disaster management essay plus one

Disaster Management Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on disaster management.

Nature has various manifestations both gentle as well as aggressive. We see how sometimes it is so calm while the other times it becomes fierce. The calm side is loved by everyone, of course, however, when the ferocious side is shown, devastation happens. As humans cannot control everything, certain things of nature are out of our control.

Similarly, when natural disasters happen, humans cannot control them. However, we can prevent them. In other words, whenever a calamitous situation arises that may disturb the life and ecosystem, we need emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disaster are not predictable, they can take place anywhere at any time. To understand disaster management thoroughly, we need to first identify the types of disasters.

Types of Disasters

If we look at the disasters that have taken place earlier, we can easily say that nature is not merely responsible for them to happen. They happen due to other reasons too. This is why we have classified them in different categories. First comes the natural disasters which are caused by natural processes. They are the most dangerous disaster to happen which causes loss of life and damage to the earth. Some of the deadliest natural disasters are earthquakes , floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, and more.

As no country is spared from any kind of disasters, India also falls in the same category. In fact, the geographical location of India makes it a very disaster-prone country. Each year, India faces a number of disasters like floods, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, cyclones, droughts and more. When we look at the man-made disasters, India suffered the Bhopal Gas Tragedy as well as the plague in Gujarat. To stop these incidents from happening again, we need to strengthen our disaster management techniques to prevent destructive damage.

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Disaster Management

Disaster management refers to the efficient management of resources and responsibilities that will help in lessening the impact of the disaster. It involves a well-planned plan of action so we can make effective efforts to reduce the dangers caused by the disaster to a minimum.

Most importantly, one must understand that disaster management does not necessarily eliminate the threat completely but it decreases the impact of the disaster. It focuses on formulating specific plans to do so. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India is responsible for monitoring the disasters of the country. This organization runs a number of programs to mitigate the risks and increase the responsiveness.

Proper disaster management can be done when we make the citizens aware of the precautionary measures to take when they face emergency situations. For instance, everyone must know we should hide under a bed or table whenever there is an earthquake. Thus, the NDMA needs to take more organized efforts to decrease the damage that disasters are causing. If all the citizens learn the basic ways to save themselves and if the government takes more responsive measures, we can surely save a lot of life and vegetation.

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Disaster Management Essay

Essay on Disaster Management

Disaster Management is the arrangement and management of the resources following a disaster, be it natural or man-made. There are so many organizations who are dealing with various types of disastrous situations from the humanitarian aspect. Some disasters are just the consequences of human hazards and some are caused by natural calamity. However, we can prevent them by taking the necessary emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disasters cannot be predicted, they can take place anywhere at any time. 

Vedantu has provided an essay on Disaster management on this page. Students who have received an assignment to write an essay on Disaster Management or preparing an essay for examination can refer to this page to understand the pattern. Any student or parent can directly visit Vedantu site or download the app on the phone to get access to the study materials.  

Disaster Management’ is the simple term of management which embraces loads of disaster-related activities. Disaster occurs frequently in some parts of the world. Japan is the best example of it. Japanese people are annoyed on Tsunamis and earthquakes. The local scene is not much different from the global one. No one could forget the cyclone in Orissa, Earthquake in Gujarat or even the Mumbai Terrorist Attack.

Natural and man-made are the two categories of the disaster. Natural disasters are those which occurred due to sudden changes in the environment or topography causing uncountable human as well as economic loss. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and cloudbursts are few of the natural disasters. Manual intentional made disasters are man-made disasters. For example, Gas leakage, terrorist attacks, fire, oil spills. Man-made disasters are the result of human intentions or might be because of workmanship or technical errors. The count of man-made and natural disasters is rising rapidly.

Here are a few things which will help us to deal with earthquakes. The significant information about Natural calamities is predicted easier and is being shared within the public by the central bureau. Furthermore, earthquake-resistant structures are constructed considering, ‘Precaution is Better Than Cure’. Reflexes are made so strong that cover of solid platforms such as a table and chair should be taken as soon as the danger is sensible while the cover of trees, electric poles or buildings is avoided as far as possible. Keep in touch with local news during heavy rainy days. Any flood is preceded with significant time. Making proper use of divine buffer time for safety is advisable. Strategically planning of water reservoirs, land uses, tree plantation, rainwater harvesting techniques help us increase immunity power to fight against the drought. 

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), American Red Cross, Federal Emergency Management Agency, International Association of Emergency Managers etc. are the best disaster management authorities. NDMA is a core body which obeys the law of Disaster Management. The reputed disaster managers are stuck in finding plans for rescuing from the loss of disaster. Moreover, to counteract the effect of disaster Rajya Sabha passed the ‘Disaster Management Act’ on 23 December 2005 which includes 11 chapters and 79 sections in it. Honourable Prime Minister of India Mr Narendra Modi holds the position of chairman of it. 

Youngsters should motivate themselves to learn and practice plenty of disaster management techniques and arrange the camps regarding it. Today, everyone is fighting against one of the breathtaking disasters named COVID-19 which is as big as fighting in world war. Avoiding the crowd, wearing the mask are the basic precautions suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) during this period of fighting. This disease spreads mostly amongst the people who come in close contact with the infected one. So, it's suggested to keep a safe distance of around 3 meters within the others. This is being termed as ‘Social Distancing’. Nature is not cruel nor is it human. Just small management skills help us withstand before, in and after disasters. Uncountable suggestions and instructions in disaster management but few which apply every time must be followed.

Stages of Disaster Management

With proper implementation and structured action, we can prevent or lessen the impact of natural or man-made disasters. There are certain stages involving the cycle for disaster management plan which incorporates policies and emergency responses required for a prospectively complete recovery. The stages are –

The most preferred way to deal with disasters is to be proactive in their prevention rather than rushing later for their cure. This implies recognition of potential hazards and working towards infrastructure to mitigate their impact. This stage in the management cycle involves setting up permanent measures to minimize disaster risk.

Setting up an evacuation plan in a school, training the teachers to lead the students towards safe structures in the event of earthquake, tornado or fire, planning a strong base for high raised sky-scrapers to prepare for earthquakes and designing a city in such a manner that reduces the risk of flooding are some examples of measures takes for disaster prevention.

Mitigation is the first and the foremost attempt to save human lives during the time of disaster or their recovery from the aftermath. The measures which are taken can be both structural and non-structural.

Structural mitigation measures could include transforming the physical characteristics of a building or the surroundings to curb the effect, for example, clearing out of the trees around your house, ensuring that storms don’t knock down the trees and send them crashing into the house. Non-structural measures could include amending the building or locality codes to enhance safety and prevent disasters.

Preparedness

Preparedness is a process that involves a social community where the trained, or the head of the community, businesses and institutions demonstrate the plan of action which is supposed to be executed during the event of a disaster. It is an ongoing continuous process with anticipation of a calamity, which involves training, evaluating and taking corrective action with the highest level of alertness. Some examples of such prevention measures are fire drills, shooter drills and evacuation rehearsals.

The response is the action taken after the disaster has occurred to retrieve some life from it. It includes short-term and long-term responses. In ideal situations, the disaster-management leader will coordinate the use of resources in the restoration process and minimize the risk of further property damage.

During this stage, the area of the calamity is cleared if it poses any further threat to human as well as environmental life. For example, evacuation of the city of Chernobyl, Ukraine, is a responsive action against a disaster.

The fifth and last stage in the process of the disaster management plan is the recovery stage. This can sometimes take years or decades to happen. The larger mass of a city is also sometimes part of the recovery from a disaster. The greatest and the most infamous example of this is the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear attacks on Japan, it took the people of those cities years and decades to recover from that man-made calamity.

It took years of effort to stabilize the area and restore essential community or individual functions. The recovery stage prioritizes the basic essential needs of human survival like food, drinkable water, utilities, transportation and healthcare over less-essential services. Eventually, this stage is all about coordinating with individuals, communities and businesses to help each other to restore a normal or a new normal, as in the case of Covid-19.

How to Act as a Responsible Person During a Time of Disaster?

Some people have more experience than others with managing natural or man-made disasters and their prevention of them. Although this is that subject of life which should be studied and implemented by every business or community. As it is said rightly, “prevention is better than cure”, and any organization or an individual or a community can be hit by a disaster sooner or later, whether it's something as minor as a prolonged power cut or a life-threatening hurricane or an earthquake. Usually, the pandemics train us, as a social and political community, to deal with natural calamities and compel the organizations responsible for it, to build an infrastructure for its prevention.

To act responsibly and pro-actively during the event of a disaster, we have got to be prepared and equipped as a nation, individually and as a social community. To be well-educated and read with the aspects of disaster management is to be responsible for the handling of it.

FAQs on Disaster Management Essay

1. What is Disaster Management?

In simpler words, disaster management can be defined as the arrangement of resources and precautions to deal with all humanitarian aspects during an emergency. Disasters are the consequences of natural or human hazards. Earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes are some of the deadliest natural disasters to name a few. Examples of man-made disasters are bomb blast, radiations, transport accidents, terrorist attacks etc.

2. What is the Main Aim of Disaster Management?

The main aim of disaster management is prevention, rescue and recovery from the trauma, and development.

3. How to Write an Essay on Disaster Management?

Disaster management refers to the response to an emergency situation to make it as normal as possible. While writing an essay on Disaster Management, you can start with an introduction, then go on with the definition, the types of disaster management, a little in-depth explanation along with examples, and finish it off with a conclusion. 

4. Can I Get a Sample Essay on Disaster Management from Vedantu?

Yes, the essay mentioned on this page is about Disaster Management. This essay has been written by the experts of Vedantu keeping the understanding ability of the students of each class. 

5. What are the career opportunities in the field of Disaster management?

People looking for career opportunities in the field of disaster management have many pathways to approach it. Some examples of the jobs relating to this line of work are crisis-management leader, disaster-assistance specialist and emergency-planning coordinator. These are the roles which call for varying levels of responsibility in preparing a city or a company for catastrophic events. The job roles can be approached with earning a master’s degree in emergency and crisis management.

Essay on Disaster Management

Students are often asked to write an essay on Disaster Management in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Disaster Management

Understanding disaster management.

Disaster management is the process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. It’s like a game plan to handle emergencies.

The Importance of Disaster Management

Disaster management is important because it helps to reduce the impact of disasters. It saves lives and protects property.

Steps in Disaster Management

There are four steps: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Mitigation and preparedness happen before a disaster, while response and recovery happen after.

Role of Everyone

Everyone has a role in disaster management. We should all be prepared and know what to do in case of a disaster.

250 Words Essay on Disaster Management

Introduction.

Disaster management refers to the organization and management of resources for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, particularly when they have catastrophic consequences. Its primary aim is to minimize the harmful effects of disasters on humanity and the environment.

The Cycle of Disaster Management

Disaster management operates in a cycle, encompassing four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Mitigation attempts to prevent hazards from developing into disasters or reduce the effects of disasters. Preparedness involves developing plans and systems to respond effectively when disasters occur. Response is the immediate reaction to a disaster, while recovery aims to restore the affected area to its previous state.

Importance of Disaster Management

Disaster management is crucial in ensuring a systematic response to natural or man-made disasters. It helps in saving lives, reducing economic losses, and maintaining societal functions. Furthermore, it aids in building resilient communities that can withstand and recover from disasters.

Challenges in Disaster Management

Despite its importance, disaster management faces several challenges, such as inadequate funding, lack of public awareness, and coordination issues among different agencies. Achieving effective disaster management requires overcoming these obstacles through increased funding, public education, and improved inter-agency coordination.

In a world where disasters are becoming increasingly frequent and severe due to climate change and other factors, effective disaster management is more important than ever. By understanding and addressing the challenges in this field, we can build a safer, more resilient world for future generations.

500 Words Essay on Disaster Management

Introduction to disaster management.

Disasters, whether natural or man-made, have the potential to alter the course of life, causing extensive damage to life, property, and the environment. Effective disaster management strategies can significantly reduce the negative impacts of such events. For instance, they can minimize loss of life, ensure faster recovery, and safeguard the socio-economic fabric of the community.

Phases of Disaster Management

Disaster management can be divided into four critical phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.

Preparedness

This phase involves the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately following a disaster. The main aim is to reduce the impact of the disaster and facilitate recovery operations.

Role of Technology in Disaster Management

Effective disaster management is a collective and coordinated effort that involves various stakeholders, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, communities, and individuals. It requires a proactive approach that focuses not only on responding to disasters but also on preventing and mitigating their effects. By incorporating advanced technologies and fostering community participation, we can improve our resilience to disasters and ensure a safer and more secure future.

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Essay on Disaster Management

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In the contemporary world, disasters have become a frequent, albeit unwelcome, part of human life. From natural calamities like earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes to man-made crises such as industrial accidents and terrorist attacks, the spectrum of disasters is vast and varied. The omnipresent threat posed by these disasters necessitates an effective and efficient disaster management strategy. This essay delves into the essence of disaster management, its phases, the challenges involved, and the role of technology and community participation in enhancing disaster resilience.

Disaster Management

Disaster management refers to the systematic process of creating strategies aimed at limiting the adverse impacts of disasters. It encompasses a broad range of activities, including preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts, to safeguard lives, property, and the environment. Effective disaster management is imperative not only for saving lives but also for maintaining economic stability and ensuring sustainable development.

The Phases of Disaster Management

Disaster management can be delineated into four critical phases, each of which plays a pivotal role in managing disasters.

1. Mitigation

Mitigation involves efforts to reduce the risk of disaster occurrences or diminish their effects. These measures include constructing buildings that can withstand earthquakes, improving drainage systems to prevent flooding, and implementing strict zoning and land-use practices. Mitigation strategies aim at preventing disasters from occurring and, failing that, reducing the impact of disasters when they occur.

2. Preparedness

Preparedness focuses on planning how to respond when a disaster strikes. This phase includes training emergency responders, establishing warning systems, conducting disaster drills, and developing evacuation plans. Preparedness efforts ensure that when a disaster occurs, the response is swift, coordinated, and effective, thereby minimizing loss of life and damage to property.

3. Response

The response phase is activated once a disaster occurs. It involves the mobilization of emergency services, volunteers, and other resources to save lives, provide shelter, and meet the basic needs of those affected. The effectiveness of the response phase heavily relies on the preparedness measures that have been put in place.

4. Recovery

Recovery is the process of restoring the affected community to its pre-disaster state. It includes rebuilding infrastructure, restoring public services, and providing support to the impacted individuals and businesses. Recovery can be a long-term process, focusing on not only the restoration of the physical aspects but also the emotional, economic, and social recovery of the community.

Challenges in Disaster Management

Despite the best efforts, disaster management faces numerous challenges. These include:

• Lack of Resources: Many regions, especially in developing countries, lack the necessary resources, including finances, equipment, and trained personnel, to effectively manage disasters.
• Communication Breakdown: Effective communication is crucial during disasters. However, disasters often disrupt communication infrastructure, making it challenging to coordinate response efforts and disseminate information to the public.
• Coordination Among Agencies: Multiple agencies are involved in disaster management, including local, state, and federal governments, NGOs, and international bodies. Ensuring seamless coordination among these entities is often a daunting task.
• Climate Change: The increasing impact of climate change is exacerbating the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, posing new challenges to disaster management strategies.

The Role of Technology in Disaster Management

Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of disaster management. Innovations such as satellite imagery, GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and drones provide critical information for disaster preparedness and response. Social media and mobile technology have revolutionized the way information is disseminated and have improved communication between disaster management agencies and the public. Additionally, early warning systems powered by advanced forecasting technologies can save countless lives by providing timely alerts about impending disasters.

Community Participation in Disaster Management

Community participation is fundamental to the success of disaster management efforts. Local communities are the first to respond to disasters and thus, empowering them through education and training is vital. Community-based disaster management programs encourage local involvement in disaster preparedness activities, such as evacuation drills and first aid training, ensuring that communities are better equipped to cope with disasters. Engaging communities also fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility towards local disaster management initiatives.

In conclusion, Disaster management is a complex and multifaceted field that requires the concerted efforts of governments, organizations, communities, and individuals. By understanding the phases of disaster management and addressing the associated challenges, we can enhance our resilience to disasters. The integration of technology and the active participation of communities further strengthen disaster management frameworks, making our societies more robust and better prepared to face the inevitable challenges posed by disasters. As we move forward, it is imperative that disaster management strategies evolve in tandem with the changing dynamics of disasters, ensuring a safer and more resilient world for future generations.

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Disaster Management’ for class 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays ‘Disaster Management’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Disaster Management

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Awareness Programmes for Disaster Management

Essay # 1. Introduction to Disaster Management:

India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo- climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought.

In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year. The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has been astronomical. At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters.

Even as scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not decision. In fact, the human toll and economic losses have mounted. It was in this background that the Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990-2000 as the International Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict economic damage through concerted international action, especially in developing countries.

Over the past couple of years, the Government of India has brought about a paradigm shift in approach to disaster management. The new approach proceeds from the conviction that develop cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into the development process. Another stone of the approach is that mitigation has to be multi-disciplinary spanning across all sectors.

The new policy also emanates from the belief that investments in mitigation are much cost effective than expenditure on relief and rehabilitation. Disaster management occupies an important place in this country’s policy framework as it is poor and the under­privileged who are worst affected on account of calamities/disasters.

The steps being taken by the Government emanate from the approach outlined above. The app: has been translated into a National Disaster Framework [a roadmap] covering institutional mechanic; disaster prevention strategy, early warning system, disaster mitigation, preparedness and response human resource development.

The expected inputs, areas of intervention and agencies to be in at the national, state and district levels have been identified and listed in the roadmap. This road has been shared with all the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations.

Ministries Departments of Government of India, and the State Governments/UT Administrations have been develop their respective roadmaps taking the national roadmap as a broad guideline. There is, therefore: now a common strategy underpinning the action being taken by the entire participating organisation stakeholders.

The approach is being put into effect through:

1. Institutional changes

2. Enunciation of policy

3. Legal and techno-legal framework

4. Mainstreaming Mitigation into development process

5. Funding mechanism

6. Specific schemes addressing mitigation

7. Preparedness measures

8. Capacity building

9. Human resource development and, above all, community participation.

In India, the role of emergency management falls to National Disaster Management of India, a government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Home Affairs. In recent years, there has been a shift in emphasis, from response and recovery to strategic risk management and reduction, and from a government-centered approach to decentralized community participation.

Survey of India, an agency within the Ministry of Science and Technology, is also playing a role in this field, through bringing the academic knowledge and research expertise of earth scientists to the emergency management process.

Essay # 2. Meaning of Disaster Management:

Disaster management means a systematic response to a disaster. Earlier the approach to disaster was relief centric and was limited to providing relief to the disaster affected area. For the first time, the Tenth Five Year Plan devoted a chapter to disaster management. The approach subsequently changed and pre-empting the disaster, assessing disaster risk and taking preventive measures has also become a part of disaster management.

The Disaster Management Act was notified on 26th December, 2005 which defines disaster management as “a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; capacity building; preparedness to deal with any disaster; prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; assessing the severity of magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief; and rehabilitation and reconstruction.”

The Act provided for a dedicated and institutionalized framework to coordinate various aspects of disaster management. A National Policy on Disaster Management, which provided detailed guidelines on disaster management, was announced in 2009.

Essay # 3. Institutions of Disaster Management:

The Disaster Management Act 2005 has provided the legal and institutional framework for disaster management in India at the national, state and district levels. In the federal policy of India the primary responsibility of disaster management vests with the State Governments.

The Central Government lays down policies and guidelines and provides technical, financial and logistic support while the district administration carries out most of the operations in collaboration with central and state level agencies.

In the Central Government there are existing institutions and mechanisms for disaster management while new dedicated institutions have been created under the Disaster Management Act of 2005.

The Cabinet Committee on Management of Natural Calamities (CCMNC) oversees all aspects relating to the management of natural calamities including assessment of the situation and identification of measures and programmes considered necessary to reduce its impact, monitor and suggest long term measures for prevention of such calamities, formulate and recommend programmes for public awareness for building up society’s resilience to them. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) deals with the matters relating to nuclear, biological and chemical emergencies.

The National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) under the Cabinet Secretary oversees the Command, Control and Coordination of the disaster response. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has created new institutions at the national, state, district and local levels.

The new institutional framework for disaster management in the country is as under:

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister is the apex body responsible for laying down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management and for coordinating their enforcement and implementation throughout the country.

The policies and guidelines will assist the Central Ministries, State Governments and district administration to formulate their respective plans and programmes. NDMA has the power to approve the National Plans and the Plans of the respective Ministries and Departments of Government of India. The general superintendence, direction and control of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are vested in and will be exercised by the NDMA.

The National Executive Committee (NEC) is mandated to assist the NDMA in the discharge of its functions and further ensure compliance of the directions issued by the Central Government. The NEC comprises of the Union Home Secretary as the Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the GOI in the Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, Finance (Expenditure), Health, Power, Rural Development, Science and Technology, Space, Telecommunications, Urban Development, Water Resources and the Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee as members.

Secretaries in the Ministry of External Affairs, Earth Sciences, Human Resource Development, Mines, Shipping, Road Transport and Highways and Secretary, NDMA are special invitees to the meetings of the NEC. The National Executive Committee is responsible to prepare the National Plan and coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy and the guidelines issued by NDMA.

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in the Central Government has the overall responsibility for disaster management in the country.

For a few specific types of disasters the concerned Ministries have the nodal responsibilities for management of the disasters, as under:

The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has the mandate for human resource development and capacity building for disaster management within the broad policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA. NIDM is required to design, develop and implement training programmes, undertake research, formulate and implement a comprehensive human resource development plan, provide assistance in national policy formulation, assist other research and training institutes, state governments and other organizations for successfully discharging their responsibilities, develop educational materials for dissemination and promote awareness among stakeholders in addition to undertake any other function as assigned to it by the Central Government.

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is the specialized force for disaster response which works under the overall supervision and control of the NDMA.

At the State Level the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), headed by the Chief Minister, lays down policies and plans for disaster management in the state. It is also responsible to coordinate the implementation of the State Plan, recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the developmental plans of the different departments of the state to ensure integration of prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures.

The State Disaster Management Department (DMD) which is mostly positioned in the Revenue and Relief Department is the nodal authority.

In the district level the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) is headed by the District Magistrate, with the elected representative of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. DDMA is the planning, coordinating and implementing body for disaster management at district level. It will, inter alia prepare the District Disaster Management Plan and monitor the implementation of the National and State Policies and the National, State and the District Plans.

DDMA will also ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all departments of the State Government at the district level and the local authorities in the district.

The Local Authorities both the rural local self-governing institutions (Panchayati Raj Institutions) and urban local bodies (Municipalities, Cantonment Boards and Town Planning Authorities) These bodies will ensure capacity building of their officers and employees for managing disasters, carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the affected areas and will prepare DM Plans in consonance with guidelines of the NDMA, SDMAs and DDMAs.

Disaster Management Act (2005):

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 came into the statute book on 26 December, 2005 by a Gazette notification, exactly on the first anniversary of the devastating tsunami of 2004, which killed nearly 13,000 people in India alone and affected 18 million people. The Act provides a legal and institutional framework for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”

It provides for establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA) at the National, State and District levels with adequate financial and administrative powers and creation of the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) with the mandate of undertaking training and capacity building, Develop Training Modules on various aspects of disaster management, Undertake Research and Documentation, Formulate and implement comprehensive HRD Plan covering all aspects of DM, Provide assistance in national level policy formulation and Provide assistance to state governments and State Training Institutions.

The act also provides guidelines for creation of National Disaster Response Fund, National Mitigation Fund, Establishment of funds by State Government and Allocation of funds by Ministries and Departments for Emergency Procurement. The act also provides for establishment of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).

National Policy on Disaster Management in 2009 :

The National Policy on Disaster Management was approved by the Government in November 2009. This comprehensive policy document lays down policies on every aspect of holistic management of disasters in the country.

The policy has thirteen chapters as under:

1. Preamble

2. Approach and Objectives

3. Institutional and Legal Arrangements

4. Financial Arrangements

5. Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness

6. Techno-Legal Regime

7. Response

8. Relief and Rehabilitation

9. Reconstruction and recovery

10. Capacity development

11. Knowledge management

12. Research and development

13. Road ahead

Salient Features of India’s National Policy on Disaster Management:

India’s National Policy on Disaster Management was approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 22nd October, 2009 with the aim to minimize the losses to lives, livelihoods and property, caused by natural or manmade disasters with a vision to build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive, integrated, Multi-disaster oriented and technology driven strategy.

With this national policy in place in India, a holistic and integrated approach will be evolved towards disaster management with emphasis on building strategic partnerships at various levels. The themes underpinning the policy include Community based Disaster Management, Capacity development in all spheres, Consolidation of past initiatives and best practices and Cooperation with agencies at national and international levels with multi-sectoral synergy.

The Policy is also intended to promote a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through knowledge, innovation and education. It encourages mitigation measures based on environmental sustainability. It seeks to mainstream disaster management into the developmental planning process and provides for institutional and financial arrangements at national, state, and district-levels for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and Response as it ensures adequate budgeting for disaster mitigation activities in all Ministries and Departments.

I. State Policies on Disaster Management:

The States of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala have formulated State Disaster Management Policies. Tamil Nadu, Chattisgarh, Uttrakhand, Meghalaya, Bihar, Rajasthan, Delhi, Orissa and West Bengal have prepared draft policies.

II. State Relief Codes/DM Codes:

Many States have manuals and codes for management of drought, floods etc. Now many states are in the process of changing their State Relief codes into Disaster Management Manuals.

Essay # 4. Disaster Management Cycle:

Earthquakes, landslides, floods, hurricanes, famines typhoons, and other disasters affect millions of people and cause a lot of financial loss to the nation every year. Many of these events are impossible to predict precisely, but with the disaster response community has a variety of tools that can employ to reduce thereafter effects.

The community understands these tools as arrayed across a “disaster management cycle” that includes work from prevention efforts all the way through long-term recovery and “building back better.”

The disaster management cycle includes several phases:

1. Mitigation:

Disaster mitigation work involves directly preventing future emergencies and/or minimizing their negative effects. It requires hazard risk analysis and the application of strategies to reduce the likelihood that hazards will become disasters, such as flood-proofing homes or buying insurance.

2. Preparedness:

Disaster preparedness efforts include plans or preparations made in advance of an emergency that help individuals and communities get ready. Such preparations might include the stocking of food and water, medicine, or the gathering and screening of willing volunteers.

3. Response:

Disaster response work includes any actions taken in the midst of or immediately following an emergency, including efforts to save lives and to prevent further property damage. Ideally, disaster response involves putting already established disaster preparedness plans into motion. Typically, this phase of the disaster life cycle draws the most attention.

4. Recovery:

Disaster recovery happens after damages have been assessed, and involves actions to return the affected community to its pre-disaster state or better-and ideally to make it less vulnerable to future risk. Risk identification includes understanding the nature of hazards as well as understanding the nature of vulnerabilities. Subsequent efforts may range from physical upgrades to education, training, and public awareness campaigns.

Essay # 5. Plan Preparation for Disaster Management:

Programme staff has selected 100 villagers (including women) who will be given intensive disaster management training. This will include preparation for post-earthquake, cyclone and fire situations. The objective of the programme is to help build up, within a short period of time, a mechanism that can respond to natural calamities and help save lives.

Results of the training should include better coordination with relief and rescue efforts of the government and humanitarian agencies so as to avoid the common mismanagement that often hampers relief operations following natural disasters.

By prioritising measures for vulnerability reduction in a transparent, accountable and inclusive way, the programme aims to shape future disaster response and related development projects in other areas of Gujarat, as well as in other drought prone states.

Disaster Contingency Plan Preparation :

A good disaster contingency plan consists of organizing resources, assessing risks, developing a plan, implementing the plan and monitoring it. The plan is a constantly changing document. The plan needs to be flexible because communities and resources change over time.

The goal of the plan is to reduce or eliminate the loss of life. The plan strives to do the same for property damage resulting from natural hazards. Understand that your plan might be different for different types of emergencies.

You would respond differently to a house fire than you would a state emergency for disaster:

1. Organize your resources. Take an inventory of resources that would be needed and available in the event of various emergencies. Resources can be other people as well as organizations. Create an emergency list of contacts. Be sure to include area codes, especially if you have younger children. Create an inventory of household items and family assets. Keep it in a water and fire-proof safe.

2. Assess your risks. Determine the potential problems in your household and in your community. Include tornadoes or wind storms in your plan if you live in an area prone to these meteorological events.

3. Develop a plan and set priorities. Make an evacuation map of your house. Include each room and possible escape routes from each room. Consider where your family would meet if a disaster happened while your children were at school and you were at work. Learn how to turn off your utilities. Include your pets in your planning.

4. Implement the plan and monitor its progress. Hold regular drills at home. Make sure everyone knows where to go and what to do in an emergency.

5. Make an emergency kit. Include blankets, food and snacks high in protein, water, a flashlight and batteries. The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency also recommends a first aid kit, extra clothes, a tool kit, duct tape, a towline, a utility knife, and extra medication if applicable.

Disaster Management Plan Preparation :

The preparation of plans must fulfill the statutory requirements as laid down in the Disaster Management Act and must ensure that efforts have been made by the department to fulfill statutory duties-failure of which invites stringent liabilities including criminal proceedings by the law of the State.

This planning exercise is an effort made to mainstream all issues concerned with emergency preparedness, response and mitigation/risk reduction activities.

The department should include the following components in the department plan:

1. Planning on emergency response at all levels.

2. Planning on providing relief and recovery support (post-disaster).

3. Planning on prevention and mitigation issues (including mainstreaming mitigation into the development)

4. Programmes supported by schemes financed by the state government (multilateral bilateral and donor institutions).

5. Planning for resources such as financial and human resource to fulfill the above three components.

The roles and responsibilities (in fulfilling the above four components) of all the actors and agencies within the department should be clearly spelt out in the plan. This will avoid ambiguity and confusion while executing the plan in the times of crisis. Thus, the roles and responsibilities under the above listed heads/sections should be prepared and the responsibilities assigned.

Department plan must clearly identify and assess the current capacity of the department. In other words, the department assess the availability of human resources/manpower, equipment, need for training and further capacity building through human resource development plan. In addition, existing resource allocation by the department on disaster management functions and requirements of additional funds for a minimum period of next three years must be indicated in the plan.

Essay # 6. Principles of Disaster Management:

The principles of disaster management are:

1. Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government. No single service or department in itself has the capability to achieve comprehensive disaster management. Each affected service or department must have a disaster management plan which is coordinated through the Disaster Management Advisory Forum.

2. Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose. There are limited resources available specifically for disasters, and it would be neither cost effective nor practical to have large holdings of dedicated disaster resources. However, municipalities must ensure that there is a minimum budget allocation to enable appropriate response to incidents as they arise, and to prepare for and reduce the risk of disasters occurring.

3. Organisations should function as an extension of their core business. Disaster management is about the use of resources in the most effective manner. To achieve this during disasters, organisations should be employed in a manner that reflects their day-to-day role. But it should be done in a coordinated manner across all relevant organisations, so that it is multidisciplinary and multi-agency.

4. Individuals are responsible for their own safety. Individuals need to be aware of the hazards that could affect their community and the counter measures, which include the Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that are in place to deal with them.

5. Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events. It is easier to scale down a response than it is to scale up if arrangements have been based on incident scale events. If you are well prepared for a major disaster you will be able to respond very well to smaller incidents and emergencies, nevertheless, good multi agency responses to incidents do help in the event of a major disaster.

6. Disaster management planning should recognise the difference between incidents and disasters. Incidents, e.g., fires that occur in informal settlements, floods that occur regularly, still require multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional coordination. The scale of the disaster will indicate when it is beyond the capacity of the municipality to respond, and when it needs the involvement of other agencies.

7. Disaster management operational arrangements are additional to and do not replace incident management operational arrangements. Single service incident management operational arrangements will need to continue, whenever practical, during disaster operations.

8. Disaster management planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population. The physical shape and size of the Municipality and the spread of population must be considered when developing counter disaster plans to ensure that appropriate prevention, preparation, response and recovery mechanisms can be put in place in a timely manner.

9. Disaster management arrangements must recognize the involvement and potential role of non-government agencies. Significant skills and resources needed during disaster operations are controlled by non-government agencies. These agencies must be consulted and included in the planning process.

Goal of Disaster Management:

1. Reduce or avoid losses from hazards

2. Assure prompt assistance to victims

3. Achieve rapid and effective recovers. 

Essay # 7. Financial Agreements for Disaster Management:

Financing of Relief Expenditures :

The policy arrangements for meeting relief expenditure related to natural disasters are, by and large, based on the recommendations of successive finance commissions. The two main windows presently open for meeting such expenditures are the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) and National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF). The Calamity Relief Fund is used for meeting the expenditure for providing immediate relief to the victims of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm.

Expenditure on restoration of damaged capital works should ordinarily be met from the normal budgetary heads, except when it is to be incurred as part of providing immediate relief, such as restoration of drinking water sources or provision of shelters etc., or restoration of communication links for facilitating relief operations.

The amount of annual contribution to the CRF of each State for each of the financial years 2000-01 to 2004-05 is as indicated by the Finance Commission. Of the total contribution indicated, the Government of India contributes 75 per cent of the total yearly allocation in the form of a non-plan grant, and the balance amount is contributed by the State Government concerned. A total of Rs.11,007.59 crore was provided for the Calamity Relief Fund from 2000-05.

Pursuant to the recommendations of the Eleventh Finance Commission, apart from the CRF, a National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) Scheme came into force with effect from the financial year 2000-01 and would be operative till the end of the financial year 2004-05.

NCCF is intended to cover natural calamities like cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm, which are considered to be of severe nature requiring expenditure by the State Government in excess of the balances available in its own Calamity Relief Fund.

The assistance from NCCF is available only for immediate relief and rehabilitation. Any reconstruction of assets or restoration of damaged capital should be financed through re-allocation of Plan funds. There is need for defining the arrangements in this regard.

The initial corpus of the National Fund is Rs.500 crore, provided by the Government of India. This fund is required to be recouped by levy of special surcharge for a limited period on central taxes. An amount of about Rs.2,300 crore has already been released to States from NCCF. A list of items and norms of expenditure for assistance chargeable to CRF/NCCF in the wake of natural calamities is prescribed in detail from time to time.

Financing of Disaster Management through Five Year Plans :

Although not specifically addressed in Five Year Plan documents in the past, the Government of India has a long history of using funds from the Plan for mitigating natural disasters. Funds are 11 provided under plan schemes i.e., various schemes of Government of India, such as for drinking water, employment generation, inputs for agriculture and flood control measures etc.

There are also facilities for rescheduling short-term loans taken for agriculture purposes upon certification by the District/ State administration. Central Government’s assets/ infrastructure are to be repaired/rectified by the respective Ministry/Department of Government of India.

Besides this, at the occurrence of a calamity of great magnitude, funds flow from donors, both local and international, for relief and rehabilitation, and in few cases for long- term preparedness/preventive measures. Funds for the latter purposes are also available from multilateral funding agencies such as the World Bank. These form part of the state.

There are also a number of important ongoing schemes that specifically help reduce disaster vulnerability.

Some of these are:

a. Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP),

b. Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP),

c. Desert Development Programme (DDP),

d. Flood Control Programme,

e. National Afforestation and Eco-development Programme (NA & ED),

f. Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP),

g. Crop Insurance, Sampurn Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY),

h. Food for Work etc.

Initiatives Proposed by Various Bodies Regarding Financing under the Plan :

References have recently been made to the role of the Plan in disaster management by the High Power Committee (HPC) on Disaster Management, as well as by the Eleventh Finance Commission. The HPC was constituted in 1999 and submitted its Report in October 2001. The HPC took an overview of all recent disasters (natural as well as manmade) in the country and identified common response and preparedness mechanisms on the basis of a series of consultations with a number of government, non-government, national and international agencies and media organisations.

An important recommendation of the Committee was that at least 10 per cent of plan funds at the national, state and district levels be earmarked and apportioned for schemes which specifically address areas such as prevention, reduction, preparedness and mitigation of disasters.

The Eleventh Finance Commission too paid detailed attention to the issue of disaster management and, in its chapter on calamity relief, came out with a number of recommendations, of which the following have a direct bearing on the Plan:

1. Expenditure on restoration of infrastructure and other capital assets, except those that are intrinsically connected with relief operations and connectivity with the affected area and population, should be met from the plan funds on priority basis.

2. Medium and long-term measures be devised by the concerned Ministries of the Government of India, the State Governments and the Planning Commission to reduce, and if possible, eliminate, the occurrences of these calamities by undertaking developmental works.

3. The Planning Commission, in consultation with the State Governments and concerned Ministries, should be able to identify works of a capital nature to prevent the recurrence of specific calamities. These works may be funded under the Plan.

Essay # 8. Challenges in Disaster Management:

Logistics and supply chain management underpin responses to humanitarian crises. Disaster management cannot be handled by single agency.

Following are the real factors that affect the most in any location:

1. Reconstruction challenges

2. De-forestation

3. Climate change

4. Geographical locations

5. Speed of delivery

6. Movement of people from disastrous zones

7. Influx of humanitarian staff

8. Gaps in NGO capacity

9. Funding biasness

10. Lack of depth in knowledge

11. Lack of investment in technology and communication

Essay # 9. Role of Indian Armed Forces and Government in Disaster Management:

Role of Indian Armed Forces in Disaster Management:

Whenever a disaster strikes, either it is natural or man-made, the Indian armed forces are called upon to handle the situation. They are always ready to move to any kind of disaster- affected areas and have the guts to work under adverse conditions.

India is one of the most vulnerable nations in the world, susceptible to multiple natural disasters owing to its unique topographic and climatic conditions. Its coastal states, particularly the eastern coast and Gujarat are exposed to cyclones, 40 million hectares (eight per cent) of land mass is flood prone, 68 per cent faces drought threat, 55 per cent of the area is in seismic zones III-IV and falls under earthquakes-prone belt and sub-Himalayan region and Western Ghats are threatened by landslides.

Moreover, India is increasingly getting susceptible to man-made disasters related to industrialization, transportation, environmental degradation and terrorist attacks. Besides, there is no legal ratification either at the Union or the state governments level to deal with such disasters in comprehensive manner as the subject of disaster management is not specified under any of the three lists (Central, state and concurrent) of Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

The government of India is aware of the urgent need for better disaster response mechanism, but the overall trend in the nation has indicated that the level of preparedness of the Centre as well as the states is extremely uneven and requires considerable strengthening.

Fortunately, the Centre and a number of states have displayed growing appreciation for the need of effective disaster management strategies. Of late, the nodal agency for coordination of relief, response and overall natural disaster management is positioned under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.

However, when any disaster occurs in India, the armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are called upon to intervene and handle the situation. As the development oriented Indian Civil Administration is ill equipped for undertaking disaster response activities in the event of major disasters, they merely rely on the armed forces.

At the same time, the Indian armed forces, being one of the most dedicated, professional, modernised armed forces in the world with rapid strides in technology development, adequately equipped with the necessary technical competence, man power and material resources undertakes rescue and relief operations of any disasters.

For instance, when tsunami occurred in December 2004, the Indian army, navy and the air force coordinated by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) efficiently executed the relief, rescue and evacuation assignments under Operation Sea Wave, and also extended aid to Sri Lanka and Maldives under Operation Rainbow and Operation Castor at the request of their respective governments for assistance.

Whether the Kashmir earthquake of 2005, the cyclone in Bangladesh on 15 November, 2007, the fire breakout at Burrabazar in Kolkata on January 12, 2008, or the recent serial blasts at Bangalore and Ahmedabad on July 2008, the role played by the Indian armed forces is commendable.

Above and beyond its primary role, i.e., to defend the nation against any external aggression the Indian armed forces are inevitably involved in securing the country from diverse unconventional fronts. They are always in the state of operational readiness to move to any kind of disaster-affected areas and have the daring to work under adverse ground and climatic conditions, which is of immense help in assisting the civil authority during disasters.

Their performance in rescue and response action after disasters has been exemplary and with the ever increasing frequency of disasters in the South Asian region, they will continue to play a vital role in the years to come.

Furthermore, in spite of the disaster rescue and relief responsibilities, there is need for decisive modus operandi for operational coordination between the civil administration and the armed forces. Since, the armed forces’ effective response depends on immediate information made available by the state administration, delay in information has often caused loss of precious time due to lack of proper communication and coordination with the civil authority and concern for loss of lives. In this regard, the state institutions must appreciate the operational line of action in which the armed forces function.

The armed forces professional ethics are autonomous in character and do not encourage civil interference. At the same time, the armed forces need to acknowledge that the source of primary information for disaster response lies with the state.

As disaster management plan should incorporate the role expected of the armed forces so that the procedure for deploying them is well-organized, there is a need to encompass an interface personnel correlation between the state government and the armed forces for immediate effective delivery of relief to the victims affected by disasters.

Role of Government in Disaster Management:

i. Funding Mechanisms:

The policy and the funding mechanism for provision of relief assistance to those affected by natural calamities is clearly laid down. These are reviewed by the Finance Commission appointed by the Government of India every five years. The Finance Commission makes recommendation regarding the division of tax and non-tax revenues between the Central and the State Governments and also regarding policy for provision of relief assistance and the share of expenditure thereon.

A Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) has been set up in each State as per the recommendations of the Eleventh Finance Commission. The size of the Calamity Relief Fund has been fixed by the Finance Commission after taking into account the expenditure on relief and rehabilitation over the past 10 years.

The Government of India contributes 75% of the corpus of the Calamity Relief Fund in each State. 25% is contributed by the State. The requirement of funds for response and relief is met from the CRF. Overall norms for relief assistance are laid down by a national committee with representatives of States as members.

Different States can have State-specific norms to be recommended by State level committee under the Chief Secretary. Where the calamity is of such proportion that the funds available in the CRF will not be sufficient for provision of relief, the State seeks assistance from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF).

When such requests are received, the requirements are assessed by a team from the Central Government and thereafter the assessed requirements are assessed by a Central team and thereafter the requirements are placed before an Inter-Ministerial Group chaired by the Home Secretary.

A High Level Committee chaired by the Home Minister with the Agriculture Minister, Finance Minister and the Deputy Chairman Planning Commission take decision regarding the release of assistance from the NCCF based on the report of the Central Team and the recommendations of the IMG thereon. In brief, the institutional arrangements for response and relief are well established and have proved to be robust and effective.

ii. Role of Central Government :

At the national level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry for all matters concerning disaster management except drought, which continues to be handled by the Ministry of Agriculture. The Central Relief Commissioner (CRC) in the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal officer for coordinating relief assistance for the natural and manmade disasters.

The CRC receives information relating to forecasting/warning of a natural calamity from India Meteorological Department (IMD) or from Central Water Commission of Ministry of Water Resources on a continuing basis. These forecasts are also concurrently passed on to the State by the Agencies responsible for early warning.

Whenever assistance is required by the States for handling a natural calamity, the assistance is coordinated by the Ministry of Home Affairs. Nodal Officers have been appointed in each Ministry/Department responsible for emergency support functions in the event of a disaster. The Central Relief Commissioner coordinates with the Nodal Officers to ensure that the requisite assistance is made available to the State.

Essay # 10. National Policy on Disaster Mana gement:

Despite the fact that we lose thousands of lives and property worth thousands of crores each year in disasters, we have not had a National Policy on Disaster Management. Where a number of Ministries or where a broad segment of Government is involved; it is useful to have a National Policy as it serves as a framework for action by all the relevant Ministries/ Departments. A National Policy on Disaster Management has been drafted. In line with the changed focus, the policy proposes to integrate disaster mitigation into developmental planning.

Institutional Changes :

The primary objective is to change the focus from relief and rehabilitation to mitigation and preparedness. MHA is working towards putting in place institutions which will reflect this holistic approach. The States have been advised (HS had written to all Chief Secretaries and the former Dy.

Prime Minister has also written to all Chief Ministers in this regard) to convert their Departments of Relief and Rehabilitation into Department of Disaster Management. 10 States/UTs: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar Administration and Lakshadweep have already acted on this.

The exercise of reducing vulnerabilities of mitigation or of preparedness or in fact of response is multi-disciplinary. It involves a number of Ministries/ Departments. Unfortunately, till date all Departments have had the feeling that disaster management/response is the responsibility of the Department of Relief and Rehabilitation alone.

The States have, therefore, been advised to set up Disaster Management Authorities under the Chief Minister with the Ministers of Water Resources, Agriculture, Home, Health, PWD, Animal Husbandry, Urban Development and other Ministers who may be relevant as members. 11 States and UTs: Tamil Nadu, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Orissa, Gujarat, Kerala, Nagaland, Delhi, Goa, A&N administration and Chandigarh Administration have notified the authority.

The other States are in the process of setting up similar authorities. At the National level, a National Emergency Management Agency is being set up. The proposal for setting up NEMA and building up specialised capabilities was considered by the Committee of Secretaries (COS) on 21st April, 2004. Based on the recommendations of the COS, the Note for the Empowered Group of Ministers on Disaster Management is being revised for submission to Home Minister for approval.

Disaster Management Codes :

In line with the changed approach, we are converting the Relief Codes into Disaster Management Codes by building into it the process necessary for drawing up disaster management and mitigation plans as well as elements of preparedness apart from response and relief. A Committee constituted under the Executive Director, National Institute of Disaster Management is expected to submit the draft to the Ministry by 30th June, 2004.

Essay # 11. Awareness Programmes for Disaster Management:

i. School Safety Programme :

An Initiative under Govt of India (GOI) and UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme:

The School Safety Programme under the GOI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme essentially targets in promoting a culture of safety in school and draw in the commitment of providing safe learning environment for children and education professionals.

Primary strategies are to help inform, persuade, and integrate the issues of safety to create safe schools, while the goal of the programme is to promote a culture of disaster preparedness in the school community. The objective is to sensitize children and the school community on issues of disaster preparedness and safety measures and to motivate key stakeholders through direct participation in activities that would foster towards a disaster resilient community.

The School Safety Programme includes a series of ongoing activity. Following is the list of activity undertaken to create safe schools — placing of school safety in the education agenda —awareness raising, education, training and capacity building of the Government Officials, Educational Administrators, Teachers.

Students, Engineers, Masons, parents and community — development of School Disaster Management Plan / building level emergency response plan and practicing through mock drills — structural and non-structural mitigation (incorporate structural safety parameters into the new constructions) knowledge networking and capacity building of the institutions to address the challenge.

The programme is spearheaded by the School Safety Advisory Committee/ School Disaster Management Committee supported by representatives from all sections of the school community Educational Administrators, School Administrators, Emergency officials, Civil Defence, Engineering / Public Works Department, Local Administration Officials, Health and Emergency Response Officials and the local community.

The implementation framework and the programme strategies have been highlighted in the School Safety Handbook. The programme draws in key risk reduction elements and it encompasses-preparedness and mitigation measures.

ii. Safety Awareness Programs:

Objectives:

The purpose of Safety Awareness Programs is to promote interest, increase safety awareness, and gain acceptance of safe work practices. The aim is to secure maximum employee participation through the effective use of media and individual or group recognition. The cooperation of the local safety and health committee in the promotion of safety is to be encouraged.

Local Needs :

Effective promotional programs must be based on a thorough study of local needs. Accurate planning and analysis are essential to achieve program objectives.

Districts, plants, and other installations should procure or develop and distribute posters, publications, films, bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, displays, etc., based on current and projected accident trends. The display of safety posters distributed by Headquarters must be kept current. Budgeting for safety promotional needs must be included in program planning.

Implementing 7 Steps to School Safety:

1. Develop and equitably enforce a Code of Conduct for the district and building :

School district must have a Code of Conduct that is updated annually. Students and parents are all given a copy of this booklet at the beginning of the year. Additionally, the assistant principal also reviews the contents of the code of conduct in an assembly with students at the beginning of the year.

Students and parents are required to sign and return a form acknowledging the understanding of its contents as well. Teachers are also given training during staff development on the proper procedures for filling out referral forms for breaches of the code of conduct and for the proper protocol for handling classroom removals.

2. Develop district safety plans and building emergency response plans to deal with serious situations and conduct drills, table tops and functional exercises to increase the level of preparedness. School regularly holds practice drills to ensure that students and staff are familiar with the proper procedures and protocols for emergency situations. Substitute folders are also equip with information and protocols for handling emergency situations for whenever there is a substitute teacher in the building.

3. Personalize the school environment:

School personalized its environment by having students in the school Tech class build “Help Boxes”. These colorful boxes have been placed throughout the school building. Students can fill out an anonymous “help slip” if they have a problem that they need help with and drop it in the locked box.

If the student chooses to include their name, one of the school counselors will address the issue with them discreetly. Anonymous issues are usually read aloud during the morning announcements, and a suggestion for handling the issue is offered by the principal.

4. Analyze Violent and Disruptive Incident Reports (VADIR) and other student conduct data to provide information regarding pockets of concern that require attention and program strengths that could be replicated. As mandated reporters to this system, our district has a SAVE team that meets regularly to address these reports. Data from these reports issued to help revise and update our district annual Code of Conduct.

5. Implement programs and activities that have a proven record of achieving positive results; Evaluate programs periodically for their effectiveness and potential improvement. District has annually provided an after school program for students. This program provides homework help as well as elective type courses where students can engage in activities that are of interest to them.

Additionally, city also has two other community based programs affiliated with the district where students can go for after school support. Finally, local library also has a homework help program for elementary students. For two hours after school daily, these students can simply drop by with their homework and receive assistance from certified teachers for free.

6. Actively involve and engage parents and other community members in addressing issues and concerns. School must maintain a policy of communicating with parents whenever there is an incident of misconduct. Teachers are required to inform parents via phone or email communication whenever there is an incident of concern in the classroom. Administrators also actively contact parents whenever a referral is issued. Additionally, the district also has attendance teachers that specifically address attendance and truancy issues.

7. Make sure students, teachers, parents, administrators, and other school staffs are aware of warning signs of violence and the need to communicate to others.

Warning signs of youth violence that have been seen as an educator include:

1. Anger and aggression toward other students and adults

2. Isolating oneself from friends and loved ones

3. Arguing with group members during paired group activities

4. Complaints from other students about behaviour or language

5. Bullying behaviors

6. Attempting to justify violence as rough “horseplay”

7. Students bullying their parents or sibling in the home environment

8. Signs of gang affiliation

9. Frequent bruises or disheveled appearance

10. Long sleeves, coats during hot weather could be signs of a self-mutilator (cutting on various parts of the body). 

Related Articles:

• Institutional Framework of Disaster Management in India | Geography
• Phases of Disaster Management Cycle (With Diagram) | Disaster Management
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) | India | Disaster Management
• Role of Various Agencies in Disaster Management | India

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Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 Disasters and Disaster Management in India (Essay)

February 17, 2024 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 Disasters and Disaster Management in India (Essay)

Disaster and disaster management in india textual questions and answers.

Question 1. What does the recent World Disaster Report say about disasters? Answer: The recent World Disaster Report says that disasters have increased in their number and intensity.

Question 2. What are some of the common disasters? Answer: Some of the common disasters are earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts, accidents, plane crashes and forest fires.

Question 3. What is true about both developed and developing countries? Answer: The fact that disasters like earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts, accidents, plane crashes and forest fires have increased in their number and intensity is true about both developed and developing countries.

Question 4. What is the relationship between human development and disaster preparedness? Answer: There is a direct correlation between human development and better preparedness to manage disasters. The less developed countries are more prone to suffer damages caused by disasters.

Question 5. Which is the deadliest disaster? Answer: The deadliest disaster is drought. It accounts for 48% of deaths due to natural disasters.

Question 6. What makes India more vulnerable do disasters? Answer: Its geographical location and geological formation make India more vulnerable to disasters. Its long coastline, snow-covered peaks and high mountain ranges and the perennial rivers of the north combine to make the problems worse. India has only 2% of the total geographical area, but it supports 18% of the total population. So, there is a great pressure on the natural resources. This directly or indirectly leads to disasters like floods, droughts, landslides and earthquakes.

*Question 7. What causes tremendous pressure on the natural resources in India? Answer: India has only 2% of the total geographical area, but it supports 18% of the total population. This causes a tremendous pressure on the natural resources.

Question 8. Which is a relatively new natural disaster in India? Answer: Tsunami is a relatively new natural disaster in India. Due to the lack of an adequate warning system, the tsunami of 2004 destroyed a large portion of the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and also the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It killed many people and destroyed properties worth many crores.

Question 9. Which is the man-made disaster that India witnessed in the last century? Answer: The man-made disaster that India witnessed in the last century is the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984.

Question 10. Name some of the major natural disasters faced by India during this century. Answer: Some of the major natural disasters faced by India during this century are: The Gujarat earthquake (2001), the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005), the tsunami (2004), the Uttarakhand flash-floods and the hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (2013).

Question 11. Which are the lifeline support systems that get damaged in disasters? Answer: The lifeline support systems that get damaged in disasters are communication, power supply and water supply systems. Drainages get are damaged. Healthcare and hospitals come under severe stress. Commercial and economic activities are badly affected. Life, then, almost comes to a standstill.

Question 12. Which is the man-made disaster mentioned here? Which section of the society is most affected by disasters? Why? Answer: The man-made disaster mentioned here is riots. The most affected are the poor sections of society. It is so because they have to work daily to earn their livelihood.

Question 13. What are the major limitations in constructing safe and secure buildings? Answer: The major limitations in constructing safe and secure buildings are people don’t follow the regulations laid down for ensuring safety and security. In developing countries, only 30% of the buildings are constructed in accordance with the regulations. The lack of a master-plan and the inferior quality of materials used for construction are also major limitations.

Question 14. What measures need to be taken to ensure the safety and security of the buildings? Answer: To ensure the safety and security of the buildings, both private and public buildings should be constructed according to the guidelines prescribed by law. Construction should be according to the master plan approved by the authorities. Good quality materials should be used for construction.

Question 15. What is the requirement in the areas vulnerable to earthquakes in order to reduce damage and death? Answer: In areas vulnerable to earthquakes, the existing buildings should be technically assessed and owners should be informed about the weaknesses in their construction. It is estimated that nearly a million buildings are constructed in India each year and an equal number of them gets damaged as a result of disasters. To reduce the damage to buildings, a monitoring mechanism should be set up. It should work in proper coordination with the concerned authorities to ensure the fulfilment of building codes.

Question 16. What is the structure of the state and central level committees of disaster management? Answer: At the state level^Jiere is a State Level Disaster Management Committee consisting of the senior secretaries of various departments and the representatives of NGOs. At the national level, there is a Crisis Management Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary and the secretaries from the major departments of the government.

Question 17. How does the central government coordinate disaster management activities in India? Answer: The central government, with proper coordination with various ministries, give the necessary support to the states. This includes defence services like air dropping, rescuing, searching, transport of relief goods, etc. and availability of railway and ferry services, health personnel and medical support.

Question 18. What are the special requirements of the rescue team, according to the author? Answer: The rescue teams should have special skills and attitudes in dealing with disasters. They need to be well equipped and should have the latest technologies.

Question 19. What is the purpose of disaster management? Answer: The purpose of disaster management is to reduce the destructive impact of disasters. It is not possible to prevent or avert many of these disasters but with proper disaster management, we can definitely reduce the deaths and damages caused by them.

Disaster and Disaster Management in India Textual Activities Questions and Answers

Activity -1 (Note-making)

Question 1. You have read the essay ‘Disasters and Disaster Management in India.’ Given below is an outline of the notes on this essay. Read the essay carefully again and complete the notes. Answer: Disasters and Disaster Management in India 1. Disasters – the global scenario 1.1 a challenge for all humanity 1.2 increase in frequency and intensity 1.3 the world becoming more prone to disasters 1.4 developed and developing countries are affected 1.5 floods-more common, India, China, Bangladesh – most affected 1.6 drought – deadliest (40% of all deaths and disasters)

2. Disasters-Indian Context 2.1 highly prone to disasters 2.2 reasons for vulnerability 2.2.1 geographical location and geological formation 2.2.2 long coastline, snow-clad peaks, high mountain ranges, perennial Rivers 2.2.3 overpopulation and inadequacy of natural resources 2.3 different kinds of disasters in India – Regional 2.3.1 Northern region 2.3.2 Eastern region 2.3.3 The North-eastern region 2.3.4 The western region 2.3.5 The southern region 2.3.6 The Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep & coastal areas 2.4 major disasters in this century 2.4.1 Gujarat earthquake (2001) 2.4.2 the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005) 2.4.3 the tsunami (2004) 2.4.4 the Uttarakhand flash-floods 2.4.5 Hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa & AP (2013)

3. The direct and indirect impact of disasters 3.1 damage, destruction, death 3.2 lifeline support systems are damaged 3.3 Healthcare and hospitals come under stress 3.4 Commercial and economic activities badly affected 3.5 poorer sections – most affected

4. Risk due to disaster – need for safer buildings 4.1 cyclones, tsunami, earthquakes, defects in construction of buildings can cause greater destruction. 4.2 scenario in the developing countries 4.2.1 only 30% of the buildings are constructed as per regulations 4.2.2 lack of master plan 4.2.3 using inferior quality materials 4.3 suggestions for safer infrastructure 4.3.1 both private and public buildings to be constructed as per guidelines 4.3.2 constructions to be adhere to the master plan 4.3.3 only good quality materials be used for construction

5. Management in India 5.1 purpose – not prevention, but reduction of impact 5.2 state government 5.2.1 – role- state level disaster management committee 5.2.2 – structure – senior secretaries and representative of NGOs 5.3 centre government 5.3.1 – role – Crisis management committee 5.3.2 – structure – cabinet secretary and secretaries of major departments 5.3.3 – support offered – air dropping, rescuing, searching, transport of relief goods, rail and ferry services, health personnel, and medical support. 5.4 rehabilitation of victims 5.4.1 – integral part of disaster management 5.4.2 – proper coordination among various departments 5.4.3 – rescue teams – additional skills, equipped with latest technology

Activity – II (Writing precis)

Question 2. You have read the essay and prepared notes on ‘Disasters and Disaster Management in India.’ Based on the notes you prepared, write a precis on the essay. A precis, usually, is one-third the size of the original text. Answer: Disasters have become a big challenge for all humanity. There has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of disasters. It seems that the world becoming more prone to disasters. Disasters affect both developed and developing countries. Some of the disasters are floods, windstorms, droughts, and earthquakes. Floods are more common in India, China and Bangladesh. Drought is the deadliest. Nearly 40% of all deaths and disasters are caused by droughts.

India is highly prone to disasters. There are many reasons for this. The geological formation, Geographical location, the long coastline, snow-clad peaks, high mountain ranges, perennial rivers, etc. are some of them. Overpopulation and the inadequacy of natural resources add to them problem. India faces many different kinds of disasters. In all regions there are problems. Some of the major disasters India had in this century are the Gujarat earthquake (2001), the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005), the tsunami (2004), the Uttarakhand flash-floods and the Hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa & AP (2013).

There are direct and indirect impacts of disasters. Some of the impacts are the damage, destruction, death caused by them. Following the disaster, the lifeline support systems are damaged. Healthcare and hospitals come under stress. Commercial and economic activities get badly affected. The poorer sections are the most affected.

To reduce the damages caused by disaster, there is a need for safer buildings.,Disasters like cyclones, tsunami, earthquakes, etc. can cause greater destruction if there are defects in the construction of buildings. The scenario in the developing countries is pathetic. Only 30% of the buildings are constructed as per regulations. There is a lack of any master plar and people construct buildings using inferior quality, materials.

There is a need for safer infrastructure. Both private and public buildings should be constructed as per the guidelines given by the government. Constructions should adhere to the master plan and only good quality materials should be used for construction purposes.

It is true that we can’t prevent disasters and we can reduce their impact. For this, the state government and the central government have to work together. At the state level, there has to be a disaster management committee with all the senior secretaries of various departments and representatives of NGOs. At the centre, there must be a Crisis management committee with the cabinet secretary as the chairman and secretaries of major departments as members. The centre can offer support like air dropping, rescuing, searching, transport of relief goods, rail and ferry services, health personnel and medical support. The rehabilitation of victims is an integral part of disaster management. There should be proper coordination among various departments. The rescue teams should have additional skills, and they should be equipped with the latest technology. If these things are carried out, the impact of the disasters can be reduced and many lives saved.

Activity – III (Think and respond)

Question 3. What are some of the disasters (natural/man-made and industrial) your locality has witnessed in the last ten years? What were the impact of these disasters on man and nature? Answer: My locality has witnessed two major disasters. Bothe of them are man-made. One is water pollution. The local farmers, in their eagernare to get bumper harvests, used a lot of chemical rertilizers and later insecticides on a large scale. Ttoe result is that the water in the area is polluted. The fish in the stream and ponds nearby have died.

Another disaster is the mindless cutting down of trees and building concrete jungles everywhere. With high- rise buildings around you, you feel choked. There is no place for the children to run about and play. Every available piece of land is used for various types of construction. In the summer season the place becomes very hot. All the birds that nestled on the trees around have left the place, which looks barren.

Question 4. Is your locality prepared to manage any potential disaster? If not, what precautions can be taken to prevent and manage possible disasters? Answer: My locality is not at all prepared to manage any potential danger. The streets are so narrow in the township that not even a fire-truck can enter the place in case of a fire disaster. At least the Municipality should take steps to widen the roads so that the victims can be reached in case of a disaster.

Question 5. The author says that disaster management in India is the responsibility of the state and central governments. Do you agree with this view? Do you think that the people of our country have a role in preventing and managing disasters? Answer: I don’t agree with The view of the author that that disaster management in India is the responsibility of the state and central governments. I fully agree with the view that the people of our country should have a role in preventing and managing disasters. Preventing natural disasters may not be possible but we can do many things to reduce the impact of such disasters. Without the people’s active cooperation, no scheme of any kind will succeed.

Question 6. What do you think about the measures of rehabilitation that are adopted after each disaster? Do you think the measures are sufficient? Answer: The measures of rehabilitation that are adopted after each disaster are not good enough. When a disaster happens, the chief ministers and some other ministers run to the spot of disaster. Some half-hearted measures are carried out just to please the people. Often these measures are just temporary solutions. After the tsunami, some houses were constructed to rehabilitate the victims. After two seasons of heavy rain most of the houses became so bad people could not live there. The measures taken are insufficient. Corruption is the main cause for our troubles. The contractors who make the buildings use defective material and the buildings they make do not last. We have seen what happens to our roads. There is no determined effort on the part of anybody to make things work properly. Authorities become immune to criticism.

Activity – IV (Explore the roots)

Question 7. Disaster = Dys + aster ‘Disaster’and ‘disastrous’ originate from the Greek word ‘astron’ which means star. In ancient times, it was believed that stars shaped human destiny; any misfortune or calamity, therefore, happened to someone because the stars were not favorable. The prefix ‘dys’ here means against. Here is a list of words which are derived from the Greek root ‘astron’: All these words are related to stars. Find out the meaning of these words: Answer: 1. astronomy = scientific study of the universe 2. astrophysics = the physics of astronomical objects 3. astronaut = space traveller 4. aster – Star-shaped structure in cells 5. asterisk = star shaped symbol 6. astrologer = one who studies stars in relation to human behaviour 7. asteroid = rocky object orbiting the sun

Activity – V (Crossword puzzle)

Activity – VI (Project)

Question 9. The author says that ‘Of all the disasters, floods are the most common. … India, China and Bangladesh are the most affected by floods. ’ In Kerala also we experience floods during the monsoon. The water levels of rivers rise, flooding cities and towns. What are the reasons for this flooding? Answer: There are many reasons for the flooding. We can divide them into two categories. In the first group we have natural causes like high rainfall, snowmelt, relief (in low-lying areas rivers flow very slowly and so the water volume increases suddenly) and coastal flooding because of high tides. In the second group we have human causes which include deforestation, poor farming (over-grazing, over-cultivation, etc. which makes the top soil washed away), poor water management and population pressure. All these factors can be found in India, China and Bangladesh.

Question 10. Investigate the reasons for flooding in your locality. Write a report of your finds. Make an ICT assisted presentation. Answer: The reasons for flooding in my locality are high rainfall, poor farming, poor water management and population pressure.

Activity – VII (Collection)

We are highly vulnerable to many natural disasters. While some fail to act in the moments of crisis or become victims of these disasters, some others rise up to the occasion and help the victims. Here is a newspaper report about 4 children who won bravery awards for their timely and heroic action in a moment of crisis.

Read the report on below of the Text.

Bravery award for children

Thiruvananthapuram: Four children from Kerala will be among the recipients of this year’s National Bravery Awards at the next Republic Day function, in New Delhi.

They include Jismi P. M., who was selected for the Geetha Chopra Award, Vishnudas K., the winner of the Bapu Gayadhani Award; and Anoop M. and Raj Narayanan, both selected for the general award.

Jismi, 12, a native of Perinchery in Thrissur district, was chosen for the award for saving a woman and her two children from drowning in a pond. A Class IX student of the Government Vocational Higher Secondary School at Cherpu, Jismi is the daughter of a manual labourer.

Vishnudas won the award for saving two children from a watery grave. A native of Palakkad, he is a Plus One student of the Sri Sankara Oriental Higher Secondary School, Lakkidi.

Anoop, a Class VIII student of the Bishop Kuriyalanchery Public School at Chambakulam, bagged the award for saving a 5-yearold from drowning in a lake. Raj Narayanan, the fourth nominee, was selected for saving a boy from drowning in a river in Alappuzha. Raj is a Class IX student of the NSS High School, Kuttanad. The General Secretary of the Kerala State Child Welfare Council P. Krishnan, said Jismi is the first winner of the Geetha Chopra Award, from Kerala.

Collect such newspaper reports and discuss with your friends how children can act timely in moments of crisis.

Read and Reflect

Question 1. This story is about a voyage from Liverpool to Calcutta during the British rule in India. It tells how the author and the* hero of the story manage a potential calamity, silently and bravely.

Disaster and Disaster Management in India Summary

Disaster is something that often happens to people. People have experienced disasters in different forms from the beginning of time. The latest World Disaster Report shows that disasters have increased in number and intensity.

People are becoming more and more exposed to disasters of all kinds. They include earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts, accidents, plane crashes, forest fires, etc. This is quite true in the case of both developed and developing countries. The floods in the UK and France, and the heat waves in Europe, especially the one in France in 2003, claimed many lives. In the last few years, America has also faced devastating disasters in the form of tornadoes, hurricanes and cyclones. They caused many deaths and much destruction. Although progress in technology is helping man to reduce the impact of disasters, it is still not enough.

There is a direct correlation between higher human development and better preparedness to manage disasters. The less developed countries are more prone to suffer damages caused by disasters.

Of all the disasters, floods are the most common. They are followed by windstorms, droughts, and earthquakes. Drought is the deadliest, accounting for 48% of deaths due to natural disasters. Asia has the highest number of death toll from disasters. India, China and Bangladesh are in the Asian continent.

India, due to its geographical location and geological formation, is highly prone to disasters. Its long coastline, snow-covered peaks and high mountain ranges and the perennial rivers of the north combine to make the problems worse. India has only 2% of the total geographical area, but it supports 18% of the total population. So, there is a great pressure on the natural resources. This directly or indirectly leads to disasters like floods, droughts, landslides and earthquakes.

The northern region of India faces problems due to landslides, floods, droughts and earthquakes because it falls under the seismic zones III to V. The eastern region has the problem of floods in the perennial rivers which include the Brahmaputra, the Ganga, etc. Drought, heat waves, hailstorms, cyclones, heavy winds and earthquakes are also common here. The north-eastern region has floods, landslides and earthquakes. This region comes under seismic zones IV & V.

The western region is known for severe droughts, wind erosion of land and soil, floods and cyclones. It is also prone to earthquakes. The southern region, particularly the coastal area, is vulnerable to cyclones, sea erosion, tsunami and landslides. The islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep are open to the problems of Sea erosion and tsunami. The Indian coastal areas have faced some of the worst cyclones.

Among all the disasters in India, the tsunami is a relatively new thing. Due to the lack of an adequate warning system, the tsunami of 2004 destroyed a large portion of the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and also the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It killed many people and destroyed properties worth many crores.

India has faced a number of natural disasters. There was also the man-made disaster of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984. During this century, India faced the Gujarat earthquake (2001), the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005), the tsunami (2004), the Uttarakhand flash-floods and the hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (2013).

The direct and indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or industrial, are damage, destruction and death. When disaster strikes, the lifeline support systems like communication, power supply, watersupply and drainage are damaged. Healthcare and hospitals come under severe stress. Commercial and economic activities are badly affected. Life almost comes to a standstill. The psychological traumas caused by disasters are so severe that they last the entire life of the victim. So along with other rehabilitation works, psychological rehabilitation should be given.

The impact is the same even in the case of man made disasters like riots. The most affected are the poor sections of society, who have to work daily to earn their livelihood.

In some natural disasters like cyclones, tsunami and earthquake, it is the building structure that causes the destruction and death. In developing countries only 30% of the buildings are constructed in accordance with the regulations laid down for ensuring safety and security. The lack of a master-plan and the inferior quality of materials used for construction also increase the casualties arising out of disasters. Both private and public buildings should be constructed according to the guidelines prescribed by law. Construction should also be according to the master plan approved by the authorities. Good quality materials only should be used for construction.

The UNDAC (United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination), along with the Indian Government, has jointly prepared an action plan for cities and towns prone to earthquakes. In vulnerable areas, the existing buildings should be technically assessed and owners should be informed about the weaknesses in their construction. It is estimated that nearly a million buildings are constructed in India each year and an equal number of them gets damaged as a result of disasters. To reduce the damage to buildings, a monitoring mechanism should be set up. It should work in proper coordination with the concerned authorities to ensure the fulfillment of building codes.

In the case of disaster management, the state governments play a major role. The central government plays only a facilitating role. At the state level, there is a State Level Disaster Management Committee consisting of the senior secretaries of various departments and the representatives of NGOs. At the national level, there is a Crisis Management Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary and the secretaries from the major departments of the government. Thfffcentral government, with proper coordination with various ministries, gives the necessary support to the states. This includes defence services like airdropping, rescuing, searching, transport of relief goods, etc. and availability of railway and ferry services, health personnel and medical support.

Rehabilitation is an integral part of disaster management. Disasters are non-routine events and so they need non-routine services. It means the Government can’t rely on normal procedures to take urgent action. There should be proper coordination among the various departments of the government to bring speedy relief to the victim. The rescue teams have to learn special skills and attitudes in dealing with disasters. They need to be well equipped and should have the latest technologies.

Disaster management has acquired greater importance of late. The purpose is not to prevent natural or man-made disasters. We may not be able to prevent many of these disasters but we can definitely reduce their destructive impact.

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Essay on Disaster Management

Introduction

Disasters, whether natural or man-made, have the capacity to inflict immense destruction and disrupt the lives of millions. Effective disaster management is crucial to mitigate these risks and build community resilience. For instance, Japan’s 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami highlighted the importance of preparedness and swift response. Japan’s strict construction regulations and preemptive alert systems were instrumental in preserving countless lives, although it was one of the most potent earthquakes ever documented. This event underscores the need for comprehensive disaster management strategies encompassing mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. The essay will delve into the different facets of disaster management and its importance in protecting communities around the globe.

Importance of Disaster Management

Disaster management holds immense significance as it protects lives, reduces property damage, and fosters sustainable development. Here are several vital reasons why disaster management is essential:

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• Lifesaving : Effective disaster management measures such as early warning systems, evacuation plans, and emergency response protocols can significantly reduce casualties during disasters. Timely action can mean the difference between life and death for those affected.
• Minimization of Damage : Disaster management helps mitigate the impact of disasters on infrastructure, buildings, and natural resources. Implementing measures such as building codes, land-use planning, and ecosystem restoration can help minimize the extent of damage caused by disasters.
• Resilience Building : Through disaster preparedness initiatives, communities can enhance their resilience to future disasters. This includes educating the public, training emergency responders, and establishing robust communication networks to facilitate swift responses.
• Economic Stability : Disasters often result in significant economic losses due to property damage, disruption of business activities, and the cost of recovery efforts. Disaster management helps reduce these economic losses by investing in risk-reduction measures and ensuring the continuity of essential services.
• Social Cohesion : Disaster management fosters community cohesion and solidarity by promoting collaboration among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, businesses, and individuals. Collaborating towards the shared objective of disaster preparedness and response enhances social cohesion and fosters mutual assistance during challenging times.
• Environmental Protection : Numerous disasters have negative environmental impacts, including pollution, habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity . Disaster management minimizes these environmental impacts and promotes sustainable recovery and reconstruction practices.
• Long-term Development : Integrating disaster risk reduction into development planning ensures that investments in infrastructure and livelihoods are resilient to potential hazards. This approach helps reduce vulnerability and promote sustainable development that can withstand future disasters.

Types of Disasters

There are several types of disasters, broadly categorized into natural and man-made disasters . Here’s a breakdown of each:

1. Natural Disasters

• Earthquakes : Earthquakes result from sudden movements of tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s surface, causing the ground to shake.
• Hurricanes/Typhoons : Intense tropical cyclones characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges, forming over warm ocean waters.
• Floods : Floods occur when water overflows onto dry land due to heavy rainfall, river overflow, or storm surges.
• Wildfires : Uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly through vegetation, often fueled by dry conditions and high winds.
• Tornadoes : Tornadoes are intense, rotating columns of air extending from thunderstorms to the ground, with the potential to cause significant damage along their path.

2. Man-made Disasters

• Industrial Accidents : Mishaps occurring in industrial facilities, such as chemical spills, explosions, or structural failures, leading to environmental contamination and human casualties.
• Nuclear Incidents : Accidents or malfunctions in nuclear power plants release radioactive materials, posing health risks and environmental contamination.
• Terrorist Attacks : Deliberate acts of violence targeting civilians or infrastructure, causing fear, destruction, and loss of life.
• Transportation Accidents : Crashes involving airplanes, trains, ships, or automobiles, resulting in casualties, property damage, and environmental pollution .
• Urban Fires : Large-scale fires occur in urban areas due to various causes, such as electrical faults, gas leaks, or arson, leading to extensive property damage and loss of life.

Phases of Disaster Management

The phases of disaster management are crucial for effective disaster preparedness and response. Here is a brief description of each phase:

• Mitigation : This phase involves measures taken to reduce the risk of disasters and minimize their impact. This includes activities such as enforcing building codes, implementing land-use planning, and conducting public awareness campaigns to reduce vulnerability to hazards.
• Preparedness : Preparedness involves planning and capacity-building activities undertaken to ensure an effective response to disasters. This includes developing emergency response plans, conducting drills and exercises, and pre-positioning resources and supplies.
• Response : The response phase involves the immediate actions taken to address the needs of those affected by a disaster. This includes search and rescue operations, providing emergency medical care, and distributing food, water, and shelter to survivors.
• Recovery : The recovery phase is when affected communities rebuild and recuperate from the effects of a disaster. This includes restoring infrastructure, providing psychosocial support to survivors, and implementing measures to prevent future disasters.
• Risk Reduction : Risk reduction is a continual process that seeks to diminish the risk of disasters through long-term measures like enhancing infrastructure, improving early warning systems, and advocating for sustainable development practices.

Role of Government in Disaster Management

The role of government in disaster management is pivotal in ensuring effective coordination, response, and recovery efforts. Here are several key aspects of the government’s role in disaster management:

• Policy and Planning : Governments are responsible for developing policies, regulations, and guidelines related to disaster management. This includes creating national disaster management frameworks, establishing regulatory standards for infrastructure resilience, and drafting contingency plans for various types of disasters.
• Coordination and Collaboration : Governments coordinate disaster management efforts across different levels (national, regional, and local) and sectors (government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private sector, etc.). This involves establishing coordination mechanisms, conducting joint exercises and drills, and fostering stakeholder collaboration.
• Resource Allocation : Governments allocate resources, including funding, personnel, and equipment, to support disaster preparedness, response, and recovery activities. This may involve budgeting for emergency response agencies, procuring supplies and equipment, and mobilizing personnel from various government agencies.
• Risk Assessment and Early Warning : Governments conduct risk assessments to identify hazards, vulnerabilities, and disaster exposure. They also establish early warning systems to monitor and alert communities about impending disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, or tsunamis, allowing for timely evacuation and preparedness measures.
• Emergency Response : During disasters, governments take the lead in emergency response efforts by mobilizing emergency services, which include search and rescue teams, medical personnel, and law enforcement agencies. They also establish emergency shelters, provide medical assistance, and coordinate the distribution of relief supplies to affected populations.
• Public Awareness and Education : Governments are crucial in raising public awareness about disaster risks and promoting preparedness measures. This includes disseminating information through public campaigns, educational programs, and community outreach activities to ensure that individuals and communities are well-informed and prepared to respond to disasters.
• Recovery and Reconstruction : Governments lead efforts to support the recovery and reconstruction of affected communities following a disaster. This includes assessing damage and needs, providing financial assistance and resources for rebuilding infrastructure, and facilitating the restoration of essential services and livelihoods.

Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are vital in disaster management as they supplement the endeavors of governments and other stakeholders. Here are several key roles that NGOs play in disaster management:

• Service Provision : NGOs often provide essential services during disasters, such as shelter, food, water, and medical care. They may also offer psychosocial support, counseling, and rehabilitation services to survivors.
• Community Engagement : NGOs work closely with communities to raise awareness about disaster risks, build local capacity for preparedness and response, and facilitate community-led initiatives for disaster risk reduction.
• Advocacy and Policy Influence : NGOs advocate for policies and practices that promote disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development. They also work to hold governments and other stakeholders accountable for their disaster management responsibilities.
• Capacity Building : NGOs support the capacity building of local organizations and communities to enhance their resilience to disasters. This includes providing training, resources, and technical assistance to build local capacity for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
• Coordination and Networking : NGOs often play a crucial role in coordinating disaster response efforts, both among themselves and with government agencies and other stakeholders. They also facilitate information sharing and collaboration to ensure a more effective and coordinated response.
• Monitoring and Evaluation : NGOs conduct assessments and evaluations to monitor the effectiveness of disaster management programs and interventions. This helps to identify lessons learned and best practices for future disaster response and preparedness efforts.
• Innovation and Learning : NGOs often pioneer innovative approaches to disaster management, including the use of technology , community-based approaches, and participatory methods. They also facilitate learning and knowledge sharing among stakeholders to improve disaster management practices.

Community Involvement

Community involvement is a critical component of effective disaster management. Involving communities in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery can bolster resilience and mitigate the impact of disasters. Communities can involve themselves in disaster management in several ways:

• Risk Assessment : Communities can participate in identifying and assessing local disaster risks. This includes understanding the hazards they face, mapping vulnerable areas, and evaluating their capacity to cope with disasters.
• Planning and Preparedness : Communities can participate in developing disaster preparedness plans. This includes identifying evacuation routes, establishing communication networks, and conducting drills and exercises to ensure readiness.
• Early Warning Systems : Communities can help disseminate early warnings and alerts to residents. This includes establishing communication channels, such as sirens, text messages, or community networks, to ensure everyone receives timely information.
• Search and Rescue : Following a disaster, individuals within a community can provide aid in search and rescue efforts within the affected area. This includes helping to locate missing persons, providing first aid, and supporting emergency responders.
• Emergency Shelter and Care : Communities can establish emergency shelters and provide care for displaced persons. This involves establishing temporary shelters, providing food and water, and offering medical assistance.
• Post-Disaster Recovery : Communities can participate in the recovery and reconstruction process. This includes clearing debris, rebuilding infrastructure, and restoring essential services.
• Education and Training : Communities can educate themselves about disaster risks and preparedness measures. This includes conducting awareness campaigns, training sessions, and workshops to build capacity and resilience.
• Community Networks : Establishing community networks and partnerships can enhance communication and coordination during disasters. This includes collaborating with local organizations, government agencies, and NGOs to ensure a coordinated response.

Technologies and Innovations in Disaster Management

Technologies and innovations are instrumental in improving the effectiveness of disaster management efforts. Here are some key technologies and innovations used in disaster management:

• Early Warning Systems : These systems use various technologies, such as satellites, weather stations, and sensors, to detect and monitor potential disasters, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and floods. They provide early warnings to at-risk communities, allowing them to take timely actions to mitigate the impact of the disaster.
• GIS and Remote Sensing : GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and remote sensing technologies are employed to map and analyze disaster risks, vulnerable populations, and critical infrastructure. They help plan evacuation routes, identify safe shelter locations, and assess damage after a disaster.
• Drones : The use of drones in disaster management is increasing for various purposes, such as conducting search and rescue operations, assessing damage, and delivering supplies to remote or inaccessible areas. They can provide real-time aerial images and videos, helping responders make informed decisions.
• Mobile and Web-based Applications : Mobile apps and web-based platforms are used for disaster preparedness, communication, and coordination. These tools can provide information on evacuation routes, emergency contacts, shelter locations, and real-time updates during a disaster.
• Social Media : Organizations and individuals use social media platforms for disaster communication and situational awareness. They allow emergency responders to disseminate information quickly to a large audience and receive real-time updates from affected communities.
• Big Data and Analytics : Big data analytics processes and analyzes large volumes of data, such as social media feeds, satellite imagery, and sensor data, to identify trends and patterns related to disasters. This helps in making data-driven decisions for disaster response and recovery efforts.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) : AI technologies, such as machine learning and natural language processing, are used in disaster management for various applications, including predictive modeling, damage assessment, and decision support. Artificial intelligence (AI) can analyze extensive datasets and offer insights that aid in effective disaster response.
• Internet of Things (IoT) : Sensors and wearable devices, among other IoT devices, collect data in real time on various factors such as environmental conditions, infrastructure performance, and human activities. This data can be used for early warning, situational awareness, and disaster decision-making.

Case Studies

Here are a few case studies highlighting the use of technologies and innovations in disaster management:

• Hurricane Katrina (2005) : Hurricane Katrina stands out as one of the most devastating hurricanes in U.S. history. The storm caused widespread flooding and destruction along the Gulf Coast, particularly in New Orleans. One key lesson from Hurricane Katrina was the importance of early warning systems and communication technologies. In response to this, the U.S. government invested in improving its early warning systems and implementing better communication strategies to alert residents about impending disasters.
• Haiti Earthquake (2010) : The earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010 caused widespread destruction and loss of life. Various technologies aided in the response and recovery efforts in the aftermath of the disaster. For example, response teams used GIS technology to map out the affected areas and assess the damage. Authorities used drones to survey the damage and identify areas requiring assistance.
• Typhoon Haiyan (2013) : Typhoon Haiyan, one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded, struck the Philippines in 2013, causing massive devastation. In response to the disaster, the Philippine government utilized various technologies to aid in the recovery efforts. Mobile and web-based applications coordinated rescue and relief operations, while social media platforms disseminated information and gathered real-time updates from affected communities.
• Nepal Earthquake (2015) : The earthquake that struck Nepal in 2015 caused widespread destruction and loss of life. After the disaster, surveying the damage and assessing the needs of affected communities was done using drones. Additionally, response teams used mobile and web-based applications to coordinate rescue and relief efforts and provide information to affected individuals.

Disaster management faces several challenges that can complicate response and recovery efforts. Here are some key challenges:

• Limited Resources : One key challenge in disaster management is the scarcity of resources, including funding, personnel, and equipment. This can hinder the ability to respond effectively to disasters, especially in low-resource settings.
• Coordination and Communication : Successful disaster response relies on effective coordination and communication among various stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, and affected communities. However, challenges such as communication breakdowns, conflicting priorities, and lack of information sharing can impede coordination efforts.
• Complexity of Disasters : Disasters are often complex and multifaceted, involving multiple hazards and impacts. This complexity can present challenges in assessing risks, planning responses, and coordinating efforts, mainly when dealing with cascading or concurrent disasters.
• Vulnerability of Populations : Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, children, and people with disabilities, are disproportionately affected by disasters. Ensuring the safety and well-being of vulnerable populations during disasters demands special attention and resources, which can pose challenges.
• Climate Change and Urbanization : Climate change and rapid urbanization exacerbate the frequency and intensity of disasters, including floods, hurricanes, and wildfires. These trends pose new challenges for disaster management, requiring adaptation strategies and long-term planning.
• Information Overload : During disasters, there is often an influx of information from various sources, including social media, news outlets, and official channels. Managing this information overload and distinguishing between reliable and inaccurate information can be challenging for responders.
• Logistical Challenges : Logistics, including transportation, supply chain management, and distribution of relief supplies, can be challenging during disasters, especially in remote or hard-to-reach areas. Ensuring timely delivery of aid requires careful planning and coordination.
• Community Engagement and Participation : Engaging communities in disaster management is essential for effective response and recovery. However, meaningful community participation can be challenging to achieve due to factors such as language barriers, cultural differences, and lack of trust in authorities.

Future Directions

In the future, disaster management is likely to evolve in several key directions:

• Technology Integration : Advanced technologies, such as drones, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence, will be increasingly integrated into disaster management practices. These technologies will enhance early warning systems, improve disaster response coordination, and enable more efficient damage assessments.
• Data-Driven Decision-Making : The use of big data analytics and real-time data monitoring will enable more data-driven decision-making in disaster management. This will help predict disasters, identify vulnerable populations, and allocate resources more effectively.
• Community Resilience Building : There will be a greater focus on building community resilience to disasters through education, training, and community-based initiatives. This will involve empowering communities to take proactive measures to reduce risks and enhance their ability to recover from disasters.
• Climate Change Adaptation : Due to the growing impacts of climate change, disaster management will increasingly prioritize climate change adaptation. This will involve implementing measures to reduce vulnerability to climate-related disasters like floods, droughts, and storms.
• Cross-Sector Collaboration : In disaster management, there will be increased collaboration among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and academia. This will involve sharing resources, expertise, and best practices to enhance overall capabilities.
• Policy and Governance : There will be a greater emphasis on improving policy frameworks and governance structures for disaster management. This will involve strengthening legal and institutional frameworks, enhancing coordination mechanisms, and promoting accountability and transparency.
• Sustainable Development : Sustainable development planning will increasingly integrate disaster management. This will involve promoting resilient infrastructure, sustainable land use practices, and environmental conservation to reduce disaster risks.
• Global Cooperation : There will be a greater emphasis on global cooperation in disaster management, particularly in response to transboundary disasters and emerging threats. This will involve sharing knowledge, resources, and expertise across borders to enhance global disaster resilience.

Effective disaster management is imperative for safeguarding lives, minimizing damage, and promoting community resilience worldwide. By implementing comprehensive strategies encompassing mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and risk reduction, societies can better withstand the impact of disasters. Integrating advanced technologies, community engagement, and global cooperation are crucial for addressing the evolving challenges of disaster management. As we move forward, it is essential to prioritize investment in disaster preparedness and resilience-building measures to mitigate the growing risks posed by natural and man-made disasters. Collectively, we can forge a safer and more resilient future for everyone.

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Essay on Disaster Management in 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Feb 1, 2024

Disaster management is the practice of managing and organizing resources to deal with disasters or hazardous events. Depending on the type and intensity of a disaster, its coping strategies or methods can vary. In India, the National Disaster Management Authority is the apex body to govern all types of natural disasters. Before knowing what disaster management is and how the coping strategies are implemented, it’s important to understand the types of disasters that have occurred. Some of the most prevalent disasters are Earthquakes , tsunamis, floods, wars, and many more. 

One day State-level Policy Cafe on Integration of Health, Nutrition, WASH in Disasters and Emergencies, organized jointly by @CcdrrCentreNIDM, @nidmmhaindia along with HPSDMA and @balrakshabharat Save the Date: 15th December 2023 Join Zoom Meeting https://t.co/IZpKZR5BJS pic.twitter.com/V0Xmno5gFW — National Institute of Disaster Management (@nidmmhaindia) December 15, 2023

Also Read: Essay on Water Conservation

Types of Disaster Management

There are different types of disaster management practices adopted by concerned authorities. The National Disaster Management Authority has set out certain mitigation strategies, policies, and guidelines depending on what type of disaster has occurred.

Disasters are of two types: Natural and Man-made.

• Natural Disasters include earthquakes, cyclones, heat waves, landslides , urban floods and floods, and volcanic eruptions.
• Man-made disasters include terrorist activities and wars, chemical, biological, and Nuclear hazards.

To deal effectively with disasters, NDMA has five major divisions: Policy & Plans, Mitigation, Operations & Communications & Information & Technology , Administration and Finance.

Let us have a look at these 5 major divisions:

• Policy and plans include risk assessment, preparedness measures, and response and relief strategies.
• Mitigation measures include land-use planning, building codes and regulations, infrastructure improvements, and environmental conservation measures.
• Operations and Communication for public safety, managing expectations, and coordinating relief efforts.
• Information and Technology includes early warning systems with the help of satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and sensors.
• Administration and Finance to manage all the disaster management practices.

Also Read: World Tsunami Awareness Day 2023

Effects of Disaster Management

A disaster not only damages life and property but causes significant economic impacts in the affected areas. Therefore, proper and effective disaster management practices are necessary for timely response and to reduce the damage of the disaster. 

To learn more about important Disaster Management Practices, let us consider the following points:

• Early warning and evacuation plans are necessary to reduce loss of life and injury.
• Mitigation measures like risk assessments, resilient infrastructure planning, and pre-disaster mitigation measures can help minimize the damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure.
• Disaster management planning facilitates the recovery and reconstruction process so that developmental activities are not on halt for long.
• Enhanced community resilience can withstand and recover from the impacts of disasters. This can be done by proper training and education programs.

Also Read: Environment Conservation Speech

National Disaster Management Authority

The NDMA not only manages all the disaster management practices but also makes people aware of what disasters are and how to act to reduce their impacts. The Prime Minister of India is the Chairman of the NDMA. The sustained and collective efforts by NDMA are meant to mitigate the damage and destruction caused by natural and man-made disasters. 

NDMA has laid down guidelines to mitigate all types of disasters. For example, the mitigation methods for floods are:

• Install check valves in sewer traps to prevent flood water backup.
• You can construct an interior barrier to stop floodwater from entering your home and basements.
• Elevate all electronic items like air conditioners, water heaters, etc.
• Make your basement walls waterproof by sealing them with compounds to avoid seepage.

Also Read: World Environment Health Day 2023

Also Read: How to Prepare for UPSC in 6 Months?

Paragraph on Disaster Management

Also Read: Environmental Conservation

Ans: Disaster management is the practice of managing and organizing resources to deal with disasters or hazardous events. Depending on the type and intensity of a disaster, its coping strategies or methods can vary. There are 4 disaster managing practices: Preparedness, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation. It is important to implement necessary disaster management practices to mitigate and faster recovery from any calamity.

Ans: The disaster management practices are Preparedness, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation.

Ans: The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, is the head of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).

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With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Essay on Disaster Management

An essay is a piece of writing that revolves around a particular theme and contains the academic opinions of the person writing it. A basic essay mainly consists of three parts: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion.

In this post, we present you with a brilliant essay on disaster management.

Essay on Disaster Management (700+ Words)

People and properties are being struck by numerous disasters, causing great loss, and we often watch helplessly due to the absence of prior management planning. Despite spending vast amounts of money on various issues, governments are disinterested in planning for anticipated disasters.

Poor disaster management is incapable of handling situations during their occurrence. Effective disaster management requires a prior preparation, including good training, the latest equipment, assigned responsibilities, readiness, drills, fast communication, financial arrangements, order of precedence, security, medical coverage, rehabilitation, and standing orders for essential services such as transportation, food, supplies, and medicine.

Teams should be established independently for each anticipated disaster to empower individuals with the skills to handle the situation effectively.

Disasters occur due to natural causes or accidents. Natural disasters are widespread and more terrible, requiring significant infrastructure and establishment arrangements. In contrast, accidental disasters require limited arrangements, but time is critical in executing rescue operations.

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Earthquakes are destructive natural disasters that can demolish homes and cause widespread devastation within seconds of striking. People are unable to protect themselves and their possessions due to the suddenness of the event. Those who live closer to the location of the earthquake’s epicenter suffer more extensive damage.

If a well-planned disaster management system were in place that could provide people with advanced warnings of the earthquake and its severity, they could take necessary precautions to ensure their safety. With a disaster management system that has prepared guidelines, fewer people and animals would lose their lives, and properties would remain undamaged by timely rescue operations.

Earthquakes are terrible natural disasters that require dedicated disaster management plans. Disaster management teams should ensure that people are well-prepared in case of any emergency, and relief efforts are provided promptly and in an organized manner. People should be made aware of earthquake-prone areas and taught to take preventive measures, such as building homes with light materials and other techniques that can withstand the impact of an earthquake.

Individuals should immediately leave their homes when they sense the onset of an earthquake and alert their neighbors to do the same. They should seek refuge under the open sky until the earthquake subsides completely. By following these safety measures, the potential loss of life and property damage can be minimized.

Floods are a type of natural disaster that occurs in various regions of our country. Unlike earthquakes, flooding can be prevented or mitigated if certain measures are taken in advance through disaster management. There are numerous ways to control floods. The disaster management team should have a plan in place to immediately alert people when rivers begin to rise above the danger level, so they can move to safer areas.

The responsibilities assigned to the flood relief and disaster management teams should include measures such as building barriers to prevent overflow during the rainy season, distributing river water through canals for irrigation, and planting trees to prevent soil erosion along river banks.

Floods can cause loss of life and property in many areas. The disaster management team should consist of well-trained and qualified individuals who can evacuate people from flood-affected areas efficiently and effectively. They should carry out rescue operations in a quick and demonstrative manner to save as many lives and essential items as possible in the shortest amount of time possible.

The nation has encountered several natural disasters such as drought, forest fires, landslides, epidemics, and famine in the recent past. If these disasters occur again in the future, disaster management teams can be formed to assist affected individuals, preserve property and protect forests.

Numerous accidental incidents have resulted in significant disasters in the country. These include airplane and bus accidents, mine explosions, mishandling of ammunition scraps, accidents involving nuclear substances, disposal accidents, and hijackings. Establishing disaster management forces is essential to manage these situations and rescue individuals and materials as quickly as possible.

Developed countries such as America, Britain , and France have incorporated disaster management subjects in their school and university curricula to equip students to handle emergency situations. Adopting a similar approach to education in other countries can prepare citizens to face and overcome difficulties effectively during disasters.

It is important to train students through drills and practice to build confidence in handling real-life situations on the ground. With the increasing impact of science, having preventive measures and adequate disaster management forces are vital in today’s world to tackle emergencies caused by disasters.

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Unit 5 Harmony of Life

• Chapter 1: Gooseberries (Story)
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Unit 6 Leaps and Bounds

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• Chapter 2: Is Society Dead? (Article)
• Chapter 3: Conceptual Fruit (Short Story)
• Chapter 1 : His First Flight (Story)
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• Chapter 1 : Sunrise on the Hills (Poem)
• Chapter 2 : The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story)
• Chapter 3 : The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu (Based on Fijian Legend)
• Chapter 1 : Disasters and Disaster Management in India (Essay)
• Chapter 2 : The Serang of Ranaganji (Short Story)
• Chapter 3 : The Wreck of the Titanic (Poem)
• Chapter 1 : Gooseberries (Story)
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Reading for 18 points in plus one english syllabus part a, 1. multiple-choice tests based on the intangible paths of understanding, interpreting, and inferring additionally, vocabulary and meaning speculation will be investigated. the passage may be literary, descriptive, or factual. ask between ten and eleven questions. (10 x 1) equals 10 guessed values, ll. verbal and visual input, including statistics, graphs, etc. case-based numerous options based on invisible truth path, what questions eight of the eight questions are present. (8 × 1 equals 8 marks) for both columns, the word range is 600–750., iii several test questions to close any gaps (deterministic, duration), fourth, questions with many choices about sentence change and rearranging (must attempt a total of eight questions out of ten)., section 14 marks for literature, v. understanding and enjoyment of the multiple-choice questions based on the hornbill poetry excerpt. any one of the two infusions should be performed. (3 × 1 = 3), sixth. experts (multiple choice questions based on two to three prose passages are offered to assess comprehension and awe of hornbills and pictures. (6 × 1 = 6), seventh: several text-based test questions that assess readers' comprehension, critical thinking, and literary interpretation of prose and poetry. it is required to attempt five of the six questions. (5 × 1 = 5), 8 marks for studying, q1 create a note and summarise it using paragraphs of 200–250 words., preparation of note: 5 marks, heading: 1 ember number: 1, with one indentation, 1 note; 2 seconds; vocabulary: 1 note; summary (maximum of 50 words): 3 points, exposition: 1, 16 marks in the category of writing, question 2. write a notice of up to 50 words. answering one of the two questions is required (3 rating: (1) format (1) content (1) expression (1), posters with up to 50 words for the q3 shorthand assignments. you must respond to one of the two provided questions. 3) context format: 1; 1; 1; and 1; expression: 1), q4 answers to papers using verbal or visual input should be between 120 and 150 words long. business or official correspondence, including letters to school or college administrators, inquiries, complaints, requests and notifications, orders and answers, admissions, school-related problems, prerequisites and course compatibility, etc. you must respond to one of the two questions presented (5 grade: format: 1; 2; and 2; expression:, q5 written composition of 120–150 words using verbal and visual input. be descriptive or contentious in style, similar to a speech or discussion. the subject matter should be appropriate at the moment. one of the two questions was made available for response. (5 grade: format: 1; 2; and 2; expression:, 16 marks in the literature section, q6 two brief question and answer formats, each to be replied in 30 to 40 words, are provided (one prose and one poem from the hornbill book). criticism should be used to come up with answers to questions. (2 × 2 = 4), q7 one short response question (snapshot) from prose should be answered in 40–50 words. criticism should be used to come up with answers to questions. whichever of the two questions was asked. (1 × 2 = 2), q8 answer a lengthy question from the prose/poem "hornbill" in 120–150 words, demonstrating knowledge of the outside world and going beyond the text. context is used to analyse events, subjects, and queries, and crucial responses are given. any one out of the two questions should be answered. (1 × 5 = 5), q9 evaluation of situations, events, and themes is carried out utilising settings and questions to offer significant responses. any one out of the two questions should be answered. (1 × 5 = 5), plus one english related links.

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Bridging Classroom Learning to Real-World Emergency Management

Purpose of the Internship

The purpose of the internship is to provide the fledgling emergency manager with the opportunity to gain first-hand experience related to all four phases of Emergency Management. The internship is a key component of the Emergency Administration and Planning program and provides pre-career students an opportunity to apply classroom knowledge and develop professional skills that will lead to a successful career. Moreover, the internship experience frequently provides the student with an entry into a permanent position.

Emergency Administration and Planning students must complete an internship of at least 240 hours of employment. Students must register for EADP 4800, EADP Internship Preparation, and complete the course before beginning an internship appointment. This three hour course meets four times during the semester and prepares students for an internship. Career testing, resume and interview preparation, and discussions of professional and ethical conduct are covered. When the student is ready to begin an internship, the internship coordinator will assist in identifying internships, but the student is ultimately responsible for securing an appointment.

Internships may be completed during the summer months, on a part-time basis during the academic year, or once all course work has been completed.

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There are three categories for internships in the EADP program:

Students with NO Professional Work Experience: 48 Hours in Major

Required: Internship Preparation (EADP 4800)

Required: Internship Practicum (EADP 4810) and a 240 hour internship.

Students with Professional Work Experience (but not in EADP field): 45 Hours in Major

Not required: Internship Preparation (EADP 4800)

This change must be approved. Please contact  Dr. Ron Timmons , the EADP Internship Coordinator (Chilton 204J), to request a waiver for EADP 4800.

Students with Three (3) years Professional Work Experience in Emergency Management: 42 Hours in Major

Not required: Internship Practicum (EADP 4810) and a 240 hour internship.

This change must be approved. Please see   Dr. Ron Timmons ,  EADP Internship Coordinator (Chilton Hall 204J) to request a waiver for EADP 4800/4810.

If you choose the 42 hour degree plan, you may not complete an internship for credit.

EADP 4810 (Internship Practicum) is a restricted enrollment course and requires a permission code for registration. You MUST contact the Internship Coordinator prior to your registration date. It is best to acquire your code at least two weeks prior to your registration date. DO NOT wait until the day you are scheduled to register to try to obtain your registration code.

EADP 4800 - Internship Preparation 

During Internship Preparation, students will meet with the internship coordinator to begin arranging their internship. The internship coordinator will assist the student in securing a practicum, but the final responsibility for finding an internship rests with the student.

Enroll in Internship Preparation at least one semester before beginning an internship.

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Pre-requisites: Enrollment is restricted to EADP majors who have completed EADP 4800, 3010, 3035, 3045, plus 3 additional hours of EADP coursework. After a student has arranged for an internship, they must register for Internship Practicum (EADP 4810).

EADP 4810 is a restricted enrollment course and requires a restriction code for registration. You MUST contact the Internship Coordinator prior to registration in order to enroll in this course. It is best to acquire your code at least two weeks prior to your registration date. Do NOT wait until the day you are scheduled to register to try to obtain your registration code.

Obtaining an Internship

Internship opportunities are available with a variety of public agencies and departments, as well as at various levels of government. Students may also serve as interns in the private and nonprofit sectors. Internships complement coursework in the major field with practical, hands on knowledge. Students gain a better understanding of emergency management principles while also obtaining experience, credentials, and identity in the field. EADP internships, therefore, serve a very important step in the student's career preparation and development.

When anticipating an internship, you should begin by thinking about the type of work experience you would like to complete.  For example, consider whether you hope to work in the public, private or nonprofit sector.  Then, narrow the choice further by specific organization (e.g. municipal, state or federal government) and functional area (e.g. planning or response).  The internship preparation course will also help to identify student's strengths and areas of professional interest.  All students enrolled in EADP 4810 must register with Eagle Careers through the UNT Career Center. Students may find an internship searching opportunities posted on Eagle Careers, through networking, and reading professional newsletters.  To qualify for course credit, the internship must be approved by the Internship Coordinator prior to beginning the internship, be related to Emergency Administration and Planning, and supervised by a professional in the field.

If you have any questions about internship requirements or procedures, please contact the Internship Coordinator,  Dr. Ron Timmons.

Internship Waiver Form

Occasionally, students will enter the Emergency Administration and Planning program with professional experience in the field. Students who feel they have a great deal of experience directly related to emergency management can appeal for an internship waiver. Students will need to be able to articulate in a scholarly manner how their full-time professional experiences directly relate to all four phases of emergency management. A faculty committee will carefully review the request. If a student is waived from the internship requirement, their degree plan will be altered.

Additionally, a few students will have sufficient experience in a professional setting although not necessarily related to emergency management. In this situation, students may appeal to be waived from the Internship Preparation class, but still expect to do an internship. In order to be waived from the Internship Preparation Course, students will fill out the Internship Waiver Request. If the student is granted a waiver from EADP 4800, then the student will need to meet with the Internship Coordinator BEFORE accepting an internship for academic credit.

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Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia

The capital city of Sverdlovsk oblast: Ekaterinburg .

Sverdlovsk Oblast - Overview

Sverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, the largest region of the Urals, located on the border between Europe and Asia in the Urals Federal District. Yekaterinburg is the capital city of the region.

The population of Sverdlovsk Oblast is about 4,264,300 (2022), the area - 194,307 sq. km.

Sverdlovsk oblast flag

Sverdlovsk oblast coat of arms.

Sverdlovsk oblast map, Russia

Sverdlovsk oblast latest news and posts from our blog:.

26 May, 2020 / Unique Color Photos of Yekaterinburg in 1909 .

2 December, 2018 / Yekaterinburg - the view from above .

21 November, 2018 / Abandoned Railway Tunnel in Didino .

12 October, 2017 / Northern Urals: Manpupuner Plateau and Dyatlov Pass .

20 April, 2015 / Multicolored aurora borealis in the Northern Urals .

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History of Sverdlovsk Oblast

The first people settled here in the Stone Age. At the end of the 16th century, the Russian kingdom gained control of the region. In the 17th century, the most significant stage of the initial development of this area happened, when Russian settlers began a massive advance to the east. In 1598, the first settlers founded the town of Verkhoturye on the territory of the present Sverdlovsk region.

Verkhoturye became the first capital of the Urals because of its strategic location on the Babinov road - an important crossroads of trade routes. Sverdlovsk oblast acted as a transshipment base between the central part of the country and the actively developed regions of Siberia and Central Asia.

The presence of strategic reserves of iron and copper ore, as well as large forest areas, predetermined the specialization of the region (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, wood processing, mining, etc.). Exploration of minerals in the Sverdlovsk region began at the end of the 17th century.

In the 18th century, the Demidov dynasty founded several plants in the region that turned into large production and economic complexes. The local industry was characterized by a high level of technological development. The blast furnaces of the Ekaterinburg, Nevyansk, Tagil iron-making plants were superior in performance to the best European models of that time, and their products were the leading item of Russian exports.

More historical facts…

The launch of the Trans-Siberian Railway became a landmark event in the life of the Middle Urals, allowing large-scale export of plant products. Between 1920 and 1930, the Urals was able to once again take its place as the leading industrial region of Russia by strengthening its mining industry, creating new production facilities, developing energy and mass urban construction.

In the years of the first five-year plans, along with the reconstruction of old enterprises, several new large industrial facilities were opened: Uralmashzavod, Uralelektrotyazhmash, tool and ball bearing plants in Sverdlovsk, Uralvagonzavod and Nizhny Tagil metallurgical plant in Nizhny Tagil, pipe plants in Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, copper smelters in Krasnouralsk and Sredneuralsk, the Ural aluminum smelter in Kamensk-Uralsky and others.

On October 3, 1938, the territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast was finally formed. During the Second World War, from July 1941 to December 1942, more than 2 million people came to the Urals region, of which more than 700 thousand stayed in Sverdlovsk Oblast.

In the postwar period, Sverdlovsk Oblast continued to develop as a major industrial center of the Urals. The industry of the region was a supplier of the most important types of machinery, products of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, electric power, light, and food industries. Mechanical engineering and metalworking retained their leading place in the structure of the local industry.

Being one of the most important industrial and defense centers of the Soviet Union, the Sverdlovsk region remained closed to foreigners until 1991.

Beautiful nature of Sverdlovsk Oblast

Forest stream in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Author: Vlasov Pavel

Sverdlovsk Oblast nature

Author: Oleg Seliverstov

Sverdlovsk Oblast is rich in forests

Sverdlovsk Oblast - Features

Sverdlovsk Oblast received its name from its administrative center - the city of Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). The name appeared on January 17, 1934, together with the formation of the region. After renaming Sverdlovsk back to Yekaterinburg, the region was not renamed and retained its Soviet name.

The territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast stretches from west to east for 560 kilometers, from north to south - for 660 kilometers. The climate is continental. The average temperature in January is about minus 16-20 degrees Celsius, in July - plus 19-30 degrees Celsius.

The Sverdlovsk region, being one of the oldest mining regions of Russia, is rich in a variety of natural resources. Today, the local mineral and raw materials base provides a significant part of the production of Russian vanadium, bauxite, chrysotile-asbestos, iron ore, refractory clay. The region is the main raw source for Russian aluminum industry.

There are significant reserves of nickel ores, precious metals, mineral and fresh groundwater, practically unlimited reserves of building materials. There are deposits of stone and brown coals, chromites, manganese and certain prospects for discovering oil and gas fields. Forests cover about 80% of the territory.

Sverdlovsk Oblast is an important transport hub of Russia. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through its territory. Koltsovo is a large international airport located in Yekaterinburg. The largest cities and towns of Sverdlovsk Oblast are Yekaterinburg (1,493,600), Nizhny Tagil (340,700), Kamensk-Uralsky (162,500), Pervouralsk (117,700), Serov (93,900), Novouralsk (79,000), and Verkhnyaya Pyshma (76,400).

Sverdlovsk Oblast is known for its traditional International exhibition of armament in Nizhny Tagil, annual Russian Economic Forum in Yekaterinburg. Yekaterinburg is the 4th largest scientific center in Russia after Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and Novosibirsk.

It is one of the most important industrial regions of Russia. The structure of the local industrial complex is dominated by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, enrichment of uranium and iron ore, engineering.

The largest enterprises of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy are the Nizhnetagilsky Metallurgical Combine, the Kachkanar GOK Vanadiy, VSMPO-Avisma, the Pervouralsky Novotrubny Plant, the Bogoslovsky and the Ural Aluminum Smelters, the Kamensk-Uralsk Metallurgical Plant, the Sinarsky Pipe Plant, the Seversk Pipe Plant, as well as enterprises of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (Uralelectromed, Sredneuralsky Copper Smelting Plant, Metallurgical Plant named after A.K. Serov, etc.).

The most important enterprises of the machine-building complex are Uralvagonzavod, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Uralkhimmash, Ural Turbine Plant, Ural Civil Aviation Plant. Uralkhimplast, which produces synthetic resins, is the largest chemical plant in Russia.

Attractions of Sverdlovsk Oblast

Coniferous forests and numerous rivers make the nature of the Sverdlovsk region attractive for tourists. There is a number of reserves and nature parks: Visimsky State Nature Reserve, Denezhkin Kamen National Nature Reserve, Pripyshminsky Bory National Park, Oleny Ruchi Nature Park, Chusovaya River Nature Park, Bazhovskiye Places Nature Park, Rezhevskoy Nature and Mineralogical Reserve.

Some of the most interesting sights located outside of Yekaterinburg:

• Nevyansk Tower - a leaning tower in the center of the town of Nevyansk, built by the order of Akinfiy Demidov, the founder of the mining industry in the Urals, in the first half of the 18th century;
• Cathedral of the Savior’s Transfiguration in Nevyansk;
• Battle glory of the Urals - an open-air museum of military equipment in Verkhnyaya Pyshma;
• Automotive equipment museum in Verkhnyaya Pyshma - one of the largest collections of Russian cars, special equipment, motorcycles, bicycles;
• Obelisk symbolizing the border between Europe and Asia in Pervouralsk;
• Verkhoturye - a historical town with a kremlin and a lot of churches called the spiritual center of the Urals. The Cross Exaltation Cathedral of the St. Nicholas Monastery is the third largest cathedral in Russia after the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and St. Isaac’s Cathedral in St. Petersburg;
• Mount Kachkanar located near the border between Europe and Asia. At the top of the mountain there is the Buddhist Monastery of Shad Tchup Ling;
• Monastery in the name of the Holy Royal Passion-Bearers on Ganina Yama standing on the site of the extermination and the first burial of the remains of the family of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his servants;
• Museum Complex Severskaya Domna in Polevskoy, 52 kilometers from Ekaterinburg - an industrial and architectural monument (1860);
• Open-air museum in Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha - Ural wooden architecture and the richest collection of the Ural house painting;
• Severskaya Pisanitsa - a monument with rock paintings and images of the Neolithic Age located near the village of Severka.

Sverdlovsk oblast of Russia photos

Pictures of the sverdlovsk region.

Sverdlovsk Oblast scenery

Author: Anatoliy Kislov

Bridge in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Author: Igor Romanov

Road in the Sverdlovsk region

Sverdlovsk Oblast views

Field of dandelions in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Winter in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Author: Isupov Sergei

Churches in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Abandoned church in the Sverdlovsk region

Author: Timofey Zakharov

Wooden church in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Orthodox church in Sverdlovsk Oblast

Author: Kutenyov Vladimir

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Sverdlovsk Oblast

Natural resources

Early history, medieval history and russian expansion, rise of the mining-metallurgical era, soviet ural, post-soviet transition, administrative divisions, demographics, settlements, ethnic groups, chairmen of the oblast duma, chairmen of the house of representatives of the legislative assembly, economy and transportation, sister relationships, notable people, external links.

Most of the oblast is spread over the eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain . Only in the southwest does the oblast stretch onto the western slopes of the Ural Mountains .

The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals, Konzhakovsky Kamen at 1,569 metres (5,148   ft) and Denezhkin Kamen at 1,492 metres (4,895   ft) . The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to 300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,640   ft) above sea level. [9] Principal rivers include the Tavda , the Tura , the Chusovaya , and the Ufa , the latter two being tributaries of the Kama .

Sverdlovsk Oblast borders with, clockwise from the west, Perm Krai , the Komi Republic , Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast , Kurgan , and Chelyabinsk Oblasts , and the Republic of Bashkortostan .

The area is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

Rich in natural resources, the oblast is especially famous for metals ( iron , copper , gold , platinum ), minerals ( asbestos , gemstones , talcum ), marble and coal . It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The area has continental climate patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching −15   °C (5   °F) to −25   °C (−13   °F) on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the southeast of the oblast do temperatures reach +30   °C (86   °F) in July.

• You can help expand this section with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . (November 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article.

The territory of the region has been inhabited since ancient times. Numerous sites of ancient people were discovered, dating from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age. The Upper Paleolithic includes the Garinsky site on the right bank of the Sosva river near the village of Gari , the site in the Shaitansky grotto, and the site in the Bezymyanny cave (X millennium BC). [10] [11] In 1890, the 11 thousand years old (Mesolithic) Shigir idol was discovered. [12]

A settlement and a burial ground in the Kalmatsky Brod tract are located on the right bank of the Iset river and date back to the Sarmatian time (from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD). They belong to the Kalmak archaeological culture. In the Kalmatsky Brod burial ground, the skeletal skulls were strongly deformed by tight bandaging in early childhood, which indicates the penetration of steppe ethnic elements to the north. [13]

There are numerous pictograms on the Koptelovsky stone, on the Oblique stone, on the Two-eyed stone, Starichnaya, Serginskaya, the rock paintings of the Bronze Age on the Neyva River, Tagil River (villages Brekhovaya, Gaevaya, Komelskaya), rock carvings on Shaitan-Kamen on the right bank of the Rezh river tied to indigenous Ural population, possibly speakers of a Ugric language . [14] [15] The Gostkovskaya Pisanitsa refers to the Middle Ages. [12]

Before the first Russian colonists arrived to the region, it was populated by various Turkic and Ugrian tribes. By the 16th century, when the Middle Urals were under influence of various Tatar khanates, the strongest local state was the Vogul Pelym principality with its center in Pelym .

The Russian conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in the 1550s paved the way further east, which was now free from Tatar depredations (see Yermak Timofeyevich ). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16th   – early 17th centuries ( Verkhoturye , 1598; Turinsk , 1600; Irbit , 1633; Alapayevsk , 1639). At that time, those small trading posts were governed under Siberian administration in Tobolsk . After the 1708 administrative reform, Verkhoturye, Pelym and Turinsk became a part of the new Siberian Governorate , in 1737 their territories were assigned to the Kazan Governorate .

During the 18th century, rich resources of iron and coal made Ural an industrial heartland of Russia. After getting control over Ural mines, the Demidov family put the region in the forefront of Russian industrialization. Yekaterinburg , Nevyansk and Tagil ironworks, founded in the 1700s to 1720s, soon joined the ranks of the major producers in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th century those newly founded factory towns enjoyed a status of special mining-metallurgical districts allowed to have a certain rate of financial and proprietary autonomy. During the 1781 reform middle Ural finally got its own regional administration in the form of the Perm Governorate .

When in 1812 the Russian government legalized gold digging for its citizens, Middle Ural became a center of gold mining. Entrepreneurs of the Perm Governorate also started the gold rush in West Siberia, soon Yekaterinburgers began to dominate the Russian market of precious metals and gemstones.

After the emancipation reform of 1861 , major Middle Uralian industries that were heavily dependent on serf labor entered decline, although it also allowed light industry to thrive. In 1878, Perm and Yekaterinburg were connected with a railroad, in 1888, railroads reached Tyumen , and ultimately, in 1897, Yekaterinburg joined the Trans-Siberian network . Emergence of railroad transportation helped to revitalize economy of Ural.

The Bolsheviks established their power in Yekaterinburg and Perm during the first days of the October Revolution of 1917. In early 1918 the dethroned Czar Nicholas II and his family were transferred under custody to Yekaterinburg. Local Bolsheviks decided autonomously to execute the royal family on July 17, 1918, to prevent its rescue of by the approaching White Army forces. Ten days later Yekaterinburg was captured by the Czechoslovak troops of Sergei Wojciechowski . For the next year the Anti-bolshevik forces took control over the region. On 19 August 1918, Provisional Government of Ural was formed in Yekaterinburg by a coalition of liberal and democratic socialist parties, it was supposed to serve as a buffer between the Komuch and Provisional Siberian governments. After the Kolchak coup d'état in Omsk in November 1918, the Government of Ural was disbanded.

In July 1919, in the course of the Yekaterinburg offense, Yekaterinburg and the surrounding areas were recaptured by the Red Army forces under command of Vasily Shorin . On the July 15th, the Perm Governorate was split by the Soviets and the east, for the first time in history, became a separate region, the Yekaterinburg Governorate. It was soon abolished and replaced by the Ural Oblast (1923-1934).

In the 1930s many industrial enterprises were established and built with the help of forced labour. [16] Local industry received another impetus during World War II, when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, IMZ-Ural , Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works ). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners. It was over Sverdlovsk that the American U-2 spy plane pilot Gary Powers was shot down on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance mission.

In 1979, there was an anthrax outbreak caused by an accident in a facility to develop biological weapons.

In 1993, Governor Eduard Rossel responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a " Ural Republic ." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" ( Kurgan Oblast , Orenburg Oblast , Perm Krai , Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the oblasts deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland republics . The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on October 27, 1993. Then Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the Urals Republic and the Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on November 9).

Population : 4,268,998   ( 2021 Census ) ; [5] 4,297,747   ( 2010 Russian census ) ; [17] 4,486,214   ( 2002 Census ) ; [18] 4,716,768   ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [19]

Vital statistics for 2022: [20] [21]

• Births: 39,958 (9.4 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 59,316 (13.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [22] 1.56 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [23] Total — 68.79 years (male   — 63.72, female   — 73.80)

There were twenty-one recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in the oblast. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including: [17]

• 3,684,843 Russians (90.6%);
• 143,803 Tatars (3.5%);
• 35,563 Ukrainians (0.9%);
• 31,183 Bashkirs (0.8%);
• 23,801 Mari (0.6%);
• 14,914 Germans (0.4%);
• 14,215 Azerbaijanis (0.3%);
• 13,789 Udmurts (0.3%);
• 11,670 Belarusians (0.3%);
• 11,510 Chuvash (0.26%);
• 11,501 Armenians (0.3%);
• 11,138 Tajiks (0.3%);
• 9,702 Mordovians (0.22%);
• 9,358 Uzbeks (0.2%);

232,978 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [24]

Christianity is the largest religion in Sverdlovsk Oblast. According to a 2012 survey [25] 43% of the population of Sverdlovsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 3% are Muslims , 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any Church or are members of other Orthodox churches , 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.3% are adherents of forms of Hinduism ( Vedism , Krishnaism or Tantrism ). In addition, 36% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", and 9.7% is atheist . [25]

The most important institutions of higher education include Ural Federal University , Ural State Medical University , Ural State University of Economics , Ural State Law University , Ural State Mining University and Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , all located in the capital Yekaterinburg.

The oblast's Charter, adopted on 17 December 1994, with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The Governor is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman of the Government, commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the legislature , a process similar to the appointment of the federal Prime Minister . But the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier. [ needs update ]

The Legislative Assembly is the regional parliament of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Until 2011, it was a bicameral legislature consisting of the Oblast Duma, the lower house , and the House of Representatives, the upper house . [27] Before the reform, members of the legislature served four-year terms with half of the Duma re-elected every two years. The Duma (28   members) was elected in party lists. The 21   members of the House of Representatives were elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members based on both party lists and single-seat districts . As of 2021, the Legislative Assembly is a unicameral legislature with a total of 50 seats, with half of the members elected by single-mandate constituencies and the other half elected in party lists for five-year terms. [28] [29]

Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter Court. The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.

Until President Putin 's reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for terms of four years. Eduard Rossel has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President Yeltsin ), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.

Since 2012, the oblast's Governor is Yevgeny Kuyvashev .

In the 1990s, the Oblast's population was distinguished by relatively high support for parties and candidates of the right and democratic persuasion. In the 1996 presidential election, Boris Yeltsin , a native of the region who lived in Sverdlovsk until the 1980s, won over 70% of the vote. In the regional elections in 2010 in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, United Russia received minimal support relative to other regions - only 39.79% of votes. [30]

Even though it could do with modernizing, the region's industries are quite diverse. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here, the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.

The largest companies in the region include Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , UralVagonZavod , Enel Russia , Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works , Federal Freight . [31]

Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Ural region. As the economic slump subsided, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa , British Airways , CSA , Turkish Airlines , Austrian Airlines and Finnair . Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX ( IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.

The Alapaevsk narrow-gauge railway serves the communities around Alapayevsk .

• Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province , Vietnam
• Harbin , China
• Vladik Dzhabarov , Russian cyclist
• Andrey Fedyaev , Russian cosmonaut
• Yakov Sverdlov , a communist revolutionary after whom Sverdlovsk and subsequently Sverdlovsk Oblast were named.
• Church of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary , a building of regional historical significance in Staropyshminsk village.

Related Research Articles

Chelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk.

Irbit is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located 203 kilometers (126 mi) from Yekaterinburg by train or 250 kilometers (160 mi) by car, on the right bank of the Nitsa. Population: 37,009 (2021 Census) ; 38,357 (2010 Russian census) ; 43,318 (2002 Census) ; 51,708 (1989 Soviet census) .

Alapayevsk is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Neyva and Alapaikha rivers. Population: 38,192 (2010 Russian census) ; 44,263 ; 50,060 ; 49,000 (1968).

Kushva is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains near Yekaterinburg. Population: 30,167 (2010 Russian census) ; 35,555 (2002 Census) ; 43,096 (1989 Soviet census) .

Nizhniye Sergi is a town and the administrative center of Nizhneserginsky District in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on a rolling plain surrounded by the Ural Mountains, on the Serga River 120 kilometers (75 mi) from Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 10,336 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,567 (2002 Census) ; 14,938 (1989 Soviet census) .

Verkhnyaya Pyshma is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 59,749 (2010 Russian census) ; 58,016 (2002 Census) ; 53,102 (1989 Soviet census) .

Novouralsk is a closed town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains, about 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 85,522 (2010 Russian census) ; 95,414 (2002 Census) .

Krasnoufimsk is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ufa River, 224 kilometers (139 mi) from Yekaterinburg. Population: 39,765 (2010 Russian census) ; 43,595 (2002 Census) ; 45,618 (1989 Soviet census) .

Revda is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 61,875 (2010 Russian census) ; 62,667 (2002 Census) ; 65,757 (1989 Soviet census) .

Sredneuralsk is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the shore of Iset Lake, at the head of the Iset River, 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 20,449 (2010 Russian census) ; 19,555 ; 18,786 (1989 Soviet census) .

Kachkanar is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located between the Isa and Vyya Rivers in the Tura River's basin, 205 kilometers (127 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 41,426 (2010 Russian census) ; 44,664 (2002 Census) ; 48,251 (1989 Soviet census) . The town of Kachkanar is located at the foot of mountain Kachkanar.

Ivdel is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ivdel River near its confluence with the Lozva River, 535 kilometers (332 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 17,775 (2010 Russian census) ; 19,324 (2002 Census) ; 19,014 (1989 Soviet census) .

Severouralsk is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Vagran River at its confluence with the Kolonga River, 512 kilometers (318 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 29,263.

Pelym is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Ivdel in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 3,376 (2010 Russian census) ; 3,708 (2002 Census) .

Sukhoy Log is a town and the administrative center of Sukholozhsky District in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains on the Pyshma River, 114 kilometers (71 mi) east of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 34,554.

Gornozavodsky District is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Gornozavodsky Municipal District . It is located on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 7,057 square kilometers (2,725 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Gornozavodsk. Population: 26,044 (2010 Russian census) ; 30,172 (2002 Census) ; 38,004 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Gornozavodsk accounts for 46.3% of the district's total population.

Garinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Garinsky Urban Okrug . The area of the district is 16,770 square kilometers (6,470 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Gari. Population: 4,904 ; 7,832 (2002 Census) ; 9,381 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Gari accounts for 50.4% of the district's total population. The main point of historical interest is the former town of Pelym, which was one of the first Russian settlements east of the Urals, marking the eastern terminus of the Cherdyn Road from Europe to Siberia.

Turinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Turinsky Urban Okrug . Its administrative center is the town of Turinsk. Population: 28,274 ; 32,540 (2002 Census) ; 40,749 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Turinsk accounts for 63.4% of the district's total population.

Isetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Isetsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,751 square kilometers (1,062 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Isetskoye. Population: 26,061 ; 26,565 (2002 Census) ; 25,862 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Isetskoye accounts for 28.7% of the district's total population.

Bisert is an urban locality in Nizhneserginsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,233 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,262 (2002 Census) ; 12,646 (1989 Soviet census) .

• ↑ Президент Российской Федерации.   Указ   №849   от   13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу   13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.   20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.   Decree   # 849   of   May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of   May 13, 2000.).
• ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации.   №ОК 024-95   27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.   Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.   # OK 024-95   December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.   Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment   # 5/2001 OKER. ).
• ↑ Official website of the Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Alexander Sergeyevich Misharin (in Russian)
• 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 23 January 2019 .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article   68.1 of the Constitution of Russia .
• ↑ "Russia: Impact of Climate Change to 2030" (PDF) . Retrieved 25 April 2023 .
• ↑ Сериков Ю. Б. Новые находки раннего палеолита в Среднем Зауралье // Ранний палеолит Евразии: новые открытия // Материалы Международной конференции, Краснодар – Темрюк, 1–6 сентября 2008 г.
• ↑ Сериков Ю. Б. Следы раннего палеолита на территории Среднего Зауралья // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии, 2015 № 4 (31)
• 1 2 Объекты культурного наследия Свердловской области (список)
• ↑ Сальников К. В. Древнейшие памятники истории Урала , 1952.
• ↑ Khimiya i Zhizn , 9, 1974, p. 80
• ↑ Писаницы Урала (in Russian). Ural.ru . Retrieved 26 December 2010 .
• ↑ V.A. Kravchenko: I chose freedom (1946)
• 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved 1 June 2022 .
• ↑ "ВПН-2010" . www.perepis-2010.ru .
• 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012.
• ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived .
• ↑ Formation of the legislative body of Sverdlovsk Oblast , old.zsso.ru
• ↑ General information , zsso.ru
• ↑ "Свердловская область" . council.gov.ru .
• ↑ "Результат единороссов по Свердловской области был самым худшим для партии власти" [ The result of United Russia in the Sverdlovsk region was the worst for the ruling party ] . Archived from the original on 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 .
• ↑ "Sverdlovsk region Industries" . investinregions.ru . Retrieved 7 November 2018 .
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