicates the need for evidence-based integrated approaches that address both substance use and mental health disorders concurrently [ 102 , 103 , 104 ]. The research on the impact of dual diagnosis on quality of life and functioning underscores the importance of holistic care that addresses psychosocial and functional well-being [ 63 ]. For public health initiatives, understanding the prevalence and epidemiological aspects of dual diagnosis is vital for resource allocation and the development of effective prevention and early intervention programs. Policymakers can use the research landscape analysis to inform policies that promote integrated care, reduce barriers to treatment, and improve access to mental health and substance abuse services [ 15 , 105 ]. Furthermore, the identification of emerging topics offers opportunities for investment in research areas that are gaining momentum and importance.

The present study lays a robust groundwork, serving as a catalyst for the advancement of research initiatives and the formulation of comprehensive policies and programs aimed at elevating the quality of life for individuals grappling with the intricate confluence of SUDs and MHDs. Within the realm of significance, it underscores a critical imperative—the urgent necessity to revolutionize the landscape of tailored mental health services offered to patients harboring this challenging comorbidity. The paper distinctly illuminates the exigency for a heightened quantity of research endeavors that delve deeper into unraveling the temporal intricacies underpinning the relationship between SUDs and MHDs. In so doing, it not only unveils potential risk factors but also delves into the far-reaching consequences of treatment modalities over the extended course of time. This illumination, therefore, not only beckons but virtually ushers in a promising trajectory for prospective research endeavors, a path designed to uncover the intricate and evolving journey of dual diagnosis. A profound implication of this study is the direct applicability of its findings in the corridors of policymaking. By leveraging the insights encapsulated within the paper, policymakers stand uniquely equipped to sculpt policies that unequivocally champion the cause of integrated care. The remarkable emphasis on themes of treatment and intervention, permeating the research's core, emphatically underscores the urgent demand for dismantling barriers obstructing access to mental health and substance abuse services. It is incumbent upon policymakers to heed this call, for policies fostering the integration of care can inexorably elevate the outcomes experienced by patients grappling with dual diagnosis. Furthermore, this study artfully directs policymakers to allocate their resources judiciously by identifying burgeoning areas of research that are surging in prominence and pertinence. These emergent topics, discerned within the study, are not just topics; they are emblematic of windows of opportunity. By investing in these areas, policymakers can tangibly bolster research initiatives that are primed to tackle the multifaceted challenges inherent in the realm of dual diagnosis, addressing both current exigencies and future prospects. Additionally, the paper furnishes the foundational blueprint essential for the development of screening guidelines and clinical practice protocols that truly grasp the complexity of dual diagnosis. Clinical practitioners and healthcare establishments would be remiss not to harness this invaluable information to augment their own practices, thereby delivering more effective and empathetic care to individuals contending with dual diagnosis. In essence, this study serves as the compass guiding the way toward a more compassionate, comprehensive, and efficacious approach to mental health and substance abuse care for those in need.

The current landscape analysis of reveals significant implications and highlights the growing research interest in this field since the late 1980s. This increasing trend underscores the complexities and prevalence of comorbid conditions, which necessitate focused research and intervention strategies. The results can be generalized to guide future research priorities, inform clinical guidelines, shape healthcare policies, and provide a framework for other countries to adapt and build upon in their context.

The key take-home message emphasizes the importance of recognizing the high prevalence and intricate relationship between SUDs and MHDs, necessitating integrated and tailored treatment approaches. Additionally, the study advocates for employing efficient research methodologies to synthesize vast amounts of literature and identify emerging trends, focusing on quality of life, treatment outcomes, and the broader socio-cultural and policy contexts to improve care and support for individuals with dual diagnosis. Finally, the research underscores the critical need for continued focus on dual diagnosis, advocating for comprehensive, integrated, and innovative approaches to research, clinical practice, and policymaking to improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Despite the comprehensive approach adopted in this research landscape analysis, several limitations must be acknowledged. The exclusive reliance on Scopus, while extensive, inherently limits the scope of the analysis, potentially omitting relevant articles indexed in other databases such as the Chinese scientific database, thus not fully representing the entire research landscape on dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs. Assigning quality control responsibilities to a single author, rather than employing a dual-reviewer system, may introduce bias and affect the reliability of the quality assessment. Although this approach was chosen to expedite the process, it might have compromised the thoroughness of quality checks. The use of narrative synthesis instead of a quantitative synthesis limits the ability to perform meta-analytical calculations that could provide more robust statistical insights. This choice was made for efficiency, but it may affect the depth of the analysis and the generalizability of the conclusions. The reliance on specific keywords to retrieve articles means that any relevant studies not containing these exact terms in their titles or abstracts may have been overlooked, potentially leading to an incomplete representation of the research domain. The restriction to English-language articles and peer-reviewed journals may exclude significant research published in other languages or in non-peer-reviewed formats, introducing linguistic and publication type bias that could skew the results towards predominantly English-speaking regions and established academic journals. The inclusion of articles up to December 31, 2022, means that any significant research published after this date is not considered, potentially missing the latest developments in the field. The validation of the search strategy using a small sample of 30 articles and a comparison with 10 randomly selected articles from Google Scholar may not be sufficient to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the search strategy; a larger sample size might provide a more accurate validation. Some of the research topics and findings may be specific to particular populations (e.g., veterans) and might not be generalizable to other groups, highlighting the need for caution when extrapolating the results to broader contexts. Although no formal ethical approval was required due to the use of existing literature, ethical considerations related to the interpretation and application of findings must still be acknowledged, particularly in terms of representing vulnerable populations accurately and sensitively. Acknowledging these limitations is crucial for interpreting the findings of this research landscape analysis and for guiding future research efforts to address these gaps and enhance the robustness and comprehensiveness of studies on the dual diagnosis of SUDs and MHDs.

In conclusion, the research landscape analysis of dual diagnosis of substance abuse and mental health disorders provides valuable insights into the growth, active countries, and active journals in this field. The identification of research hotspots and emerging topics informs the scientific community about prevailing interests and potential areas for future investigation. Addressing research gaps can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of dual diagnosis, while the implications of the findings extend to clinical practice, public health initiatives, policy development, and future research priorities. This comprehensive understanding is crucial in advancing knowledge, improving care, and addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by dual diagnosis to individuals and society.

Availability of data and materials

All data presented in this manuscript are available on the Scopus database using the search query listed in the methodology section.

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Sweileh, W.M. Research landscape analysis on dual diagnosis of substance use and mental health disorders: key contributors, research hotspots, and emerging research topics. Ann Gen Psychiatry 23 , 32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-024-00517-x

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Yes, Medicare and Medicaid cover drug and alcohol rehab in St. Petersburg. But be aware that if you have one of these types of insurance, not all facilities accept it. Furthermore, your coverage can vary based on the type of plan you have and whether the services you need are considered reasonable and necessary. Medicare and Medicaid also cover mental health services, so if you need therapy for co-occurring disorders, your plan will partially or fully cover your care. 4, 5

Does Private Insurance Cover Addiction Treatment?

In most cases, yes. The Affordable Care Act requires private insurers to cover essential behavioral health services, which include addiction and mental health treatment. The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act also stipulates that behavioral health coverage limits cannot be any more restrictive than limits on other essential health benefits. Under these laws, you cannot be denied coverage because you have a pre-existing substance use or mental health disorder. Your benefits must also begin on the day your coverage starts. 6, 7

If you have private insurance and would like to learn more about your behavioral health benefits, you can call the number on the back of your insurance card to speak with a benefits representative.

How Does St. Petersburg Compare in Alcohol and Drug Use?

Choosing the right rehab facility for your needs is a big decision. There are 100 accredited alcohol and drug rehab centers in Saint Petersburg. 1 Many facilities in the city offer unique, targeted treatment programs for men and women, teens, LGBTQ+ individuals, veterans, and other special populations. If you need help paying for care, most local treatment centers accept multiple types of insurance, and several offer financial assistance to make help accessible for everyone.

St. Petersburg is located in Pinellas County, Florida, where substance abuse has been a serious issue for many years. Noteworthy alcohol and drug use statistics in the St. Petersburg area include: 1, 2, 3

From 2015 to 2019, drug-related overdose deaths in Pinellas County increased by 136%.

From 2017 to 2019, overdose-related fatalities increased from 256 to 423.

In 2017, an estimated 16% of Pinellas County residents reported using heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine.

In 2018, roughly 52% of Pinellas County high school students and 31% of middle school students reported using alcohol or illicit drugs at some point in their lives.

In 2017, roughly one out of every 10 Pinellas County adults reported using prescription pain relievers without a prescription or using them in a way not sanctioned by a doctor.

Drug and Alcohol Laws in St. Petersburg

Marchman Act: If someone you love is living with addiction, this Florida law allows you to file a petition to place that person into treatment. You can do so either in compliance with or against that person’s will under specific circumstances. The act encourages people to pursue voluntary rehab, but many people with substance use disorders may not be in a state of mind to make sound decisions about their health. If you truly feel that someone you love needs help, this law allows you to get help for that person, regardless of whether they believe they need treatment. 19

Addiction Treatment for Non-Violent Offenders: If you’ve been arrested for a first-time, non-violent, drug-related crime in Pinellas County, addiction treatment rather than incarceration is an option under this law. Regular court appearances, therapeutic services, random drug screenings, and community supervision are required under this law. Upon completion of a prescribed program, you can petition the court for dismissal of charges or early termination of probation. 20

Good Samaritan Overdose Prevention Law: If you, acting in good faith, report a suspected overdose to the police or emergency medical personnel, this law protects you from arrest or prosecution for possession of illicit substances or paraphernalia. This holds true whether you call 911 for yourself or someone else. Even if you are on probation or parole, this statute grants you from penalization for a violation. 21

Whatever your treatment needs may be, there are accredited drug and alcohol rehab centers in St. Petersburg or the surrounding areas that can help you jumpstart your recovery.

Choosing the Right Level of Care

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to substance abuse treatment, as each person’s situation and recovery needs are unique. Addiction care encompasses several steps, also known as a continuum of care, which you’ll move through over time.

This continuum begins with a pre-treatment assessment with an addiction expert, who will thoroughly evaluate your addiction and mental health status. Your provider will then use your assessment results to recommend the best type of care for your needs.

Medical Detox

Medical detox is a pre-treatment program designed to allow you to withdraw from toxic substances as safely and comfortably as possible. Because substance abuse changes the way your brain and body function, ceasing alcohol and/or drug use suddenly could lead to highly distressing side effects.

Alcohol, opioid, benzodiazepine, and barbiturate withdrawal symptoms can be dangerous and potentially fatal without proper medical care, which may include medications and IV fluids. If you have a history of using these substances, you’ll likely need to undergo medical detox before beginning a structured program.

Inpatient Drug Rehab in St. Petersburg

Inpatient St. Petersburg drug rehabs provide a stable, immersive, and highly structured environment where recovery is the primary focus of daily life. Inpatient programs typically last anywhere from 30-90 days and require you to live at the facility for the duration of your program.

In some cases, inpatient programs may last longer than three months as longer residential stays often improve outcomes significantly. 8

Step-Down Care

After completing inpatient rehab, many people move on to what’s known as a “step-down” program. These are outpatient programs, which allow you to live at home or in supportive housing while you participate in treatment. Depending on your needs, your provider may recommend one of the following three outpatient intensity levels:

Standard outpatient treatment: These programs provide the least intensive level of addiction care and typically include group and/or individual counseling once or twice per week. Medication management, drug and/or alcohol testing, and substance abuse education are often part of standard outpatient programs, too.

Intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment (IOPs): These outpatient rehab programs also provide several hours of therapy per week, but not as many as PHPs. You’ll participate in three to five weekly sessions, which will include individual and/or group therapy. Generally, IOPs are more flexible than PHPs because they do not require as significant a time commitment. Many programs offer morning or evening sessions to accommodate people with work, school, or family commitments.

Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs): These highly structured outpatient programs provide several hours of weekly therapy spread out over five to seven weekly treatment sessions. Because PHPs require a considerable time commitment, you may need to take time off work or school to participate.

Aftercare and Relapse Prevention

Finishing your program is a major accomplishment. But addiction recovery is a lifelong process that often requires ongoing support for months or even years after treatment concludes. When you’re ready to transition back to your day-to-day life, you’ll likely encounter stressors and triggers that may challenge you. Having a solid aftercare plan in place can help you avoid relapse and stay strong in long-term recovery.

While engaged in your program, your providers will likely collaborate with you to design an aftercare program that meets your unique needs and preferences. Common relapse prevention resources include: 11, 12

• Ongoing individual and/or group therapy
• 12-step recovery support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous
• Non-12-step recovery support groups like SMART Recovery
• Sober-living or transitional housing, which provides a supportive, substance-free living environment that may include counseling to help with your transition back to daily life
• Medication management, which ensures you continue receiving the correct dosage of any medications you need for substance use and/or mental health disorders

How to Choose the Right St. Petersburg Rehab for You

Selecting an alcohol or drug rehab in St. Petersburg is a big decision and one you should not take lightly. Some factors to consider when choosing between St. Petersburg detox centers and rehab facilities include: 14

• Program cost: Do you have health insurance? Does the facility accept your insurance plan? How much can you afford to pay out of pocket for services? Do you need financial assistance to pay for rehab, and if so, does the facility offer that?
• Location: Do you prefer an urban setting or something more remote? Would you prefer to travel for care or get treatment close to home where your family can support you?
• Features and amenities: Do you want private accommodations? Access to recreational facilities? Access to WiFi and computers for non-negotiable work needs? Would you benefit from nutritional guidance and balanced, healthy meals?
• Treatment approach: Do you need inpatient or outpatient care? Do you want access to holistic therapies, such as meditation, yoga, animal therapy, or nature therapy? Might a faith-based approach support your healing? Might you benefit from a gender- or identity-specific approach?
• Visitation allowance: Would you benefit from the opportunity to schedule visits with loved ones while in care?

What to Look for in a Quality Drug Rehab

As you research St. Petersburg drug rehabs, keep in mind that quality programs share certain qualities. These qualities ensure treatment efficacy and adherence to the highest standards of care: 15

Program Accreditation

As you weigh your options, make sure the facilities you consider are certified or licensed by the State of Florida. It’s also a good idea to choose a facility that holds accreditation from a national compliance organization, such as The Joint Commission (JCAHO) or the Council on Accreditation of Rehab Facilities (CARF).

Personalized Treatment Planning

Addiction treatment should never take a one-size-fits-all approach, as each person’s situation, condition, needs, and preferences are unique. Look for programs that perform extensive assessments to identify the appropriate level of care for your diagnosis, needs, and preferences.

Credentialing of Staff

In the United States, addiction programs are regulated by each state, which means staff must have the proper licensing and/or certifications to provide treatment. To obtain the proper credentials, both addiction and mental health professionals must undergo extensive training and complete a prescribed number of practice hours.

Low Patient-to-Staff Ratio

St. Petersburg alcohol rehabs that have low provider-to-patient ratios often provide more attentive care. Because the staff at these facilities do not have to spread their attention across many patients at once, they can better support and care for each person in treatment.

Evidence-Based Addiction Treatment

Before deciding on a program, make sure the facility uses evidence-based addiction treatments. Evidence-based therapies are proven effective in the care of substance use disorders, and quality programs use more than one type of proven therapy.

Aftercare Support

Long-term addiction recovery often requires ongoing support, counseling, or coaching for several months or even years after acute treatment concludes. This type of support is called aftercare or continuing care, and quality facilities provide individualized aftercare planning as part of their approach.

Family Involvement in Treatment

Programs that provide family therapy and/or counseling may be beneficial for both you and your loved ones, as family can play an integral role in your recovery. Such programs help family members understand how behaviors can influence substance use and how alcohol and/or drug use may stem from larger family issues.

Should You Travel for Drug and Alcohol Rehab in St. Petersburg?

• You want to separate yourself from your everyday living situation to avoid people, stressors, or triggers that may complicate your recovery.
• You have the financial means to travel.
• Your health insurance covers treatment at St. Petersburg drug rehabs.
• You want to work through recovery in a warm location near the beach.

St. Petersburg is home to several neighborhoods, many of which are excellent locations to consider for addiction treatment. Areas of the city to consider include: 18

• Old Northeast: This area of town is known for its thousands of historic buildings, a variety of city landmarks, and gorgeous waterfront views. Brick streets, granite curbs, white sand beaches, and many walking and biking trails further enhance the undeniable charm of this historic neighborhood.
• Downtown : The heart of St. Petersburg is known for housing the renowned Haslam’s Bookstore, as well as dozens of art galleries, museums, and Tropicana Field, the home of the Tampa Bay Rays. This waterfront area is also packed with walking and biking trails, parks, and eateries that contribute to its lively feel.
• Grand Central District: Situated just west of downtown, this neighborhood is packed with eclectic local shops, galleries, unique eateries, and green spaces. The area is also home to the American Stage Theatre Company, which is the bay area’s most critically acclaimed, longest-running professional theatre company.
• Floridahealth.gov. (2019). Pinellas County Substance Abuse Profile .
• Florida Department of Health. (n.d.). Substance Use Dashboard .
• Florida Department of Health in Pinellas County. (2018, June). Pinellas County Community Health Assessment 2018 .
• Medicare.gov. (n.d.). Mental health & substance use disorder services .
• Medicaid.gov. (n.d). Substance Use Disorders .
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.) What Does the Affordable Care Act Mean for Behavioral Health? .
• National Library of Medicine, American Journal of Public Health. (2017). The Affordable Care Act Transformation of Substance Use Disorder Treatment .
• Greenfield, L., Burgdorf, K., Chen, X., Porowski, A., Roberts, T., & Herrell, J. (2004). Effectiveness of long-term residential substance abuse treatment for women: findings from three national studies . The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 30 (3), 537–550.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, September 18). Principles of Effective Treatment .
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition) Types of Treatment Programs .
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2022, March 22). Treatment and Recovery .
• McKay J. R. (2009). Continuing Care Research: What We Have Learned and Where We Are Going . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 36 (2), 131–145.
• National Association of Addiction Treatment Professionals. (n.d.). NAATP Treatment Selection Guide .
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (1997). Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 24. Chapter 5–Specialized Substance Abuse Treatment Programs .
• McGovern, M. P., & Carroll, K. M. (2003). Evidence-based practices for substance use disorders . The Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 26 (4), 991–1010.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, November). Credentialing, Licensing, and REimbursement of the SUD Workforce: A Review of Policies and Practices Across the Nation .
• The National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directories. (2012, December). State Regulations on Substance Use Disorder Programs and Counselors: An Overview .
• StPetersburg.com. (n.d.). St. Petersburg Neighborhoods .
• Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legislative Research. (2012). Florida Law on Substance Abuse Treatment .
• Office Of The State Attorney Sixth Judicial Circuit of Florida. (n.d.). Drug Court .
• The Florida Legislature. (2021). The 2021 Florida Statutes. Chapter 893, Drug Abuse Prevention and Control .

Other Florida Rehab Centers

Libby Pellegrini, MMS, PA-C, is a professionally-trained physician assistant. She has worked in numerous emergency healthcare settings, ranging from the rural United States to large metropolitan areas. Her experience helping patients suffering from acute crises related to intoxication and substance use disorders informs her passion for addiction medicine.

Rita Milios, The Mind Mentor , is a recently retired psychotherapist, freelance writer, and author (recovery, mental health, spiritual growth), seminar leader, and podcaster from Kissimmee FL. She provided counseling in rehab facilities in Ohio and Florida, as well as in her private practice. Rita also served as a DOT Substance Abuse Professional (SAP) consultant.

Where do calls go?

Calls to any general helpline will be answered or returned by one of the treatment providers listed, each of which is a paid advertiser: Rehab Media Group, Recovery Helpline, Alli Addiction Services.

By calling the helpline you agree to the terms of use . We do not receive any commission or fee that is dependent upon which treatment provider a caller chooses. There is no obligation to enter treatment.

Substance Abuse Treatment Centers in Saint Petersburg FL

Addiction demands specific treatments and modalities that address the disease’s symptoms and underlying causes, as well as the impacts of substance abuse on numerous aspects of a person’s life. This includes their ability to interact socially, their physical and mental health treatment, and the repercussions of their actions at work, in your home, at school, or in front of the law. Addiction can be efficiently treated with a range of therapies.

What are my Saint Petersburg addiction treatment options?

For lots of people, the first step towards recovery is admitting they have a problem with substance abuse . The list below action is to find a treatment program that can help them in recovering their overall health, well-being, and joy.

There are numerous effective treatment alternatives available to individuals. For example, some individuals experiencing severe kinds of addiction go into a detox program prior to going into rehabilitation. Others might select to begin their rehab in an inpatient or outpatient setting. Following treatment, it is recommended that clients attend support system and treatment sessions to reinforce the lessons learned in rehabilitation.

Addiction recovery is hard. To accomplish and keep long-lasting sobriety, a considerable amount of determination and self-control will be needed. You are never ever, however, alone on this journey. Throughout rehab, you’ll develop strong bonds with other individuals in recovery who understand what you’re going through. During this hard time, your household, pals, and other loved ones all have your best interests at heart.

Your healing from dependency rests upon your commitment to the procedure. Discover how drug addiction is dealt with in the areas below to gain a much better understanding of what lies ahead.

Different Levels and Kinds of Treatment for Drug Addiction in FL

Depending on the seriousness of the dependency, you or a loved one might need several levels of care to attain long-lasting healing. The following are the types of rehabilitation centers that will make use of treatment programs:

Medical Detoxing

A medically assisted detox program will aid in stabilizing the client and helping them in conquering the symptoms of drug or alcohol withdrawal and chemical reliance. Drug and alcohol detox can last anywhere from a few days to a number of weeks. Once stabilized, the client may require admission to an inpatient program.

Inpatient/Residential Rehab

Inpatient and residential rehabilitation are live-in treatment choices that offer patients with monitored treatment and structured care strategies to assist them overcome their dependency. These programs normally last a couple of weeks to several months and might be followed by outpatient rehabilitation. Clients may receive 24-hour tracking from a certified professional, depending upon the program.

Outpatient Rehab & Intensive Outpatient Programs

Outpatient programs allow users to participate in therapy and receive treatment on their own schedule, as they are not required to live on-site or at the center. Treatment might occur in a Saint Petersburg substance abuse treatment center , neighborhood health clinic, hospital-affiliated clinic, or other regularly set up facility. Some outpatient programs even use night and weekend sessions, making them a popular option for people with individual, family, and/or expert responsibilities that preclude them from attending an inpatient rehabilitation.

It’s important to remember that outpatient rehabilitation does not isolate patients from the outside world; as an outcome, patients are more likely to encounter triggers that threaten their sobriety. Outpatient rehabilitations are therefore best suited for people who have moderate types of dependency and a dedicated, disciplined approach to healing. Outpatient treatment is likewise an exceptional “step-down” program following inpatient treatment and is frequently combined with sober living homes.

Motivational Interviewing in Saint Petersburg

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a treatment method that is utilized to help clients overcome addiction and substance use disorders (SUD) by increasing their inspiration and dedication to a specific goal, such as sobriety. Among the most hard obstacles to overcome when fighting a dependency is an absence of motivation.

Saint Petersburg FL Sober Living Facilities

Sober living homes act as a transitional real estate option in between an inpatient treatment center and reintegration into society. These are an outstanding alternative for people in healing who need extra time to reinforce the lessons discovered in rehabilitation. Sober living houses help individuals in healing in establishing new healthy practices while staying in the security of a structured environment.

Saint Petersburg Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous

Narcotics Anonymous was founded in action to Alcoholics Anonymous’ success. NA is a support group for individuals who are trying to recover from compounds other than alcohol. NA was established in 1953 in Los Angeles and has considering that broadened to thousands of areas in 129 countries.

To sign up with NA, all you need is a desire to conquer your addiction. NA groups do not differentiate between various kinds of drugs, including alcohol. In addition, they acknowledge the prevalence of polysubstance dependence. Anyone looking for healing from a substance use disorder (SUD) in Saint Petersburg FL is welcome.

Top Healing Programs in Saint Petersburg

We deal with a range of different medically assisted treatment choices designed to deal with a variety of compound use treatment disorders:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy
• Post Treatment Plans
• Therapeutic Communities
• Alcohol Addiction
• Opioid Addiction
• Residential Treatment
• 12 Step Programs
• Behavioral Health

How effective is substance abuse treatment for Saint Petersburg FL residents?

The efficiency of behavioral therapy for Saint Petersburg addiction treatment varies according to the individual receiving treatment, their level of treatment engagement, the therapist and other treatment employee, and the kind of treatment provided. Research suggests that the abilities acquired during cognitive behavioral therapy sessions “stick” with patients long after treatment is completed. Simply put, CBT appears to have a long-lasting beneficial impact on substance abuse patients.

Additionally, it has actually been shown that contingency management is effective in the treatment of a variety of substance usage disorders, including those including alcohol, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis. By enhancing abstaining and other favorable behaviors, clients may gain from tangible benefits such as coupons or perhaps prize money.

In one clinical trial, it was discovered that incentive-based therapy may likewise assist with treatment retention.

Saint Petersburg Dual Diagnosis Addiction Treatment

Today, researchers and doctors comprehend how vital it is for people to get take care of both a substance use disorder and a mental disorder concurrently (likewise referred to as a cooccurring disorder). Individuals can receive an expert medical diagnosis for all of their conditions at a dual diagnosis treatment. Once they identify the nature of the issue, they can immediately start treating it.

Holistic Treatment for Drug Addiction

There are additional types of treatments that can be utilized to assist healing in addition to the more standard treatment types listed above. While these methods are not a replacement for substance abuse treatment programs , they can aid in healing by promoting stress management and overall wellness.

A number of complementary treatments consist of the following:

• Workout. Exercise is an exceptional way to reduce stress and release tense emotions. With particular substances, early abstaining can lead to weight gain, which work out can assist manage. Meditation. Healing can be demanding, and meditation can help in reducing anxiety, depression, and enhance general health. Mindfulness meditation is one strategy for maximizing the benefits of treatment and can be practiced quickly after treatment is finished.
• Yoga. Yoga is another activity that is offered in a variety of styles, from gentle styles that emphasize breathing and relaxation to more laborious designs. Yoga can have a range of advantages, including minimizing stress and physical tension and increasing self-awareness, peace, strength, and physical fitness.
• Massage. This strategy is another way to assist in decreasing physical stress and assisting in the development of the ability to unwind without the use of a compound. Massage can be included into your self-care regular and even utilized to reward yourself for little accomplishments along your healing course. A number of initial research studies show that massage may assist handle a variety of symptoms connected with different types of substance withdrawal.
• Experiential. Animal-assisted and equine-assisted treatments are offered. The idea of utilizing a range of treatment animals has actually grown in popularity, and research studies have actually demonstrated that programs that incorporate horses into the treatment procedure have actually improved individual results. Individuals registered in these programs might stay in treatment longer and are more likely to finish it. They report that attending the stable enables them to establish a personality unique from that of “patient” and allows them to feel accepted, valued, capable, and mentally supported. Additional animals might be utilized in therapy, and some programs provide pet-friendly rehabilitation.

Discover A Treatment Facility Near You

As you have actually already checked out, there are many medications and therapies readily available to assist you throughout the healing procedure. Not just that, however there is an abundance of psychosocial support; simply put, there are numerous individuals just like you (a number of whom want to share their story in support system) who can provide a listening ear or a kind word to somebody in need. All that stays is for you to make the decision to improve your health. Contact a treatment provider today for extra information on treatment alternatives.

9700 Koger Blvd N #248, Saint Petersburg, FL 33702

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TDC Recovery Center is a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center with sites across the United States. We provide medically assisted detox center services in a safe and secure environment. At our residential treatment program, our skilled team of medical and clinical professionals can help you or a loved one find a path to recovery.

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Drug and Alcohol Rehab Centers Near St. Petersburg, FL

The journey to sobriety is different for everyone, but they all start somewhere. There are several good options in St. Petersburg for treatment. 

Each provides specialized treatment for people struggling with substance abuse disorders. However, finding a good fit for you can be hard, if not overwhelming.

We’ve made a directory to help you find some of the best rehab centers in your area. We used AI to sort through 2272 of Google, Yelp, and Facebook reviews, so you don’t have to.

We based this directory on the following:

• Reviews and testimonials
• Specialized programs
• Location and Facilities
• Treatment options
• Insurance and payment options

This directory will help you filter through the different treatment centers and find the right one for you. Whether you’re a local to the area or looking to travel for care, these addiction treatment centers near St. Petersburg can cater to your needs.

Top 16 Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation Centers Near St. Petersburg, FL

New season treatment center – bay area.

8800 49th St N Suite 106, Pinellas Park, FL 33782

3.9 out of 5 (120 reviews)

Level of Care Offered

• Outpatient methadone/buprenorphine or naltrexone treatment

Insurance Accepted

• Mixed Insurance

Payment Options

• Federal military insurance
• Cash or self-payment

Patients appreciate the caring and helpful staff at this addiction treatment center, especially counselors Evelyn and Ashley. They credit the center for saving lives, achieving sobriety, and providing efficient service with quick dosing times.

• Reviewers praised caring, supportive counselors who aided recovery.
• Multiple reviewers described staff as kind and respectful.
• The center has helped individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

Clear Path Clinic – Suboxone Vivitrol – Addiction and Primary Care

3177 4th St N, St. Petersburg, FL 33704

4.9 out of 5 (79 reviews)

Clear Path addiction treatment center patients report exceptional, compassionate care from staff and doctors. They appreciate the personalized attention and positive impact on their lives. The accommodating, attentive approach addresses underlying issues. The clinic is committed to long-term sobriety.

• Compassionate staff provide personalized support to make patients feel valued.
• Doctors listen closely and develop customized treatment plans for each patient’s needs.
• Accommodating approach assists patients in maintaining sobriety even during difficult life events.

Operation PAR

6150 150th Ave N, Clearwater, FL 33760

4.1 out of 5 (69 reviews)

• Long-term residential
• Regular outpatient treatment
• Residential detoxification
• Residential/24-hour residential
• Short-term residential
• or any government funding for substance use treatment programs

The addiction treatment center is well-regarded for its caring yet professional staff, supportive counseling, and effective treatment plans that help people achieve sobriety. However, some customers report communication issues, long waits, and unprofessional behavior from select staff.

• Staff receives consistent praise for compassion and dedication to recovery.
• Nurses and counselors support clients on their journey.
• Many credit the program with transforming their lives.

ANR Clinic – Advanced Opioid Treatment Center

2002 N Lois Ave Suite 150, Tampa, FL 33607

4.9 out of 5 (53 reviews)

The positive patient reviews highlight the addiction treatment center’s life-changing procedures and its focus on long-term recovery. Patients describe dedicated staff who provide personalized care and support families through the recovery process.

• Life-changing: The treatment enabled long-term sobriety for many past patients.
• Caring staff: Nurses and advocates offered compassionate support throughout treatment.
• Comfortable process: The procedure helped minimize difficult withdrawal symptoms.

A Rejuvenated Health

6730 22nd Ave N STE F, St. Petersburg, FL 33710

4.8 out of 5 (174 reviews)

The addiction treatment center receives positive feedback for its professional facility and friendly, knowledgeable staff. Customers report successful experiences in the supportive programs and environment. Reviews praise the attentive, understanding, and caring staff and the clean, inviting office space.

• Skilled and caring staff support recovery
• Clean, professional facility provides comfort
• Friendly, encouraging environment fosters growth

BioDesign Wellness Center

3200 Henderson Blvd Floor 1, Tampa, FL 33609

4.8 out of 5 (168 reviews)

The positive reviews commend the addiction treatment center’s compassionate staff for making clients feel comfortable. They also note improvements in clients’ wellbeing thanks to the center’s holistic, personalized approach to treatment.

• Compassionate staff dedicated to client wellbeing.
• Streamlined process for medical testing and treatment.
• Experienced, welcoming staff who prioritize patient comfort.

Anchor Medical Group

1111 7th Ave N, St. Petersburg, FL 33705

4.2 out of 5 (151 reviews)

The knowledgeable staff, including Dr. Shah, Dr. Logan, and Nurse Practitioner Hoagland, provide attentive, thorough care according to reviews. Patients appreciate the clinic’s COVID safety and comprehensive, coordinated treatment approach.

• Drs. Shah and D’Acosta offer attentive, knowledgeable addiction care.
• The friendly, caring staff ensures patients feel supported.
• The office provides a safe, comfortable environment adhering to COVID-19 protocols.

WhiteSands Alcohol & Drug Rehab Tampa

215 W Verne St Suite A, Tampa, FL 33606

4.7 out of 5 (115 reviews)

• Intensive outpatient treatment
• Outpatient day treatment or partial hospitalization

The addiction treatment center is lauded for its smooth transitions between programs, comfortable sober housing, caring staff, informative classes, tasty meals, and overall effectiveness in supporting sobriety. Dedicated case managers, therapists and nurses provide exceptional support. Amenities like the gym and smoothie bar are appreciated.

• Provides seamless transitions between all levels of care to support recovery journey.
• Offers beautiful, clean, and well-maintained housing facilities for patient comfort.
• Employs a caring, compassionate staff that goes above and beyond to help patients achieve sobriety.

Largo Clinic & Medical Cannabis Physician

10500 Ulmerton Rd Suite 360, Largo, FL 33771

4.4 out of 5 (91 reviews)

The addiction treatment center receives positive feedback for its compassionate, personal care and knowledgeable, attentive doctors. Patients appreciate the friendly, efficient staff, minimal wait times, and streamlined check-in. Overall, patients feel well-cared for and satisfied with their experience.

• Friendly, compassionate staff treat patients like family.
• Efficient check-in, minimal wait times.
• Knowledgeable, professional doctor and staff attend to patient needs.

Footprints Beachside Recovery

9641 Gulf Blvd Suite B, Treasure Island, FL 33706

4.8 out of 5 (85 reviews)

• Outpatient detoxification
• Private Insurance

Footprints addiction treatment center is highly recommended for its caring staff, comfort, effective therapy programs, and life-changing support that helps people build a solid foundation for addiction recovery.

• Caring, supportive staff dedicated to recovery
• Range of evidence-based treatment options for a customized experience
• Individualized care focused on building long-term sobriety skills

Transformations By The Gulf

7217 Gulf Blvd # 2, St Pete Beach, FL 33706

4.8 out of 5 (63 reviews)

Transformations by the Gulf’s caring, knowledgeable staff support clients’ recovery through a holistic approach balancing mind, body, and spirit. Clients feel equipped for long-term sobriety with personalized tools, care, and comfortable amenities.

• Owners sincerely care for clients and teach life skills without substances. Holistic treatment of mind, body, and spirit.
• Knowledgeable, caring staff provide personalized treatment plans and ongoing alumni support.
• Peaceful, comfortable facility near the beach provides a healing environment.

Tranquil Shores

4300 Duhme Rd, Madeira Beach, FL 33708

4.6 out of 5 (62 reviews)

• Private health insurance

Tranquil Shores earns glowing reviews for its caring, knowledgeable staff, individualized treatment approaches, innovative recovery programs, and holistic healing practices in a scenic beachfront setting. Many credit the center with transforming their lives through addiction recovery.

• Skilled therapists provide personalized care
• Peaceful beachfront location supports healing
• Custom treatment plans meet individual needs

405 7th Ave SW, Largo, FL 33770

4.9 out of 5 (54 reviews)

CuraSouth earns high marks for its caring staff, personalized treatment, and effective recovery programs. Patients describe the treatment as transformative and the facilities as comfortable. The center provides excellent care through informative groups, personalized plans, and accommodations for dietary needs. Patients strongly recommend CuraSouth for detox and substance abuse recovery.

• Beautiful, comfortable facilities support recovery.
• Caring, professional staff make patients feel safe and valued.
• Effective detox program helps patients overcome addiction.

The Salvation Army Adult Rehabilitation Center – St.Pete

The Salvation Army Adult Rehabilitation Center, 5885 66th St N, St. Petersburg, FL 33709

4.5 out of 5 (50 reviews)

The addiction treatment center receives positive feedback for its spiritual approach, friendly staff, affordability, and life-changing treatment programs.

• The Center helps people find purpose and meaning through faith-based recovery.
• They sell affordable items with proceeds funding rehabilitation services.
• Many credit this organization with positively transforming their lives and overcoming addiction.

Lakeside clinic

13700 58th St N, Clearwater, FL 33760

4 out of 5 (48 reviews)

• Public Insurance

The addiction treatment center is lauded for its caring staff who make patients feel valued. Director Ms. Doreen earns acclaim for exceeding patient expectations. The facility impresses with cleanliness and streamlined operations enabling prompt intake and medication.

• Caring staff support recovery
• Director personally ensures patient care
• Quick intake for prompt treatment

Types of Rehab Available

The best treatment depends on the severity of your addiction, family and living situation, personal needs, and other factors.

There are a few different treatment options for people who are looking for help with their addiction. 

Inpatient Treatment

Inpatient centers are the most comprehensive option for addiction treatment. You live on-site in substance-free housing and have 24/7 access to qualified professional care.

They provide medically supervised detox, behavioral therapy, and other services. Most inpatient programs last 30, 60, or 90 days, while some last longer. Most programs will set up your aftercare program once you complete inpatient treatment.

This type of treatment is best for people who don’t have control over their addiction and need medical supervision to stay sober.

Outpatient Treatment

Outpatient treatment is less comprehensive than inpatient treatment. Your treatment is organized around your schedule. They provide therapy, education, and other support services on-site, but you return to your home afterward.

Outpatient programs can work on their own as a comprehensive treatment plan or be a part of an aftercare plan.

They are best for people with a high motivation level to become sober. They are also a good option for people who cannot leave responsibilities, such as family, work, or school obligations.

PHP Programs

Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) , also called intensive outpatient programs (IOPs), are more comprehensive than outpatient programs but less comprehensive than inpatient programs.

They provide similar services to inpatient programs, including medical services, behavioral therapy, and support groups. The biggest difference is that in a PHP, you return home to sleep. Sometimes food and transportation services are provided, but this varies by program.

New patients with a consistent home life and support system can benefit from PHPs. Patients who finish an inpatient program but still need intensive treatment may also enroll in a PHP.

Dual Diagnosis Treatment

Co-occurring disorders are when you simultaneously have an addiction and a mental health disorder. Doctors call co-occurring addiction and mental illness a dual diagnosis.

If you have a dual diagnosis, you should go to a treatment center that provides dual diagnosis treatment. They have cross-trained therapists who have experience treating mental illnesses along with addiction. 

Medication-Assisted Therapy (MAT)

Some medications can help reduce the side effects of detoxification and withdrawal. Others can help reduce cravings and normalize body functions for certain types of addictions.

MAT can help prevent relapse and increase your chance of recovery when combined with other evidence-based therapies.

Questions to Ask When Looking for a Rehab Center

Here are 10 questions to ask the intake specialist when you call:

• Is your treatment center licensed and accredited?
• What are your staff’s qualifications?
• Is the facility experienced in treating your condition(s)
• Is my insurance accepted here?
• What type of treatment methods do your programs use?
• What is the staff-to-patient ratio?
• Who develops the treatment plan?
• How long are your treatment programs?
• Do you help set up continuing care services after the program?
• Does your treatment program provide family support?

What's Next?

• What Is Rehab Like?
• Why Call an Addiction Hotline?
• How to Sober Up
• Tapering off of alcohol

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This type of treatment is best for people who don't have control over their addiction and need medical supervision to stay sober.

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