problem solving skills in therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Solving problems the cognitive-behavioral way, problem solving is another part of behavioral therapy..

Posted February 2, 2022 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

• What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
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• Problem-solving is one technique used on the behavioral side of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
• The problem-solving technique is an iterative, five-step process that requires one to identify the problem and test different solutions.
• The technique differs from ad-hoc problem-solving in its suspension of judgment and evaluation of each solution.

As I have mentioned in previous posts, cognitive behavioral therapy is more than challenging negative, automatic thoughts. There is a whole behavioral piece of this therapy that focuses on what people do and how to change their actions to support their mental health. In this post, I’ll talk about the problem-solving technique from cognitive behavioral therapy and what makes it unique.

The problem-solving technique

While there are many different variations of this technique, I am going to describe the version I typically use, and which includes the main components of the technique:

The first step is to clearly define the problem. Sometimes, this includes answering a series of questions to make sure the problem is described in detail. Sometimes, the client is able to define the problem pretty clearly on their own. Sometimes, a discussion is needed to clearly outline the problem.

The next step is generating solutions without judgment. The "without judgment" part is crucial: Often when people are solving problems on their own, they will reject each potential solution as soon as they or someone else suggests it. This can lead to feeling helpless and also discarding solutions that would work.

The third step is evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. This is the step where judgment comes back.

Fourth, the client picks the most feasible solution that is most likely to work and they try it out.

The fifth step is evaluating whether the chosen solution worked, and if not, going back to step two or three to find another option. For step five, enough time has to pass for the solution to have made a difference.

This process is iterative, meaning the client and therapist always go back to the beginning to make sure the problem is resolved and if not, identify what needs to change.

Advantages of the problem-solving technique

The problem-solving technique might differ from ad hoc problem-solving in several ways. The most obvious is the suspension of judgment when coming up with solutions. We sometimes need to withhold judgment and see the solution (or problem) from a different perspective. Deliberately deciding not to judge solutions until later can help trigger that mindset change.

Another difference is the explicit evaluation of whether the solution worked. When people usually try to solve problems, they don’t go back and check whether the solution worked. It’s only if something goes very wrong that they try again. The problem-solving technique specifically includes evaluating the solution.

Lastly, the problem-solving technique starts with a specific definition of the problem instead of just jumping to solutions. To figure out where you are going, you have to know where you are.

One benefit of the cognitive behavioral therapy approach is the behavioral side. The behavioral part of therapy is a wide umbrella that includes problem-solving techniques among other techniques. Accessing multiple techniques means one is more likely to address the client’s main concern.

Salene M. W. Jones, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist in Washington State.

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PST Therapy: Effective Problem-Solving Treatment for Mental Health

Navigating life’s maze of problems can feel overwhelming, but Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) offers a practical and empowering approach to mental well-being. Imagine having a toolbox filled with strategies to tackle life’s challenges head-on, transforming obstacles into opportunities for growth and self-discovery. That’s the essence of PST, a therapeutic approach that’s been gaining traction in the mental health field for its effectiveness and accessibility.

Let’s dive into the world of Problem-Solving Therapy and explore how it can help you become the master of your own destiny. But before we do, remember that while PST is powerful, it’s just one of many therapeutic approaches available. For instance, STEPPS Therapy is a comprehensive approach to treating Borderline Personality Disorder , which shows how diverse and specialized mental health treatments can be.

What Exactly is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Picture this: you’re standing at the foot of a mountain, overwhelmed by its sheer size. That’s how life’s problems can sometimes feel. PST is like having a seasoned guide who teaches you how to climb that mountain, one step at a time. It’s a cognitive-behavioral intervention that focuses on training people to tackle real-life problems more effectively.

PST wasn’t born yesterday. Its roots trace back to the 1970s when psychologists D’Zurilla and Goldfried first introduced the concept. Since then, it’s evolved and been refined, becoming a go-to approach for many mental health professionals. The core idea? Teaching people to become their own problem-solving experts.

At its heart, PST is built on a few key principles: 1. Problems are a normal part of life 2. We can learn to solve problems more effectively 3. Improved problem-solving skills lead to better mental health 4. Systematic approaches yield better results than haphazard ones

It’s like learning to play chess. At first, the board seems overwhelming, but as you learn the moves and strategies, you start to see patterns and possibilities you never noticed before.

The Inner Workings of PST: A Step-by-Step Journey

So, how does PST work its magic? It’s not about waving a wand or having a eureka moment. Instead, it’s a structured, step-by-step process that guides you through problem-solving like a well-oiled machine.

First up is problem identification and definition. This might sound easy, but it’s trickier than you think. Often, what we think is the problem is just a symptom of a deeper issue. PST helps you dig deeper, like a detective uncovering clues to solve a mystery.

Next comes goal-setting. This isn’t about pie-in-the-sky dreaming, but setting concrete, achievable objectives. It’s like plotting your course on a map before setting sail.

Then, it’s time to get creative with generating alternative solutions. This is where the fun begins! It’s like brainstorming for your life, where no idea is too wild to consider. The key is quantity over quality at this stage – you never know where a great solution might come from.

Decision-making follows, where you weigh the pros and cons of each potential solution. It’s like being the judge in a courtroom of your own making, carefully considering the evidence before making a ruling.

Finally, you implement your chosen solution and evaluate the results. This last step is crucial – it’s where the rubber meets the road, and you get to see if your problem-solving skills have paid off.

Throughout this process, the therapist acts as a coach, guiding you but never solving the problems for you. It’s like learning to ride a bike – at first, you might need training wheels, but eventually, you’ll be zooming along on your own.

PST typically involves weekly sessions over a period of several months, though this can vary depending on individual needs. It’s not a quick fix, but rather a journey of skill-building and self-discovery.

The Many Faces of PST: Benefits and Applications

PST isn’t a one-trick pony. Its versatility makes it a valuable tool in treating a wide range of mental health conditions. Depression, anxiety, stress – PST has shown effectiveness in tackling these common mental health challenges.

For those grappling with depression, PST can be a lifeline. It helps break the cycle of negative thinking by providing concrete steps to address life’s challenges. It’s like turning on a light in a dark room – suddenly, things don’t seem so hopeless anymore.

Anxiety, too, can be tamed with PST. By providing a structured approach to tackling worries, it helps reduce the overwhelming feeling that often accompanies anxiety disorders. It’s like having a trusty shield against the arrows of worry that anxiety shoots your way.

Stress management is another area where PST shines. In our fast-paced world, stress is almost unavoidable. But with PST, you learn to navigate stressful situations more effectively, like a skilled sailor steering through stormy seas.

What’s particularly impressive about PST is its applicability across different age groups and populations. From children learning to navigate school challenges to older adults dealing with life transitions, PST can be adapted to suit various needs and contexts.

Speaking of diverse approaches, it’s worth noting that PSR Therapy is a comprehensive approach to mental health treatment that shares some similarities with PST in its holistic view of mental well-being.

PST Techniques: Your Toolkit for Life’s Challenges

Now, let’s get our hands dirty and explore some specific PST techniques. These are the tools you’ll be adding to your mental toolbox, ready to pull out whenever life throws a curveball your way.

Problem identification and definition is like being a detective in your own life story. It involves asking probing questions: What exactly is bothering me? When does it happen? How does it affect me? It’s about getting to the root of the issue, not just scratching the surface.

Goal-setting in PST is an art form. It’s not about vague wishes, but SMART goals – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. It’s like setting coordinates on a GPS – you need to know exactly where you’re heading to get there.

Generating alternative solutions is where creativity comes into play. This technique encourages you to think outside the box. No idea is too outlandish at this stage. It’s like being a kid again, where imagination knows no bounds.

Decision-making in PST involves weighing the pros and cons of each potential solution. It’s like being a judge in your own life, carefully considering all the evidence before making a ruling.

Implementation and evaluation is the final, crucial step. It’s where you put your chosen solution into action and then assess its effectiveness. It’s like being a scientist, testing hypotheses and learning from the results.

These techniques aren’t just theoretical – they’re practical tools you can apply to real-life situations. Whether you’re dealing with a difficult coworker or trying to improve your work-life balance, these PST strategies can help you navigate the choppy waters of life more smoothly.

PST vs. The World: How Does It Stack Up?

In the vast landscape of therapeutic approaches, how does PST compare to other heavy-hitters? Let’s pit it against some well-known contenders.

First up, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Both PST and CBT fall under the cognitive-behavioral umbrella, but they have distinct flavors. While CBT focuses on changing thought patterns and behaviors, PST zeroes in on developing problem-solving skills. It’s like comparing a Swiss Army knife to a specialized tool – both useful, but in different ways.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) is another popular approach. While IPT focuses on improving relationships and social functioning, PST casts a wider net, addressing a broader range of life problems. It’s like comparing a relationship counselor to a life coach – different focuses, but both valuable in their own right.

Interestingly, PST often plays well with others. It can be integrated with other treatment modalities, creating a more comprehensive approach to mental health. For instance, Pacific Integrative Therapy offers a holistic healing approach for mind, body, and spirit , which could potentially incorporate elements of PST.

The Road Less Smooth: Challenges in PST

Like any therapeutic approach, PST isn’t without its challenges. It’s important to look at these with clear eyes, understanding both the potential limitations and how to navigate them.

One potential drawback is that PST might not be suitable for all types of patients. Those with severe cognitive impairments or those in acute crisis might struggle with the structured nature of PST. It’s like trying to teach someone to swim in the middle of a storm – sometimes, more immediate interventions are needed first.

Cultural considerations also come into play when implementing PST. Problem-solving styles can vary greatly across cultures, and what’s considered a “problem” in one culture might not be in another. It’s crucial for therapists to be culturally sensitive and adapt PST techniques accordingly. It’s like being a skilled translator, not just of words, but of cultural contexts.

Another challenge lies in the training and qualifications for PST therapists. While PST might seem straightforward, implementing it effectively requires skill and experience. It’s not just about following a manual, but about understanding the nuances of each individual’s situation and guiding them effectively.

Despite these challenges, PST remains a valuable tool in the mental health toolbox. It’s not a one-size-fits-all solution, but for many, it can be a game-changer in how they approach life’s problems.

The Road Ahead: PST in the Future

As we look to the horizon, what does the future hold for Problem-Solving Therapy? The landscape of mental health treatment is ever-evolving, and PST is no exception.

Research into PST continues to expand, exploring its effectiveness in new areas and populations. For instance, there’s growing interest in how PST might be adapted for online delivery, making it more accessible to those who can’t attend in-person therapy sessions. It’s like PST is getting a digital makeover, ready to meet the needs of the 21st century.

There’s also exciting work being done on integrating PST with other therapeutic approaches. For example, PMS Therapy offers effective treatments for Premenstrual Syndrome , and future research might explore how PST techniques could complement such specialized treatments.

The importance of PST in modern mental health treatment cannot be overstated. In a world that often feels increasingly complex and challenging, having concrete problem-solving skills is more valuable than ever. It’s like having a compass in a world of information overload – a way to cut through the noise and focus on what really matters.

As we wrap up our journey through the world of Problem-Solving Therapy, it’s worth remembering that while PST is powerful, it’s just one of many tools available for mental health support. If you’re struggling with life’s challenges, don’t hesitate to reach out for professional help. Whether it’s PST or another approach like PMT Therapy, which empowers parents with effective behavior management strategies , or ISTDP Therapy, a powerful approach to short-term psychodynamic treatment , there are many paths to better mental health.

Remember, seeking help isn’t a sign of weakness – it’s a sign of strength and self-awareness. It’s like being the hero of your own story, brave enough to ask for guidance when you need it. Whether you’re dealing with everyday stress, relationship issues, or more severe mental health conditions, there’s support available.

In the end, Problem-Solving Therapy is more than just a set of techniques – it’s a way of approaching life with confidence and resilience. It’s about transforming from feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges to feeling empowered to tackle them head-on. So why not give it a try? Your future self might just thank you for it.

References:

1. D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2007). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.

2. Bell, A. C., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2009). Problem-solving therapy for depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(4), 348-353.

3. Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., & Schutte, N. S. (2007). The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(1), 46-57.

4. Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2013). Problem-solving therapy: A treatment manual. Springer Publishing Company.

5. Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & Warmerdam, L. (2007). Problem solving therapies for depression: A meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 22(1), 9-15.

6. Pierce, D. (2012). Problem solving therapy – use and effectiveness in general practice. Australian Family Physician, 41(9), 676-679.

7. Gellis, Z. D., & Kenaley, B. (2008). Problem-solving therapy for depression in adults: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(2), 117-131.

8. Mynors-Wallis, L. (2001). Problem-solving treatment in general psychiatric practice. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7(6), 417-425.

9. Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (2001). Problem solving therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 11(2), 187-205.

10. Bell, A. C., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2009). The influence of social problem-solving ability on the relationship between daily stress and adjustment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(5), 439-448.

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What is Problem-Solving Therapy?

• Michael Kaufman
• June 20, 2024

Understanding Problem-Solving Therapy

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a structured therapeutic approach that empowers individuals to handle life’s challenges more effectively. By focusing on cognitive-behavioral techniques, PST provides a clear framework for addressing and resolving issues.

History and Development

Origins of PST

PST was developed in the 1970s as part of the broader cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) movement. It emerged from the need to create practical, skill-based interventions that could be easily taught and applied in various settings. This innovative approach focused on equipping individuals with tangible tools to manage their problems systematically.

Evolution Over Time

Over the decades, PST has evolved, incorporating new strategies and techniques to enhance its effectiveness. Researchers and practitioners have refined PST to address a wide range of mental health conditions and life stressors, making it a versatile and adaptive therapeutic tool.

Key Contributors

Several key figures have contributed to the development and refinement of PST, including cognitive-behavioral therapists and researchers. These professionals have tested and validated its methods through clinical studies, ensuring its efficacy and reliability in various therapeutic contexts.

Core Principles of PST

Problem Identification

The first step in PST is accurately identifying the specific problem causing distress. This involves breaking down complex issues into manageable parts, which helps individuals gain clarity and focus.

Solution Generation

Once the problem is identified, individuals are encouraged to brainstorm potential solutions. This phase focuses on creativity and open-mindedness to explore all possible options, fostering a sense of agency and empowerment.

Implementation and Evaluation

The final steps involve selecting the most feasible solution, implementing it, and evaluating its effectiveness. This systematic approach ensures that individuals can learn from each experience and refine their problem-solving skills.

The PST Process

Step-by-Step Approach

PST follows a structured, step-by-step process that guides individuals from problem identification to solution implementation. This methodical approach helps ensure thoroughness and effectiveness.

Initial Assessment

The initial assessment in PST involves understanding the individual’s current challenges and their problem-solving abilities. This helps tailor the therapy to their specific needs, creating a personalized plan for success.

Problem-Solving Techniques

Various techniques are used in PST, including brainstorming, decision-making models, and structured planning. These tools help individuals develop practical solutions to their problems, enhancing their ability to cope with stress and adversity.

Benefits of Problem-Solving Therapy

Mental Health Improvement

PST has been shown to significantly improve mental health by reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other disorders. It empowers individuals with the skills needed to manage their emotions and reactions, promoting overall well-being.

Enhanced Coping Skills

Through PST, individuals develop enhanced coping skills that can be applied to various life situations. This makes them more resilient and better equipped to handle future stressors, improving their long-term mental health.

Improved Quality of Life

By effectively managing problems and reducing stress, PST contributes to an overall improved quality of life. Individuals feel more in control and satisfied with their lives, leading to greater happiness and fulfillment.

Applications of PST

PST is particularly effective in treating depression , helping individuals break the cycle of negative thinking and develop proactive solutions to their problems.

For those struggling with anxiety , PST provides tools to manage worry and stress, leading to a calmer and more balanced life.

Chronic Illness

Individuals dealing with chronic illnesses can benefit from PST by learning to manage the associated stress and make informed decisions about their care.

Stress Management

PST is a valuable tool for general stress management , teaching individuals how to address and resolve sources of stress effectively.

Techniques Used in PST

Brainstorming Solutions

Brainstorming is a critical technique in PST, encouraging individuals to think creatively and generate a wide range of potential solutions.

Decision-Making Models

PST incorporates decision-making models to help individuals evaluate the pros and cons of each potential solution and select the most viable option.

Solution Implementation

Implementing solutions is a structured process in PST, ensuring that plans are put into action and adjusted as needed based on their effectiveness.

Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Therapy

Clinical Studies and Findings

Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of PST in improving mental health outcomes. These studies provide evidence-based support for the therapy’s use, showcasing its benefits across various conditions.

Comparative Analysis with Other Therapies

When compared with other therapeutic approaches, PST often shows comparable or superior results, particularly for specific conditions like depression and anxiety. This highlights its versatility and efficacy as a mental health intervention.

Challenges and Limitations

Barriers to Implementation

Despite its benefits, PST can face barriers to implementation, such as a lack of trained practitioners or resistance from individuals unfamiliar with the approach. Addressing these barriers is crucial for widespread adoption and effectiveness.

Limitations in Scope

PST may not be suitable for all individuals or all types of problems. It is important to consider the specific needs and contexts of each individual, ensuring that PST is the right fit for their particular situation.

Integration with Other Therapies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

PST can be effectively integrated with CBT , combining the strengths of both approaches to provide comprehensive treatment. This integration enhances the overall therapeutic experience, offering a more robust framework for addressing mental health issues.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Integrating PST with DBT can enhance emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness, benefiting individuals with complex emotional and behavioral issues.

In some cases, PST may be used in conjunction with medication to address more severe mental health conditions. This combined approach can provide a more comprehensive treatment plan, addressing both the symptoms and underlying causes of mental health issues.

Cultural Considerations in PST

Adaptation for Diverse Populations

PST can be adapted to meet the needs of diverse populations, taking into account cultural differences and preferences. This flexibility ensures that PST is accessible and relevant to a wide range of individuals.

Global Applications

The principles of PST have been applied globally, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness across different cultural contexts. This global reach highlights the universal applicability of PST, making it a valuable tool for mental health professionals worldwide.

Future Directions of PST

Innovations in Techniques

Future developments in PST may include new techniques and strategies to enhance its effectiveness and accessibility. These innovations will continue to advance the field, providing more effective solutions for individuals facing various challenges.

Research and Development

Ongoing research and development are crucial to advancing the field of PST, ensuring it remains a relevant and effective therapeutic approach. Continued investment in research will help refine and expand PST, benefiting countless individuals.

Self-Help and PST

Tools and Resources

There are various self-help tools and resources available for individuals interested in PST, including workbooks, apps, and online courses. These resources provide practical guidance and support for those looking to implement PST techniques independently.

Books and Online Materials

Numerous books and online materials provide detailed guidance on implementing PST techniques in everyday life. These resources offer valuable insights and step-by-step instructions, making PST accessible to a wider audience.

Problem-solving therapy is a powerful and adaptable approach to improving mental health and well-being. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, or general stress, PST provides practical tools and strategies to help you navigate life’s challenges. By understanding and applying the principles of PST, you can enhance your problem-solving skills, improve your mental health, and achieve a better quality of life.

Problem-solving therapy is a powerful and adaptable approach to improving mental health and well-being. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, or general stress, PST provides practical tools and strategies to help you navigate life’s challenges. By understanding and applying the principles of PST, you can enhance your problem-solving skills, improve your mental health, and achieve a better quality of life

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FAQs About Problem-Solving Therapy

What is problem-solving therapy?

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that helps individuals develop effective strategies to cope with life’s challenges. It focuses on teaching problem-solving skills to manage mental health symptoms and improve emotional well-being.

How does problem-solving therapy work?

PST works by guiding individuals through a structured, step-by-step process that includes identifying problems, brainstorming solutions, evaluating and selecting the best solution, implementing it, and reviewing the outcome. This methodical approach ensures thoroughness and effectiveness in addressing issues.

What are the benefits of problem-solving therapy?

The benefits of PST include improved mental health, enhanced coping skills, and an overall better quality of life. It helps reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other disorders, empowering individuals to manage their emotions and reactions more effectively.

Who can benefit from problem-solving therapy?

PST can benefit anyone facing significant life stressors or mental health challenges. It is particularly effective for individuals with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, and general stress management needs.

Is problem-solving therapy effective for anxiety?

Yes, PST is effective for anxiety. It provides tools to manage worry and stress, helping individuals develop a calmer and more balanced approach to life’s challenges.

Can problem-solving therapy be combined with other treatments?

Yes, PST can be combined with other treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and medication. Integrating PST with other therapies can enhance overall treatment effectiveness and provide comprehensive support.

Problem-solving therapy offers a structured and effective approach to managing mental health challenges and improving overall well-being. By enhancing problem-solving skills, PST empowers individuals to take control of their lives and navigate stress with confidence. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic illness, or general stress, PST provides practical tools and strategies to help you achieve a better quality of life.

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Problem Solving Skill

The Problem Solving skill can be very useful once we have determined that a problem has arisen, and it’s our problem to solve. Sometimes we experience unpleasant emotions about the actions of others or situations that we cannot change. This skill specifically helps us to collect the facts and take steps to solve a problem for which we can change.

There are a number of steps to effective problem solving:

• 1 Stop long enough to realize that a situation is a problem and you may need time to find a resolution.
• 2 Define the problem in detail. What is the situation? Who is involved? What is happening or not happening that is a problem? Where did it happen? When did it happen? How did it happen? How often does it occur? Why does it happen? How do you feel? What do you do in response? What do you want to change?
• 3 Describe how the problem interferes with your goals. If the situation does not interfere with your goals, it is likely not your problem.
• 4 Identify all the options/alternatives. It is important to find at least 3 potential solutions in order to avoid the black/white thinking we were programmed to use.
• 5 View of the consequences of each option/alternative. Seek additional knowledge if necessary.
• 6 Identify the steps needed to resolve/take action. Make a list of when and how the steps will be taken and then take the required action.
• 7 Evaluate results. If the steps taken were successful to resolve the problem, acknowledge that you successfully solved a problem and give yourself some credit. If the steps taken were not successful to solve the problem, learn more about what would be needed to solve the problem and follow steps 4-7 again until the matter is resolved.

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Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that helps individuals manage the challenges and difficulties of life by improving their problem-solving skills. PST focuses on teaching clients to identify, prioritize, and effectively address problems in a systematic way. This approach encourages a proactive stance towards problem-solving, emphasizing the development of practical strategies that can be applied to both current and future challenges. By enhancing clients’ abilities to cope with stress and adversity, PST aims to reduce psychological distress and improve overall well-being.

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5 Problem-Solving Therapy: Theory and Practice

• Published: May 2017
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Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a psychosocial intervention that teaches clients to cope with the stress of “here-and-now” problems in order to reduce negative health and mental health outcomes. In this chapter, the six stages of PST—problem orientation, problem definition, solution generation, decision-making, solution implementation, and outcome evaluation—are explained and exemplified via vignettes. Areas for which problem-solving therapy has been found useful are summarized, including depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, and distress related to medical problems such as cancer and diabetes. The chapter describes contexts for practice, including primary care and home care, as well as adaptations for the use of PST with older adults. Finally, a case example of a problem-solving intervention with an unemployed depressed older man is presented to illustrate this approach.

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