C. Worrell (Eds.), (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association.
Parenthetical citation: (Aron et al., 2019)
Narrative citation: Aron et al. (2019)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In . Retrieved September 9, 2019, from |
Parenthetical citation: (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Narrative citation: Merriam-Webster (n.d.)
National Cancer Institute. (2019). (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. |
Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019)
The specific agency responsible for the report appears as the author. The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher. This creates concise in-text citations and complete reference list entries.
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). [Video]. YouTube. |
Parenthetical citation: (Harvard University, 2019)
Narrative citation: Harvard University (2019)
APA Databases [@APA_Databases]. (2019, September 5). [Tweet]. Twitter. Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. |
Parenthetical citations: (APA Databases, 2019; Gates, 2019)
Narrative citations: APA Databases (2019) and Gates (2019)
News From Science. (2019, June 21). [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. |
Parenthetical citation: (News From Science, 2019)
Narrative citation: News From Science (2019)
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). . OER Commons. Retrieved September 17, 2019, from National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Woodyatt, A. (2019, September 10). . CNN. World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). . |
Parenthetical citations: (Fagan, 2019; National Institute of Mental Health, 2018; Woodyatt, 2019; World Health Organization, 2018)
Narrative citations: Fagan (2019), National Institute of Mental Health (2018), Woodyatt (2019), and World Health Organization (2018)
The following supplemental example references are mention in the Publication Manual:
Archival document and collections are not presented in the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition . This content is available only on the APA Style website . This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition.
Archival sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, limited-circulation brochures and pamphlets, in-house institutional and corporate documents, clippings, and other documents, as well as such nontextual materials as photographs and apparatus, that are in the personal possession of an author, form part of an institutional collection, or are stored in an archive such as the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron or the APA Archives. For any documents like these that are available on the open web or via a database (subscription or nonsubscription), follow the reference templates shown in Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual.
The general format for the reference for an archival work includes the author, date, title, and source. The reference examples shown on this page may be modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials, for different types of collections, or for additional descriptive information (e.g., a translation of a letter). Authors may choose to list correspondence from their own personal collections, but correspondence from other private collections should be listed only with the permission of the collector.
Keep in mind the following principles when creating references to archival documents and collections:
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB Series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY, United States.
Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel, Trans.)]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
Allport, G. W. (1930–1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA, United States.
To cite specific letters in the text, provide the author and range of years as shown in the reference list entry, plus details about who wrote the specific letter to whom and when the specific letter was written.
Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and Leipzig. Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50), Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States.
Allport, A. (presumed). (ca. 1937). Marion Taylor today—by the biographer [Unpublished manuscript]. Marion Taylor Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949, November 5–6). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360), Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States.
Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording]. President’s Oral History Project, American Psychological Association, APA Archives, Washington, DC, United States.
Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States.
Psychoanalysis institute to open. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH, United States, newspaper]. Copy in possession of author.
Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art publications [Brochure]. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder “Miscellaneous Psychological Materials”), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA, United States.
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917–1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder 2292), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT, United States.
U.S. Census Bureau. (1880). 1880 U.S. census: Defective, dependent, and delinquent classes schedule: Virginia [Microfilm]. NARA Microfilm Publication T1132 (Rolls 33–34), National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, United States.
Read the full APA guidelines on citing ChatGPT
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
Works included in a reference list.
The reference list provides a reliable way for readers to identify and locate the works cited in a paper. APA Style papers generally include reference lists, not bibliographies.
In general, each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text. Check your work carefully before submitting your manuscript or course assignment to ensure no works cited in the text are missing from the reference list and vice versa, with only the following exceptions.
There are a few kinds of works that are not included in a reference list. Usually a work is not included because readers cannot recover it or because the mention is so broad that readers do not need a reference list entry to understand the use.
Information on works included in a reference list is covered in Sections 2.12 and 8.4 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition
*This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition.*
The DOI or URL is the final component of a reference list entry. Because so much scholarship is available and/or retrieved online, most reference list entries end with either a DOI or a URL.
Follow these guidelines for including DOIs and URLs in references:
Follow these guidelines to format DOIs and URLs:
https://doi.org/ xxxxx
When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use shortDOIs or shortened URLs if desired.
Formatting rules, various examples.
| ||||
|
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. Name of Group Author, C. C. [username] Username. | (year). (year, month). (year, month date). | Title of article: Use sentence case.
| (#), #-#. (#), Article 9739.
| https://doi.org/xxxx.... https://xxxx...
|
Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
The following formats apply to all journals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, etc. whether you found them in an online database, search engine, or in print.
Journal article with doi | Fink, J., & Hummel, M. (2015). With educational benefits for all: Campus inclusion through learning communities designed for underserved student populations. , (149), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20115 |
Journal article without doi | Savage, T. (2007). Relationship between assault frequency and length of hospitalization in older patients with dementia: Determining the maximum benefit of inpatient treatment. , (4), 13–20. https://www.healio.com/nursing/journals/jgn |
Electronic journal article with 21 or more authors | Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. , (1), 1935–1968. https://doi-org.libproxy2.usc.edu/10.0000/3mp7y-537 |
Electronic articles that are periodically updated with shortened URL | Winkleman, J. W. (2019). Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults. Retrieved February 6, 2020, from http://bit.ly/31umRcv |
Article without DOI | Land, H. (1994). AIDS and women of color. , (3), 355-361. |
Online newspaper article | Logan, T. (2014, December 21). Highland Park residents feel the squeeze of gentrification. . http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-highland-park-renters-20141221-story.html |
Print newspaper article | Born, R. (2018, November 27). Was the life of the ‘influencer’ really for me? , pp. 5, 7. |
Online magazine article | Park, A. (2018, December 1). The future of HIV treatment might not involve pills. http://time.com/5455488/future-of-hiv-treatment-pills/ |
Print magazine article | Quittner, J. (1998, June 15). Tell the kids to fib: A U.S. agency says laws are needed to protect children’s privacy online. , , 86. |
Drug database with publication date (such as Micromedex or Lexicomp | Lexi-comp. (2019, June 6). Drospirenone. In https://online.lexi.com |
Drug database without publication date (such as Micromedex or Lexicomp) | Micromedex. (n.d.). Glipizid. In . Retrieved June 18, 2019, https://www.micromedexsolutions.com |
Article from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | Murphy, E., Froggatt, K., Connolly, S., O'Shea, E., Sampson, E. L., Casey, D., & Devane, D. (2016). Palliative care interventions in advanced dementia. https://doi-org.libproxy1.usc.edu/10.1002/14651858.CD011513.pub2 |
Blog post | Morton, S. (2020, January 12). A midlife crisis or a midlife unraveling? https://psychcentral.com/blog/a-midlife-crisis-or-a-midlife-unraveling/ |
Comment on online article or post | Jane. (2020, January 15). Amen to all of this. I am experiencing midlife as a transition not unlike that from childhood to adolescence. I [Comment on the article "A midlife crisis or a midlife unraveling?"]. https://psychcentral.com/blog/discuss/137703/ |
See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules
Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.
Journal article from library database with doi - one author, journal article from library database with doi - multiple authors, journal article from a website - one author.
Journal Article- No DOI
Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.
A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.
This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.
If an item has no author, start the citation with the article title.
When an article has one to twenty authors, all authors' names are cited in the References List entry. When an article has twenty-one or more authors list the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.
Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).
Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize or use quotation marks for the titles of articles.
Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.
If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.
Volume and Issue Numbers
Italicize volume numbers but not issue numbers.
Retrieval Dates
Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, like a free website or a wiki.
Page Numbers
If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14)
Library Database
Do not include the name of a database for works obtained from most academic research databases (e.g. APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) because works in these resources are widely available. Exceptions are Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ERIC, ProQuest Dissertations, and UpToDate.
Include the DOI (formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/...) if it is available. If you do not have a DOI, include a URL if the full text of the article is available online (not as part of a library database). If the full text is from a library database, do not include a DOI, URL, or database name.
Books, Journals, Reports, Webpages, etc.: When you refer to titles of a “stand-alone work,” as the APA calls them on their APA Style website, such as books, journals, reports, and webpages, you should italicize them. Capitalize words as you would for an article title in a reference, e.g., In the book Crying in H Mart: A memoir , author Michelle Zauner (2021) describes her biracial origin and its impact on her identity.
Article or Chapter: When you refer to the title of a part of a work, such as an article or a chapter, put quotation marks around the title and capitalize it as you would for a journal title in a reference, e.g., In the chapter “Where’s the Wine,” Zauner (2021) describes how she decided to become a musician.
The APA Sample Paper below has more information about formatting your paper.
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number
Smith, K. F. (2022). The public and private dialogue about the American family on television: A second look. Journal of Media Communication, 50 (4), 79-110. https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.x
Note: The DOI number is formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.xIf
In-Text Paraphrase:
(Author's Last Name, Year)
Example: (Smith, 2000)
In-Text Quote:
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)
Example: (Smith, 2000, p. 80)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number
Note: Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.
Note: In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including 20 authors. When a source has 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name. Don't include an ampersand (&) between the ellipsis and final author.
Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."
Reference List Examples
Two to 20 Authors
Case, T. A., Daristotle, Y. A., Hayek, S. L., Smith, R. R., & Raash, L. I. (2011). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3 (2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010
21 or more authors
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 (3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
In-Text Citations
Two Authors/Editors
(Case & Daristotle, 2011)
Direct Quote: (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57)
Three or more Authors/Editors
(Case et al., 2011)
Direct Quote: (Case et al., 2011, p. 57)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number if given). URL
Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area. Electronic Green Journal, 1 (30). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4
Example: (Flachs, 2010)
Example: (Flachs, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 3)
Note: In this example there were no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers; in this case you can cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. If there are no page or paragraph numbers and no marked section, leave this information out.
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. URL [if article is available online, not as part of a library database]
Full-Text Available Online (Not as Part of a Library Database):
Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. (2017). What do we know about school discipline reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions. Education Next, 17 (1), 44–52. https://www.educationnext.org/what-do-we-know-about-school-discipline-reform-suspensions-expulsions/
Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017)
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page number)
Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017, p. 47)
Full-Text Available in Library Database:
Jungers, W. L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back. Nature, 463 (2), 433-434.
Example: (Jungers, 2010)
Example: (Jungers, 2010, p. 433)
Apa quick citation guide.
Note: Citations with more than one line of text should have a hanging indent of 1/2 inch or 5 spaces.
Important Elements:
For more examples, see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines entries for magazine , newspaper, and scholarly journal articles.
Magazine article:
Swedin, E. G. (2006, May/June). Designing babies: A eugenics race with China? The Futurist , 40, 18-21.
Will, G. F. (2004, July 5). Waging war on Wal-Mart. Newsweek , 144 , 64.
Duhigg, C. (2019, October 10). Is Amazon unstoppable? The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/10/21/is-amazon-unstoppable
Newspaper article:
Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury convicts man in drunk driving death. Centre Daily Times , p. 1A.
Laber-Warren, E. (2019, October 17). You're only as old as you feel. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/well/mind/age-subjective-feeling-old.html
Scholarly journal article:
Blattner, J., & Bacigalupo, A. (2007). Using emotional intelligence to develop executive leadership and team and organizational development. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59 (3), 209-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.59.3.209
Book Review:
Rifkind, D. (2005, April 10). Breaking their vows. [Review of the book The mermaid chair, by S.M. Kidd]. Washington Post , p. T6.
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing journal articles in apa.
A journal is a scholarly periodical that presents research from experts in a certain field. Typically, but not always, these journals are peer-reviewed in order to ensure that published articles are of the highest quality. That is one reason why journals are a highly credible source of information.
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume (Issue), page range.
Gleditsch, N. P., Pinker, S., Thayer, B. A., Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2013). The forum: The decline of war. International Studies Review, 15 (3), 396-419.
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume (Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxx or URL
Burnell, K. J., Coleman, P. G., & Hunt, N. (2010). Coping with traumatic memories: Second World War veterans’ experiences of social support in relation to the narrative coherence of war memories. Ageing and Society, 30 (1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X0999016X
If you need additional help, the Citation Machine APA reference generator will cite your sources automatically for you.
APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDF
American Psychological Association (APA) style includes parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list .
APA uses parenthetical citations as its form of in-text citation. Provide a parenthetical citation before the period directly following the information you are citing. These citations should correspond to a more detailed citation in the reference list but only need to specify a page number if directly quoting or borrowing from the source material. The essential elements for this in-text citation are the author's last name and the date for the specific publications. The last name may be omitted if the sentence states or makes clear the source material.
APA uses a reference list , an alphabetized list of sources following the end of the book or paper, for its complete list of sources referenced. This list should be titled "References" in bold and alphabetized by the first item in the citation, which, in most cases, is the author's last name. Each reference from this list must be cited in your paper and vice versa.
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher Name.
Print Articles
Author Last Name, Author First Initial, & Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Article Title. Periodical Title , volume number(issue number), pages.
Electronic Articles
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Article Title. Periodical Title , volume number(issue number), pages. doi or static url.
Physical Images/Artwork
Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. (Year). Artwork Title [medium]. Host Institution Name, City, State, Country. URL of institution.
Electronic Images/Artwork
Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. (Year). Image Title [medium]. Source Title. URL of image.
Standard case :
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit" (Last name, 2000, p.10).
If the author is not available , the title of the source may be used:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit ("Source title", 2000, pp.10-11).
If multiple authors cited have the same last name , use the author's first initial along with their last name:
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit" (E. Bronte, 1847, p.10).
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit (C. Bronte, 1847, p.10).
Archival material :
Child, J. (1974). Journal, 1974 . [Unpublished journal]. Papers of Julia Child, 1925-1993(MC 644, item 4). Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/ sch00222c00006 /catalog .
Child, P. (1967). Julia Child at the White House [Photograph]. Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/images/olvwork539731/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:4510469/catalog.
Beck, S., Bertholle, L., & Child, J. (1961). Mastering the art of French cooking. Knopf.
Child, J. & Child, P. (1968). The French chef cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf .
Journal article :
Muneal, M. (2011). Studies in Popular Culture , 34(1), 152–154. www.jstor.org/stable/23416357.
Nussbaum, D. (2005). "In Julia Child's Kitchen, October 5 1998". Gastronomica , 5(3), 29-38. doi: 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.3.29.
Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy
What is a citation.
Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it provides an important roadmap to your research process. Whenever you use sources such as books, journals or websites in your research, you must give credit to the original author by citing the source.
Scholarship is a conversation and scholars use citations not only to give credit to original creators and thinkers, but also to add strength and authority to their own work. By citing their sources, scholars are placing their work in a specific context to show where they “fit” within the larger conversation. Citations are also a great way to leave a trail intended to help others who may want to explore the conversation or use the sources in their own work.
In short, citations
(1) give credit
(2) add strength and authority to your work
(3) place your work in a specific context
(4) leave a trail for other scholars
"Good citations should reveal your sources, not conceal them. They should honeslty reflect the research you conducted." (Lipson 4)
Lipson, Charles. "Why Cite?" Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles--MLA, APA, Chicago, the Sciences, Professions, and More . Chicago: U of Chicago, 2006. Print.
Different subject disciplines call for citation information to be written in very specific order, capitalization, and punctuation. There are therefore many different style formats. Three popular citation formats are MLA Style (for humanities articles) and APA or Chicago (for social sciences articles).
MLA style (print journal article):
Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182.
APA style (print journal article):
Whisenant, W. A. (2003) How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX. Sex Roles , 49 (3), 179-182.
Chicago style (print journal article):
Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles 49, no. 3 (2003): 179-182.
No matter which style you use, all citations require the same basic information:
You are most likely to have easy access to all of your citation information when you find it in the first place. Take note of this information up front, and it will be much easier to cite it effectively later.
This page is a how-to guide for using scholarly journals as sources and citing them correctly in your papers. Academic journals publish scholarly, peer-reviewed articles written by experts in a specific field. This guide will help you understand what journals are and why they are valuable for your research.
Citing a journal article in mla:, the importance of peer-reviewed academic journals, how journals are organized, where to find journal articles.
Our guide will show you how to cite the journal article both in the text and in the Works Cited page following the guidelines of the Modern Language Association Handbook, 9th Edition.
Academic or scholarly journals are periodicals published by universities and other research organizations to present the findings of original research conducted in a particular field. These journals contain highly specific knowledge and are written by experts in that field.
Journals are different from other periodicals such as newspapers or magazines, which cover a broad range of topics and are written in easy to read prose.
Because journals are written by experts for other experts, they can be difficult to read. The writers often use jargon and other complex language that students may not understand. But that doesn’t mean you should not use journals in your research. Journals are where the most recent research is published and provide in-depth information on a topic.
Tip : Reading the abstract and the conclusion first may help you to understand the article as you read.
Journals are good sources for academic research not only because they are written by experts, but because most (but not all) are also reviewed by other experts before the article is published.
Journals that are peer-reviewed have a board of experts in the field that review articles submitted to the journal. The peer reviewers scrutinize every article closely to validate its findings and ensure that the research was done properly. The process of peer review gives credibility to the journal because it means that every article published has been approved by other experts in the field.
Academic journals are organized in volumes and issues.
Tip : Journals frequently publish issues around a certain theme, so all of the articles in that issue will relate to a certain topic. This means that there may be other articles in a particular issue that you can use for your research. It pays to check the table of contents for the issue when you find an article that fits your needs.
You will need to include the volume and the issue numbers, and the page numbers in your citations so make sure to write those down when you take notes from a journal.
When you are doing scholarly research, you can’t use popular search engines like Google, Bing, or Yahoo. These will lead you to popular sources that may not work for a school paper. You need to search for information using an academic database which will lead you to scholarly articles.
Databases are organized computer-based collections of data that allow researchers to find a large number of articles quickly and easily.
Many of these databases charge fees for use. The good news? Many can be accessed through a school or university library. Check your library’s website to see what databases it subscribes to and how you can access them.
You can use information from your research in three ways:
Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information in your paper, you need to follow that information with an in-text citation and create a corresponding reference for the source (in the Works Cited).
Citations within your text are important. Each in-text citation:
In most cases, the in-text citation is at the end of the sentence in parentheses. If you use the author’s name in the text, you don’t have to repeat it in the parenthesis at the end. Do not separate the author’s name and the page number with a comma. See below for examples.
A Works Cited page is included at the end of your paper. It lists full references/citations for all of the sources mentioned in your paper via your in-text citations.
In the 9th edition of the official Handbook, MLA includes a new term for citing references, which was first introduced in the 8th edition — containers (134). Periodicals like journals are considered “containers” because they contain the articles that are part of a larger whole.
The container holds the source article and is crucial in identifying the source. The title of the first container, the journal name, is printed in italics and follows the article name. When accessing journals through a database, the database is considered the second container. This title is also printed in italics.
Another feature in citing sources is the DOI (Handbook 188) . DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier, which is used to permanently identify an article or document and link to it on the web.
Although a website or database may change names, the DOI will not change and will help your readers locate the document from your citation. Whenever possible, list the DOI in place of the URL. When you have a DOI, you do not need to give the URL of the website. Indicate that a reference is a DOI by adding “https://doi.org/” before the DOI number of your source.
Another way to identify an online location is with a permalink. Permalinks are URLs that are identified as a stable link that the publisher promises not to change.
The following are examples of how to cite a journal in MLA 9, both in text and as a full reference in the Works Cited. These were all found via a database.
Note that “Date Accessed” is the day that the journal article was found and read. This information is supplemental and does not always need to be included.
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” , vol. #, issue #, publication date, page number(s). , DOI (if available) or URL (without https://) or Permalink. Access Date (supplemental). |
Example | Adams, Mark C. “Educating the Music User.” , vol. 103, no. 1, 2016, pp. 64–69. , www.jstor.org/stable/44677803. Accessed 15 Feb. 2020. |
Cite your source
In-text citation | |
---|---|
Example #1 | Teachers who connect classroom learning with students’ daily interaction with music can better serve student’s needs (Adams 64). |
Example #2 | According to Mark Adams, music educators who connect classroom learning with students’ daily interaction with music can better serve student’s needs (64). |
Example #3 | In his 2016 article on music education, Mark Adams says, “music educators must connect classroom learning with how students use and interact with music in their daily lives” (64). |
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | 1st Author Last Name, First Name, and Second Author First Name Last Name. “Title of Article.” , vol. #, issue #, publication date, page number(s). , DOI (if available) or URL (without https://) or Permalink. Access Date (supplemental). |
Example | McCorkle, Ben, and Jason Palmeri. “Lessons from History: Teaching with Technology in 100 Years of ‘English Journal.’” , vol. 105, no. 6, 2016, pp. 18–24. , www.jstor.org/stable/26359250. Accessed 15 Feb. 2020. |
*Note: When a source has multiple authors, you should always list them in your citation in the same order they are listed in the source.
In-text citation | |
---|---|
Example #1 | English teachers are often represented in the media as book-loving frumps (McCorkle and Palmeri 23). |
Example #2 | McCorkle and Palmeri point out that English teachers are often portrayed as book-loving frumps (23). |
Example #3 | As McCorkle and Palmeri point out, “When English teachers are represented in the popular media, we are too often still positioned as dated, book-loving frumps” (23). |
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | 1st Author Last Name, First Name, et al. “Title of Article.” , vol. #, issue #, publication date, page number(s). , DOI (if available) or URL (without https://) or Permalink. Access Date (supplemental). |
Example | Portier, C. J., et al. “A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change: A Report Outlining the Research Needs on the Human Health Effects of Climate Change.” , vol. 6, no. 4, 2013, pp. 621-710. , ezalumni.library.nyu.edu:2048/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.alumniproxy.library.nyu.edu/docview/1627086437?accountid=33843. |
In-text citation | |
---|---|
Example #1 | One of the likely outcomes of climate change is longer and more severe heat waves, which have the potential to harm a lot of people (Portier et al. 621). |
Example #2 | According to Portier et al., one of the likely outcomes of climate change is longer and more severe heat waves, which have the potential to harm a lot of people (621). |
Example #3 | Portier et al. say, “increases in the frequency and severity of regional heat waves–likely outcomes of climate change–have the potential to harm a lot of people” (621). |
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | “Title of Article.” , vol. #, issue #, publication date, page number(s). , DOI (if available) or URL (without https://) or Permalink. Access Date (supplemental). |
Example | “Climate Change and Cattle.” , vol. 77, no. 1, 2010, pp. 15–16. , www.jstor.org/stable/24145045. Accessed 16 Feb. 2020. |
In-text citation | |
---|---|
Example #1 | If geographic patterns continue as in examples of future climate change, cattle are likely to experience greater nutritional stress (“Climate Change” 16). |
Example #2 | According to the article, “Climate Change and Cattle,” if geographic patterns continue as in examples of future climate change, cattle are likely to experience greater nutritional stress (16). |
Example #3 | As stated in the article, “Climate Change in Cattle,” “cattle are likely to experience greater nutritional stress in the future if geographic patterns hold as examples of future climate change” (16). |
Citing a journal from a print source requires less information than an online source. For a print source, you need the following information:
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” vol. #, issue #, publication date, page numbers. |
Example | Anand, Raktima, et al. “Management of Swine-flu Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: Our Experience.” vol. 28, no. 1, 2012, pp. 51-55. |
View Screenshot | Cite your source
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name page #) (First Author’s Last Name and Second Author’s Last Name page #) (First Author’s Last Name et al. page #) |
Example | (Anand et al. 52) |
Some journal articles are accessible online without the use of a database. Citing an online journal article not found in a database requires that you cite the website that you used to access the article as the second container. Do not include the https:// in the web address.
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | Author Last Name, First Name. “Article title.” , vol. #, issue #, publication date, page numbers. , URL. Date Month Year Accessed (supplemental). |
Example | Marsh, Joanne, and Gill Evans. “Generating Research Income: Library Involvement in Academic Research.” vol. 36, no. 113, 2012, pp. 48-61. , www.lirgjournal.org.uk. |
*Note : Since journals are usually stable and credible sources, including an access date is supplemental and not required (“When Should I Include an Access Date for an Online Work”).
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name page #) (First Author’s Last Name and Second Author’s Last Name page #) (First Author’s Last Name et al. page #) |
Example | (Marsh and Gill 56) |
MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.
“When should I include an access date for an online work?” MLA Style Center , Modern Language Association, 29 Dec. 2016, style.mla.org/access-dates/.
Published October 31, 2011. Updated June 6, 2021.
Written by Catherine Sigler. Catherine has a Ph.D. in English Education and has taught college-level writing for 15 years.
MLA Formatting
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
It’s 100% free to create MLA citations. The EasyBib Citation Generator also supports 7,000+ other citation styles. These other styles—including APA, Chicago, and Harvard—are accessible for anyone with an EasyBib Plus subscription.
No matter what citation style you’re using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) the EasyBib Citation Generator can help you create the right bibliography quickly.
Yes, there’s an option to download source citations as a Word Doc or a Google Doc. You may also copy citations from the EasyBib Citation Generator and paste them into your paper.
Creating an account is not a requirement for generating MLA citations. However, registering for an EasyBib account is free and an account is how you can save all the citation you create. This can help make it easier to manage your citations and bibliographies.
Yes! Whether you’d like to learn how to construct citations on your own, our Autocite tool isn’t able to gather the metadata you need, or anything in between, manual citations are always an option. Click here for directions on using creating manual citations.
If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.
It supports MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and over 7,000 total citation styles.
To cite a magazine with multiple authors and no page numbers in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the authors, the article’s title, the magazine’s title, the publication date, and the DOI, permalink, or URL. The templates and examples for in-text citations and a works-cited-list entry of a book written by multiple authors are given below:
In-text citation template and example:
For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” for sources with three or more authors. In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues.” In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”
Citation in prose:
First mention: Han Ong and colleagues…. or Han Ong and others ….
Subsequent occurrences: Ong and colleagues…. or Ong and others ….
Parenthetical:
….( Ong et al.).
Works-cited-list entry template and example:
The title of the article is in plain text and title case; it is placed inside double quotation marks. The title of the magazine is set in italics and title case. Follow the format given in the template and example for setting the day, month, and year.
Surname, First., et al. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Magazine , Publication Date, DOI/permalink/URL.
Ong, Han, et al. “The Monkey Who Speaks.” The New Yorker , 13 Sept. 2021, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/13/the-monkey-who-speaks.
Use only the first author’s name in surname–first name order in the entry followed by “et al.”
To cite an online journal or magazine article in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author, the article’s title, the journal or magazine’s title, the publication date, and the DOI, permalink, or URL. If available, also include a volume and an issue number of the journal or magazine. The templates for in-text citations and a works-cited-list entry of an online journal article and examples are given below for a source with one author:
For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author on the first occurrence. In subsequent citations, use only the surname. In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the author.
First mention: Elizabeth Garber ….
Subsequent occurrences: Garber ….
….(Garber).
The title of the journal or magazine article is set in plain roman text and title case; it is placed inside double quotation marks. The title of the journal or magazine is set in italics and title case. Follow the format given in the template and example for writing the publication month or season and year.
Surname, First. “Title of the Article.” Journal or Magazine Title , Volume, Issue, Publication Date, DOI/permalink/URL.
Garber, Elizabeth. “Craft as Activism.” The Journal of Social Theory in Art Education , vol. 33, no.1, spring 2013, www.scholarscompass.vcu.edu/jstae/vol33/iss1/6/ .
MLA Citation Examples
Writing Tools
Citation Generators
Other Citation Styles
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started
Unfortunately we don't fully support your browser. If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use Mozilla Firefox , Microsoft Edge , Google Chrome , or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please send us your feedback .
We'd appreciate your feedback. Tell us what you think! opens in new tab/window
Show more influence and attention to your research than you have ever been able to show before. Scopus metrics are a comprehensive, trustworthy and transparent way to demonstrate your journal, article, author and institutional influence.
Subscribe to Scopus and access metrics
CiteScore™ metrics : Introduced in 2016, a family of eight indicators to analyze the publication influence of serial titles. CiteScore metrics offer more robust, timely and accurate indicators of a serial title’s impact.
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) : A prestige metric for journals, book series and conference proceedings that weights the value of a citation based on the subject field, quality and reputation of the source.
Source-Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) : Measures contextual citation impact by taking differences in disciplinary characteristics into account; can be used to compare journals in different fields.
Source details screen web results at Scopus.com.
Four Scopus-specific metrics can be found on a document’s metrics details page : total number of citations by a date range of the user’s choosing, citations per year for a range, citation benchmarking (percentile) and Field-weighted Citation Impact. We've also recently added a new metric — views count — so users can understand usage at a glance.
PlumX Metrics : Also found on a document’s metrics details page, five comprehensive, item-level metrics that provide insights into the ways people interact with individual pieces of research output (articles, conference proceedings, book chapters, and many more) in the online environment.
h -index and h -graph : View a researcher's performance based on career publications as measured by the lifetime number of citations that each published article receives; h -indices indicate a balance between productivity (scholarly output) and citation influence (citation count).
Citation overview tracker : An adjustable date-range table that includes the number of times each document has been cited per publication year.
Visual analysis tools : Analyze an author’s output with a collection of in-depth tools designed to provide a clearer picture of an individual’s publication history (up to 15 years) and influence: total number of cited documents, total number of citations per year, and a list of documents with numbers of citing documents and links to citing documents per year and per article.
Learn more about CiteScore metrics, a suite of eight metrics that tell a richer story about research and researcher influence.
Our Research Metrics Guidebook provides facts about how data underlying the metrics in Scopus (and SciVal) are used, how the metrics are calculated and displayed, and how variables besides performance can affect the metrics.
Scopus Preview offers free access to journal rankings and other measures. Plus, you can view or download journal and book titles lists, and authors can check their profile and keep it up to date.
Use our free Scopus Preview to see journal rankings and other available metrics.
Librarians: For an easy-to-share handout on key research metrics, use our Research Metrics Quick Reference flyer, developed by Library Connect in collaboration with librarian Jenny Delasalle
Help | Advanced Search
Title: hallucination-free assessing the reliability of leading ai legal research tools.
Abstract: Legal practice has witnessed a sharp rise in products incorporating artificial intelligence (AI). Such tools are designed to assist with a wide range of core legal tasks, from search and summarization of caselaw to document drafting. But the large language models used in these tools are prone to "hallucinate," or make up false information, making their use risky in high-stakes domains. Recently, certain legal research providers have touted methods such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) as "eliminating" (Casetext, 2023) or "avoid[ing]" hallucinations (Thomson Reuters, 2023), or guaranteeing "hallucination-free" legal citations (LexisNexis, 2023). Because of the closed nature of these systems, systematically assessing these claims is challenging. In this article, we design and report on the first preregistered empirical evaluation of AI-driven legal research tools. We demonstrate that the providers' claims are overstated. While hallucinations are reduced relative to general-purpose chatbots (GPT-4), we find that the AI research tools made by LexisNexis (Lexis+ AI) and Thomson Reuters (Westlaw AI-Assisted Research and Ask Practical Law AI) each hallucinate between 17% and 33% of the time. We also document substantial differences between systems in responsiveness and accuracy. Our article makes four key contributions. It is the first to assess and report the performance of RAG-based proprietary legal AI tools. Second, it introduces a comprehensive, preregistered dataset for identifying and understanding vulnerabilities in these systems. Third, it proposes a clear typology for differentiating between hallucinations and accurate legal responses. Last, it provides evidence to inform the responsibilities of legal professionals in supervising and verifying AI outputs, which remains a central open question for the responsible integration of AI into law.
Comments: | Our dataset, tool outputs, and labels will be made available upon publication. This version of the manuscript (May 30, 2024) is updated to reflect an evaluation of Westlaw's AI-Assisted Research |
Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computers and Society (cs.CY) |
Cite as: | [cs.CL] |
(or [cs.CL] for this version) | |
Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite |
Access paper:.
Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.
arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.
Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.
Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .
Powered by chegg.
Are you looking for an easy and reliable way to cite your sources in the MLA format? Look no further because Cite This For Me’s MLA citation generator is designed to remove the hassle of citing. You can use it to save valuable time by auto-generating all of your citations.
The Cite This For Me citation machine accesses information from across the web, assembling all of the relevant material into a fully-formatted works cited MLA format page that clearly maps out all of the sources that have contributed to your paper. Using a generator simplifies the frustrating citing process, allowing you to focus on what’s important: completing your assignment to the best of your ability.
Have you encountered an unusual source, such as a microfiche or a handwritten manuscript, and are unsure how to accurately cite this in the MLA format? Or are you struggling with the dozens of different ways to cite a book? If you need a helping hand with creating your citations, Cite This For Me’s accurate and powerful generator and handy MLA format template for each source type will help to get you one step closer to the finishing line.
Continue reading our handy style guide to learn how to cite like a pro. Find out exactly what a citation generator is, how to implement the MLA style in your writing, and how to organize and present your work according to the guidelines.
Whenever you use someone else’s ideas or words in your own work, even if you have paraphrased or completely reworded the information, you must give credit where credit is due to avoid charges of plagiarism. There are many reasons why.
First, using information from a credible source lends credibility to your own thesis or argument. Your writing will be more convincing if you can connect it to information that has been well-researched or written by a credible author. For example, you could argue that “dogs are smart“ based on your own experiences, but it would be more convincing if you could cite scientific research that tested the intelligence of dogs.
Second, you should cite sources because it demonstrates that you are capable of writing on an academic or professional level. Citations show that your writing was thoughtfully researched and composed, something that you would not find in more casual writing.
Lastly, and most importantly, citing is the ethical thing to do. Imagine that you spent months of your life on a paper: researching it, writing it, and revising it. It came out great and you received many compliments on your thesis and ideas. How would you feel if someone took those ideas (or even the whole paper) and turned them in as their own work without citations? You’d probably feel terrible.
All of the source material that has contributed to your work must be acknowledged with an MLA in-text citation (also known as a parenthetical citation ) and be featured in your works cited list as full references.
Create citations, whether manually or by using the Cite This For Me MLA citation generator, to maintain accuracy and consistency throughout your project.
When writing a research paper, any information used from another source needs to be cited. The only exceptions to this rule are everyday phrases (e.g., all the world’s a stage) and common knowledge (e.g., President Kennedy was killed in 1963).
Also, your own work does not need to be cited. That includes your opinions, ideas, and visuals (e.g., graphs, photos, etc.) you created. However, you do need to cite your own work if you have previously published it or used it in another assignment. Otherwise it’s considered self plagiarism . For example, submitting a paper that you wrote and already turned in for another class is still plagiarism, even though it is your own work.
If you have any doubts about whether or not something you’ve written requires a citation, it’s always better to cite the source. While it may be a tedious process without an MLA citation machine, attributing your research is essential in validating the statements and conclusions you make in your work. What’s more, drawing on numerous sources elevates your understanding of the topic, and accurately citing these sources reflects the impressive research journey that you have embarked on.
The importance of crediting your sources goes far beyond ensuring that you don’t lose points on your assignment for citing incorrectly. Plagiarism, even when done unintentionally, can be a serious offense in both the academic and professional world.
If you’re a student, possible consequences include a failing assignment or class grade, loss of scholarship, academic probation, or even expulsion. If you plagiarize while writing professionally, you may suffer legal ramifications as well, such as fines, penalties, or lawsuits.
The consequences of plagiarism extend beyond just the person who plagiarized: it can result in the spread of misinformation. When work is copied and/or improperly cited, the facts and information presented can get misinterpreted, misconstrued, and mis-paraphrased. It can also be more difficult or impossible for readers and peers to check the information and original sources, making your work less credible.
The MLA format was developed by the Modern Language Association as a consistent way of documenting sources used in academic writing. It is a concise style predominantly used in the liberal arts and humanities, first and foremost in research focused on languages, literature, and culture. The 9th edition of the MLA Handbook has the most current format guidelines. It was updated to reflect the expanding digital world and how researchers and writers cite more online sources. You can find out more here .
It is important to present your work consistently, regardless of the style you are using. Accurately and coherently crediting your source material both demonstrates your attention to detail and enhances the credibility of your written work. The MLA format provides a uniform framework for consistency across a scholarly document, and caters to a large variety of sources. So, whether you are citing a website, an article, or even a podcast, the style guide outlines everything you need to know to correctly format all of your MLA citations.* The style also provides specific guidelines for formatting your research paper, and useful tips on the use of the English language in your writing.
Cite This For Me’s style guide is based on (but not associated with) the 9th edition of the Modern Language Association Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Our MLA generator also uses the 9th edition – allowing you to shift focus from the formatting of your citations to what’s important – how each source contributes to your work.
MLA has been widely adopted by scholars, professors, journal publishers, and both academic and commercial presses across the world. However, many academic institutions and disciplines prefer a specific style of referencing (or have even developed their own unique format) so be sure to check which style you should be using with your professor. Cite This For Me supports citing in thousands of styles, so the odds are good that we have tools for the citation style you need. Whichever style you’re using, be consistent!
So, if you’re battling to get your citations finished in time, you’ve come to the right MLA citation website. The generator above will can cite any source in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your discipline uses the APA citation style, or your institution requires you to cite in the Chicago style citation , simply go to Cite This For Me’s website to find generators and style guides for ASA , IEEE , AMA and many more.
*You may need to cite a source type that is not covered by the format manual – for these instances we have developed additional guidance and MLA format examples, which we believe stick as closely as possible to the spirit of the style. It is clearly indicated where examples are not covered in the official handbook.
The MLA format is generally simpler than other referencing styles as it was developed to emphasize brevity and clarity. The style uses a straightforward two-part documentation system for citing sources: parenthetical citations in the author-page format that are keyed to an alphabetically ordered works cited page. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text as a parenthetical citation, and a complete corresponding reference should appear in your works cited list.
Keep your MLA in-text citations brief, clear and accurate by only including the information needed to identify the sources. Furthermore, each parenthetical citation should be placed close to the idea or quote being cited, where a natural pause occurs – which is usually at the end of the sentence. Essentially you should be aiming to position your parenthetical citations where they minimize interruption to the reading flow, which is particularly important in an extensive piece of written work.
Check out the examples below…
Parenthetical citation examples:
If the author’s name already appears in the sentence itself then it does not need to appear in the parentheses. Only the page number appears in the citation. Here’s an MLA format example:
Sontag has theorized that collecting photographs is a way “to collect the world” (3).
Include the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken in a parenthetical citation after the quote. This way of citing foregrounds the information being cited.
“To collect photographs is to collect the world” (Sontag 3).
When the author is referred to more than once in the same paragraph, you may use a single MLA in-text citation at the end of the paragraph (as long as the work cannot be confused with others cited).
On Photography posits that “to collect photographs is to collect the world.” It intensifies that sentiment by saying photography “means putting oneself into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge—and, therefore, like power.” (Sontag 3, 4)
If you are citing two works by the same author, you should put a comma after the author’s surname and add a shortened title to distinguish between them. Italicize book titles, put article titles within quotation marks. As with the above examples, if you mention the author in the text, they don’t need to be included in the parenthetical MLA citation.
In the line “Ask Benjy ef I did. I aint stud’in dat winder” ( The Sound 276), Faulkner employs spelling and diction to communicate the character background of Dilsey. He’s also seen doing this in other books. For example, “He kilt her.” ( As I Lay 54).
In MLA citing, if there are two authors with the same surname, be sure to include their first initial in your citation to avoid confusion.
Each author’s name will be included in both the parenthetical and the full source reference in your MLA bibliography.
Crowley is in fact, the snake who convinced Eve to eat the apple in the Garden of Eden (Prattchett and Gaiman 4).
For any work with three authors or more, you’ll include the last name of the first author listed and the abbreviation “et al.” which is Latin for “and others.”
“The skills required to master high-stakes interactions are quite easy to spot and moderately easy to learn” (Patterson et al. 28).
The MLA formatting examples below above are for information or quotes that have specified pages, usually from a book. If you are using information from a website or online source, the author rules below still apply but a page number is not needed. Instead, just include the first bit of identifiable information that will be shown in the source’s full reference (e.g., author name, video title, website name, etc.).
“Scientists speculate that this might be due to a large chunk of nickel and iron embedded beneath the crater – perhaps the remnants of the asteroid that created it” (Ravilious).
“There’s a flag on the flag; it’s bad design” (“In Defense of Bad Flags”)
Full citations/references MLA website citation:
One of the most common sources cited are websites, so it’s useful to know how to cite a website in MLA.
Ravilious, Kate. “Terrawatch: The Mysteries of the Moon’s Largest Crater.” The Guardian , 1 Oct 2019, www.theguardian.com/science/2019/oct/01/terrawatch-the-mysteries-of-the-moons-largest-crater.
Format for books:
Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924 . Ohio State UP, 2008.
Sontag, Susan. On Photography . Penguin, 2008.
MLA citation format for journal articles:
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. “Progress of the American Woman.” The North American Review , vol. 171, no. 529, 1900, pp. 904–907. JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/25105100.
Format for online videos:
“In Defense of Bad Flags.” YouTube , uploaded by Vlogbrothers, 4 Oct. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkpAe3_qmq0.
Works cited / bibliography example:
Unlike an MLA in-text citation, you must include all of the publication information in your works cited entries.
Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924. Ohio State UP, 2008.
There’s a lot of formatting needed when you cite. Luckily for you, we know where the commas go, and our MLA citation maker will help you put them there.
If citing is giving you a headache, use Cite This For Me’s free, accurate and intuitive MLA citation generator to add all of your source material to your works cited page with just a click.
A works cited page is a comprehensive list of all the sources that directly contributed to your work – each entry links to the brief parenthetical citations in the main body of your work. An in-text citation MLA only contains enough information to enable readers to find the source in the works cited list, so you’ll need to include the complete publication information for the source in your works cited entries.
Your works cited page in MLA should appear at the end of the main body of text on a separate page. Each entry should start at the left margin and be listed alphabetically by the author’s last name (note that if there is no author, you can alphabetize by title). For entries that run for more than one line, indent the subsequent line(s) – this format is called a ‘hanging indentation.’
The title of the page should be neither italicized nor bold – it is simply center-aligned. Like the rest of your MLA format paper the list should be double-spaced, both between and within entries.
Sometimes your professor will ask you to also list the works that you have read throughout your research process, but didn’t directly cite in your paper. This list should be called ‘Work Cited and Consulted,’ and is an excellent opportunity to demonstrate the full extent of the research you have carried out.
As long as you clearly indicate all of your sources via both parenthetical citations and an MLA format works cited list, it is very unlikely that you will lose points for citing incorrectly.
Works cited examples:
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. Verso, 1983.
Fox, Claire F. The Fence and the River: Culture and Politics at the U.S.-Mexico Border. U of Minnesota P, 1999.
Sontag, Susan. On Photography. Penguin, 2008.
When you are gathering sources in your research phase, be sure to make note of the following bibliographical items that will later make up your works cited MLA.
If you’re still in your research phase, why not try out Cite This For Me for Chrome? It’s an intuitive and easy-to-use browser extension that enables you to instantly create and edit a citation for any online source while you browse the web.
Racing against the clock? If your deadline has crept up on you and you’re running out of time, the Cite This For Me MLA citation maker will collect and add any source to your bibliography with just a click.
In today’s digital age, source material comes in all shapes and sizes. Thanks to the Cite This For Me citation generator, citing is no longer a chore. The citation generator will help you accurately and easily cite any type of source in a heartbeat, whether it be a musical score, a work of art, or even a comic strip. Cite This For Me helps to elevate a student’s research to the next level by enabling them to cite a wide range of sources.
Accurately citing sources for your assignment doesn’t just prevent the appearance of or accusations of plagiarism – presenting your source material in a clear and consistent way also ensures that your work is accessible to your reader. So, whether you’re following the MLA format citation guidelines or using the Cite This For Me citation generator, be sure to abide by the presentation rules on font type, margins, page headers, and line spacing.
For research papers, an MLA cover page or title page is not required. Still, some instructors request an MLA title page. In these cases, ask your instructor for an example of a title page so you know the format they want.
Instead of a cover page, headings are used on a paper’s first page to indicate details like the author’s name, instructor’s name, the class, and date written. Read on for more details.
General page and header formatting:
To format your research paper according to the MLA guidelines:
For your headings (which replace the need for a cover page), do the following:
You’ll also need to include a running head on each page. It should include your last name and the page number. For example: Johnson 2. Place the running head in the upper right-hand corner of the paper, ½ inches from the top and 1 inch from the page’s right edge.
It is worth bearing in mind that the MLA format is constantly evolving to meet the various challenges facing today’s researchers. Using the Cite This For Me citation generator will help you to stay ahead of the game without having to worry about the ways in which the style has changed.
Below is a list outlining the key ways in which MLA has developed since previous editions.
If you’re frustrated by the time-consuming process of citing, the Cite This For Me multi-platform citation management tool will transform the way you conduct your research. Using this fast, accurate and accessible generator will give you more time to work on the content of your paper, so you can spend less time worrying about tedious references.
So if you’re having issues with accurately formatting your citations, sign up to Cite This For Me and let our MLA format generator do the grunt work for you.
To use the generator:
As well as making use of the powerful generator, you can cite with our Chrome add-on or Word add-on.
Create projects, add notes, cite directly from the browser.
Sign up to Cite This For Me – the ultimate citation management tool
Published October 1, 2015. Updated June 16, 2021.
There are many consequences for not providing a correct citation in MLA style. The biggest consequence is that without proper citations, your paper will lose marks for incorrect citations. In addition, your paper can also be considered plagiarism. The responsibility for using proper citations rests with the author of the paper. Failing to properly cite your sources implies that the information in the paper is solely yours when it is not.
While some instructors might be lenient about incorrect citations, others might not. Ultimately, this could land you in serious trouble with your school, organization, or institution. To avoid such issues, always ensure that you provide proper citations. If you are finding it difficult to provide proper citations, Chegg’s citation generator may help.
When citing multiple works by the same author, include the title (or a shortened version of the title) along with the author’s last name and page number in in-text citations.
You can include the author’s name and/or the title in the prose, or you can include all three pieces of information in the parenthetical citation.
(Last Name, Shortened Title page number)
(Sam, Notes to Live By 42)
(Sam, Pointers From a Friend 85)
If you’d like to shorten a title in parenthetical citations, the title can be condensed to the first noun phrase. In the examples above, the titles would be shortened to Notes and Pointers in the parenthetical citations.
When using MLA style to cite a source with two authors, the last names of both authors and the page number being referenced should be included in in-text citations. The names should be listed in the same order in which they appear on the works cited list and be separated by the word “and” in parenthetical citations. If mentioning the authors in the prose, be sure to use both authors’ first and last names on first reference.
Below are a template and example for how to create an in-text citation for a source with two authors in MLA style.
(Last Name 1 and Last Name 2 page number)
(Prusty and Patel 75)
When using MLA style to cite a source with more than two authors, include the last name of the first author listed on your works cited page along with “et. al” and the page number in your in-text citations.
You should only use “et. al” in your works cited list and parenthetical citations. If you include the authors’ names in your prose instead, you can list all the authors’ names or the name of the first author and a phrase like “and her co-authors,” “and others,” etc.
Below are a template and example for how to create an in-text citation for a source with more than two authors in MLA style.
(Author 1 Last Name et al. page number)
(Krishnaswamy et al. 75)
Sources may be cited for various reasons, including to provide credit to others’ ideas, to ensure that readers can find the right sources, and to improve a paper’s credibility. There are some situations when a citation might not be necessary. To avoid ambiguity, here are the situations in which you should include a citation in an MLA style paper:
Things that may be considered common knowledge (like dates of historical events or widely known biographical facts) do not need to be cited. However, if you are unsure whether or not a source needs to be cited, it is always better to err on the side of caution and include a citation.
As per MLA standards, a title page is NOT required. In fact, MLA recommends using a header with all relevant information instead, including your name, instructor’s name, course name, date of submission, and title. However, when your instructor requires a title page or when you are authoring your paper as a group with other people, it is recommended to create a title page for your paper.
If you are creating a title page, you should include the below information:
Since websites don’t usually have page numbers, include only the author’s last name within parentheses using the standard MLA format. If using a citation in prose, directly referring to the author’s name in the sentence, then there is no need to provide any additional parenthetical citation.
Plastics contribute to the single greatest pollutant source for oceans (Shimla).
Shimla states that plastics are the oceans’ greatest pollutant source. [No additional citation is needed since you include the author’s name in the citation in prose and there is no page number available.]
As per section 1.3 of the MLA 9 handbook, center the title of a paper and use double-spacing. Do NOT underline, italicize, bold, or use all capitals for the title. Instead, follow standard rules of capitalization. Any italicized words within the text (e.g., book titles or literary movements) would ALSO be italicized in the title. Don’t use a period after your paper’s title.
Usually, you nclude the paper title on your first page. Only when the instructor needs a specific title page or when the paper is a group paper necessitating a list of all authors should you provide a separate title page. Apart from these two situations, a title page is NOT required.
Below are some examples when you would need to italicize words in the title because they include names of books and/or literary movements.
Perspective Shift during the Baroque Period
Is Macbeth Relevant in 2022 and Beyond?
While the MLA handbook recommends using “an easily readable typeface” and a font size “between 11 and 13,” it also clarifies to follow a professor’s or instructor’s guidelines if they differ. The handbook advises using double-spacing and the same font and size throughout the paper.
Check with your instructor on their preferences, and in the absence of any such preference, use a decent and readable font, like Times New Roman, with font size 12, which is a good balance between readability and aesthetics. The most important thing is to use the same font and size consistently throughout your paper.
As per Sections 5 and 6 of the MLA 9 handbook, if you are referring multiple times to a single source in the same paragraph, you do not need to repeat the author’s name each time you make a reference. However, you must include the page number(s), or another applicable locator, if you are referring to different pages of the same source in the same paragraph. In the examples below, it is clear in the second sentence that you’re citing the same source, so you don’t need to include the author name again, only the page number you’re referring to.
However, if you quote or paraphrase a different source by a different author between mentions of a source by the same author in the same paragraph, you need to reintroduce the source and original author name to clarify who you’re citing.
Citation in Prose Example
According to Theodore Garner, “It is evident that Caucasian males have a proclivity toward thrift than their African counterparts” (352). This can be seen from the high saving levels over a decade (345).
Parenthetical Citation Example
“It is evident that Caucasian males have a proclivity toward thrift than their African counterparts” (Garner 352). This can be seen from the high saving levels over a decade (345).
If referring to different sources by the same author(s), include the source’s title in your in-text citation, so readers know which source you are referring to. You can style such citations in various ways, as shown below. The style remains the same for works with more than one author.
Example with the author’s name and the title in the citation in prose
Howitzer says it best when he talked about the Moonmakers in his poem (23). Howitzer does contradict himself at a later point in time in Sunchanters (46).
Example with the author’s name in prose and the title in a parenthetical citation
Shakespeare writes pessimistically about existence from Hamlet’s point of view (Hamlet 103) . In another work, Shakespeare writes, “Life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing” ( Macbeth 55).
Example with the author’s name and the title in the parenthetical citation
A similar pessimism about existence is present in other works, for instance when Hamlet contemplates suicide (Shakespeare, Hamlet 103). Macbeth similarly claims, “Life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing” (Shakespeare, Macbeth 55).
To format an MLA works-cited page, follow these fundamental steps:
Place the works-cited list at the end of the paper and after any endnotes, should they be used.
Set a one-inch margin all around (top, bottom, left, and right). Like the prose portion of the paper, use a left margin, not a justified margin.
Running head
Place a running head on the right side of the page in the one-inch header, one-half inch from the top of the page. The running head format includes Surname and page #. The page number continues from the last page of the prose portion of the paper.
Use an easily readable font in which the italics feature is clearly distinguishable. Use the same font as in the prose portion of the paper. Times New Roman and Helvetica are popular standard fonts. Use a font size between 11 and 13 points.
Title the heading “Works Cited”; do not use bold or italics. Align it to the center of the page. Then double-space to begin the first entry. Double-space throughout the page.
Begin the entries flush with the left margin. Indent the second and subsequent lines of each entry one-half inch from the left margin.
Arranging entries
Arrange the Works-cited-list entries alphabetically according to the name of the author, or title if there is no author. If there is more than one author, cite the author listed first on the title page of the work in the alphabetical entry.
A separate medium identification, such as “Print,” is no longer used; however, the medium usually can be identified by the information provided in the citation.
Gann, Ernest K. A Hostage to Fortune . Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.
Invest Answers [@InvestAnswers]. “Taking another run at $45,000.” Twitter , 2 Mar. 2022, twitter.com/invest_answers/status/1499033186734542850.
To include the URL in website citation in MLA style, copy the URL from the browser, but exclude the http:// or https:// unless it is used in a DOI. If the work has a DOI, it is used instead of the URL.
Woldermont, Slat. “Sharks Impacted by Great Atlantic Garbage.” The Atlantic Cleanup , 4 May 2020, www.theatlanticcleanup.com/updates/sharks-impacted-by-Great-Atlantic-Garbage.
Saunders, Judith P. “Philosophy and Fitness: Hemingway’s ‘A Clean, Well-Lighted Place’ and The Sun Also Rises .” American Classics: Evolutionary Perspectives , Academic Studies Press, 2018, pp. 204–25, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv4v3226.15.
The 6 th , 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th editions of MLA style are available on the Cite This For Me citation generator . The default MLA edition is the 9 th edition, the most current edition.
For a webpage/website, journal article, or book, you’ll need 1-2 pieces of basic publication information. For example:
Using those pieces of information, you can search for the source in the Cite This For Me MLA citation generator and it will help you to create a citation.
Other source types (newspaper article, video, government document, etc.) will provide a form on which you provide all source information. Using that information, the citation generator will create a properly formatted MLA citation for you.
Omitting or making up sources are unethical actions that can lead to plagiarism. An MLA citation generator can help a writer create citations for their sources, which is an ethical step needed to avoid plagiarism.
An MLA citation generator can make it easier (and sometimes faster) for a writer to create citations versus manually making each citation. We recommend trying the Cite This For Me MLA citation generator and deciding for yourself.
Published on April 16, 2019 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on March 5, 2024.
An MLA Works Cited entry for a journal article contains the author(s); article title; journal name; volume and issue; month and year; page range; and a DOI if accessed online. In the in-text citation, include the author’s last name and the page number.
You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to create accurate MLA citations for journal articles.
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text.
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Citing an online journal article, articles with multiple authors, articles in special issue journals, frequently asked questions about mla style.
When citing an online journal article, first look for a DOI , as this is more stable and less likely to change than a URL. A DOI should be formatted as a full link beginning with “https://”, even if not listed as such on the page with the article.
If there is no DOI, you can add a URL instead. If the article is in PDF form, you can optionally note this in your reference .
For sources that you accessed via a database, include the database name along with the DOI or permanent URL.
In MLA style, up to two authors are included in citations. List them in the order they appear in the source, separated by commas, and don’t invert the second author’s name.
MLA format | Author last name, First name, and Author first name last name. “Article Title.” , vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year, Page range. DOI or URL. |
Eve, Martin Paul, and Joe Street. “The Silicon Valley Novel.” , vol. 27, no. 1, May 2018, pp. 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306197318755680. | |
(Eve and Street 84) |
If an article has three or more authors, include only the first author’s name, followed by “ et al. ”
MLA format | Author last name, First name, et al. “Article Title.” , vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year, Page range. DOI or URL. |
Steffen, Will, et al. “The Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration.” , vol. 2, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785. | |
(Will et al. 92) |
Special issue journals focus on a specific theme, are written by a specific group of authors, or are compiled from a special event.
In these cases, include the special issue name, the phrase “special issue of,” and the journal’s regular name. If the special issue lists editors or other contributors, their names should also be included.
The title of an article is not italicized in MLA style , but placed in quotation marks. This applies to articles from journals , newspapers , websites , or any other publication. Use italics for the title of the source where the article was published. For example:
Use the same formatting in the Works Cited entry and when referring to the article in the text itself.
If a source has two authors, name both authors in your MLA in-text citation and Works Cited entry. If there are three or more authors, name only the first author, followed by et al.
Number of authors | In-text citation | Works Cited entry |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Moore 37) | Moore, Jason W. |
2 authors | (Moore and Patel 37) | Moore, Jason W., and Raj Patel. |
3+ authors | (Moore et al. 37) | Moore, Jason W., et al. |
In MLA style citations , format a DOI as a link, including “https://doi.org/” at the start and then the unique numerical code of the article.
DOIs are used mainly when citing journal articles in MLA .
Some source types, such as books and journal articles , may contain footnotes (or endnotes) with additional information. The following rules apply when citing information from a note in an MLA in-text citation :
You must include an MLA in-text citation every time you quote or paraphrase from a source (e.g. a book , movie , website , or article ).
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Gahan, C. (2024, March 05). How to Cite a Journal Article in MLA | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 11, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/journal-citation/
Other students also liked, how to cite a website in mla, a complete guide to mla in-text citations, how to format your mla works cited page, what is your plagiarism score.
The evaluation of vaccines continues long after initial regulatory approval. Postapproval observational studies are often used to investigate aspects of vaccine effectiveness (VE) that clinical trials cannot feasibly assess. These includes long-term effectiveness, effectiveness within subgroups, effectiveness against rare outcomes, and effectiveness as the circulating pathogen changes. 1 Policymakers rely on these data to guide vaccine recommendations or formulation updates. 2
Dean N , Amin AB. Test-Negative Study Designs for Evaluating Vaccine Effectiveness. JAMA. Published online June 12, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.5633
© 2024
Artificial Intelligence Resource Center
Cardiology in JAMA : Read the Latest
Browse and subscribe to JAMA Network podcasts!
Select your interests.
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
* Corresponding authors
a School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia E-mail: [email protected]
b Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
c School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a nanopipette-based technique which enables measurement of localised electrochemistry. SECCM has found use in a wide range of electrochemical applications, and due to the wider uptake of this technique in recent years, new applications and techniques have been developed. This minireview has collected all SECCM research articles published in the last 5 years, to demonstrate and celebrate the recent advances, and to make it easier for SECCM researchers to remain well-informed. The wide range of SECCM applications is demonstrated, which are categorised here into electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biological materials, energy storage materials, corrosion, electrosynthesis, and instrumental development. In the collection of this library of SECCM studies, a few key trends emerge. (1) The range of materials and processes explored with SECCM has grown, with new applications emerging constantly. (2) The instrumental capabilities of SECCM have grown, with creative techniques being developed from research groups worldwide. (3) The SECCM research community has grown significantly, with adoption of the SECCM technique becoming more prominent.
Download citation, permissions.
L. F. Gaudin, I. R. Wright, T. R. Harris-Lee, G. Jayamaha, M. Kang and C. L. Bentley, Nanoscale , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4NR00859F
To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .
If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.
If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .
Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .
Search articles by author.
This article has not yet been cited.
Journal of Ethnic Foods volume 10 , Article number: 7 ( 2023 ) Cite this article
19k Accesses
7 Citations
120 Altmetric
Metrics details
Kimchi is a Korean traditional fermented food which is one of the most popular ethnic fermented foods in Korea and consumed daily. The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate all prospective clinical studies of kimchi and to estimate the effectiveness of kimchi for health in general. Three English databases, four Korean databases, and two clinical trial registries were searched until November 7, 2022. Two independent reviewers extracted and tabulated the data. The outcomes of this review were any health-related outcomes that studied on kimchi or kimchi-derived probiotics. Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this review, with 638 participants enrolled in total and 608 participants completing the trials. Most of the included RCTs examined serum lipid profiles and clinical parameters and found that kimchi interventions showed decrease in serum lipids, cholesterols and body fats. Kimchi interventions may be safe and effective treatment option for the treatment of general health, obesity, and irritable bowel syndrome, regardless of the lack of adequate trials. In the future, research that can verify the conflicting results on the health benefits of kimchi should be conducted rigorously to provide the scientific basis for the benefits of kimchi.
Fermented foods are part of the diverse food cultures found in various nations and areas around the world [ 1 ]. Fermentation has been used for centuries to extend the shelf life of food and has been linked to several health benefits [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. They have received a lot of attention for their natural, nutritive, and functional qualities that support health [ 5 ]. In Korea, kimchi is an ethnic food, consumed daily with every meal [ 6 ], and an adult consumes about 50–200 g of kimchi per day on average [ 7 ].
The vegetables most frequently used to make kimchi are baechu cabbages ( Brassica rapa ) and radishes ( Raphanus raphanistrum ); however, other vegetables including cucumbers, spring onions, and other plants are also widely used, resulting in hundreds of different kimchi being consumed in Korea [ 6 , 8 ]. The fermentation of kimchi involves numerous microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and the microbial composition of kimchi differs based on the type and amount of ingredients being used in the making of kimchi. Among many microorganisms associated with the fermentation of kimchi, LAB are one of the predominant species with probiotic properties [ 7 , 9 ]. LAB that are commonly present and representative in kimchi include species of genera Lactobacillus , Leuconostoc , and Weissella [ 8 , 10 ].
Many studies have reported the beneficial effects of kimchi consumption. Kimchi has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties [ 11 , 12 ], ameliorate cancer cachexia [ 13 ], induce apoptosis and prevent colon cancer [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], prevent atherosclerosis [ 17 ] and hepatic damage caused by high cholesterol [ 18 ], improve general metabolic parameters [ 19 , 20 ], fasting blood glucose and cholesterol [ 21 ], improve cognitive impairments [ 22 ], enhance immunity [ 23 ] and protect against atopic dermatitis [ 24 ]. With many beneficial effects, kimchi has been considered as a type of medicinal food [ 25 ]. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate all randomized controlled studies related to kimchi and to evaluate the effectiveness of kimchi for health in general.
This review was registered on PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42018087375). The review was performed and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).
Three English and four Korean databases were searched for data retrieval. The databases searched in English were PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library; the databases searched in Korean were DBpia, Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS), ScienceOn (formerly, National Digital Science Library (NDSL)), and Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS). The search was done from their inception until November 7, 2022. The search strategy included various terms of different kimchi types, fermented cabbage, and fermented vegetable.
Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included as they are regarded as the reference standard to scientifically and rigorously test the hypothesis on the effectiveness of interventions [ 26 ]. Other types of clinical studies such as cohort, cross-sectional, case reports or retrospective clinical studies were excluded. As this review did not focus on any specific population group, any participants with or without health conditions were eligible for inclusion. All RCTs that used kimchi or kimchi-derived probiotics as an intervention regardless of their comparators were included. Outcome measures for this review were any health-related outcomes, and additional outcomes were quality of life and adverse events.
Two review authors (ES and LA) independently performed the screening and selection of the searched records. All titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility. Full-text retrieval of included studies, data extraction, and data tabulation were also performed independently by two review authors. From the included studies, information regarding study design, participants, disease type, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. Any discrepancies were discussed with the third author (MSL).
Searches from seven electronic databases and two trial registries identified 15,085 records, resulting in 8,551 records to be screened for inclusion after the removal of duplicates. The titles and abstracts were screened based on the inclusion criteria. The full-text of 111 records was then retrieved for further assessment, of which 100 records were excluded. A total of 11 studies were included in the scoping review (Fig. 1 ). The characteristics of the included studies are tabulated in Table 1 .
PRISMA flow diagram illustrating the screening process
Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this review, with 638 participants enrolled in total and 608 participants completing the trials. Most of the trials were conducted in Korea with the trial duration ranging from 7 days to 12 weeks. Five trials [ 21 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] studied on healthy subjects, two trials [ 31 , 32 ] studied on obese subjects, one trial [ 33 ] studied on both healthy and obese subjects, one trial [ 34 ] studied on cancer patients, one trial [ 35 ] studied on prediabetic subjects, and one trial [ 36 ] studied on irritable bowel syndrome patients. In terms of intervention, five trials [ 21 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 36 ] used kimchi consumption, two trials [ 27 , 33 ] used kimchi supplement, and four trials [ 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 ] used kimchi-derived probiotics. In terms of control, seven [ 27 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] used placebo, four [ 21 , 29 , 31 , 36 ] used other types of kimchi, and one [ 28 ] used non-kimchi diet (Table 1 ).
Kimchi on healthy subjects.
In a clinical trial by Choi et al. [ 21 ], high amount consumption of kimchi compared to low amount consumption of kimchi improved serum lipid profiles and fasting glucose levels. Concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C decreased in both groups. FBG was reduced in the high kimchi consumption group from 80.7 ± 5.4 mg/dL to 75.1 ± 6.0 mg/dL ( p < 0.001), which showed a significant decrease compared to the low-intake group ( p = 0.003).
Another trial by Kim and Park [ 29 ] investigated the effects of kimchi consumption (standard kimchi and functional kimchi) on healthy subjects and found improvements in dietary fiber intake. The functional kimchi group showed significant improvements in body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass, TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, adiponectin, and interleukin (IL)-6 ( p < 0.05), and a significant improvement in HDL-C ( p < 0.01), while the standard kimchi group showed significant improvements in LDL-C and adiponectin only ( p < 0.05). The trial also revealed an increase in beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium and a decrease in harmful bacteria such as Clostridium and Escherichia coli ).
A trial by Han [ 30 ] investigated effects of kimchi-derived probiotics ( Lactobacillus plantarum ) on skin health of young healthy subjects in comparison with placebo. Skin pH was decreased significantly in the kimchi group from 5.18 ± 0.07 to 4.80 ± 0.06 at 12 weeks and showed a significant change compared to the control group ( p = 0.025). The epidermal level of lactate (percent change) in the kimchi group was increased by 25.56 ± 13.65% while the control group showed 9.76 ± 9.70% decrease ( p < 0.05). Epidermal levels of FAA were not changed in both groups, but those of FFA were lower in the kimchi group ( p = 0.029).
In a trial involving healthy subjects and kimchi supplement by Choi et al. [ 27 ], kimchi supplement in comparison with placebo (rice powder pills) showed beneficial effects on controlling serum lipid profiles. The plasma TG concentration decreased from 115.2 ± 57.7 to 97.3 ± 52.3 mg/dL in the kimchi supplement group and the group’s average change in TG was 16.8% ( p < 0.05), while plasma TG concentration increased from 98.5 ± 34.9 to 105.7 ± 32.9 mg/dL in the control group with the group’s average change in TG being 9.8% increase.
In another kimchi supplement trial by Song et al. [ 33 ], effects of kimchi supplement were investigated in comparison with placebo or no intervention. Kimchi was found to reduced body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and systolic blood pressure. TG was decreased in the kimchi supplement group by − 15.8 ± 10.7%, while TG was increased in the control group by 9.8 ± 15.8%. LDL/LDL-C was also decreased in the kimchi supplement group by − 6.7 ± 17.1%. Body weight, BMI, body fat mass, and body fat percentage decreased in all intervention groups compared to the control group.
However, in a trial by Lee et al. [ 28 ], the kimchi diet group in comparison with the non-kimchi diet did not show positive immunomodulatory effects. Between the two groups, lymphocyte subsets, pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and immunoglobulins did not show significant improvements.
In a trial by Han et al. [ 31 ], effects of fermented kimchi were compared with fresh kimchi. Waist circumferences and body fat percentage showed a significant decrease in the fresh kimchi group ( p < 0.05), while HDL-C showed a significant improvement in the fermented kimchi group ( p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were seen in clinical parameters between both groups. Fermented kimchi was found to influence metabolic pathways and immunity.
In a trial by Lim et al. [ 37 ], kimchi-derived probiotics ( Lactobacillus sakei ) in comparison with placebo were investigated. The trial found to reduce body fat mass by 0.2 kg in the kimchi group, while it increased by 0.6 kg in the placebo group. Waist circumference was significantly reduced in the kimchi group than in the placebo group ( p = 0.013). Adverse events, including gastrointestinal discomfort, were mild.
In a trial by Yoon et al. [ 34 ] effects of kimchi on bowel function and quality of life in rectal cancer patients were investigated, and found no significant effect of kimchi-derived probiotics ( Lactobacillus plantarum ) in comparison with the placebo.
In a trial involving prediabetic subjects, Oh et al. [ 35 ] studied effects of kimchi-derived probiotics ( Lactobacillus plantarum ) compared with placebo. The 2h-PPG ( p = 0.045) and HbA1c ( p = 0.013) levels in the kimchi group were significantly reduced. No serious adverse effects were reported.
In a trial by Kim et al. [ 36 ], effects of kimchi on irritable bowel syndrome were compared by using kimchi with different properties: standard kimchi, Lactobacillus plantarum (nF1) added standard kimchi, and functional kimchi (Viscum album (mistletoe) extract added with Lactobacillus plantarum ). For IBS symptoms, all three types of kimchi groups had significant improvements in abdominal pain or inconvenience ( p < 0.001), desperation ( p < 0.001), incomplete evacuation ( p < 0.001), and bloating ( p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the kimchi groups for improvement of overall IBS symptoms. For serum inflammatory cytokine levels, all three kimchi groups had significant improvements in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α ( p < 0.001). For other inflammatory factors, nF1 kimchi group and functional kimchi group showed significant improvements in IL-4 ( p < 0.001), IL-10 ( p < 0.001), IL-12 ( p < 0.01).
Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable dish that is stored and preserved in a special way. There are various pickled vegetable foods all over the world, but kimchi differs from other salted vegetables as they are first salted and then seasoned and fermented secondarily [ 38 ]. Korean kimchi was selected as the world’s top five healthiest foods along with Spanish olive oil, Japanese bean products, Greek yogurt, and Indian lentils. The reason for the selection of kimchi as a super food was based on the fact that it is rich in lactic acid bacteria, fiber, and various minerals and vitamins, which are beneficial for health and for cancer prevention [ 39 ].
Currently, various studies report the effectiveness of kimchi in improving overall health. A controlled clinical trial, [ 40 ] which was excluded from this review because it was not randomized controlled trial, involved 12 young female adults, 6 participants in each group. The trial interventions were low consumption of kimchi (15 g/day) and high consumption of kimchi (150 g/day) for 7 days, and reported the decrease in potentially harmful microorganism (such as Listeria and Clostridium, Enterobacter, Prevotella, and Shigella) percentage in the high-consumption group. There were 34 species of intestinal microorganisms whose percentage changes between the two groups were significantly different ( p < 0.05). Thus, kimchi consumption was found to influence the formation of intestinal microbiota. Also, the functionality of kimchi as a probiotic is expected to improve with the increase in the percentage of kimchi LAB in the intestine.
One crossover study [ 19 ] excluded from this review investigated the effects of fermented kimchi on body weight and metabolic parameters in 22 overweight and obese patients in 2 sets of 4-week interventions with 2-week washout period. The clinical study found that the fermented kimchi group showed significant improvements in the waist-hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure ( p < 0.05) in the fermented kimchi group compared to those in the fresh kimchi group. Even though fresh kimchi also showed significant improvement from initial value to final value in terms of body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, TG, E-selectin, and adiponectin ( p < 0.05), fermentation of kimchi was found to provide more positive effects.
Similarly, another crossover study [ 20 ] of 2 sets of 8-week interventions with 4-week washout period investigated the effects of fresh and fermented kimchi in 21 participants with prediabetes. The parameters associated with prediabetes such as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and Matsuda index (whole-body insulin sensitivity index) showed significant improvements within the group ( p < 0.05) in both the fresh kimchi group and the fermented kimchi group. For quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and disposition index, only the fermented kimchi group showed improvements compared to before intervention ( p < 0.05). Overall, the fermented kimchi group showed better effects on insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity than the fresh kimchi group.
In terms of anticancer and cancer prevention effects reported by previous studies, kimchi was found to have inhibitory effects of cancer cell growth for gastric cancer (AGS cell and KATOIII), lung cancer (A549 cell), colon cancer (HT-29 cell and HCT-116 cell), breast cancer (MCF-7 cell), liver cancer (HepG2 cell) and uterine cancer (Hela cell) [ 41 ]. Even though there are numerous cell and animal studies exploring anti-inflammation and anticancer effects of kimchi, clinical trial data on such effects are currently not available yet.
In this review, the included RCTs reported on lipid-lowering effects, colon health improvement, and anti-obesity effects of kimchi, although there were differences depending on the amount of kimchi consumed and the fermentation stage. Despite the differences in the types and amount of kimchi consumed, all kimchi consumption in general was found to have benefits in improving health. Other types of clinical studies have similar results which also support the effects of kimchi on body fat and serum lipid profiles [ 41 ].
For lipid-lowering effect, various animal studies support the effects of kimchi by inducing hyperlipidemia with a high-fat or high-cholesterol diet. In particular, the lipid-lowering effect of kimchi was reported by experimenting on obese rats and diabetic rats [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. In other experiments with rabbits, the beneficial effects of kimchi were supported by demonstrating lipid inhibitory effect and changes of lipid content in various tissues [ 17 , 45 ]. In a cross-sectional study, the correlation between kimchi intake and lipid indicators showed a positive correlation with HDL cholesterol and a negative correlation with LDL cholesterol [ 46 ]. This further confirms the positive effects of kimchi consumption in improving serum lipid profiles.
Despite beneficial effects of kimchi, there were concerns about consuming salted vegetables that some studies addressed kimchi’s association with hypertension. However, a cross-sectional study [ 47 ] explored kimchi’s effects on hypertension among 20,114 participants using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data and found that consumption of kimchi was not associated with increased prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio: 0.87; 95% CI 0.70–1.08). In a community-based cohort study of 12-year follow-up [ 48 ], 5,932 participants were included and it also concluded that consuming kimchi was not linked to a higher risk of hypertension.
Kimchi is considered as probiotic food. Kimchi is made by fermentation process with many bacteria, but pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria are suppressed, leaving probiotic LAB as dominant one remaining [ 49 ]. Kimchi involves its ingredients to go through fermentation, but different LAB strains are found in different stages of kimchi fermentation and in different kimchi samples. Kimchi microorganisms vary depending on the ingredients, methods, and environment (such as acidity and temperature), and thus, its functionality may differ from kimchi to kimchi. Therefore, certain kimchi may have certain LAB strain that may work better on specific disease which can be investigated further for custom-made kimchi.
Various components and compounds found in kimchi provide health benefits. Kimchi has important nutritional and functional properties as kimchi includes vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, probiotics, capsaicin, gingerol, chlorophyll, allyl compounds, benzyl isothiocyanate, indole compounds, thiocyanate, and beta-sitosterol [ 50 ]. Also, previous cell studies concluded that the kimchi LAB strains were sensitive to antimicrobial agents such as erythromycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and benzylpenicillin [ 51 ] and that the LAB were not only safe for human consumption but also met the functional criteria [ 52 ]. Numerous studies support the beneficial effects of LAB, including anticancer effects and immune-stimulating effects [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ].
There were several limitations in this review. The search for this review was restricted to English and Korean databases only, which may have resulted in several non-English and non-Korean studies to be overlooked. Also, the Korean terms of various types of kimchi are expressed in many different ways in English romanization letters, and due to lack of standardized terms, there are possibilities of missing studies.
Numerous clinical studies reported on the positive effects of kimchi. In particular, this review found that kimchi interventions may be safe and effective treatment option for the treatment of general health, obesity, and irritable bowel syndrome. However, questions have been raised about its health functionality due to the lack of adequate trials. In the future, research that can verify the conflicting results on the health benefits of kimchi should be conducted rigorously to provide the scientific basis for the benefits of kimchi.
Not applicable.
Bell V, et al. One health, fermented foods, and gut microbiota. Foods. 2018;7(12):195.
Article Google Scholar
Das G, et al. Traditional fermented foods with anti-aging effect: a concentric review. Food Res Int. 2020;134:109269.
Şanlier N, Gökcen BB, Sezgin AC. Health benefits of fermented foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(3):506–27.
Marco ML, et al. Health benefits of fermented foods: microbiota and beyond. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017;44:94–102.
Wilburn JR, Ryan EP. Chapter 1—fermented foods in health promotion and disease prevention: an overview. In: Frias J, Martinez-Villaluenga C, Peñas E, editors. Fermented foods in health and disease prevention. Boston: Academic Press; 2017. p. 3–19.
Chapter Google Scholar
Hongu N, et al. Korean kimchi: promoting healthy meals through cultural tradition. J Ethn Foods. 2017;4(3):172–80.
Chang JH, et al. Probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;109(1):220–30.
Surya R, Lee AG-Y. Exploring the philosophical values of kimchi and kimjang culture. J Ethn Foods. 2022;9(1):20.
Patra JK, et al. Kimchi and other widely consumed traditional fermented foods of Korea: a review. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1493.
Song HS, et al. Microbial niches in raw ingredients determine microbial community assembly during kimchi fermentation. Food Chem. 2020;318:126481.
Yu HS, et al. Anti-inflammatory potential of probiotic strain Weissella cibaria JW15 isolated from kimchi through regulation of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;29(7):1022–32.
Han KJ, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum KU15149 derived from Korean homemade diced-radish kimchi. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;30(4):591–8.
An JM, et al. Dietary intake of probiotic kimchi ameliorated IL-6-driven cancer cachexia. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2019;65(2):109–17.
Han YM, et al. Dietary intake of fermented kimchi prevented colitis-associated cancer. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2020;67(3):263–73.
Kim HY, et al. Kimchi protects against azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. J Med Food. 2014;17(8):833–41.
Yu T, et al. Kimchi markedly induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. J Food Biochem. 2021;45(1):e13532.
Kim HJ, et al. 3-(4’-hydroxyl-3’,5’-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, an active principle of kimchi, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in rabbits. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(25):10486–92.
Woo M, et al. Preventative activity of kimchi on high cholesterol diet-induced hepatic damage through regulation of lipid metabolism in LDL receptor knockout mice. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2018;27(1):211–8.
Kim EK, et al. Fermented kimchi reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in overweight and obese patients. Nutr Res. 2011;31(6):436–43.
An SY, et al. Beneficial effects of fresh and fermented kimchi in prediabetic individuals. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63(1–2):111–9.
Choi IH, et al. Kimchi, a fermented vegetable, improves serum lipid profiles in healthy young adults: randomized clinical trial. J Med Food. 2013;16(3):223–9.
Woo M, Kim MJ, Song YO. Bioactive compounds in kimchi improve the cognitive and memory functions impaired by amyloid beta. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1554.
Yang SJ, et al. Antioxidant and immune-enhancing effects of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 isolated from kimchi. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2019;28(2):491–9.
Kim HJ, Ju SY, Park YK. Kimchi intake and atopic dermatitis in Korean aged 19–49 years: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2012. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(5):914–22.
Google Scholar
Oktay S, Ekinci EK. Medicinal food understanding in Korean gastronomic culture. J Ethn Foods. 2019;6(1):4.
Hariton E, Locascio JJ. Randomised controlled trials—the gold standard for effectiveness research. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;125(13):1716–1716.
Choi S-H, et al. The effect of kimchi pill supplementation on plasma lipid concentration in healthy people. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2001;30(5):913–20.
Lee H, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of kimchi in Chinese healthy college students: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr Res. 2014;3(2):98–105.
Kim H-Y, Park K-Y. Clinical trials of kimchi intakes on the regulation of metabolic parameters and colon health in healthy Korean young adults. J Funct Foods. 2018;47:325–33.
Han S, et al. Dietary effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP55 isolated from kimchi on skin pH and its related biomarker levels in adult subjects. J Nutr Health. 2019;52(2):149–56.
Han K, et al. Contrasting effects of fresh and fermented kimchi consumption on gut microbiota composition and gene expression related to metabolic syndrome in obese Korean women. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015;59(5):1004–8.
Lim S, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus sakei , a probiotic derived from kimchi, on body fat in Koreans with obesity: a randomized controlled study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020;35(2):425–34.
Song Y, Baek Y. Clinical study on the intake of kimchi pills on the lowering of blood lipids. Res Bull Kimchi Sci Technol. 2000;6:3.
Yoon BJ, et al. Effects of probiotics on bowel function restoration following ileostomy closure in rectal cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis. 2021;23(4):901–10.
Oh MR, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 supplementation improves glycemic control in prediabetic subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2337.
Kim HY, et al. Kimchi improves irritable bowel syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Food Nutr Res. 2022;66:8268.
Lim S, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus sakei , a probiotic derived from kimchi, on body fat in Koreans with obesity: a randomized controlled study. Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):425–34.
Ang L, et al. Chapter 17—kimchi and other fermented foods for gastrointestinal health. In: Bagchi D, Ohia SE, editors., et al., Nutrition and functional foods in boosting digestion, metabolism and immune health. New York: Academic Press; 2022. p. 235–53.
Raymond J. World's healthiest foods: kimchi (Korea); 2013. https://www.health.com/condition/digestive-health/worlds-healthiest-foods-kimchi-korea . 14 Nov 2022.
Kim J, et al. Changes in Korean adult females intestinal microbiota resulting from kimchi intake. J Nutr Food Sci. 2016;6(2):4172.
Kim B, et al. A survey of research papers on the health benefits of kimchi and kimchi lactic acid bacteria. J Nutr Health. 2018;51(1):1–13.
Park MY, et al. Lactobacillus curvatus KFP419 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides KDK411 isolated from kimchi ameliorate hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Med Food. 2018;21(7):647–53.
Jo SY, et al. Characterization of starter kimchi fermented with Leuconostoc kimchii GJ2 and its cholesterol-lowering effects in rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. J Sci Food Agric. 2015;95(13):2750–6.
Islam MS, Choi H. Antidiabetic effect of Korean traditional Baechu (Chinese cabbage) kimchi in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. J Med Food. 2009;12(2):292–7.
Jeon H-N, Kwon M-J, Song Y-O. Effects of kimchi solvent fractions on accumulation of lipids in heart, kidney and lung of rabbit fed high cholesterol diet. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2002;31(5):814–8.
Kwon M-J, et al. Daily kimchi consumption and its hypolipidemic effect in middle-aged men. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 1999;28(5):1144–50.
Song HJ, Lee H-J. Consumption of kimchi, a salt fermented vegetable, is not associated with hypertension prevalence. J Ethn Foods. 2014;1(1):8–12.
Song HJ, et al. High consumption of salt-fermented vegetables and hypertension risk in adults: a 12-year follow-up study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(4):698–707.
Park K-Y, et al. Health benefits of kimchi (Korean fermented vegetables) as a probiotic food. J Med Food. 2014;17(1):6–20.
Park KY, Kim HY, Jeong JK. Chapter 20—kimchi and its health benefits. In: Frias J, Martinez-Villaluenga C, Peñas E, editors. Fermented foods in health and disease prevention. Boston: Academic Press; 2017. p. 477–502.
Ji Y, et al. Functionality and safety of lactic bacterial strains from Korean kimchi. Food Control. 2013;31(2):467–73.
Ryu EH, Chang HC. In vitro study of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from kimchi. Ann Microbiol. 2013;63(4):1387–95.
Cuevas-González PF, et al. Protective role of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts as dietary carcinogen-binding agents—a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(1):160–80.
Shoukat S. Potential anti-carcinogenic effect of probiotic and lactic acid bacteria in detoxification of benzo[a]pyrene: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2020;99:450–9.
Saez-Lara MJ, et al. The role of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and other related diseases: a systematic review of randomized human clinical trials. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:505878.
Liu C, et al. Anti-cancer substances and safety of lactic acid bacteria in clinical treatment. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:722052.
Lee J, Kim S, Kang C-H. Screening and probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria with potential immunostimulatory activity isolated from kimchi. Fermentation. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010004 .
Download references
This research was funded by KM Science Research Division of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KSN2022210).
Eunhye Song and Lin Ang have contributed equally as co-first authors
Global Cooperation Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
Eunhye Song
KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
Lin Ang & Myeong Soo Lee
KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
Hye Won Lee
Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
Myung-Sunny Kim & Daija Jang
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
You Jin Kim
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Conceptualization: MSL and MSK; methodology: ES and LA; formal analysis: ES; investigation: HWL; data curation: ES and LA; writing—original draft: ES and LA; writing—review and editing: MSL, MSK, and DJJ; supervision: MSL; funding acquisition: MSL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Myeong Soo Lee .
Competing interests.
DJJ, MSK, and MSL are the editorial board members of the journal but their role had no influence on the editorial process or decision. The authors declare no other competing interests.
Publisher's note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .
Reprints and permissions
Cite this article.
Song, E., Ang, L., Lee, H.W. et al. Effects of kimchi on human health: a scoping review of randomized controlled trials. J. Ethn. Food 10 , 7 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-023-00173-8
Download citation
Received : 23 November 2022
Accepted : 20 March 2023
Published : 03 April 2023
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-023-00173-8
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
ISSN: 2352-619X
Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
Subsections.
COMMENTS
A bibliography entry for a journal article lists the title of the article in quotation marks and the journal name in italics—both in title case. List up to 10 authors in full; use "et al." for 11 or more. In the footnote, use "et al." for four or more authors. Chicago format. Author last name, First name.
If you want to cite a special issue of a journal rather than a regular article, the name (s) of the editor (s) and the title of the issue appear in place of the author's name and article title: APA format. Last name, Initials. (Ed. or Eds.). ( Year ). Title of issue [Special issue]. Journal Name, Volume ( Issue ).
As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don't forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, ... At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
If an item has no date, use n.d. where you would normally put the date. Capitalization: For article titles, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon in the title, capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon. You will also capitalize proper nouns.
Parenthetical citations: (Grady et al., 2019; Jerrentrup et al., 2018) Narrative citations: Grady et al. (2019) and Jerrentrup et al. (2018) If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page).
Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019) If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. Always include the issue number for a journal article. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information ...
The following formats apply to all journals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, etc. whether you found them in an online database, search engine, or in print.. Volume, issue and page numbers in periodicals: Continuous pagination throughout a volume: only cite the volume number (in italics), followed by a comma and then the page numbers: 20, 344-367.
If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14) Library Database. Do not include the name of a database for works obtained from most academic research databases (e.g. APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) because works in these resources are widely available.
6 Interesting Citation Facts. The world of citations may seem cut and dry, but there's more to them than just specific capitalization rules, MLA in-text citations, and other formatting specifications.Citations have been helping researches document their sources for hundreds of years, and are a great way to learn more about a particular subject area.
Articles. Note: Citations with more than one line of text should have a hanging indent of 1/2 inch or 5 spaces. Important Elements: Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names) Date of publication of article (year and month for monthly publications; year, month and day for daily or weekly publications) Title of article (capitalize ...
Citing journal articles in APA. A journal is a scholarly periodical that presents research from experts in a certain field. Typically, but not always, these journals are peer-reviewed in order to ensure that published articles are of the highest quality. That is one reason why journals are a highly credible source of information.
APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
APA uses a reference list , an alphabetized list of sources following the end of the book or paper, for its complete list of sources referenced. This list should be titled "References" in bold and alphabetized by the first item in the citation, which, in most cases, is the author's last name. Each reference from this list must be cited in your ...
APA Style (7th Edition) These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises. Purdue OWL. Research and Citation. APA Style (7th Edition) APA Style (7th Edition)
Research Article Activity. This activity helps students find, cite, analyze, and summarize a scholarly research article. For each step of the activity, type your responses directly into the text fields provided, or copy the questions into your preferred word-processing program and answer them there. Complete this activity multiple times to help ...
Three popular citation formats are MLA Style (for humanities articles) and APA or Chicago (for social sciences articles). MLA style (print journal article): Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182. APA style (print journal article):
Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More. Published on April 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024. The most common citation styles are APA and MLA. To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference. Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see ...
Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions.
For a print source, you need the following information: The name of the author or authors for articles with one or two authors. For articles with three or more authors, only the first author's name is used followed by et al. The name of the article in quotation marks. The name of the journal in italics.
Article-level metrics. Four Scopus-specific metrics can be found on a document's metrics details page: total number of citations by a date range of the user's choosing, citations per year for a range, citation benchmarking (percentile) and Field-weighted Citation Impact. We've also recently added a new metric — views count — so users ...
Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Tools, by Varun Magesh and 5 other authors. View PDF HTML (experimental) ... 2023) or "avoid[ing]" hallucinations (Thomson Reuters, 2023), or guaranteeing "hallucination-free" legal citations (LexisNexis, 2023). Because of the closed nature of these systems, systematically assessing these ...
To use the generator: Choose the type of source you would like to cite (e.g., website, book, journal & video) Enter the URL, DOI, ISBN, title, or other unique source information to locate your source. Click the 'Search' button to begin looking for your source. Look through the search results and click the 'Cite' button next to the ...
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
In the Research Article "Sulfated disaccharide protects membrane and DNA damages from arginine-rich dipeptide repeats in ALS" by Chang et al., the authors note that the chemical structure in Fig. 5C appeared incorrectly.
MLA in-text citation. (Eve and Street 84) If an article has three or more authors, include only the first author's name, followed by " et al. ". MLA journal citation: 3+ authors. MLA format. Author last name, First name, et al. " Article Title .". Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year, Page range.
This JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods article explains the test-negative study design, an observational study design routinely used to estimate vaccine effectiveness, and examines its use in a study that estimated the performance of messenger RNA boosters against the Omicron variant.
This minireview has collected all SECCM research articles published in the last 5 years, to demonstrate and celebrate the recent advances, and to make it easier for SECCM researchers to remain well-informed. ... Download Citation. Nanoscale, 2024, Accepted Manuscript Permissions. Request permissions Five Years of Scanning Electrochemical Cell ...
In the future, research that can verify the conflicting results on the health benefits of kimchi should be conducted rigorously to provide the scientific basis for the benefits of kimchi. ... Cite this article. Song, E., Ang, L., Lee, H.W. et al. Effects of kimchi on human health: a scoping review of randomized controlled trials. J. Ethn.
If you need help with research and citation, Purdue OWL® is your go-to source for comprehensive and reliable guidance. You can find information on various citation styles, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and more, as well as tips on how to conduct and evaluate research using different methods and sources. Purdue OWL® also offers examples and exercises to help you master the skills of academic ...