magnet iron filings experiment

How to Use Iron Filings to See Magnetic Field

• October 22, 2021
• 10 Minute Science , 5-6 Year Olds , Physics

Today we are going to explore magnetic fields using iron fillings! At the end of this great demonstration of magnetic fields, students or children can recognize magnetic materials around them. And also able to relate different varieties of magnets. Here we go!

Magnetic Field Iron Filings Experiment

As I already mentioned, we cannot see the magnetic field but can observe its impact and effects on other ferromagnetic substances. To perform the magnetic field iron fillings experiment, here is the list of items you need to collect!

1) A large piece of paper

2) A bar magnet

3) U-shaped Magnet

4) A cup of Iron Fillings

Directions to see the effects of Magnetic Field

Step-1:  In the first step, arrange a piece of paper on a flat surface and place a bar magnet over it.

Step-2:  Gently, sprinkle the iron filings around the bar magnet and make sure they spread all over the paper as a second step.

Step-3:  The third step is to observe the effects of the magnetic field and note down the observation data.

Step-4:  Now replace the bar magnet with U-shaped ones and again observe the effects magnetic field.

Ask your children or students to draw the directional lines of the magnetic field on the paper from the observations of the experiment.

Points to Remember and Observe

1) The magnetic force comes out of the North Pole and travel towards the South Pole.

2) Since there is more concentration at the poles, we see more iron filings sticking to the magnet at the poles.

3) Every field line is visible and appears in the form of rings around the magnets.  

4) You can also observe poles repulsion and opposite poles attraction effects when two magnets come in closer contact.

Where to buy Iron Filings?

Iron filings are easy to find in the stores like Wall Mart and even stationery shops sell them in packets. Or else, the sand on the Earth also consists of iron fillings but in very few amounts. It takes a lot of time to extract iron fillings from the Earth’s soil using magnets.

How do iron filings demonstrate a magnetic field?

Demonstrating magnetic fields using iron fillings is a simple and classic method to learn about magnets.

Iron filings are nothing but ferromagnetic substances which encompass the magnetic field by themselves. They do consist of the north and south poles. As soon as these iron fillings meet the magnet, the like poles of magnet and iron fillings repel each other. And the iron fillings scatter around the magnet but remain within the magnetic field. While the opposite poles attract each other, which is witnessed by the attachment of iron filings to the magnet.

To put it simpler, North Pole attracts the South Pole whereas the North Pole repels the North Pole as soon as the two magnetic materials come in contact.

In this way, Iron fillings demonstrate a great experiment of revealing and explaining magnetic fields easily and more simply.

Why do iron filings show magnetic fields?

Iron fillings, very small particles of iron exhibits magnetic properties in every iron particle because of their ferromagnetic property. Therefore, it is easy for them to represent the magnetic field in the form of detailed field lines. Since the like poles repel and opposite poles attract.

Where is the magnetic field the strongest?

Any magnet exhibits the strongest magnetic field at either of the poles and the weakest at the middle of the magnet. Both the poles possess the strongest magnetic field in equal amounts.

What are the invisible lines revealed by iron filings?

The invisible lines revealed by the iron fillings are nothing but the complete map of the magnetic field lines of a magnet.

Bar Magnet with Iron Filings – Analysis of Results

Bar magnet, a strong magnetic material possessing the strongest magnetic field around it. In this experiment, as soon as the iron fillings dropped around the bar magnet: some go away from the magnet while some stay intact to the magnet at the poles. This demonstrates that the like poles of magnet and iron fillings repel and scatter themselves away from each other. Whereas the opposite poles of magnet and iron fillings attract and remain intact to each other.

But we can see higher amounts of iron filings at either of the poles of the bar magnet. Because there is more concentration of magnetic field at the poles. While at the middle part of the magnet, we still see some iron fillings attached but in very lesser amounts.

U Magnet with Iron Filings – Analysis of Results

U magnet consists of the North Pole and the South Pole at its endpoints. And while contacting the iron fillings, like poles repel and opposite poles attract each other. Either of the poles exhibits higher amounts of iron fillings because of the opposite poles’ attraction. On the other hand, the surrounding region consists of scattered iron fillings because of like poles repulsion.

Other Magnetism STEM Activities for kids: Magnet Maze Game Designing Activity: The Fun Way to Learn Magnetism Building a Marble Run Using Magnets for Your Fridge

Magnetic Field Iron Filings Experiment—Conclusion

From the experiment results, we can conclude that the North Pole of one magnet repels the North Pole of the other. In the same way, the South Pole of one magnet repels the South Pole of another magnet. But the North Pole of one magnet attracts the South Pole of another magnet and vice versa.

What are Iron Fillings and Magnetic Fields?

Before we jump into the demonstration of magnetic fields, let us learn what iron filings, magnets, and magnetic fields are for your better understanding.

Magnet 

Any material that consists of its own and invisible magnetic field that is capable of interacting with other magnetic fields refer to as a magnet. By nature, the objects which exhibit magnetic properties consist of the north and south poles. And like poles repel each other while opposite poles attract each other.

Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields are the results of force created around the nucleus of the magnetic material and in the direction of the field lines. Generally, the area around the magnetic material or the region that influences the electric charges in motion represents the magnetic field of that material. By the way, the most powerful magnetic field is invisible to naked eyes.

Iron filings

Iron filings are nothing but a powder-like substance that consists of very tiny particles of ferromagnetic substance i.e. iron. These small pieces of iron are mainly useful for demonstrating magnetic fields to children.

Check out : A DIY Magnetic Compass for Kids

Compasses are navigational devices that represent the directions useful for the orientation of Earth’s geography. In detail, compasses are nothing but magnets, consisting of both north and south poles and with an obvious magnetic field.   

Well, do you think our Earth consists of a magnetic field? Yes, it has a magnetic field because of the electric flow in its core layers but it is very weak. The magnetic field possessed by Earth is a geomagnetic field.

The magnetic field around the magnetic material reveals the magnetic lines in the arrow and ring patterns. And these patterns start at the north poles and end at the south poles. Therefore, the magnetic field lines that face each other represent attractive forces. And the ones facing away from each other represent repulsive forces.

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Michael Faraday's iron filings

Faraday created a number of iron filing diagrams in 1851 to demonstrate magnetic lines of force.

Date : 1851

Place made : Basement laboratory of the Ri

Alternative name : Lines of Force, field theory, paramagnetic

Materials : Paper, iron filings, wax

Description

These small ‘drawings’, pasted into a laboratory notebook in 1851, are some of Michael Faraday’s original iron filings experiments and represent his theory of lines of force.

The pole of a magnet is attracted to the opposite pole of another magnet, north to south and south to north.  Magnetic lines of force from the north and south poles pull together and join. 

You cannot see the magnetic force around a magnet, but you can see the effects of its presence when an iron nail sticks to a magnet. In 1851, Faraday experimented to prove the existence of lines of force.  He demonstrated their existence by coating sheets of paper with a thin layer of melted wax.  He then placed these sheets of paper on top of bar magnets and gently poured tiny powder like pieces of iron (iron filings) over the top. The iron filings are were attracted to the magnetic forces around each magnet, revealing their existence and showing that the strength of the magnetic forces was concentrated around and between the poles at the end of the magnets.  Faraday completed his experiment by gently heating the waxed paper to set the iron filings on the page enabling him to keep his results for further study.

Where can I view this?

This item is currently held in our archives and can be  viewed by appointment .

More about Michael Faraday

History of science

Michael faraday's electric magnetic rotation apparatus (motor).

The first surviving Faraday apparatus, dating from 1822, demonstrates his work in magnetic rotation. Faraday used this mercury

Michael Faraday's ring-coil apparatus

Made by Faraday in his laboratory in the basement of the Royal Institution in August 1831, thus creating the first ever electric

Michael Faraday's magneto-optical apparatus

The electromagnet used by Michael Faraday in a ground-breaking experiment showing that light and glass are affected by magnetism

Michael Faraday's generator

Faraday created the first transformer in August 1831. A few months later he designed and made this simple piece of apparatus

A tour of Michael Faraday in London

A walk from the Royal Institution to Somerset House exploring Faraday's life, his intellectual network and his legacy.

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Instructional Resources and Lecture Demonstrations

5h10.30 - magnet and iron filings.

Video Credit: Jonathan M. Sullivan-Wood

Place the magnets attached to the Plexiglas on the overhead and sprinkle on the iron filings.  Tap the top of the plate to help align the filings.  Observe the magnetic field lines.

3-D magnetic field lines may observed with the pop bottle arrangement.

CAUTION: Do not drop the magnets into the test tube as the bottom will break out.  Slide the magnets gently into the test tube.  These magnets may be removed from the apparatus after demonstration with the use of the small metal rods.

The magnetic field line demonstrations with the pointers allow you to view a 3-D representation of the magnetic field without the mess of the iron filings or ferrofluid.

Magnetic fields may also be viewed using the magnetic viewing film.  This is particularly useful when trying to view the arrangement of flexible magnets or magnets that are not readily accessible.  

• F. Behroozi, "Dancing Pins and Waving Flowers: Two New Demos for Visualizing Magnetic Field Lines", TPT, Vol. 59, #1, Jan. 2021, p. 66.
• Victor E. Henrich, "Wooly Willy: Distance Dependence of Magnetic Field", TPT, Vol. 57, #3, Mar. 2019, p. 196.
• Wilson Andrew Tillotson, Timothy McCaskey, Luis Nasser, "Teaching Representation Translations with Magnetic Field Experiments", TPT, Vol. 55, #1, Jan. 2017, p. 44.
• Alistair Kwan, "Historic Methods for Capturing Magnetic Field Images", TPT, Vol. 54, #3, Mar. 2016, p. 134.
• Mark Olson, "Common Magnets, Unexpected Polarities", TPT, Vol. 51, #8, Nov. 2013, p. 454.
• Silvia Defrancesco, Fabrizio Logiurato, and Grzegorz Karwasz, "GEOMAG™ Paradoxes", TPT, Vol. 45, #9, Dec. 2007, p. 542.
• Stephen Kanim and John R. Thompson, "Magnetic Field Viewing Cards", TPT, Vol. 43, #6, Sept. 2005, p. 355.
• Terence Cavanaugh and Catherine Cavanaugh, "Baking a Magnetic-Field Display", TPT, Vol. 36, #2, Feb. 1998, p. 84.
• Hugh Siefken, "Magnetic Field Mapping-Again", TPT, Vol. 35, #3, Mar. 1997, p. 181.
• Pangratios Papacosta, "How to Capture a Magnetic Field", TPT, Vol. 34, #7, Oct. 1996, p. 442.
• Richard Cannon, "Three-Dimensional Magnetic Field in a Bottle", TPT, Vol. 29, #5, May 1991, p. 311.
• Gary P. Johnson, "Magnetic Field Visualization on the Overhead Projector", TPT, Vol. 28, #4, Apr. 1990, p. 244.
• B. G. Eaton, "More About Casting Magnetic Lines of Force", TPT, Vol. 16, #4, Apr. 1978, p. 240.
• Mario Iona, "Casting Magnetic Lines of Force", TPT, Vol. 15, #6, Sept. 1977, p. 369.
• J. S. Huebner, "Observing Magnetic Field Lines in 3-D", TPT, Vol. 9, #6, Sept. 1971, p. 347.
• Francis S. Lestingi, "Projection Pointers: Magnetic Projections", TPT, Vol. 8, #3, Mar. 1970, p. 140.
• Philip E. Miller, "Three Dimensional Views of Magnetic Effects", TPT, Vol. 3, #7, Oct. 1965, p. 320.
• Rolla M. Dyer and Glenn F. Powers, "Apparatus for Teaching Physics: Three Dimensional Magnetic Field Demonstration", TPT, Vol. 3, #5, May 1965, p. 226.
• Kelley D. Sullivan, Antara Sen, M. C. Sullivan, "Investigating the Magnetic Field Outside Small Accelerator Magnet Analogs Via Experiment, Simulation, and Theory", AJP, Vol. 91, #6, June 2023, p. 432.
• Thomas B. Greenslade Jr., "Magnetic Model of the Earth", AJP, Vol. 76, #9, Sept. 2008, p. 811.
• L. Basano, P. Ottonello, and C. Pontiggia, "The Magnet-Solenoid Equivalence: A Modern Experiment Using a Personal Computer", AJP, Vol. 56, #6, June 1988, p. 517.
• Rainer Weiss and J. B. Grosh, "A Device to Display Magnetic Field Lines", AJP, Vol. 38, #6, June 1970, p. 777, also Apparatus Notes, July 1965-December 1972, p. 102.
• Ernst R. Czerlinsky, "The Display of Magnetic Field Lines", AJP, Vol. 36, #11, Nov. 1968, p. 1015.
• "B-010. Paper Clip Detector", DICK and RAE Physics Demo Notebook.
• G. D. Freier and F. J. Anderson, "Er-5", A Demonstration Handbook for Physics.
• G. D. Freier and F. J. Anderson, "Er-4", A Demonstration Handbook for Physics.
• Tik Liem, "Seeing Magnetic Lines", Investigation to Science Inquiry, p. 225.
• Robert Ehrlich, "M.4, Field of a Magnet", Turn the World Inside Out, p. 160.
• Robert J. Reiland, "#3, A Three Dimensional Magnetic Field Viewer", Teaching About Magnetism, p. 4.2.
• George M. Hopkins, "Magnetic Curves", Experimental Science, p. 354.
• Jearl Walker, "5.39, Earth's Magnetic Field and Archaeology", The Flying Circus of Physics Ed. 2, p. 236.
• Janice VanCleave, "Force Field", Physics for Every Kid - 101 Easy Experiments in Motion, Heat, Light, Machines, and Sound, p. 44 - 45.
• Janice VanCleave, "More Muscle", 202 Oozing, Bubbling, Dripping, & Bouncing Experiments, p. 95.
• Janice VanCleave, "Attractive", 201 Awesome, Magical, Bizarre, & Incredible Experiments, p. 10.
• Janice VanCleave, "12, Dipper", Magnets, p. 48.
• Janice VanCleave, "10, Plotting", Magnets, p. 40.
• Janice VanCleave, "9, Line Up", Magnets, p. 36.
• Janice VanCleave, "8, Which Way", Magnets, p. 32.
• Janice VanCleave, "6, Tug-of-War", Magnets, p. 24.
• Janice VanCleave, "2, More Muscle", Magnets, p. 8.
• Robert Ehrlich, "Field of a Magnet",  Turning the World Inside Out, p. 160 - 161.
• R.D. Edge, "The Mysterious Magnet", String and Sticky Tape Experiments, p. 11.11.
• "Magnetic Lines of Force", Exploratorium Science Snackbook, p. 63.1.
• Ron Hipschman, "Black Sand", Exploratorium Cookbook II, p. 87.1.
• Tom Petruzzellis, "Detecting Magnetic Fields", Electronic Sensors for the Evil Genius, p. 161.
• Sara Stein, "Atom Magnets", The Science Book, p. 239.
• "Distribution of Magnetic Lines of Force Near the Surface of a Bar Magnet", Selective Experiments in Physics, CENCO, 1962.
• "The Inverse Square Law in Magnetism", Selective Experiments in Physics, CENCO, 1958.
• "Magnetic Moment and Magnetic Field Intensity", Selective Experiments in Physics, CENCO, 1958.
• Curt Suplee, "Attraction from Afar", Everyday Science Explained, National Geographic, p. 82 - 83.
• W. Bolton, "18. The Magnetic Field", Book 4 - Electricity, Physics Experiments and Projects, 1968, p. 36.
• Tik L. Liem, "The Mysteriously Moving Needle", Invitations to Science Inquiry - Supplement to 1st and 2nd Ed. p. 83.
• Rudolf F. Graf, "Magnetic Lines", Safe and Simple Electrical Experiments, p. 43.
• Rudolf F. Graf, "Demonstrating the Magnetic Lines of Force with a Compass", Safe and Simple Electrical Experiments, p. 44.
• Rudolf F. Graf, "How to Show Magnetic Field in Three Dimensions", Safe and Simple Electrical Experiments, p. 46.
• Borislaw Bilash II, “Force Fields“, A Demo A Day – A Year of Physical Science Demonstrations, p. 290.
• Joseph Frick, "#225 - Distribution of Magnetism", Physical Technics: Or Practical Instructions for Making Experiments in Physics and the Construction of Physical Apparatus with the Most Limmited Means, p. 250.

Disclaimer: These demonstrations are provided only for illustrative use by persons affiliated with The University of Iowa and only under the direction of a trained instructor or physicist.  The University of Iowa is not responsible for demonstrations performed by those using their own equipment or who choose to use this reference material for their own purpose.  The demonstrations included here are within the public domain and can be found in materials contained in libraries, bookstores, and through electronic sources.  Performing all or any portion of any of these demonstrations, with or without revisions not depicted here entails inherent risks.  These risks include, without limitation, bodily injury (and possibly death), including risks to health that may be temporary or permanent and that may exacerbate a pre-existing medical condition; and property loss or damage.  Anyone performing any part of these demonstrations, even with revisions, knowingly and voluntarily assumes all risks associated with them.

Colorado State University

College of natural sciences, department of physics, two magnets and iron filings.

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Visit the reservation page , main demo categories: 0 homepage (1) 1 mechanics (107) 2 fluid mechanics (35) 3 oscillations and waves (55) 4 thermodynamics (35) 5 electricity & magnetism (110) 6 optics (49) 7 modern physics (18) 9 equipment (59) in storage (31) new demos in the last year (1), this demo is part of the following categories: 5h10 magnetic fields , 5g20 magnetic domains and magnetization.

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Magnetic Field Experiment

Playing with magnets is always fun.

Iron filings are a common material used in science experiments to visualize magnetic fields.

When sprinkled on a piece of paper or card placed above a magnet, the iron filings align themselves along the lines of the magnetic field , allowing the field’s shape to be easily seen.

This experiment is a simple and effective way to demonstrate the principles of magnetism and the properties of magnetic fields.

It can be used to observe the effects of different types of magnets and to investigate the strength and direction of magnetic fields.

The experiment is easy to set up and can be used in a classroom or at home.

See Magnetic Field Experiment

Warning: Magnets are very hazardous if swallowed.  Please keep them away from children who still put everything into their mouths.

• a few strong magnets (neodymium magnets, a rare earth metal, are very strong magnets)
• iron filings
• a piece of paper
• adult supervision

Instructions

• If the iron filings are too far from the magnets, gently tap or shake the paper to move them closer to above the magnets.
• Observe how the filings move and distribute on the paper.
• Next, remove the iron filings or carefully poor them back into the bottle.
• Flip one of the magnets upside down.

Did you try this project?

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Magnet attracts iron and the magnetism can act through many materials such as paper.  When iron filings are spread over the magnets, you can see the outline of the magnetic force or the magnetic field.

There are two poles in a magnet: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).

Opposite poles attract. So when two magnets with opposite poles facing each other (e.g. one N and one S), magnetic forces appear between them. Iron filings are then aligned with the force field between the two magnets.

Same poles repel. So when two magnets with the same poles facing each other (e.g. both are N), each magnet’s force field moves away from the other. Because iron filings are aligned with the force field, they move away from the middle between the two magnets when you gently shake the paper.

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Flora and fauna

The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora . There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie , where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns , lotus , and the Chosenia willow.

The fauna of Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in the Krai : Ussuri black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ), Amur tiger , Amur leopard , lynx , wild boar , Manchurian deer ( Cervus elaphus xanthopygos ), Siberian roe deer , musk deer , long-tailed goral ( Naemorhedus caudatus ), sika deer , sable , Blakiston's fish owl , mandarinka duck ( Aix galericulata ), black stork ( Ciconia nigra ), scaly goosander ( Mergus squamatus ), chestnut-cheeked starling ( Sturnia philippensis ), black griffon ( Aegypius monachus ), large-winged cuckoo ( Cuculidae family), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR , 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of salmon , Hucho taimen , lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade . Wildlife Conservation Society , World Wildlife Fund , Wild Salmon Center , and Russian NGOs including Phoenix Fund are active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.

• Average annual temperature — near +1 °C (34 °F) in the north of the krai; +5.5 °C (41.9 °F) on the southern coast.
• Average annual precipitation  — 600–850 mm.

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It [ clarification needed ] had a Buddhism civilization from China of the Jin dynasty . [ clarify ] The acquisition of Siberia by the Tsardom of Russia and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East [ clarification needed ] brought the Russians into direct contact with the Qing Empire . The Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the Stanovoy Mountains , including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the Qing Empire [ further explanation needed ] in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns of Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk were founded. In 1858, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky signed the Aigun Treaty with China , followed by the Beijing Treaty two years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south to the Amur and Ussuri Rivers ; granting Russia full control of Primorye.

Primorskaya Oblast was established as the easternmost division of the Russian Empire in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modern Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast , stretching from Vladivostok to the Chukchi Peninsula in the far north.

In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, Ussuriysk , Razdolnoye , Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye , Shkotovo , Pokrovka , Tury Rog , and Kamen-Rybolov . The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. These activities involved more than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants.

The latter part of the 19th century saw significant economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry as did the export of sea-kale , velvet antlers , timber , crab , dried fish , and trepangs . The rapid economic expansion of Primorye was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment.

After the Russian Revolution, Primorskaya Oblast was replaced by the Zemstvo of Maritime Territory , and later by Far-Eastern Republic (1920–1922). Within the Russian SFSR , this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938).

The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops in the Siberian Intervention . In 1922, shortly before the end on the Civil War , Primorye came under Bolshevik control, and the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory was dictated by the new government. The Soviet Government spent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result, the music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored.

The period also saw the beginnings of centralized planning . As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. Rail and sea transit was greatly expanded, and new port facilities were constructed.

Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of Outer Manchuria .

On April 18, 1942, the region became unwillingly involved in World War II as Primorsky Krai became the location of the landing of one of the 16 United States Army Air Corps B-25 Mitchell medium bombers which had been launched from USS Hornet to carry out the famous Doolittle Raid on Japan . Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65 km) west of Vladivostok, the bomber's crew deciding to abort their mission while en route to Tokyo due to excessive fuel consumption. [11]

The 1970s witnessed an expansion of scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of Vladivostok. As a result, the city possesses several large research institutions such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science .

By the early 1990s, the once-small enterprises had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the DVMP (FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt seafood concern [ clarify ] , Progress Arsenyev Aircraft Works, and Vostok Mining . Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), the Active Marine Fisheries Base of Nakhodka , and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of the Russian Military Industrial Complex were also established in Primorye.

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The Charter of Primorsky Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

Administrative divisions

Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East, is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing . Annual catch exceeds two million tonnes , or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second is machine building , where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards . Defense is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft . The construction materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in Rudnaya Pristan on the coast.

The timber industry, though in recession , is still second only to Khabarovsk Krai 's with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of timber . Primorsky Krai is the largest coal producer in the Russian Far East and generates more electricity than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. Agriculture is also important; the krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables.

Primorsky Krai is the Russian Far East's banking and finance center. It has more than 100 banks and affiliates and well-developed futures and stock exchanges .

The krai's proximity to Pacific Rim markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing foreign trade . Major trade items are seafood products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and South Korea .

The economy will be further diversified with the addition of as many as 8 government sanctioned casinos to be built in the Primorye Gambling Zone, which encompasses the entire Primorsky Krai. [12] Primorsky Entertainment Resort City, under development by NagaCorp Ltd. of Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, will be the largest. The development is expected to cost in the region of RUB11.6 billion (approximately HK$2.7 billion, US$350 million) and have a total footprint of 214.89 hectares. [13]

Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with infrastructure . Its railway density is twice the Russian average. Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian railway , was surpassed as a port by the nearby Nakhodka - Vostochny Port container, coal and timber terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in the Russian Far East . All the krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.

Natural resources

Demographics, demographics in the past.

As a part of Qing Empire , a few Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples lived here prior to Russian colonization: Udeges , Nanais , Nivkhs , Orochs , Ulchs , Oroks , and Manchus .

Contemporary demographics

Population : According to the 2010 Census , the population of the krai is 1,956,497, [7] down from 2,071,210 recorded in the 2002 Census , [14] and further down from 2,258,391 recorded in the 1989 Census . [15] Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also Koreans , Volga Germans , Buriats , Nanais , and Orochs . The indigenous Udege and their sub-minority, the Taz , are the region's aboriginals.

In the 2010 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed: [7]

• Russian 92.5%
• Ukrainian 2.8%
• Belorussian 0.3%
• Armenian 0.3%
• Mordvin 0.1%
• Chinese 0.2%
• others 1.5%
• 144,927 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [16]
• Birthrate (2012): 12.4
• Deathrate (2012): 13.7 Russian demographics#Population statistics

Total fertility rate: [17] 2009 - 1.51 | 2010 - 1.49 | 2011 - 1.53 | 2012 - 1.65 | 2013 - 1.68 | 2014 - 1.73(e)

Average life expectancy in 1994 — 62.5 years (male — 56.8, female — 69.4).

Religion in Primorsky Krai (2012) [18] [19]

According to a 2012 official survey [18] 26.6% of the population of Primorsky Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% adheres to other Orthodox churches or is an Orthodox believer without belonging to any church, and 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to local Siberian native faiths. In addition, 24% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious , 35% is atheist , and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [18]

The krai is the location of the massive Sikhote-Alin meteorite , which fell February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains , near the village of Paseka (approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok). [ citation needed ]

Coast and islands

The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula . There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being Lisy Island , Askold Island, Putyatin Island , Skrebtsov island , Sibiryakov Island , the Eugénie Archipelago (the largest island of which being Russky Island ), the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago and Furugelm Island .

Flora and fauna

The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora . The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographic situation and the specific features of climate determine the unique diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination.

There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns , lotus , and the willow Salix arbutifolia (syn. Chosenia arbutifolia ). The flora of the territory contains such plants as Taxus cuspidata , Juniperus rigida , Phellodendron amurense , Kalopanax , Aralia elata , Maackia amurensis , Alnus japonica , Actinidia kolomikta , Schisandra chinensis , Celastrus orbiculatus , Thladiantha dubia , Weigela , Eleutherococcus , Flueggea suffruticosa , Deutzia , Nelumbo nucifera , Betula schmidtii , Carpinus cordata , Acer mandshuricum , Parthenocissus tricuspidata , Vitis amurensis , Panax ginseng and many others.

The fauna of Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in the Krai : Ussuri black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ), Amur tiger , Amur leopard ( Panthera pardus orientalis ), Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), Manchurian deer ( Cervus elaphus xanthopygos ), Siberian roe deer ( Capreolus pygargus ), musk deer ( Moschus moschiferus ), long-tailed goral ( Naemorhedus caudatus ), sika deer ( Cervus nippon ), sable ( Martes zibellina ), Blakiston's fish owl ( Bubo blakistoni ), mandarinka duck ( Aix galericulata ), black stork ( Ciconia nigra ), scaly goosander ( Mergus squamatus ), chestnut-cheeked starling ( Sturnia philippensis ), black griffon ( Aegypius monachus ), large-winged cuckoo (family Cuculidae ), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR , 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of salmon , Hucho taimen , lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade . Wildlife Conservation Society , World Wildlife Fund , Wild Salmon Center , and Russian NGOs including Phoenix Fund are active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.

• Primorsky Krai is dominated by a four-season humid continental climate .
• Average annual temperature — near +1 °C (34 °F) in the north of the krai; +5.5 °C (41.9 °F) on the southern coast. [ citation needed ] [ vague ]
• Average annual precipitation  — 600–850 mm (23.6–33.5 in). [ citation needed ] [ vague ]

The area is believed to have been settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the Sushen , the proto-Mongol Shiwei and the Mohe . Although, there are other popular theories, such as the fact that the place was earlier settled by the Ainu people .

The Udege people are said to have traditionally settled in territories along the Bikin River long ago, however, they are possibly of Jianzhou Jurchen origin.

During the Balhae Kingdom , most of the krai was within the boundaries of the provinces of Dingli, Anbian and Anyuan. After Balhae was conquered by the Khitans, the territory became part of Liao dynasty 's Eastern Circuit and Jin dynasty 's Supin Circuit. It then came under Mongol and Manchu rule.

The acquisition of Siberia by the Tsardom of Russia and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought the Russians into direct contact with China . The Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the Stanovoy Mountains , including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the Qing Empire [ further explanation needed ] in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns of Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk were founded. In 1858, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky signed the Aigun Treaty with China, followed by the Beijing Treaty two years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south in the Amur Annexation to the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , granting Russia full control of Primorye.

Primorskaya Oblast was established as the easternmost division of the Russian Empire in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modern Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast , stretching from Vladivostok to the Chukchi Peninsula in the far north.

In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, Ussuriysk , Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, Shkotovo , Pokrovka , Tury Rog, and Kamen-Rybolov . Russians began migrating to these regions. The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations.

During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export of sea-kale , velvet antlers , timber , crab , dried fish , and trepangs . The rapid economic expansion of Primorye was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment.

After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as the Zemstvo of Maritime Territory . It was defined as the Far-Eastern Republic (1920–1922). Within the Russian SFSR , this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938).

The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during the Siberian Intervention . In 1922, shortly before the end of the Civil War , Primorye came under Bolshevik control. The new government directed the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory. The Soviet Government spent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result, the music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored.

Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy of Korenizatsiya . The Krai had 105 both fully and mixed Korean towns where residents used the Korean language as an official language. Nearly 200,000 ethnic Koreans were living in the Krai by the time of their deportation in 1938 . The Soviet Union had earlier deported ethnic Chinese from western Siberia.

During this period, the Soviet government emphasized centralized planning of the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed.

Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of Russian Manchuria .

On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in World War II , which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai was the location where one of 16 United States Army Air Corps B-25 Mitchell medium bombers landed. The group had been launched from USS Hornet to carry out the Doolittle Raid on Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65 km) west of Vladivostok; the bomber's crew could not return to their base, the aircraft carrier Hornet, by the mission plan. The crew later returned home via Iran.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of Vladivostok . Several large research institutions are located here, such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science .

By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the DVMP (FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt fishing company, Progress Arsenyev Aircraft Works, and Vostok Mining. Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), the Active Marine Fisheries Base of Nakhodka , and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex were also established in Primorye.

The Udege people , led by Pavel Sulyandziga , are trying to gain control over their traditional territories along the Bikin River and in particular a Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use of federal status.

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The Charter of Primorsky Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

Administrative divisions

Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East, [ citation needed ] is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing . Annual catch exceeds two million tonnes , or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second is machine building , where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards . Defense is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft . The construction materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in Rudnaya Pristan on the coast.

The timber industry, though in recession , [ when? ] is still second only to Khabarovsk Krai 's with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of timber . Primorsky Krai is the largest coal producer in the Russian Far East and generates more electricity than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. Agriculture is also important; the krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables.

The krai's proximity to Pacific Rim markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing foreign trade . Major trade items are seafood products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and South Korea.

The economy will be further diversified with the addition of as many as 8 government sanctioned casinos to be built in the Primorye Gambling Zone, which encompasses the entire Primorsky Krai. Primorsky Entertainment Resort City, under development by NagaCorp Ltd . of Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, will be the largest. The development is expected to cost in the region of RUB11.6 billion (approximately HK$2.7 billion, US$350 million) and have a total footprint of 214.89 hectares.

Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with infrastructure . Its railway density is twice the Russian average. [ citation needed ] Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , was surpassed as a port by the nearby Nakhodka - Vostochny Port container, coal and timber terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in the Russian Far East . All the krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.

The largest companies in the region include Far-Eastern Energy Company, NNK-Bunker, Mazda Sollers, and Vostochny Port .

Natural resources

More than 100 deposits of coal are known in Primorsky Krai. The commercial deposits of coal are connected to the Partizansky and Razdolnensky coal basins, the Podgorodnensky deposit, the Uglovsky basin, and the Shkotovsky, Pavlovsky, Bikinsky, Rettikhovsky, and Suputinsky deposits.

Partizansky Basin : The city of Partizansk is located in the southern part of the basin. The total area of the basin is 6,000 km 2 (2,300 sq mi). The basin has been known since the 19th century and has been explored since 1902. Five regions—Staropartizansky, Melnikovsky, Belopadinsky, Molchanovsky, and Sergeyevsky—are within the limits of the basin. The coal is anthracite coal . By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, rich coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total 193.6 million tonnes . The deposits are maintained by the mines of the Partizanskugol Association. A coal-mining factory also operates in this area.

Razdolnensky Basin : The total area of this basin is about 4,500 km 2 (1,700 sq mi). The basin is located to the north and the west of the city of Ussuriysk . The basin includes the following deposits: Ussuriysky, Lipovetsky, Verkhne-Razdolnensky, Konstantinovsky, and Alekseye-Nikolsky. The deposits were prospected as early as 1868. The mining of coal has been conducted since 1909. By the output of volatile substances and coking ability, long-flame coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total of 66.7 million tons. The deposits are maintained by the mines and the open-pit coal mines of the Lipovetskoye Mine Administration.

Uglovsky Basin : Located 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Vladivostok , the basin's band extends about 40 km (25 mi) to the northeast of Amursky Bay and ranges from 6 to 14 km (3.7 to 8.7 mi) in width. Coals in the basin have been known since 1859. The mining of coal has been executed since 1867 in the Tavrichansky deposit, and since 1911 in the Artyomovsky deposit. The coal is brown coal , which is used as a power fuel. In the long years of operation, the stocks of coal in the basin have been considerably depleted. The reserves of coal in the basin total 233.7 million tons. The mines of the Tavrichansky Mine Administration and the Artyomugol Association operate on the basis of the deposits.

Podgrodnensko-Surazhevsky : This coal-bearing region is located close to Vladivostok . The stocks of the Podgrodnensky deposit are estimated to be a total of 19.6 million tons. The coal is anthracite coal . By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, the coal is hard (non-bituminous). The deposits are maintained by the Podgorodenka mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The Paleogene-Neogene deposits of Primorsky Krai are the Bikinsky, Pavlovsky, Shkotovsky, Rettikhovsky, Rakovsky, and Khasansky deposits. The deposits are the major sources of fuel for the largest heat and power stations of Primorye: Luchegorskaya and Vladivostokskaya. The coal is brown coal .

The Bikinsky Deposit is the largest brown coal deposit in Primorsky Krai. Its total area is 260 km 2 (100 sq mi). The reserves total 1,113.9 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is 1,800 m (5,900 ft). The Luchegorsky Open-Pit Coal Mine maintains the mine and provides fuel to the largest power station in the krai, the Luchegorsky Hydro-Electric Power Station.

Pavlovsky Deposit : The total area is 400 km 2 (150 sq mi). The reserves total 400 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is up to 400 m (1,300 ft). The mining is maintained by the Pavlovsky-1 and Pavlovsky-2 Open-Pit Coal Mines. Coal is used as fuel for the Vladivostok Heat and Power Plant-2.

Skotovsky Deposit : The total area is 150 km 2 (58 sq mi). The reserves total 251.6 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness ranges from 800 to 950 m (2,620 to 3,120 ft). Maintenance is by the open-pit mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The coal of the Pavlovsky, Skotovsky, and Bikinsky deposits contains germanium and non-ferrous metals .

The major areas of occurrence of commercial tin stocks are Kavalerovsky , Krasnoarmeysky , and Dalnegorsky Districts. There are more than 30 deposits of tin in Primorsky Krai. The extraction of tin ore is maintained by Khrustalnenskaya Tin Extracting Company, Dalpolimetal Stock Company, and Vostok Mining Company. All tin-extracting enterprises of the krai have a 30-year supply of ore.

There are four major commercial deposits of tungsten in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts. The mining of only two of them is currently maintained, at Vostok-2 and Lermontovskoye by the Primorsky Mining Group and Lermontovskoye Mining Company. The enterprises have a 10-year reserve supply. The ores are complex, containing copper , gold , silver , bismuth , and other metals besides tungsten.

Lead and zinc

There are more than 10 commercial deposits of lead and zinc in the territories of Dalnegorsky , Kavalerovsky , and Krasnoarmeysky Districts. The mining of the deposits of lead and zinc is maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. The enterprise has a 40-year supply of ore.

Among the deposits of precious metals in Primorsky Krai, silver and gold-silver deposits predominate. Ten deposits of silver are found in the Krai. The majority of silver-polymetal ore deposits are located in Dalnegorsky District and are maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. Silver is extracted simultaneously with tungsten from tungsten ores deposits in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts.

More than 60 deposits of gold are found in the territory of the krai. Most of them are placer deposits. The southern part of the krai is the richest in placer deposits. Significant gold placer sites are at Kommisarovsky (the Pogranichnaya river), Fadeyevsky (the Fadeyevka river), Krinichny (the Bolshaya Rudnevka river), Nakhodkinsky (the Korobkovka river), and Soboliny (the Sobolinaya river). Okean Artel and Primorsky Mine are engaged in gold extraction. Gold is also extracted from complex deposits of tungsten ores.

The Voznesenovsky and Pogranichny deposits of rare-metal- fluorspar ore are located in Khorolsky District . The Voznesenovskoye deposit was prospected in 1948. It is maintained by the Yaroslavsky Mining Group Stock Company and there is a 20-year supply of ore. The ore is a complex ore. Fluorspar totals 10 percent of the mineral content of the ore. The ore contains such rare metals as beryllium , lithium , tantalum , and niobium . The Usuglinskoye mine is one of the largest fluorite mines in Russia, having estimated reserves of 2.9 million tonnes of ore.

Russia's largest deposit of boron -containing ore (boron silicates) is located in Dalnegorsky District . The deposit is operated by Bor Stock Company . The enterprise has 50 years' supply of borosilicates stocks.

There are more than 100 large deposits of various construction materials.

The Spasskaya group includes the Spasskoye and Dlinnogorskoye limestone deposits. The stocks total more than 100 million tons and are maintained by Spassktsement Stock Company.

The Suchanskaya group includes the Novitskoye and Chandolazskoye limestone deposits, which are located in Partizansky District . These deposits are suitable for the production of Portland cement of 400 and 500 types. The stocks total approximately more than 1 billion tons.

The Maikhinskaya group includes the Maikhinskoye and Glubinnogorskoye deposits located in Shkotovsky District . The estimated stocks of limestone in both deposits total about 60 million tons.

Ashlar stones

There are numerous deposits of granites , porphyrites, and marbles which, when polished, acquire a smooth surface of beautiful color. These deposits are located in Lesozavodsky, Khorolsky , Khasansky , Spassky , Chernigovsky , Partizansky , and other districts.

The Ambinskoye deposit of marble is located in Khasanky District. This marble is highly decorative and is easily polished. The estimated stocks total more than 2 million m 3 (70.6 million ft 3 ).

The Knorringskoye deposit of ashlar stones is located in Chernigovsky District . The estimated stocks total about 10 million m 3 (35.3 million ft 3 ). They are similar in color to the famous American ashlar stones.

There are more than 100 deposits of fusible clay which is used in brick production in the krai. Fusible clay deposits are found almost everywhere in the krai, except its northeastern parts. The Uglovskaya, Ussuriyskaya, and Spasskaya group of fusible clay deposits are noteworthy in this area.

The krai's largest stocks, a total of more than fifteen million tons, is the Uglovskaya group of deposits located in Uglovoye settlement. The deposits provide raw material to the brick factories in Vladivostok and Artyom .

There are more than twenty deposits of refractory clay and fireclay . The clay is suitable for the manufacture of bricks and ceramics . The largest deposits are located in Oktyabrsky and Chernigovsky District , and in Artyom .

The Lipovetskoye Deposit of refractory clay is located in Oktyabrsky District. The estimated stocks total about 1.5 million tons and are maintained by the Lipovetsky Brick Factory.

The Ozernovskoye deposit of fireclay is located in Uglovoye settlement. The estimated stocks total about 2 million tons and have been used for the manufacture of bricks since 1964.

Porcelain stones

Primorsky krai's best-known Gusevskoye deposit of porcelain stone is located in Khasansky District . The material is used by the Vladivostok and Artyom Porcelain Factories. The estimated stocks total about 3 million tons.

Feldspar rhyolites

The Sergeyevskoye deposit of ceramic rhyolites is located in Partizansky District . It may be used for the manufacture of porcelain .

Demographics

Demographics in the past

Several Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples lived here before Russian colonization: Udege , Nanai , Nivkh , Orochs , Ulchs , Oroks , and Manchus . [ citation needed ]

Contemporary demographics

Population : According to the 2021 Census , the population of the krai was 1,845,165, down from 1,956,497 recorded in the 2010 Census , and further down from 2,258,391 recorded in the 1989 Census . Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also Ukrainians , Koreans , Volga Germans , Buryats , Nanai , Japanese , Chinese and Orochs . The Udege and their sub-minority, the Taz , are the region's aboriginals.

Vital statistics for 2022:

• Births: 16,150 (8.7 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 27,690 (14.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): 1.43 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.61 years (male — 63.98, female — 73.45)

Settlements

Ethnic groups.

In the 2021 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:

According to a 2012 survey 26.6% of the population of Primorsky Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 6% are unaffiliated Christians , 1% adheres to other Eastern Orthodox churches or is an Eastern Orthodox believer without belonging to any church, and 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to local Siberian native faiths. In addition, 24% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious , 35% is atheist , and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. This is one of the least religious regions in Russia.

The krai is the location of the massive Sikhote-Alin meteorite , which fell February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains , near the village of Paseka (approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok). [ citation needed ]

External links

• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch ; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Maritime Province"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 724–725.
• Pacific Coast of Russia
• States and territories established in 1938
• 1938 establishments in the Soviet Union
• Russian Far East
• Far Eastern Federal District
• Krais of Russia
• Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

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