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Getting started

The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC4) is the official citing and referencing style for legal citations in Australia. A free copy of AGLC4 is available to view and download from the publisher's website .

This guide is designed to help you:

Our interactive online tutorials can help you understand the basics of citing and referencing, and why it's important.

Elements of citing and referencing in AGLC4 style

There are two places you need to write references in your assignments.

1. Footnote citations

Use footnote citations to avoid plagiarism and show how your work is influenced by others. You write these citations by creating footnotes in your paper. The format changes depending on the source you are citing. 

Footnote citations: rules

2. Bibliography

At the end of your assignment you need to provide a record of all the sources you have cited in your assignment. It is placed on a new page at the end of your essay and has a specific format you will need to follow.  

Bibliography: rules and examples

For when you need support beyond this guide

• Next: Footnotes >>

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• Last Updated: Jun 19, 2024 12:52 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.monash.edu/aglc4

Generate accurate APA citations for free

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• How to cite a law in APA Style

How to Cite a Law in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on February 11, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

To cite federal laws (also commonly referred to as statutes or acts) in APA Style , include the name of the law, “U.S.C.” (short for United States Code ), the title and section of the code where the law appears, the year, and optionally the URL.

The year included is when the law was published in the source consulted, not when it was passed, amended, or supplemented.

Table of contents

Symbols and abbreviations in law citations, citing federal statutes with the public law number, citing state laws, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

The United States Code and most other compilations of laws are divided into parts called “titles,” and within those titles, sections.

No symbol is used for the title in your reference, but the section number is preceded by the symbol §. To insert the section symbol in Word, click on “Insert,” “Symbol,” “More symbols,” “Special characters,” and then find it in the list under “section.”

When a law is spread across multiple consecutive sections, the term “ et seq .” (Latin for “and following”) is added after the initial section number. It is always italicized and followed by a period.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

A law may also have a public law number . This is not used in the citation, except in special cases: when the law is not (yet) included in the United States Code , or when it is spread across non-consecutive parts of the Code .

Laws not included in the Code

A law that has not been codified (published in the United States Code ) should be cited using its public law number and information about wherever it was published.

The law below was published in the United States Statutes at Large , which is abbreviated to “Stat.”

Laws spread across different sections

When an act is codified across different non-consecutive sections of the Code , it is also cited using the public law number and information about its location in the Statutes at Large .

The example below was codified in titles 2, 28, and 42 of the Code , so it is cited using the public law number instead.

The laws and statutes of individual states are cited in a similar format to federal laws where possible. “U.S.C.” is replaced with an abbreviation for the law code of that state, and titles and sections are presented in the same way. However, some state codes use article or chapter numbers instead of or in addition to section numbers, or do not use titles.

Make sure to adapt your reference to the standards of the state. For example, the title for a law from the Virginia Code is included with the section number, separated by a hyphen , as shown in this example.

Generally, you should identify a law in an APA reference entry by its location in the United States Code (U.S.C.).

But if the law is either spread across various sections of the code or not featured in the code at all, include the public law number in addition to information on the source you accessed the law in, e.g.:

No, including a URL is optional in APA Style reference entries for legal sources (e.g. court cases , laws ). It can be useful to do so to aid the reader in retrieving the source, but it’s not required, since the other information included should be enough to locate it.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a Law in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/law/

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Referencing Guide: Harvard

• AI: Guidance and Support for Students
• Academic Conduct and Turnitin Guidance

Using Harvard

This section provides guidance on the use of the Harvard referencing style.  You will find full guidance and an option to view webinars and live workshops on how best to approach this style of referencing. 

In-text citations and Bibliography

In-text citations and bibliographies.

Harvard is a in-text citations and bibliography referencing system. This means that all sources should be immediately cited with an in-text reference when they are mentioned in your work, and a full reference should appear in the Bibliography at the end of your work.

In-text Citations

An in-text citation consists of the author or authors’ surname(s), and the year the source was published. If you are quoting, or otherwise referring to a particular part of the source, it should also include the page or paragraph number.

An in-text citation may look like this:

If the whole of the work by Hall was being cited, not only a specific section, then the in-text citation might look like this:

Bibliography

The Bibliography should contain full details of everything you have cited in your assignment. Each reference should follow the format for its source type, as given in the Harvard Referencing Guide, which allows readers to see the full information needed to trace the item.

All the references should be listed in alphabetical order of author’s name, regardless of format.

Cite Them Right

Citethemright

You’re new to referencing – where do you start?

The Harvard Referencing Guide gives you formats for different reference types, along with examples of how they should look. But we also have another resource called CiteThemRight.

CiteThemRight is a reference creation support website. It gives you examples of what different types of reference should look like, and also a place where you can try creating a reference for yourself.

Each resource type in CiteThemRight has its own ‘You Try’ box, where you can type your own reference information to replace a reference template. CiteThemRight takes care of all the punctuation and formatting; you simply add your information.

To learn more about how to use CiteThemRight, take our very short:

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Citing and referencing for Law

• General guidance
• OSCOLA Tutorial
• OSCOLA Handbook

Citing & Referencing for academic writing

What is oscola.

• Citing examples
• Further help

It is important to cite and reference your sources in any work you produce for your assignments. Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to another author. It demonstrates that you have undertaken an appropriate literature search and that you have carried out appropriate reading. It enables anyone reading your work to look up your citations and read them for themselves.

Please refer to your 'Student Handbook' or contact your lecturer to determine which reference style you need to use. Remember any piece of written work submitted will be marked for correct reference and citation.

When to Cite?

If the facts are common knowledge, then there is no need to provide a citation. However, if you are in any doubt it is better to cite the source . Here are a few examples:

“The capital of Colombia is Bogota.”  This is a common fact and does not need to be cited.

“Bogota is the best city in Colombia.”  This is an opinion. Who says so? What context? This needs to be cited properly to explain your statement.

“In my personal opinion Bogota is the best city in Colombia.”  This is an opinion but you are clearly stating it is your personal view and you are not actually citing another source. However, you would be expected to illustrate and justify this view in your essay by comparing opinions and illustrating with appropriate evidence. These facts and pieces of evidence would need to be cited.

OSCOLA (the Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities) is a way of citing and referencing legal materials.

Full guidance on the OSCOLA rules can be found in the comprehensive OSCOLA guide (PDF) , however here are some quick pointers to get you started:

What does OSCOLA look like?

OSCOLA is a footnote referencing style. That means that you have small superscript numbers in your text (e.g.  1, 2, 3, etc.) and these link to footnotes at the bottom of each page.

For longer documents, you may be asked* to include a list of abbreviations and tables of cases, legislation and other primary sources at the start, and a bibliography of secondary sources at the end. This is in addition to your footnotes. The items in your bibliography will take a slightly citation format to those in your footnotes, so read the guidance at pages 10-12 carefully before preparing a list of abbreviations, tables and a bibliography.

*Note: Please check your programme handbook or ask your supervisor whether you are expected to produce abbreviations, tables of cases and legislation and a bibliography, and - if so - if these should be in any particular order/format.

How do I present a quotation within my document?

You will probably want to include quotes from cases, books, etc. in your work. Pages 8-10 provide comprehensive advice on this, but as a rough guide:

• If the quotation is short (up to 3 lines), you should put it into single quotation marks and incorporate it within your text. 
• If the quotation is longer, it should be presented in an indented paragraph.

RefWorks is a bibliographic software tool which allows you to manage your research material by importing and adding your references to an online database. You can then manage your references and use their details to create bibliographies. RefWorks offers an OSCOLA style, but please note that you should always carefully check the references and bibliographies created by RefWorks to make sure that they comply with the rules in the OSCOLA guide.

If you are new to RefWorks and would like to try using it, go to the RefWorks website and  click the “Create account” link. Fill in your information making sure you use your City email address . You will receive an email to your City email address with a link to complete the registration process. Once you activate your account you’ll get access to RefWorks immediately.

City Libraries have created a really useful Refworks guide for new users.

As mentioned above, although bibliographic software tools like RefWorks can be a handy way to manage references, you need to manually check all of the references and bibliographies that they produce, as errors can occur.

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Law: Referencing

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Study Skills

Legal research.

• Referencing

Research Support

Law - referencing.

Referencing is the academic practice of acknowledging the sources you have used in your work. Sources may be other people's words and ideas, or legal authorities such as legislation and case law.

Referencing demonstrates your ethical use of information, the range of your research and reading, provides authority to your arguments, enables others to find materials cited, and avoids accusations of plagiarism.

Plagiarism is the use of another person's work without proper acknowledgment. Most plagiarism is unintentional and the result of poor academic practice. It's is important to reference when directly quoting or paraphrasing another person's work. 

Referencing styles are sets of rules governing referencing practice. They prescribe the type, order and format of information in a reference. There are 3 main types of referencing style: in-text, footnote and endnote. Always check what referencing style is required by your department or assessment, as there may be local interpretations.

Cite Them Right Online

Cite Them Right Online is the University of Warwick Library's new interactive referencing tool. It has rules and tutorials for referencing all major resource types across 8 major referencing styles including APA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE, MHRA, MLR, OSCOLA and Vancouver.

Watch the short video to find out how Cite Them Right Online can help you.

To access Cite Them Right Online , click on Login > Login via your Institution > University of Warwick.

Research & Academic Support Librarian

Appointments

Your Research & Academic Support Librarian is available for 1-2-1 appointments, both on-campus and online, and can advise on all library, research and referencing matters.

Referencing Software

Referencing software allows you to manage references, insert citations and create a bibliography, in your referencing style.

EndNote is referencing software from Clarivate. EndNote Desktop supports the OSCOLA referencing style. EndNote is available from Warwick IT Services, and is supported by Warwick Library. Please see the EndNote LibGuide for further information. 

OSCOLA Referencing Style

The  Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)  is the referencing style used by the Warwick Law School and by law schools and legal publishers across the UK. It was developed by the University of Oxford and is free to download from the official OSCOLA website :

Referencing in Law Exams

Introduction.

• Law School Guidance

Question:   "Do I need to do OSCOLA referencing in exams?"  Answer:   No

OSCOLA referencing is required for essays and dissertations but not for examinations. In examinations, you need to acknowledge your source, but this should be done in-text (in brackets) and does not require footnotes or a bibliography.

• If citing any authorities, include the name/title in the main body of your text (not in footnotes/references)
• If citing secondary sources, include the author, an abbreviated source title and the year (in brackets in main body of your text)
• If using a direct quotation, you must use "quotation marks" and acknowledge the source in your text

Examples of how to reference in law examinations:

• Cases   Name of Case  (Year) e.g.  Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton  (2021)
• Legislation   Title of Legislation Year e.g. Human Rights Act 1998
• Books  (Author,  Short Title of Book  Year) e.g. (Bradney,  How to Study Law  2021)
• Articles  (Author, 'Short Title of Article' Year) e.g. (Carr, 'Women in Commercial Law' 2020)

The Law School's current  guidance on examinations states:

• The word limit applies to the aggregate number of words used to answer all questions, and reflects the specified time set for the exam within the 24-hour period. It excludes footnotes/references, but footnotes/references will not be marked, and you will not be given credit for them. The limit is an upper bound on your wordcount and not a target. In answering all required questions, you may write less if you wish. As with any normal exam, you should put citations of authorities and names of authors in the main body of your answer text if you wish to gain credit for them. You are allowed to access module materials, notes, resources, references and the Internet.
• You are not required to use footnotes or include a bibliography. You should include a treaty/ statutory provision or case name for any legal proposition you reference. You do not need to provide the full case citation If you are using a direct quote from a source, you must use quotation marks (see Academic Integrity). It is sufficient to merely state the author of the quote, an abbreviated source and a date. All references should be made in brackets in the body of the essay.

OSCOLA - An Introduction

Bibliography, subsequent citations, secondary referencing.

OSCOLA is a guide to referencing key United Kingdom legal materials including primary sources (legislation and case law), and secondary sources (books and articles). OSCOLA is not a guide to academic or legal writing, nor is it a guide to writing law essays or dissertations.   

OSCOLA provide some guidance to referencing European Union and International primary sources, but no guidance to referencing primary sources from foreign jurisdictions. If referencing foreign legal materials, writers should follow referencing guidance from the home jurisdiction. 

OSCOLA provides referencing rules and examples for the main types of legal information; but it is not comprehensive, and it does not provide referencing rules of all types of information, especially non-legal information. If you are referencing materials not mentioned in OSCOLA, follow the general principles and be consistent. 

OSCOLA is a footnote referencing style . With footnote referencing, numbered footnote markers (superscript numbers) are inserted into your text, normally at the end of your sentence, immediately after the full-stop.¹ You can position footnote markers within your sentence if it improves clarity, e.g. after a semi-colon;² or comma,³ or after a  Case Name.  The reference is written in a corresponding numbered footnote at the bottom of the page. The footnote is closed with a full-stop. 

Insert footnotes

Most word processing software includes footnote referencing functionality. In Microsoft Word, click on the 'References' menu, and then 'Insert Footnote'. Refer to your word processing software’s help pages for further information.

How to Insert Footnotes and Endnotes in Microsoft Word.

Multiple references

• A single footnote may include more than one reference. All references should be separated with a semi-colon (;).
• List primary sources (legislation and case law) before secondary sources (books and articles), and legislation before case law.
• If you have more than one reference of the same type, list them chronologically, with the oldest one first. 

When not to footnote

If you state the full title and year (and section where appropriate) of legislation in the main body of your text, you do not need to repeat the information in a footnote. Omit the footnote entirely but include the full reference in the Table of Authorities.

If you state the full name of the case in the main body of your text, you only need to include the case citations in the footnote. Omit the case name from the footnote, but include the citations only. Include the full reference in the Table of Authorities.

A bibliography is a list of sources or references cited in the work. OSCOLA requires a bibliography only for longer works i.e. monographs and dissertations/theses, not shorter works i.e. journal articles or essays. At law school, it is common practice to include a bibliography at the end of an essay. Please check your assessment guidance for further information.

With OSCOLA, the bibliography is split into two section:  Table of Authorities  (for primary sources) and  Bibliography  (for secondary sources). Generally, references are copied and pasted from the footnotes to the bibliography, although some minor formatting may also be required.

Table of Authorities

A Table of Authorities   is a  list of primary sources  (legislation and case law) cited in the work. Normally there is a Table of Cases and a Table of Legislation . There may be additional tables depending on the length of work, and volume and types of sources cited.

In the  Table of Cases , cases are listed in A-Z order by party name. Copy and paste the reference (case name and citations) from the footnote to the table. Remove any italics from the case name, any pinpoints for quoted pages/paragraphs, and the full-stop at the end of the reference.

In the  Table of Legislation , list all Acts/Statutes in A-Z order by title, and then all Statutory Instruments in A-Z order by title. Copy and paste the references from the footnote to the table. Remove any italics from the legislation name, any pinpoints for quoted section numbers, and the full-stop at the end of the reference.

If you have cited legislation or case law from other jurisdictions, you should separate references by jurisdiction, and list international materials first, followed by regional materials i.e. European Union, and then by each national jurisdiction i.e. United Kingdom. If you have a large number of references, you may wish to have a separate table for each jurisdiction.

The bibliography is a  list of secondary sources  (books, journals and other commentary) cited in the work. There is only one bibliography, and references are listed in A-Z order by author's surname. You do not need to organise the bibliography into sections by material type unless otherwise instructed in your assessment guidance.

In the bibliography, copy and paste the references from the footnote to the bibliography. Invert the authors' name: from first name last name format, to last name initial format. Remove any pinpoints for quoted pages/paragraphs, and the full-stop at the end of the reference. Keep the italic font in the book or journal titles.

Personal authors (a person) should be presented as First Name Surname in the footnote e.g. Jackie Hanes, and Surname, Initials in the bibliography e.g. Hanes, J  OSCOLA uses little punctuation and there are no periods after or between initials.

Corporate authors (an organisation) should be presented as the full name of the organisation, in both footnotes and the bibliography e.g. University of Warwick.

Titles and postnominals

Give the author's name as it appears in the publication, including for judges, but omit titles e.g. Lord/Lady or Sir/Dame and postnominals e.g. QC/KC.

Multiple authors

If citing between 1 and 3 authors, you should list all authors names, in the order listed on the source, in both the footnotes and the bibliography.

• One author: Smith (2022)
• Two authors: Smith and Jones (2022)
• Three authors: Smith, Jones and Patel (2022)

If citing 4 or more authors names, you should list only the first author's name, followed by words 'and others'. Do not use et al .

• Four authors +: Patel and others (2022)

Some sources have an editor instead of, or as well as, an author. If citing an editor, include the abbreviation ed (for a single editor) or eds (for multiple editors) in round brackets, after the editor(s) name(s) e.g. Jackie Hanes (ed) or Hanes, J (ed).

• Short quotations, up to 3 lines of text, should be incorporated into your text, within 'single quotation marks'. 
• Longer quotations, over 3 lines of text, should be presented in an indented paragraph, without quotation marks.

Page numbers

All direct quotations and paraphrasing should be referenced by a footnote, including the page, paragraph or section number(s) of the original source at the end of the footnote. OSCOLA uses limited page number signals: if citing a book, book chapter or report, the page number(s) stand alone at the end of the footnote (do not use p. or pp. or at). If citing a journal article or law report, where the reference ends with the first page number, you should separate the numbers with a comma i.e. first page, quoted page.

The first time a source is cited, it should be referenced in full, normally in a footnote. If the source is cited again, the subsequent references can be abbreviated, using either ibid or a short form and cross-reference. You are advised to leave ibids and short forms until your work is finished, as the numbering of footnotes may change during editing, and may lead to incorrect cross-references.

Ibid is an abbreviation of the Latin ibidem, meaning 'in the same place'. In referencing it is used to refer to the immediately preceding footnote. If you cite a source, and then cite the same source in the very next footnote, you can use 'ibid' in place of the full reference. If you are citing the same source, but at a different page number, simply add a comma after ibid and then the new page number.

Short forms and cross-references are used to reference to other previous footnotes, where they are not immediately preceding. If you cite a source, and then cite the same source later in your work, you can use a short form and cross reference to the original footnote.

For books and articles, the short form is normally the author's surname. For case law, the short form is normally the first party name, in italics. The short form is followed by the letter 'n' and a number in (round brackets) e.g. Smith (n 5). N is an abbreviation for footnote number, and the number is the number of the footnote containing the original full reference. If you are citing the same source, but at a different page number, simply add the new page number to the end of the reference.

Full reference of Secondary Source (as cited in Full reference of Primary Source, Page)

• Benjamin Bowing,  Violent Racism: Victimization, Policing, and Social Context . (OUP 1998) (as cited in Steve Case and others (eds), The Oxford Textbook on Criminology (2nd edn, OUP 2012) 212).

If you are reading a source, and it mentions another source, you may wish to cite the other source in your work.

The best academic practice is to find and read the original source and then cite it directly. If you are unable to find the original source, you can cite it indirectly, 'as cited in', another source. This practice of  indirect citation  is known as  secondary referencing .

The primary source is the one you have read; the secondary source is the one you have read about. You should cite the full reference of both sources in your footnote, but only the primary source in your bibliography. Be careful, as this practice will create very long footnotes, which take words from your word count.

OSCOLA - Primary Sources

• UK Legislation
• EU Legislation
• ECtHR Cases
• International Legislation

International Cases

Act or statute.

Short Title | Year

• Human Rights Act 1998.

Footnote with section number:

• Human Rights Act 1998, s 12.

Footnote if subsequently referring to Act with abbreviation:

• Human Rights Act 1998, s 12 (HRA 1998).

Table of Authorities:

• Human Rights Act 1998

Statutory Instrument

Title | Year, | SI | Year/Number

• Working Time Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3372.

Footnote with regulation number:

• Working Time Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3372, reg 3.
• Working Time Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3372

Case with a neutral citation

Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Law Report Citation

Case Name | [Year] Court-Abbreviation Case-Number, | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page

After 2001, cases were assigned a neutral citation, in addition to their law report citation, which identifies the case by year, court and case number.

• Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783.

Footnote with page [paragraph] number (and judge):

• Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783, 790.
• Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783 [4].
• Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783 [177] (Burrows JSC).

Footnote if full case name stated in main body of text:

• [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783.
• Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783

Case without a neutral citation

Case Name  | Law Report Citation (Court-Abbreviation)

Case Name  | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page (Court-Abbreviation)

Before 2001, cases were identified by the law report citation and an abbreviation for the court.

• Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA).

Footnote with page number (and judge):

• Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA) 708.
• Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA) 714 (Butler-Sloss LJ).
• [1998] QB 686 (CA).
• Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA)

EU Treaties

Legislation Title | [Year] OJ | Issue/First-Page

• Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13.

Footnote with article number:

• Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13, art 19.
• Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13, art 19 (Schengen Agreement 2000).
• Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13

EU Regulations, Directives etc

Legislation Type | Number | Legislation Title | [Year] | OJ | Issue/First-Page

• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1.
• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1, art 5.

Footnote if subsequently referring to legislation with abbreviation:

• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1, art 5 (GDPR 2016).
• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1

Case Number | Case Name  | ECLI Citation, | Law Report Citation

Case Number | Case Name  | Jurisdiction:Court:Year:Case-Number, | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page

After 2011, EU cases were assigned a uniform citation ( European Case Law Identifier or ECLI ), in addition to their law report citation, which identifies the case by jurisdiction/country, court, year, and case number. ECLI citations are not covered in the OSCOLA 4th edition, but are included in the OSCOLA Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), and are expected to feature in the next edition of OSCOLA.

• Case C-311/18) Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems  EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14.

Footnote with page [paragraph] number:

• Case C-311/18) Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems  EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14, 502.
• Case C-311/18) Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems  EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14, para 55.
• EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14.

Case Name | (Number) | ECLI Citation, | Law Report Citation

• Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems (C-311/18) EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14

In the Table of Authorities, the order of case name and case number are reversed, to aid alphabetical ordering of the list of cases.

Case Name  | Law Report Citation

Case Name  | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page

• Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7.
• Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7, 319.
• Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7 [109].
• (2020) 71 EHRR 7.
• Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7

Unreported cases

Case Name | App no Number/Year | (ECtHR, Judgment Date)

• Lopez Ribalda v Spain App no 1874/13 (ECtHR, 19 October 2019).
• Lopez Ribalda v Spain App no 1874/13 (ECtHR, 19 October 2019)

If a case is unreported in an official series of law reports, you can cite the judgment using the application number, court and judgment date.

International Treaties

The referencing rules for international law materials are covered in a separate OSCOLA: Citing International Law   guide.

Where possible, cite from the official international treaty series in preference to others i.e. UNTS (United National Treaty Series) CTS (Consolidated Treaty Series) or LNTS (League of Nations Treaty Series). Otherwise cite from national official treaty series e.g. UKTS (United Kingdom Treaty Series) or other international treaty series. 

Multilateral treaties

Treaty Title | (adopted Date | entered into force Date) | Volume | Treaty Series | First-Page (Abbreviation)

• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 19 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW).
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 19 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW) art 15.
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 19 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW)

For multi-lateral treaties, state the adopted (signature) date, and the entered into force date. This information is commonly available from the UNTC Online website, and the FLARE Index to Treaties .

Bilateral treaties

Treaty Title | (Parties-To-Treaty) (adopted Date, entered into force Date) | Volume | Treaty Series | First-Page (Abbreviation)

• Security Treaty Between Australia and New Zealand and the United States (adopted 1 September 1951, entered into force 29 April 1952) 1952 ATS 2 (ANZUS).
• Free Trade Agreement Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Australia (16-17 December 2021) CP 689.

If the parties to bilateral treaties are not given in the treaty title, then state them in (round brackets) after the title. Adopted and in-force dates should be given where available. Bilateral treaties may be published in national treaty series, in the above examples in the Australian Treaty Series (ATS) and as a Command Paper (CP) for the UK treaty.

The referencing rules for international law materials are covered in a separate  OSCOLA: Citing International Law  guide.

Cite International Court of Justice cases from the official International Court of Justice Reports (ICJ Rep) series. For other international courts, cite from an authoritative law reports series such as the International Law Reports (ILR).

International Court of Justice

Case Name  | ICJ Law Report Citation

Case Name  | [Year] ICJ Rep First-Page

• Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014) ICJ Rep 226.

Footnote with page number:

• Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014) ICJ Rep 226, 236.

Footnote if full case name stated in main body of text:

• [2014) ICJ Rep 226.
• Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014) ICJ Rep 226

Other International Courts

Case Name  | [(Year)] | Volume | Law-Report-Abbreviation | First-Page

• Law Society of South Africa and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (2020) 185 ILR 313.

OSCOLA - Secondary Sources

Encyclopaedias.

• Conferences

Author,  Title of Book  (Edition edn, Publisher Year)  

• Lisa Webley,  Legal Writing  (4th edn, Routledge 2016). 
• Anthony Bradney and others,  How to Study Law  (9th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2021). 

The edition statement is only required for second or later editions. For first editions, or books without an edition statement, do not include '1st edn' in the reference.

The place of publication is not required. It is also permissible to abbreviate the publisher e.g. Oxford University Press = OUP.

For ebooks, follow the general rules for referencing print books. It is not necessary to include the ebook platform or web address. 

Book chapters

Author, ‘Title of Chapter’, in Editor ed,  Title of Book  (Edition edn, Publisher Year)  

• Fiona Cownie and Anthony Bradney, ‘Socio-Legal Studies: A Challenge to the Doctrinal Approach’, in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds),  Research Methods in Law  (2nd edn, Routledge 2017). 

Title of Encyclopaedia  (Edition edn, Year) vol Volume, para Paragraph

• Halsbury's Laws of England  (5th edn, 2014) vol 20, para 32.

Author, 'Title of Article',  Title of Encyclopaedia  (Date) <web address> accessed Accessed-Date

• Tom Brett Young, 'British Citizenship',  Westlaw Edge UK Overview  (7 March 2018) <https://uk.westlaw.com/> accessed 1 September 2022.

Encyclopaedias are commonly referenced by title, volume and paragraph number. If the author and article title are known, you can include them at the start of the reference, and it will more closely follow the referencing rules for book chapters. 

If the encyclopaedia is published online only, and the article does not have volume and paragraph numbers, then include the web address and accessed date at the end of the reference.

Journal articles

Author, ‘Article Title’ Citation

The  journal article citation  is expressed as:  ([Year]) Volume Journal-Abbreviation First-Page 

• Sue Carr, ‘Women in Commercial Law’ [2020] JBL 91. 
• Christopher McCrudden, ‘Legal Research and the Social Sciences’ (2006) 122 LQR 632. 

Legal abbreviations are normally stated in the journal, but if unknown, please refer to the  Cardiff Index of Legal Abbreviations .

If the journal does not have a legal abbreviation, use the full title of the journal instead.

The year is normally in (round brackets), but where journals do not have volume numbers, the year should be in [square brackets].

Online journal articles

For most ejournals, follow the general rules for referencing print journal articles. Some journals are published online only, and articles do not have page numbers. For online only journals, include the web address and accessed date at the end of the reference.

Author, ‘Title of Article’ Citation <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date 

• India Thusi, 'Blue Lives and the Permanence of Racism' (2020) 105 Cornell L Rev <https://www.cornelllawreview.org/2020/03/03/blue-lives-the-permanence-of-racism/> accessed 1 September 2022.

Newspaper articles

Author, ‘Title of Article’,  Title of Newspaper  (Place, Publication-Date) First-Page 

• Matt Datham, 'Human Rights Overhaul Set to Limit Power of European Judges',  The Times  (London, 22 June 2022) 1.

Online newspaper articles

Author, ‘Title of Article’,  Title of Newspaper  (Place, Publication-Date) <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date 

• Haroon Siddique, 'What Would a British Bill of Rights Look Like?',  The Guardian  (London, 21 June 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/jun/21/what-would-a-british-bill-of-rights-look-like> accessed 1 September 2022.

Author,  Title of Website  (Publication-Date) <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date 

• Equality and Human Rights Commission,  University Periodic Review of Great Britain  (27 April 2022) <https://equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/universal-periodic-review-great-britain> accessed 1 September 2022.

The referencing rules for websites can be adapted for other types of media including government publications, official reports and statistics, and audio-visual materials like films, documentaries, and YouTube videos.

There are specific referencing rules for parliamentary papers including Bills, Command Papers and Hansard Debates. Please refer to the full OSCOLA referencing guide for further information.

Blogs posts

Author, ‘Title of Blog Post’ ( Title of Blog , Publication-Date) <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date 

• David Allen Green, 'A First Glance at the Bill of Rights Bill' ( The Law and Policy Blog , 22 June 2022) <https://davidallengreen.com/2022/06/a-first-glance-at-the-bill-of-rights-bill/> accessed 1 September 2022.

The referencing rules for blog posts can be adapted for other types of serialised media including episodes of television and radio programmes, and  podcasts .

Author, 'Title of Thesis' (Award, Awarding Body Year)

• Martha Gayoye, 'The Role of the Judiciary in Constitution Making: The Two-Thirds Gender Principle in Kenya' (DPhil thesis, University of Warwick 2020).

Conference papers

Author, 'Title of Paper' (Title of Conference, Place, Date)

• Stephanie Hare, 'Digital Ethics' (British and Irish Association of Law Librarians, Wyboston Lakes, 7 July 2022).

Lecture materials

The referencing rules for conference papers can be adapted for other types of public lecture. They can also be adapted for lectures delivered as part of taught modules, although you should generally avoid citing your lecturers or teaching materials.

• Alex Sharpe, 'Flirting with Fascism: The Thin White Duke, Art and Ethical Limits' (University of Warwick, 4 February 2021) <https://youtu.be/dndz5K3-caQ> accessed 1 September 2022.
• Serena Natile, 'Gender, Sexuality and Human Rights' (LA346: Gender and the Law, University of Warwick 2021).

Referencing Tutorials

Online tutorials providing an introduction to the general principles of plagiarism and referencing , and to the OSCOLA legal referencing style. If you would like to complete a  How to do OSCOLA Referencing course, the online tutorials from Cardiff and IALS are recommended:

Academic and Legal Research Skills

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Discover how to find legislation, case law, and journal articles using law databases, including Doing Legal Research  online course and Lexis+ UK and Westlaw UK  law database training and certification courses.

Discover how to avoid plagiarism, how to use the OSCOLA legal referencing style , and how to manage references with EndNote referencing software.

Discover the library's support for researchers including literature searching, reference management, research data management, open access and publishing, and research metrics. 

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Law - Legal Citation Guide

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New Citation Guide Alert

In-text references & footnotes, in-text references.

• Journal Abbreviations
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Law Library at Allard Hall

The two most common forms of references in legal writing are in-text references and footnotes. The main difference between them is that in-text references are usually included in the text itself while footnotes are given at the bottom of the page.

Generally, in-text references are used for memoranda and facta while footnotes are used for other legal writing.

Include the full citation to the case immediately after the relevant text. If you plan to refer to this case later, provide the reader with a short form in brackets. This makes later references much more succinct. 

Here is a sample passage, illustrating how to provide in-text references:

The leading case in B.C. on the general test for the existence of a partnership is that of  Hayes v British Columbia Television Broadcasting System Ltd  (1992), 74 BCLR (2d) 120 (CA) [ Hayes ]. In determining whether a partnership has formed, the meaning of the words “carrying on business in common with a view of profit” should be considered ( ibid ).

The parties must intend a partnership to form ( Sproule v McConnell , [1925] 1 DLR 982 (Sask CA)). The analysis used to discern the intention of the parties is two-pronged. A court will first review the agreement between the parties, then will look to the conduct of the parties ( ibid) . Because there is no express contract in the present circumstances, a court would immediately turn to the second branch of the analysis, which was described as follows:

[It] requires the court to enquire into whether the conduct of the parties during the currency of their joint project constituted a partnership relationship notwithstanding their contrary intention and the provisions of their agreement ( Hayes  at 123).

The parties in  Hayes  did not meet the “business in common with a view to profit” test. While the parties all expected to obtain something of value from the enterprise in that case, the Court observed that it was:

not in the view of either that what would be obtained would be the profit of the business being carried on in common.  …   Whether either party realized a profit turned upon that party’s costs and that party’s revenue from that party’s market area (at 126).

As cited in  Hughes v Page , 1998 CarswellBC 216 (WL Can) (SC) [ Hughes ], it is the majority decision in  Hayes  which sets down the test used today in B.C. The emphasis placed on profit sharing in  Hayes  is not unique to that case. In B.C., see also  Hughes  and  Jenks v McCrory , [1998] BCJ no 995 (QL) (SC).

Here is another sample, incorporating legislation and secondary sources, provided by Kim Nayyer, Librarian and Legal Research and Writing Instructor at the University of Victoria:

If this bill becomes law, the effect of the ninth item of the proposed new s 7.0.2(4) (“paragraph 9”) of the  Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act , RSO 1990, c E.9 will be to give the Lieutenant Governor in Council the power to fix prices of certain necessaries during a declared emergency. Although a constitutionality analysis of paragraph 9 must be comprehensive, it can encompass an evaluation of the power to fix prices.

The courts have considered price-fixing regimes with respect to matters within the province to fall under provincial jurisdiction pursuant to s 92(13) of the  Constitution Act, 1867  (UK), 30 & 31 Victoria, c 3, as legislation in relation to property and civil rights within the province. Patrick Monahan,  Constitutional Law , 2d ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2002) lists price regulation among fields that are subject to exclusive provincial jurisdiction, so long as there is no relation to the matters within s 91 (at 313).

This was confirmed in  Home Oil Distributors v British Columbia (Attorney General) , [1940] SCR 444 (“ Home Oil ”). In  Home Oil , the impugned legislation authorized the fixing of prices of coal or petroleum products from time to time. The legislation was held to be  intra vires  the province, even though it affected the activities of extra-provincial corporations doing business within the province.

Footnotes should be placed on the same page as their accompanying text. Footnote numbers are placed in superscript, usually at the end of the sentence. If you are referring to a word, place the footnote number directly after the word.

If you cite one source multiple times, use  ibid  or  supra  after the first citation rather than repeating the full citation.

Ibid  is used when referring to the same source in the footnote  immediately above .  Ibid  may be used after another  ibid  or after a  supra .

Supra  is used when referring to the same source in a footnote that is  not immediately above .

Here is the first sample passage from the in-text references section above, illustrating how to provide the same references using footnotes.

The leading case in B.C. on the general test for the existence of a partnership is that of  Hayes v British Columbia Television Broadcasting System Ltd . 1  In determining whether a partnership has formed, the meaning of the words “carrying on business in common with a view of profit” 2  should be considered.

The parties must intend a partnership to form. 3  The analysis used to discern the intention of the parties is two-pronged.  A court will first review the agreement between the parties, then will look to the conduct of the parties. 4  Because there is no express contract in the present circumstances, a court would immediately turn to the second branch of the analysis, which was described as follows:

[It] requires the court to inquire into whether the conduct of the parties during the currency of their joint project constituted a partnership relationship notwithstanding their contrary intention and the provisions of their agreement. 5

The parties in  Hayes  did not meet the “business in common with a view to profit” test.  While the parties all expected to obtain something of value from the enterprise in that case, the Court observed that it was

not in the view of either that what would be obtained would be the profit of the business being carried on in common.  …   Whether either party realized a profit turned upon that party’s costs and that party’s revenue from that party’s market area. 6

As cited in  Hughes v Page , 7  it is the majority decision in  Hayes  which sets down the test used today in B.C.  The emphasis placed on profit sharing in  Hayes  is not unique to that case. In B.C., see also  Hughes  and  Jenks v McCrory . 8

`  Hayes v British Columbia Television Broadcasting System Ltd  (1992), 74 BCLR (2d) 120, [1993] 2 WWR 749 (CA) [Hayes].

2  Ibid .

3  Sproule v McConnell , [1925] 1 DLR 982, [1925] 1 WWR 609 (Sask CA). 

4  Ibid.

5  Hayes ,  supra  note 1 at 12.

6  Hayes ,  supra  note 1 at 18.

7  Hughes v Page (1998), 77 ACWS (3d) 432, 1998 CanLII 6580 (BCSC) [Hughes].

8  Jenks v McCrory , 1998 CanLII 4992 (BCSC).

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Referencing

Referencing well will improve the quality of your academic work and help you avoid accidental plagiarism.

OSCOLA is the referencing style most commonly used in Law. 

The Library provides  referencing guidance and resources . You can also contact your subject librarian with any questions you have about referencing.

Below are some key sources of guidance for referencing using OSCOLA.

• OSCOLA Guide
• OSCOLA guide to citing international sources
• OSCOLA Referencing Guide Highly Recommended. A very useful and comprehensive OSCOLA guide from Swansea University Library.

Provides guidance on how to cite and reference almost any type of source. Also includes an introduction to referencing for anyone who is unsure or needs a refresher of the principles.

Referencing Management Software 

Reference management systems are time-saving tools that allow you to:

• Collect and store references for the resources you read as you go
• Manage and organise your references for different assignments 
• Quickly add in-text citations into your assignments
• Automatically generate a reference list from these in-text citations

More information about these can be found on our referencing pages .  All reference managers will require some small adjustments in some of the generated citations for OSCOLA. The University of Oxford guide provides further information on how to use OSCOLA with EndNote and Zotero including  instructions for using the style file .

Zotero is the reference manager that works most efficiently with OSCOLA and Law Resources. It is freely available. These  tutorials on using Zotero with OSCOLA  are a good starting point.

Law study skills

The  Study Skills service  offers support and learning materials to enhance your study and academic skills. These are co-created by students, lecturers and study skills experts. 

Law requires techniques of reading, writing, and speaking that are specific to the discipline. The library holds many resources to help you improve your academic skills at all levels of study and research. Below are some examples useful for Law: 

The successful law student : an insider's guide to studying law

Legal writing skills : a guide to writing essays and answering problem questions

Legal Skills

Learning Legal Rules

Legal Method, Skills and Reasoning

Law Dissertations

Cite them right referencing tutorial.

Find out about the principles behind referencing and how to acknowledge the information sources that you use.

This tutorial  is made-up of 11 short, self-contained topics, which you can explore and revisit at any time.

Content includes:

• What is referencing and why it matters
• What sources are appropriate to reference
• How to avoid plagiarism
• How to insert citations into your text
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Referencing in law.

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Plagiarism Checker

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Guide to Turnitin

When submitting a piece of academic work, you  must  properly acknowledge the sources of information that you have used in your research.  You must reference your sources whenever you quote, paraphrase, or use someone else's ideas or words. 

At TOP, the style of referencing used in Law is know as the  AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION (AGLC) . 

Using this system, acknowledgement is in the form of:

• Footnotes : Citations in the body of the page, using a superscript )raised) number placed after the relevant text, which refers to a footnote listed at the bottom of the page.
• Bibliography : Provided at the end of the paper, this gives detailed information about each source featured in the footnotes, as well as details of the other sources consulted in preparation of the assignment.
• Australian Guide to Legal Citation The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law and is the most widely used citation standard in Australia. It seeks to provide the Australian legal community with a standard for citing legal sources.
• Deakin University AGLC Guide An easy to use guide to the AGLC from Deakin University.
• UWA Guide to Referencing in Law A helpful library guide from University of Western Australia on legal citations using AGLC.
• Sydney Brief Guide to AGLC University of Sydney simple guide to AGLC.

Adding Footnotes to Microsoft Word

• Adding Footnotes to Word on PC Helpful guide to adding footnotes in Microsoft Word for Windows users.
• Adding Footnotes to Word on Mac How to add footnotes to Microsoft Word using an Apple Mac.

Legal Citation

Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th ed 2018) (AGLC4) Summary of Key Forms of Citation and Principles Footnotes, Headings and Bibliographies • AGLC4 uses footnotes, not endnotes. (The general rules for footnotes can be found in Part I Chapter 1.1 – 1.4.6, pages 1-14.) • Advice on levels of headings for use in written work can be found at 1.12 (page 34) • Advice on how to set out bibliographies can be found at 1.13 (pages 35-37).

PRIMARY SOURCES OF LAW Case Law (Part II Chapter 2, pages 39 ff)

Example     R vTang                   (2008)      237           CLR                                        1    .                  7

                   Bakker v Stewart      {1980}                       VR                                         17                     22

Element     Case name               Year         Volume     Law Report Series                  Starting Page  Pinpoint Ref.

On when to use round brackets ‘( )’ and square brackets ‘[ ]’, please see the explanation at 2.2.1 (page 49). On using authorized versions of case law, see 2.2.2-2.2.3 (pages 50-51). Legislation (Part II Chapter 3, pages 67 ff)

Example        Crimes Act      1900          (NSW)                 s 10 Element          Title                Year           Jurisdiction        Pinpoint

SECONDARY SOURCES Journal Articles (Part III Chapter 5 pages 91 ff)

Example  Harold Luntz, A Personal Journey through the Law of Torts’ (2005) 27(3)                 Sydney Law Review 393 ,           400 Element    Author           Title                                                                   Year  Volume & Issue   Journal Title             Start page Pinpoint

Books (Part III Chapter 6, pages 98 ff)

Example   Malcolm N Shaw, International Law (Cambridge University Press, 7th ed, 2014) 578 Element    Author                  Title                              Publication details                                  Pinpoint

Chapters in Edited Books (Part III Chapter 6.6.1 page 103

Example Jeremy Waldron, ‘Do Judges Reason Morally? in Grant Huscroft  Expounding the Constitution:(Cambridge University    38. Element    Author              Chapter title                             In Editor                Title                                         Publication details         Start page

Law Reform Commission Publications (Part III Chapter 7.1.4, pages 108-109)

Example Australian Law Reform Commission, Elder Abuse (Discussion Paper No 83, December 2016) ,       339 [7.7] Element  Law Reform Body                               Title               Type of Publication, number, date publication     Pinpoint

Parliamentary Debates (Part III chapter 7.5.1, page 115)

Example Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate,    7 February 2017,      39           (George Brandis, Attorney-General). Element   Jurisdiction        Parliamentary Debates Chamber   Full date of debate   Pinpoint   (Name of Speaker)

For Internet materials, see pages 130-132 For International materials, see Part IV (pages 133 ff)

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The following are some guidelines to adhere to:

You and your Study Leader should have come up with a concise well-focused title that is context specific and demarcated in a meaningful way

Introduction

In your introduction, you are attempting to inform the reader about the rationale behind the work, justifying why your work is an essential component of research in the field. You should define your problem in the introduction. By the end of the introduction, the reader should know exactly what you are trying to achieve The first sentence should be a broad generalization of your specific topic that you are writing about. You should introduce the title with a well-researched topical sentence that relates to the title and sets the context for your paper in the first sentence of the introduction The next few sentences of your introduction should become increasingly more focused on your topic, thereby narrowing the scope of your subject with each sentence Present your ideas in the introduction in a theoretical/academic context showing evidence of adequate research on your title The introduction should therefore be a mini literature review on the overview of your title It is necessary to use several introductory paragraphs to sufficiently introduce the contents of your paper in the introduction Your research thesis should be the last sentence of your introduction. This is a statement that summarize your entire paper in just one sentence

Formulation of  Research Problem  (half a paragraph not more than a page)

After providing a clear introduction your problem, stating your problem stating your problem should be simple. Your  problem statement  as the word goes should be one sentence accompanied by at most two paragraphs that elaborate on the problem. The statement may be in a declarative or in a question form A persuasive statement of problem should be written in three parts:

Part A (The ideal): Describes a desired goal or ideal situation; explains how things should be (provide evidence in literature)

Part B (The reality): Describes the present condition that prevents the goal, state, or value in Part A from being achieved or realized at this time; explains how the current situation in your study falls short of the goal or ideal. Outline the problem – what is the key issue? Explain why you think this is worth investigating

Part C (The consequences): State your problem in a sentence and identifies the way you propose to improve the current situation and move it closer to the goal

Aim and objectives

Aims are statement of intent written in broad terms. Aims set out what you hope to achieve at the end of the project. In other words, the aim is your title in reverse

Objectives describe how you are going to achieve those aims. They should be SMART It is advisable to limit these objectives to three and not more than five at this level Research questions

Your research questions set the goal for your research. It is advisable to limit the research questions to three and not more than five at this level. Research questions are in question form as the word indicates. The number of objectives stated must relate to the number of research questions The questions should focus of the title and topic The questions have the potential to contribute to the gap in the study

Importance of the study

Provide the gap of knowledge about the title and how your study will help fill the gap Brief definitions of concepts

Ensure that all concepts used are briefly defined

Delimitation

Ensure that the boundaries of the research should be clearly stated

Research methodology

             Approach Differentiate and choose one either qualitative quantitative or mind your re advised to choose one and fully explain what the approach is and why you chose this approach. The choice of approach will be influenced by the aim of your study

            Research design

Indicate design chosen and explain why providing references it may be survey case study, experimental etc.

            Data collection tools

Indicate data collection tool chosen and explain why providing references Note that the type of approach and design informs the choice of tools.

            Population and sampling

This should be meaningfully described The total number of population should be stated and sampling procedures meaningfully describe. Note that the type of approach and design informs the choice of population and sampling.

            Data analysis method

The method of data analysis chosen and the reason for the choice should be explained. Note that the type of data analysis chosen is informed by the choice of research approach

Validity, reliability, trustworthiness and ethical considerations

The type of approach informs validity, reliability, and trustworthiness. For example, validity and reliability are only used in quantitative studies and issues of trustworthiness are used in qualitative studies

Literature review

Literature should relevant, important, and balanced. It should be related to your topic and your research questions

It should include a discussion of all your research questions Use a descriptive writing approach Describe the existing and established theory and research about your topic in your review providing a context for your work. Show where you are filling a perceived gap in the existing theory or knowledge Accurately references all sources mentioned in the literature and gives a full citation in the Reference List. References

Provide at least 20 sources related to the research topic and at least 8 different sources on methodology

All Annexure A items should be included at the end of assignment 02

Technical aspects

Format work accordingly, ensure that the following are in place:

Table of contents Page numbers Readability and scientific writing style Logical structure Division into sections with thoughtful supporting sentences that develop the main idea

Careful editing/proofing

The reference below is useful

Walliman, N 2014 Your undergraduate dissertation: the essential guide for success. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE

Prof MC Fombad,UNISA

• JJS Referencing The document will assist all Law students to be able to correctly reference all Legal Resources accordingly
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NWU Law House Style Referencing Guide

• Introduction
• Bibliography
• Chapters in books
• Conference contributions
• Theses and dissertations
• Journal articles
• Newspaper articles
• Other literature resources
• Legislation
• International law instruments
• South African government publications
• Internet sources
• LAW PDF Reference Guide

Other styles

• NWU Harvard Referencing Guide 
• APA Referencing Guide

Academic Literacy Series

• 1. Finding more accessible information: Textbooks

List of abbreviations

List of abbreviations 1.

1 Take note that journal titles, case law as well as short titles of legislation should not be italicised for purposes of the List of Abbreviations.

Warning against plagiarism

Nwu faculty of law’s golden rules for the avoidance of plagiarism:.

The Faculty of Law defines plagiarism as:

Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly representing the words or ideas of another as one’s own in any academic exercise, including, without limitation, the intentional, knowing, or reckless failure to give attribution when making a direct quotation or when paraphrasing or borrowing facts or information.

(a) Always acknowledge the direct use of someone else’s words

• You have to fully cite the source of any direct quotation and identify the quotation by using either quotation marks or by blocking the text (consult the Faculty’s reference guide to determine when to use quotation marks and when to block the text). Thus, when you quote or copy words directly from the source, you must identify the text as a quotation and provide a citation.
• It must be apparent to the reader which text is your own original words and where you have drawn on someone else’s language.
• Failure to give attribution when making direct quotations and to identify the words as a quotation is plagiarism.
• The only instance where you do not need to identify a quotation as such is where you quote from legislation. However, you still need to fully cite the source. For example: In terms of section 9(1) of the Constitution everyone is equal before the law ...

(b) Always acknowledge words you paraphrase from any source

• It is permissible to paraphrase only when you have given attribution to the source.
• Even if you have changed a few words or changed the word order of the sentence, you must give proper citation.
• If you are closely following the structure of an author’s argument, without proper citation and acknowledgment, it is considered to be plagiarism.
• Cite (reference) any sources "from which language, facts or ideas have been paraphrased..."

(c) Always acknowledge text you summarize from any source

• It is permissible to summarise only when you have given attribution to the source.
• Even if you have summarized text from a source, you must give proper citation.
• Cite (reference) any sources "from which language, facts or ideas have been paraphrased or summarized..."

(d) Always cite the source of any idea which is not your original thought

• If you express the same idea as the source you are using, you need to cite the source fully. • Even if you use your own words to convey the ideas of another, you will be guilty of plagiarism if you do not cite or reference the original source.

Please refer to the Policy on Plagiarism and other forms of Academic Dishonesty and Misconduct of June 2011.

For the NWU link for plagiarism, go to:  http://www.nwu.ac.za/sites/www.nwu.ac.za/files/files/i-information-technology/documents/gov-man/antipiracy/2P_2.4.3.2_plagiarism_and_dishonesty_e.pdf

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About AGLC4 referencing

The Australian Guide to Legal Citation 4th edition (AGLC4) is a comprehensive guide to citing Australian primary and secondary legal materials. 

It includes rules for footnotes and bibliographies, and can be used to cite most Australian and many international legal sources. 

Manuals and resources

• Australian Guide to Legal Citation (Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc, 4th ed, 2021)
• The basics of referencing with AGLC4 are explained in this 3 minute video from UTS Library.
• If you are a confident EndNote user you can find instructions on how to import a specific AGLC4 Output Style on our EndNote guide .
• For general information on academic referencing, including why it is essential see here .

Getting started

Read through Chapter 1 (General Rules) of the AGLC4 manual. This covers citations, footnotes and bibliographies.  Pay particular attention to:

• 1.1.6 Pinpoint References, to understand how to refer to a specific page, paragraph, footnote or other specific section of a source.  
• 1.13 Bibliographies, to understand different rules for footnoting when including references in bibliographies 

You should also familiarise yourself with: 

• Chapter 2 (Cases) 
• Chapter 3 (Legislative Materials) 

The contents and index can then be used to find appropriate rules for other sources as you need them. 

What to do if something is not covered in the manual

AGLC4 is a substantial guide, but it is not comprehensive.

Where you cannot find a citation rule to exactly match the source you want to reference, locate a similar source in AGLC4 with similar citation elements and adapt it. 

As AGLC4 suggests, you should first reflect on the cardinal principles: clarity and consistency... As long as you are clear and consistent, you cannot go wrong. (AGLC4 pg. xi) If you adapt a rule for a particular source, use that same rule adaptation for all future references to the source.

AGLC4 provides examples for most citation rules at the end of each sub-chapter. Adapting examples of similar sources can be easier than adapting a rule to match your source.

Related information

We're here to help, online or in person.

Novokuznetsk

Demographics

City administration, administrative and municipal status, administrative bodies, transportation, twin towns and sister cities, notable people, external links.

It was previously known as Kuznetsk until 1931, and as Stalinsk until 1961.

Founded in 1618 by men from Tomsk as a Cossack ostrog (fort) on the Tom River , it was initially called Kuznetsky ostrog ( Кузне́цкий острог ). [2] It became the seat of Kuznetsky Uyezd in 1622. [3] Kuznetsk ( Кузне́цк ) was granted town status in 1689. [3] It was here that Fyodor Dostoevsky married his first wife, Maria Isayeva in 1857. [13] Joseph Stalin 's rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union transformed the sleepy town into a major coal mining and industrial center in the 1930s. It merged with Sad Gorod in 1931. From 1931 to 1932, the city was known as Novokuznetsk and between 1932 and 1961 as Stalinsk ( Ста́линск ), after Stalin. As a result of de-Stalinization , it was renamed back to Novokuznetsk .

As of the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition of Novokuznetsk was: [14]

Ethnic group Population Percentage 438,507 95.5% 3,450 0.8% 2,533 0.6% Other 14,919 3.2% Within the framework of administrative divisions , Novokuznetsk serves as the administrative center of Novokuznetsky District , even though it is not a part of it. [1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the Novokuznetsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [15] As a municipal division , Novokuznetsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as the Novokuznetsky Urban Okrug . [15] [16] The city consists of six non-municipal intra-city districts : [16] District Area, km Population (2021) 109.10 92,620 36.11 46,932 92.49 75,174 22.49 77,593 95.62 78,533 66.52 166,628 On 7 December 2009, by a resolution of the Novokuznetsk City Council of People's Deputies, a new version of the City Charter was approved, [16] according to which the authorities consist of: Novokuznetsk City Council of People's Deputies (representative authority), Mayors of the city of Novokuznetsk, Administration of the City of Novokuznetsk (executive and administrative authority), City Control Committee (permanent body of financial control), Judicial institutions: district courts, courts of general jurisdiction, the Russian Agency for Legal and Judicial Information, the permanent judicial presence of the Kemerovo Oblast Court, judicial divisions of magistrates, and others. [18] The Novokuznetsk City Council of People's Deputies is a representative body of power and consists of 18 deputies elected in 18 single-mandate constituencies and 18 deputies elected on party lists. The term of office of deputies is five years. In September 2021, elections were held for the Council of People's Deputies, following which the seats in the council were distributed as follows: 27 - United Russia , 2 - Liberal Democratic Party , 2 - A Just Russia , 2 - Communist Party . The representative of United Russia, Alexandra Shelkovnikova, was elected chairman. The Youth Parliament of the city operates under the City Council of People's Deputies. [19] A whole network of bodies of territorial public self-government has been created in Novokuznetsk; [20] in total, 60 of them have been created in the city: in the Zavodskoy District - 7, Kuznetsky - 6, Kuibyshevsky - 13, [21] [22] [23] Novoilyinsky - 6, Ordzhonikidzevsky - 9, Central - 16. Siberian State Industrial University Novokuznetsk branch of Kemerovo State University State Institute for Physicians Postgraduate Training (also known as Novokuznetsk Postgraduate Physician Institute), Russian Ministry of Health Novokuznetsk Scientific Center of Medicosocial Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Invalids, Federal Agency for Public Health and Social welfare Institute of General Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Novokuznetsk is a heavily industrial city and is located in the heart of the Kuzbass region . Factories in the city include: West-Siberian Metal Plant Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant Kuznetsk Ferroalloys   [ ru ] Novokuznetsk aluminium factory   [ ru ] Metallurg Novokuznetsk is an ice hockey team based in Novokuznetsk. Formerly a member of the Kontinental Hockey League , the team is currently a member of the Supreme Hockey League . The football team of the same name was recently promoted to the Russian first division below the premier. RC Novokuznetsk compete in the Professional Rugby League , the highest division of rugby union in Russia. Florida Panthers goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky , Carolina Hurricanes defenseman Dmitry Orlov and Minnesota Wild winger Kirill Kaprizov were all born in Novokuznetsk and began their pro careers with Metallurg Novokuznetsk. Novokuznetsk is also the birthplace of US chess Grandmaster Gata Kamsky . The main airport is the Spichenkovo Airport . The city is also a major railway junction with both local and long-distance trains. Local public transport is provided by trams, buses, and trolleybuses. Novokuznetsk has a fairly typical southwest Siberian humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ) with warm summers during which most of the precipitation occurs, and severe, generally dry winters. Snowfall is very frequent during the winter, but its water content is generally very low due to the cold temperatures. Climate data for Novokuznetsk (1991–2020, extremes 1955–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 4.2 (39.6) 7.9 (46.2) 18.3 (64.9) 30.6 (87.1) 34.8 (94.6) 36.7 (98.1) 36.0 (96.8) 35.9 (96.6) 34.7 (94.5) 24.9 (76.8) 17.4 (63.3) 7.3 (45.1) 36.7 (98.1) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.9 (12.4) −6 (21) 1.3 (34.3) 11.8 (53.2) 19.2 (66.6) 24.5 (76.1) 25.5 (77.9) 24.1 (75.4) 16.8 (62.2) 9.1 (48.4) −2.5 (27.5) −8.6 (16.5) 8.7 (47.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −15.9 (3.4) −12.9 (8.8) −5.2 (22.6) 4.2 (39.6) 11.5 (52.7) 17.0 (62.6) 19.0 (66.2) 16.5 (61.7) 9.9 (49.8) 3.0 (37.4) −6.5 (20.3) −13.2 (8.2) 2.3 (36.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.5 (−4.9) −18.2 (−0.8) −10.9 (12.4) −3.0 (26.6) 4.0 (39.2) 9.1 (48.4) 12.5 (54.5) 9.5 (49.1) 4.6 (40.3) −1.7 (28.9) −10.0 (14.0) −17.5 (0.5) −3.5 (25.7) Record low °C (°F) −47.7 (−53.9) −42.2 (−44.0) −33.9 (−29.0) −26.1 (−15.0) −8.9 (16.0) −2.1 (28.2) 2.2 (36.0) 0.2 (32.4) −6.7 (19.9) −23.0 (−9.4) −37.7 (−35.9) −42.8 (−45.0) −47.7 (−53.9) Average mm (inches) 25 (1.0) 17 (0.7) 19 (0.7) 28 (1.1) 43 (1.7) 56 (2.2) 73 (2.9) 62 (2.4) 42 (1.7) 38 (1.5) 40 (1.6) 31 (1.2) 474 (18.7) Average rainy days 0.4 0 2 9 15 16 16 15 14 11 4 1 103 Average snowy days 20 18 15 11 3 0.1 0 0 1 11 19 23 121 Average (%) 81 78 74 66 60 68 73 75 75 77 82 82 74 Source: Pogoda.ru.net Novokuznetsk is twinned with: Sergei Abramov , ice hockey player Sergei Bobrovsky (born 1988), ice hockey player Margarita Chernousova (born 1996), a sport shooter Maksim Chevelev (born 1990), professional football player Evgeny Chigishev (born 1979), a former weightlifter and Olympic silver medalist Andrey Dementyev (born 1970), a former professional football player Kirill Kaprizov (born 1997), ice hockey player Maxim Kitsyn (born 1991), a professional ice hockey player Ana Kriégel , Russian-born Irish murder victim Anna Litvinova (1983–2013), a fashion model and beauty pageant title holder Aleksandr Melikhov (born 1998), a professional football player Kostyantyn Milyayev (born 1987), a Ukrainian Olympic platform diver Vadim Mitryakov (born 1991), a professional ice hockey player Nikita Morgunov (born 1975), a former professional basketball player Albert Nasibulin (born 1972), a material scientist Dmitry Orlov (born 1991), ice hockey player Maksim Pichugin (born 1974), a Winter Olympic cross-country skier Anton Rekhtin (born 1989), a professional ice hockey player Artyom Sapozhkov (born 1990), a former professional football player Stanislav Sel'skiy (born 1991), a rugby union player Denis Simplikevich (born 1991), a rugby union player Kirill Skachkov (born 1987), an Olympic table tennis player Denis Stasyuk (born 1985), ice hockey player Daniil Tarasov (born 1999), ice hockey player Ivan Telegin (born 1992), ice hockey player and Winter Olympic gold medalist Arkady Vainshtein (born 1942), a Russian-American theoretical physicist Vladimir Vilisov (born 1976), a Winter Olympic cross-country skier Maxim Zyuzyakin (born 1991), a professional ice hockey player Pavel Silyagin (born 1993), professional boxer Related Research Articles Prokopyevsk is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 210,130 (2010 Russian census) ; 224,597 (2002 Census) ; 273,838 (1989 Soviet census) . Mariinsk is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, where the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the Kiya River, 180 kilometers (110 mi) northeast of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 40,526 (2010 Russian census) ; 42,977 (2002 Census) ; 40,956 (1989 Soviet census) ; 39,700 (1972). Anzhero-Sudzhensk is a town in the Kuznetsk Basin in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located to the north of the oblast's administrative center of Kemerovo and to the east of the Tom River, on the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population: 76,646 (2010 Russian census) ; 86,480 (2002 Census) ; 107,951 (1989 Soviet census) . Leninsk-Kuznetsky , known as Kolchugino until 1925, is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located on both banks of the Inya River. Population: 101,666 (2010 Russian census) ; 112,253 (2002 Census) ; 165,487 (1989 Soviet census) ; 128,000 (1972); 83,000 (1939); 20,000 (1926). Guryevsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Guryevsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Prokopyevsky, Belovsky, and Leninsk-Kuznetsky Districts of Kemerovo Oblast and with Altai Krai and Novosibirsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 2,180 square kilometers (840 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Guryevsk. Population: 10,617 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,057 ; 20,816 (1989 Soviet census) . Yurga is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located on the Tom River and the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population: 81,533 (2010 Russian census) ; 85,555 (2002 Census) ; 93,202 (1989 Soviet census) . Tashtagol is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located on the Kondoma River 511 kilometers (318 mi) south of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Topki is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located 38 kilometers (24 mi) west of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 28,641 (2010 Russian census) ; 31,004 (2002 Census) ; 33,574 (1989 Soviet census) . Beryozovsky is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located between the Barzas and Shurap Rivers, 27 kilometers (17 mi) north of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 47,279 (2010 Russian census) ; 48,299 (2002 Census) ; 51,250 (1989 Soviet census) . Belovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Belovsky Municipal District . It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,400 square kilometers (1,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Vishnevka. Population: 30,204 (2010 Russian census) ; 33,382 ; 25,815 (1989 Soviet census) . Chebulinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Chebulinsky Municipal District . It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,780 square kilometers (1,460 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Verkh-Chebula. Population: 16,348 (2010 Russian census) ; 17,971 ; 17,723 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Verkh-Chebula accounts for 31.0% of the district's total population. Kemerovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kemerovsky Municipal District . It is located in the northern central portion of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,391 square kilometers (1,695 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Kemerovo. Population: 45,459 (2010 Russian census) ; 39,036 ; 37,207 (1989 Soviet census) . Leninsk-Kuznetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,356 square kilometers (910 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky. Population: 23,760 (2010 Russian census) ; 27,825 ; 29,752 (1989 Soviet census) . Novokuznetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Novokuznetsky Municipal District . It is located in the center of the oblast and spans it from border to border in the southwest-northeast direction. The area of the district is 13,039.5989 square kilometers (5,034.6173 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Novokuznetsk. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 50,681. Prokopyevsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Prokopyevsky Municipal District . It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,450 square kilometers (1,330 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Prokopyevsk. Population: 31,442 (2010 Russian census) ; 33,705 ; 35,657 (1989 Soviet census) . Promyshlennovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Promyshlennovsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,083 square kilometers (1,190 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Promyshlennaya. Population: 50,106 (2010 Russian census) ; 50,125 ; 47,150 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Promyshlennaya accounts for 36.0% of the district's total population. Topkinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Topkinsky Municipal District . It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,774 square kilometers (1,071 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Topki. Population: 16,246 (2010 Russian census) ; 18,077 ; 19,018 (1989 Soviet census) . Tyazhinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Tyazhinsky Municipal District . It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,531 square kilometers (1,363 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Tyazhinsky. Population: 25,597 (2010 Russian census) ; 32,782 ; 32,574 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of the administrative center accounts for 43.4% of the district's total population. Yurginsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Yurginsky Municipal District . It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,510 square kilometers (970 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yurga. Population: 22,448 (2010 Russian census) ; 22,779 ; 22,994 (1989 Soviet census) . Krasnobrodsky is an urban locality in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,919 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,859 (2002 Census) ; 12,663 (1989 Soviet census) . 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #215-OZ 1 2 3 "Review of City History" . Official site of Novokuznetsk municipal administration (in Russian). admnkz.ru. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017 . Retrieved October 5, 2012 . ↑ http://www.kem.kp.ru/daily/26136.7/3026076/Сергей%5B%5D Кузнецов вступает в должность главы Новокузнецка ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . 1 2 3 Law #104-OZ ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 . ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. ( Russian Post ). Поиск объектов почтовой связи ( Postal Objects Search ) (in Russian) ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly . ↑ "F. M. Dostoevsky Literary-Memorial Museum in Novokuznetsk" . Fyodor Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ↑ "Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Кемеровской области - Кузбассу" . Retrieved May 24, 2023 . 1 2 "ОБ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОМ УСТРОЙСТВЕ КЕМЕРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (с изменениями на: 29.03.2017), Закон Кемеровской области от 27 декабря 2007 года №215-ОЗ" [ ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE KEMEROV OBLAST (as amended on: 29/03/2017), Law of the Kemerovo Oblast dated 27 December 2007 No. 215-OZ ] (in Russian). docs.cntd.ru. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . 1 2 3 "Устав города Новокузнецка" [ Charter of the city of Novokuznetsk ] (in Russian). Official website of the administration of Novokuznetsk (admnkz.ru). Archived from the original on October 17, 2012 . Retrieved January 4, 2013 . ↑ "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав Новокузнецкого городского округа" [ About modification and additions in the Charter of the Novokuznetsk city district ] . gigabaza.ru/ (in Russian). April 29, 2016. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ↑ "Cправочник организаций Новокузнецка" [ Directory of Novokuznetsk organizations ] . novokuznetsk.jsprav.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ↑ "Молодёжный парламент города Новокузнецка — общая информация" [ Youth Parliament of the city of Novokuznetsk - general information ] (in Russian). newparlament.ru. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013 . Retrieved July 13, 2013 . ↑ "Избранные депутаты и глава получили от населения лишь часть полномочий" [ Elected deputies and the head received only part of the powers from the population ] (in Russian). i2n.ru. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014 . Retrieved January 4, 2013 . ↑ Kuznetsky Rabochy , 2008, № 148 ↑ Kuznetsky Rabochy , 2009, № 16 ↑ Kuznetsky Rabochy , 2009, № 59 ↑ Климат Новокузнецка (in Russian). Погода и климат. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019 . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . Совет народных депутатов Кемеровской области.   Закон   №215-ОЗ   от   27 декабря 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кемеровской области», в ред. Закона №131-ОЗ от   22 декабря 2014 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Кемеровской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований" и Закон Кемеровской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кемеровской области"». Вступил в силу   в день, следующий за днём официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №243, 28 декабря 2007 г. (Council of People's Deputies of Kemerovo Oblast.   Law   # 215-OZ   of   December   27, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kemerovo Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 131-OZ of   December   22, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations" and the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kemerovo Oblast" . Effective as of   the day following the official publication date.). Совет народных депутатов Кемеровской области.   Закон   №104-ОЗ   от   17 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований», в ред. Закона №123-ОЗ от   22 декабря 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Кемеровской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №242, 24 декабря 2004 г. (Council of People's Deputies of Chelyabinsk Oblast.   Law   # 104-OZ   of   December   17, 2004 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations , as amended by the Law   # 123-OZ of   December   22, 2015 On Amending the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations" . Effective as of   the official publication date.). (in Russian) Official website of Novokuznetsk Siberian State Industrial University (SIBSIU) (in Russian) Life in Novokuznetsk (in Russian) Informational website of Novokuznetsk : • Administrative districts Cities and towns 491 COMMENTS Referencing & Citations Guide For Law Essays Guide to Referencing and Citations for Law Essays. Accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all academic work. Whenever you refer to either the work or ideas of someone, or are influenced by another's work, you must acknowledge this. ... This should appear at the end of your assignment, starting on a new sheet. Items in the ... APA Legal References Simply reference them in the text by name. When citing particular articles and amendments, create reference list entries and in-text citations as normal. The US Constitution should be abbreviated in reference lists and parentheticals to U.S. Const. Use legal state abbreviations for state constitutions, such as In. Getting started The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC4) is the official citing and referencing style for legal citations in Australia. A free copy of AGLC4 is available to view and download from the publisher's website. This guide is designed to help you: Apply the correct AGLC4 format to different types of resources. Check your work against examples. How to Cite a Law in APA Style Revised on December 27, 2023. To cite federal laws (also commonly referred to as statutes or acts) in APA Style, include the name of the law, "U.S.C." (short for United States Code), the title and section of the code where the law appears, the year, and optionally the URL. The year included is when the law was published in the source ... PDF A Law Workshop Guide: Referencing for Law Students A Law Workshop Guide: Referencing for Law Students Referencing is an essential tool for academic writing. It helps you avoid plagiarism as well as ... references and bibliographies for your assignments. The earlier you get into the habit of using referencing software, the easier you will find it when it comes to referencing larger and ... Harvard Harvard is a in-text citations and bibliography referencing system. This means that all sources should be immediately cited with an in-text reference when they are mentioned in your work, and a full reference should appear in the Bibliography at the end of your work. In-text Citations. An in-text citation consists of the author or authors ... Library guides: Citing and referencing for Law: General guidance Key Points. It is important to cite and reference your sources in any work you produce for your assignments. Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to another author. It demonstrates that you have undertaken an appropriate literature search and that you have carried out appropriate reading. PDF The University of Queensland Tc Beirne School of Law a Guide to Where a case is reported in a print law reports series, the citation should consist of:‐. the case name, in italics, or if you are unable to italicise, underlined; ackets, i.e. [2008], where the year is needed in order to locate the. the recognised abbreviation of the name of the series of law reports. Referencing Referencing is the academic practice of acknowledging the sources you have used in your work.Sources may be other people's words and ideas, or legal authorities such as legislation and case law. Referencing demonstrates your ethical use of information, the range of your research and reading, provides authority to your arguments, enables others to find materials cited, and avoids accusations of ... How to Tackle Law Assignments Testing times Try not to worry too much about the assessment process. Assessments for law students take a variety of forms: essays or problem-based questions; 'take away' papers that you can do at home or in the library; tests under invigilated conditions in an exam hall. Law Dissertation Referencing Referencing Your Law Dissertation. Each university has a different referencing system and indeed, the referencing requirements for each course may vary still, so you need to check your individual course guidelines carefully. The Harvard system is by far the most common referencing system used on law courses. The Harvard Referencing System - a ... In-Text References & Footnotes The two most common forms of references in legal writing are in-text references and footnotes. The main difference between them is that in-text references are usually included in the text itself while footnotes are given at the bottom of the page. ... Patrick Monahan, Constitutional Law, 2d ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2002) lists price regulation ... Referencing and Study Skills Referencing Management Software . Reference management systems are time-saving tools that allow you to: Collect and store references for the resources you read as you go; Manage and organise your references for different assignments ; Quickly add in-text citations into your assignments; Automatically generate a reference list from these in-text ... Referencing in Law Referencing in Law. When submitting a piece of academic work, you must properly acknowledge the sources of information that you have used in your research. You must reference your sources whenever you quote, paraphrase, or use someone else's ideas or words. At TOP, the style of referencing used in Law is know as the AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL ... LibGuides: Faculty of Law: Research/Assignment support Accurately references all sources mentioned in the literature and gives a full citation in the Reference List. References. Provide at least 20 sources related to the research topic and at least 8 different sources on methodology. Annexure A. All Annexure A items should be included at the end of assignment 02. Technical aspects PDF UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE FACULTY OF LAW Referencing and Style Style. 1.1 Type. Italics are used only for emphasis, for case names, names of journals and titles of books, and for web sites and other electronic references. They are also used to indicate paragraphs in legislation, as in s 34(1)(a). Italics are not used for foreign words. PDF Section 1: the Research and Writing Process In the Law Faculty assignments are usually shorter papers, while essays are longer. The format of either may be 'essay-type' or 'problem-type'. ... and referencing, legal writing of this type follows the normal academic practice of stating and defending a thesis. On the other hand, legal writing may take a form that is specific to the ... NWU Law House Style Referencing Guide The Faculty of Law defines plagiarism as: Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly representing the words or ideas of another as one's own in any academic exercise, including, without limitation, the intentional, knowing, or reckless failure to give attribution when making a direct quotation or when paraphrasing or borrowing facts or information. Law: Legal essay This resource will focus on theoretical based law essays. There are a number of strategies that may help you in starting, structuring and presenting a law essay. 1. Starting your answer. The first step to a successful law essay is understanding the question. One of the most effective ways of breaking down the question is to identify the ... PDF Referencing Guide ISBN 978-1-86822-707-5. ACEIn its quest to maintain academic integrity, the North-West University adopted three referencing styles for use by students and s. af. They are: APA, NWU Harvard style, and the NWU Faculty of Law referencing st. le. In support of this quest, the Library and Information Service has pleasure in providing support by way ... AGLC4 It includes rules for footnotes and bibliographies, and can be used to cite most Australian and many international legal sources. Manuals and resources. Australian Guide to Legal Citation (Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc, 4th ed, 2021) The basics of referencing with AGLC4 are explained in this 3 minute video from UTS Library. Kemerovo Oblast Kemerovo Oblast is located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian Mountains.The oblast, which covers an area of 95,500 square kilometers (36,900 sq mi), [12] shares a border with Tomsk Oblast in the north, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia in the east, the Altai Republic in the south, and with Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai in the west. Novokuznetsk It is located in the center of the oblast and spans it from border to border in the southwest-northeast direction. The area of the district is 13,039.5989 square kilometers (5,034.6173 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Novokuznetsk. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 50,681. essay homework paper phd project resume review speech study thesis