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Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments (Second Edition)

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Ecological research and the way that ecologists use statistics continues to change rapidly. This second edition of the best-selling Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments leads these trends with an update of this now-standard reference book, with a discussion of the latest developments in experimental ecology and statistical practice. The goal of this volume is to encourage the correct use of some of the more well known statistical techniques and to make some of the less well known but potentially very useful techniques available. Chapters from the first edition have been substantially revised and new chapters have been added. Readers are introduced to statistical techniques that may be unfamiliar to many ecologists, including power analysis, logistic regression, randomization tests and empirical Bayesian analysis. In addition, a strong foundation is laid in more established statistical techniques in ecology including exploratory data analysis, spatial statistics, path analysis and meta-analysis. Each technique is presented in the context of resolving an ecological issue. Anyone from graduate students to established research ecologists will find a great deal of new practical and useful information in this current edition.

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Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments

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The goal of this book is to make some underutilized but potentially very useful methods in experimental design and analysis available to ecologists, and to encourage better use of standard statistical techniques. Ecology has become more and more an experimental science in both basic and applied work,but experiments in the field and in the laboratory often present formidable statistical difficulties. Organized around providing solutions to ecological problems, this book offers ways to improve the statistical aspects of conducting manipulative ecological experiments, from setting them up to interpreting and reporting the results. An abundance of tools, including advanced approaches, are made available to ecologists in step-by-step examples, with computer code provided for common statistical packages. This is an essential how-to guide for the working ecologist and for graduate students preparing for research and teaching careers in the field of ecology.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 | 13  pages, introduction: theories, hypotheses, and statistics, chapter 2 | 32  pages, exoloratory data analysis and graphic display, chapter 3 | 23  pages, anova: experiments in controlled environments, chapter 4 | 25  pages, anova and ancova: field competition experiments, chapter 5 | 19  pages, manova: multiple response variables and multispecies interactions, chapter 6 | 25  pages, repeated-measures analysis: growth and other time-dependent measures, chapter 7 | 21  pages, time-series intervention analysis: unreplicated large-scale experiments, chapter 8 | 24  pages, nonlinear curve fitting: predation and functional response curves, chapter 9 | 28  pages, multiple regression: herbivory, chapter 10 | 21  pages, path analysis: pollination, chapter 11 | 21  pages, population sampling and bootsrapping in complex designs: demographic analysis, chapter 12 | 37  pages, failure-time analysis: emergence, flowering, survivorship, and other waiting times, chapter 13 | 29  pages, the bootstrap and the jackknife: describing the precision of ecological indices, chapter 14 | 23  pages, spatial statistics: analysis of field experiments, chapter 15 | 18  pages, mantel tests: spatial structure in field experiments, chapter 16 | 18  pages, model validation: optimal foraging theory, chapter 17 | 21  pages, meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments.

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1st Edition

Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments

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The goal of this book is to make some underutilized but potentially very useful methods in experimental design and analysis available to ecologists, and to encourage better use of standard statistical techniques. Ecology has become more and more an experimental science in both basic and applied work,but experiments in the field and in the laboratory often present formidable statistical difficulties. Organized around providing solutions to ecological problems, this book offers ways to improve the statistical aspects of conducting manipulative ecological experiments, from setting them up to interpreting and reporting the results. An abundance of tools, including advanced approaches, are made available to ecologists in step-by-step examples, with computer code provided for common statistical packages. This is an essential how-to guide for the working ecologist and for graduate students preparing for research and teaching careers in the field of ecology.

Table of Contents

Scheiner\, Sam

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Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments 2nd Edition

• Author(s) Steven C. Tracy
• Publisher Oxford University Press

Print ISBN 9780195131888, 0195131886

Etext isbn 9780198030225, 0198030223.

• Edition 2nd
• Available from $ 65.65 USD SKU: 9780198030225R180

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Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments 2nd Edition is written by Steven C. Tracy and published by Oxford University Press. The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments are 9780198030225, 0198030223 and the print ISBNs are 9780195131888, 0195131886. Save up to 80% versus print by going digital with VitalSource. Additional ISBNs for this eTextbook include 9780195131871.

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• Introduction: theory testing, hypothesis testing and statistical testing. Exploratory data analysis and graphical display. ANOVA: physiology and greenhouse experiments. ANOVA: competition and intraclass correlations. ANOVA: competition and field experiments. MANOVA: multispecies interactions. Repeated-measures analysis: growth curves. Time series: non-replicated large-scale experiments. Non-linear curve fitting, predation and functional response curves. Multiple regression: herbivory. Path analysis: pollination. Life table analysis: seed and seedling demography. Failure time analysis: survivorship and reproduction. Resampling techniques: size hierarchies and diversity indices. Spatial statistics: field experiments. Permutation methods: responses of spatially structured old-field communities. Model verification: optimal foraging. Meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)
• Introduction: theories, hypotheses and statistics Exploratory data analysis and graphical display ANOVA: experiments in controlled environments ANOVA and ANCOVA: field competition experiments MANOVA: multiple response variables and multispecies interactions Repeated measures analysis: growth and other time-dependent measures Time-series intervention analysis: unreplicated large-scale experiments Non-linear curve fitting: predation and functional response curves Multiple regression: herbivory Path analysis: pollination Population sampling and bootstrapping in complex designs: demographic analysis Failure time analysis: emergence, flowering, survivorship and other waiting times The bootstrap and the jackknife: describing the precision of ecological indices Spatial statistics: analysis of field experiment Mantel tests: spatial structure in field experiments Model verification: optimal foraging Meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments References Author index Subject index.

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Samuel M. Scheiner

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26 April 2001

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Dust arrestment in subways: analysis and technique design

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• Published: 10 September 2024

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• I. Lugin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5287-3589 1 ,
• L. Kiyanitsa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6436-1997 1 ,
• A. Krasyuk   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-3015 1 &
• T. Irgibayev   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-2683 2  

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The research is devoted to solve the problem of elevated dust levels in subway air through the implementation of a proposed dust collection system. A comprehensive experiment to determine the fractional and chemical compositions, as well as dust density, in the existing metro systems of Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Novosibirsk (Russian Federation) was conducted. The experiment results led to hypotheses about the sources of dust emission in subways. An innovative method for de-dusting tunnel air has been developed. The method is based on the use of air flows generated by the piston action of trains and the installation of labyrinth filters in the ventilation joints of stations. The parameters of the computational model of a subway line on the basis of decomposition approach to mathematical modeling of aerodynamic processes methods of computational aerodynamics by transition from a full model of a subway line to an open-ended periodic one have been substantiated. The research also justifies the geometric parameters of the labyrinth filters, determining their effectiveness based on air velocity and the number of filter element rows. Additionally, potential energy savings achievable with the proposed system were assessed. The scope of application of the results of the presented study of air distribution from the piston effect in subway structures and the effectiveness of the proposed air filtration system are limited to subways with single-track tunnels and open-type stations equipped with ventilation joints.

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Study on temporal and spatial evolution law for dust pollution in double roadway ventilation system of short wall continuous mining face

Acknowledgements

The study was carried out within the framework of the Project of Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Federation (state registration number is 121052500147-6) and was supported by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Grant No. AP09260842.

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Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasny Prospect, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091

I. Lugin, L. Kiyanitsa & A. Krasyuk

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Lugin, I., Kiyanitsa, L., Krasyuk, A. et al. Dust arrestment in subways: analysis and technique design. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05970-5

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Received : 26 June 2023

Revised : 25 April 2024

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05970-5

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Exploring the factors affecting terrestrial soil respiration in global warming manipulation experiments based on meta-analysis.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. search strategy and exclusion criteria, 2.2. data extraction, 2.3. data structure, 2.4. data availability, 2.5. effect size metrics, 2.6. data analyses, 2.7. potential publication bias analyses, 3.1. response of rs, rh, and ra to warming in different ecosystems, 3.2. soil warming amplitude, warming duration, and sampling season, 3.3. environmental factors affecting the response of rs, rh, and ra to warming, 3.3.1. climate factors, 3.3.2. plant pools, 3.3.3. soil property, 3.4. optimal model selection, 4. discussion, 4.1. category moderators affecting the response of rs, rh, and ra to warming, 4.2. continuous moderators affecting the response of rs, rh, and ra to warming, 5. limitations and future experiments, 6. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Chen, X.; Hu, H.; Wang, Q.; Wang, X.; Ma, B. Exploring the Factors Affecting Terrestrial Soil Respiration in Global Warming Manipulation Experiments Based on Meta-Analysis. Agriculture 2024 , 14 , 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091581

Chen X, Hu H, Wang Q, Wang X, Ma B. Exploring the Factors Affecting Terrestrial Soil Respiration in Global Warming Manipulation Experiments Based on Meta-Analysis. Agriculture . 2024; 14(9):1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091581

Chen, Xue, Haibo Hu, Qi Wang, Xia Wang, and Bing Ma. 2024. "Exploring the Factors Affecting Terrestrial Soil Respiration in Global Warming Manipulation Experiments Based on Meta-Analysis" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091581

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Experimental study on dynamic elastic modulus loss of concrete broken by high voltage pulse discharge based on orthogonal design

• Long Che 1 ,
• Linlin Pan 1 &
• Xiaohui Gu 2  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  21299 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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High pulse discharge breakage has a vast prospect as a fresh crushing mechanism for it has the capability to enhance the comminuting effect, however, the breaking mechanism is not yet well studied. In this orthogonal designed research, 27 indoor tests of high voltage pulse discharge (HVPD) for breaking concrete together with the determination of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete based on three variables, i.e. applied voltage, pulse number, and discharge electrode gap, were carried out at three levels. The effects of these factors were studied by using significance and range analysis. The results showed that among these factors, the pulse number has the greatest impact on the dynamic elastic modulus loss (DEML) of concrete, while the applied voltage has the least influence. By changing the value of pulse number and applied voltage, the DEML can be increased to 12.9% and 26.7%, respectively. The impact of the factors’ combination was experimentally proven, and the resulting DEML of concrete broken by HVPD was obtained as 219.73 ± 9.58 MPa, which was 25.19% higher than the maximum of the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD in the orthogonal experiment under various individual factors. These findings provide technical references for improving the crushing efficiency of concrete materials and the engineering application of HVPD crushing technology.

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Introduction.

With the rapid development of urban construction and the increasing demand for demolition of old building projects year by year. approximately 460 million square meters of buildings are demolished every year 1 . The annual amount of building demolitions in the UK is about 120 million tons 2 , while in Japan it is 76 million tons 3 . Concrete is the most widely used material in civil construction facilities and buildings, and the mainly used concrete breaking modes nowadays are mechanical breaking, ejection shock wave breaking, and high-pressure water jet breaking 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . However, the intensive progress in civil engineering and the pursuit of controllable and environmentally friendly technics essentially require the improvements of the current concrete breakage technologies or the development of the new ones. The technology of breaking concrete by high voltage pulse discharge (HVPD) was developed and implemented in recent twenty years. HVPD fragmentation is a novel technology that turns electrical energy into shock waves, which may successfully break concrete in aquatic conditions. It entails generating a pulse voltage with a rising edge of less than 500ns through a high-voltage pulse discharge device, injecting it into the interior of the concrete through an electrode rod in contact with the concrete surface, and requiring the concrete to be completely submerged in the aqueous medium. When supplied energy generates an ionization effect within the concrete, the number of charge carriers rapidly increases, forming a discharge channel. At this point, the high temperature and high voltage environment created by the high-voltage pulse discharge device encourage discharge. The channel rapidly widens, causing an explosion. The resulting shock wave forces the concrete in the water to break 8 , 9 , 10 . Due to the complexity of the concrete breaking process by HVPD and lots of affecting factors, the mechanism of concrete broken by HVPD is still not clear.

To gain insights into the mechanism of concrete breakage by HVPD, several studies have been done. Generally, the influence of single factor on the effectiveness of concrete crushing by HVPD has been studied in the literature, like the size, strength, composition and nature of the sample 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , its structure and porosity 16 , 17 , discharge voltage parameters 18 , 19 , structure, material and the position of the electrodes 20 , 21 , 22 , and destruction media influence 23 . It is shown that under different conditions, the influence of these factors can be positive or negative 24 , 25 , 26 .

Simulation studies successfully allow predicting the optimal parameters of the electrodes for the fragmentation of hard rock 15 , and it was also revealed an electric field distortion existing in the rock due to the naturally occurring air gaps, which can enhance the internal electric field strength 22 .It can be assumed that the joint simultaneous change of two or more factors can lead to the process improvement, as well as to adverse consequences 11 , 20 , 23 . However, there are currently no works investigating the effect of a joint change in these factors.

The dynamic elastic modulus is often utilized as the damage variable to characterize the deterioration degree of concrete under several varied loads 27 , 28 . Some researchers have taken the loss of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity as the damage variable when investigating the deterioration of concrete under different conditions 29 , 30 . However, There is almost no research on HVPD crushing concrete based on dynamic elastic modulus. Therefore, this paper uses the dynamic elastic modulus loss (DEML) as an index to examine the non-destructive effect of concrete material. Based on the orthogonal scheme, the effects of different applied voltage, pulse number, and discharge electrodes gap on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD were experimentally analyzed. The cumulative effect of different factors on the DEML of crushing concrete was obtained through the method of mathematical modeling. Consequently, to improve the breaking mechanism of rock breakage by HVPD, we provide theoretical and practical guidance for the selection of fragmentation parameters, promoting the progress of breaking concrete materials' technology and contribute the city's sustainable development.

Materials and methods

Experimental system.

The schematic of the experimental system of breaking concrete by HVPD is shown in Fig.  1 a. It contains the high voltage pulse power supply, output electrodes, crushing container, experimental sample, and insulating medium, which was water. The high voltage pulse power supply based on ten stages impulse generator (Shenyang Ligong University, China) was used for further experiments.

Schematic of ( a ) the HVPD crushing concrete experimental system and ( b ) the experimental system for concrete dynamic elastic modulus measurements.

During the process, a DC (Direct Current) source slowly charged the capacitor until the spherical spark switch closed, then switched to the self-breakdown mode. The high voltage pulse power supply was discharged once per experiment; the capacity was 5uF, the maximum output voltage was up to 450kV, and the maximum energy output of a single electric pulse was 100J. Output electrodes were composed of two stainless steel rods with an implemented needle-needle structure. One of the output electrodes was connected to the high voltage pulse power supply by positive output pole and the other by negative one. To avoid the breakdown outside the hard rock, a ceramic sleeve insulated the electrodes’ outer surface, and the electrodes/hard rock contact was constantly kept. The electrode gap ranged from 1 to 10cm. The crushing cuboid container was made of plexiglass to observe the experiment flow. The experimental sample used was a C45 concrete standard block which has a compressive strength grade of 45MPa. Insulating medium was tap water. Before the experiment, the concrete surface was cleaned and dried to avoid the dust affection on the crushing test results. During the experiment, the concrete sample was completely submerged by water to avoid any breakdown and breakage in the air.

The experimental system (Tianjin Sansitrang Test Equipment Manufacturing, China) used to measure the dynamic elastic modulus of concrete is shown in Fig.  1 b. It contained two parts: dynamic elastic modulus tester (on the right) and the concrete target holder with two test probes (on the left). The dynamic elastic modulus tester consisted of tester host, launcher, receiver support frame and processing software of dynamic elasticity tester of concrete. The DEML of concrete crushed by HVPD was calculated as the difference between the dynamic elastic modulus value measured before and after crushing.

Experimental preparation

For this research, the self-made C45 cubic concrete sample with a side length of 150mm was made by mixing cement (PO42.5, Xuzhou Fengdu material Trade Co., Ltd, China), fly ash (Class F II, China Railway 15th Bureau Group Materials Co., Ltd, China), sand (d av  = 0.5–0.25mm), spalls (30% of d av  = 5–10mm, 20% of d av  = 10–20mm, and 50% of d a  = 20–31.5mm), additives (Polycarboxylic acid, Shanxi Sangmusi Building Materials Chemical Co., Ltd, China) and water at the proportion of 1 : 0.43 : 2.12 : 3.93 : 0.01 : 0.62, respectively. Samples were cured up to 28 days under standard conditions (20 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity > 95%). According to the standards for mechanical testing methods of ordinary concrete (GB/T50081-2002), the strength of the concrete sample was analyzed by such parameters as mass, density, compressive strength, and elastic modulus. The experiment contained 27 cubic-shaped concrete samples. The mean values of relevant parameters are presented in Table 1 , each parameter was calculated from the measurements of five individual samples. These data are consistent with concrete classification by compressive strength 31 .

Experimental scheme

In the light of the literature 32 , the parameters of applied voltage, pulse number, and electrode spacing three factors affecting the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD, and the selected experimental conditions were as follows in Table 2 . The L 9 (3 3 ) orthogonal table was selected for experimental analysis of the DEML. All the experiments were repeated three times at different levels of each factor. In the following discussion, we chose factors as A-applied voltage, B-pulse number, and C-discharge electrodes gap.

Significance analysis

To precisely estimate the variance scope of the experiment's results of the DEML of concrete fractured through HVPD, along with properly distinguish data fluctuation caused by experimental errors and variations of the experimental conditions, a significance analysis of the impact of the three variables considered in the tests on the DEML of concrete crushed through HVPD is carried out. Due to the orthogonal design used in this experiment, there are only three influencing factors, namely applied voltage, number of pulses, and electrode spacing, and each combination is only repeated 3 times, resulting in limited sample data. Therefore, the significance level of 0.1 is chosen in this article to increase the significance. According to the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) statistics model, the degree of freedom is equal to the factor level number minus 1, which is 2 for the current experiments; f 0.1 is the critical value of the F test when the significant level is 0.1; f 0.1 can be obtained by querying the upper sub-table of the F distribution. Test statistic F was determined as the ratio of inter-group to intra-group variation 33 .

After generating the test statistic F, the significance of each factor is determined by comparing it to the test critical value f 0.1 . When the F value is bigger than f 0.1  = 9, this factor has a considerable effect on the experimental results; on the contrary, the influence is insignificant.

Results and discussion

The resulting DEML of breaking concrete is shown in Table 3 . It can be seen that the various combinations of applied voltage, pulse number, and discharge electrodes gap have a certain impact on the DEML of the concrete broken by HVPD: maximum of DEML can be observed in experiment #1, and that under #6 is minimum. For the further study of the factors’ effect on the loss of DEML of broken concrete, the following range and significance analysis are done.

Range analysis

Firstly, compute the sum of the DEML for each factor based on its level, then the average value of DEML for each factor and level was found, and the results are presented in Table 4 . Secondly, the range of the DEML of concrete for each factor according to its level was calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum average DEML value under the certain factor (Table 4 ).

The range indicates the change of the DEML of concrete under the impact of a certain factor, which characterizes the influence of this factor on the dynamic elastic modulus loss. Taking the maximum range as 1, it can be seen from the obtained data that the largest impact on the average value of the DEML is in the raw of the pulse number, discharge electrodes gap and applied voltage with the rate of 1, 0.8 and 0.41. According to the relationship between energy and voltage, when the capacitance is constant, the output energy of high voltage pulse power supply is determined by the output voltage. In high-voltage pulse discharge crushing, when the input voltage is not large enough, one discharge cannot break, so it needs multiple pulse discharges to break it. For the discharge electrode gap, when the input voltage is constant, the value directly determines the electric field strength between the two electrodes, and then determines the breaking performance.

A comparison of the DEML under different levels demonstrates that applied voltage impact on the DEML exhibits the direct dependency (92.2192.21 ± 4.47MPa, 93.79 ± 6.27MPa and 105.85 ± 7.40MPa), pulse number—reverse (118.73 ± 5.05MPa, 87.00 ± 5.10MPa and 86.12 ± 7.82MPa), and for electrodes gap—the DEML decreases from the maximum at the gap of 3cm—108.70 ± 5.23MPa—to a minimum value at the 5cm—82.41 ± 5.15MPa, within the subsequent growth at 7cm—100.73 ± 7.77MPa (Table 4 ). The maximum average value of the DEML of concrete in the tests of the individual influence of factors are achieved at applied voltage 415 kV (A3), pulse number factor of 1 time (B1), and discharge electrodes gap of 3cm (C1), and equal to 105.85 ± 7.40MPa, 118.73 ± 5.05MPa, and 108.70 ± 5.23MPa, respectively.

Considering the above classification, the DEML of crushing concrete under the combination of factors A 3 B 1 C 1 is expected to be the most significant. The impact of A 3 B 1 C 1 factors combination was experiment-ally proven, and the resulting DEML of concrete broken by HVPD was obtained as 219.73 ± 9.58MPa, which is 25.19% higher than the maximum of the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD in the orthogonal experiment under various individual factors (Table 3 ).

Based on the analysis of Table 4 , we can identify primary and secondary factors affecting the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD. If the factor has a great influence on the DEML of crushing concrete, the difference of the DEML under different levels of this factor will be significant, and the factor is considered to be the primary. Otherwise, this is the secondary factor. According to the above definition, the pulse number is the primary factor affecting the DEML, inter-electrode gap and applied voltage are considered to be secondary factors. The order of impact for these three factors on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD is: pulse number—> discharge electrodes gap—> applied voltage. In the point of this finding, the DEML of concrete can be increased by adjusting sensitive factors, and the damaging of concrete building materials' problem can be further improved. In the experimental system of concrete crushed by HVPD, if the discharge electrodes gap is fixed, the distance between the electrodes can be regarded as a fixed value. Therefore, in the design of demolition of concrete building materials, the DEML of broken by HVPD concrete can be controlled by adjusting the applied voltage and the pulse number. Under these two factors, the maximum DEML of concrete is at the factor levels of A 3 B 1 .

The change in the DEML of concrete-broken by HVPD with different applied voltage under discharge electrodes gap of 3cm, 5cm, and 7cm and maintained pulse number is shown in Fig.  2 a. The DEML increases with the increase of the applied voltage, and this is consistent with Wang's research result 34 . Within the increase of voltage from 360 to 415kV, the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD increases by 15.4%, 12.9% and 12.8% for electrode gap of 3cm, 5cm and 7cm, respectively. The change of overall average compressive strength of concrete increases with the increase of the applied voltage. This is because as the applied voltage increases, so does the amount of energy released into the interior of the concrete samples per unit time via the electrodes, resulting in a greater crushing force of shock waves on the concrete samples, and then contributes to a growth of the volume of voids, cracks, and micropores in concrete samples.

Variation curves of the DEML of concrete under different ( a ) applied voltages and ( b ) pulse numbers.

The variation curves of the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD with different pulse numbers under the condition that of discharge electrodes gap of 3cm, 5cm, and 7cm, and fixed applied voltage of 360kV are shown in Fig.  2 b. It can be seen that the DEML of concrete broken decreases with the increase of the pulse number, and the loss of dynamic elastic modulus decreases significantly when the pulse number increases. When the pulse number changes from one to five times, the DEML of concrete decreases by 26.7%. When the electrode spacing is constant, with the increase of pulse number, the particle size of broken concrete decreases, and the influence on un-crushed concrete decreases 11 . This is because when high-voltage pulse discharge breaks concrete, the energy effect is mainly concentrated between the two electrodes 35 . Therefore, as the number of pulse number increases, when the concrete between the electrodes is completely broken, if the spacing and position of the electrodes do not change, the effect on the concrete will be very small.

In this experiment, according to mathematical and statistical methods, it can be calculated that the obvious impact of the pulse number on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD can be seen with pulse number changing (F B  = 9.8 > f 0.1 ), it has a decisive role, then followed by the discharge electrodes gap (F C  = 5.6 < f 0.1 ), while the effect of the applied voltage is weak (F A  = 1.4 <  < f 0.1 ).

Conclusions

The orthogonal scheme experiment showed that the studied parameters have an obvious effect on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD at the order from the highest impact to the lowest as: pulse number, discharge electrodes gap, and applied voltage. Because the distance of discharge electrodes is fixed during the breaking process, the DEML can be controlled more easily by changing the applied voltage and pulse number. Under the varying of these two factors, the combination of A 3 B 1 is the most significant. Adjusting the applied voltage and pulse value could increase the DEML by 12.9% and 26.7%, respectively. The F-test results showed that the impact of the pulse number on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD is the most significant. Thus, the crushing effect of concrete building materials can be improved by increasing the pulse number of HVPD power supply, and finely controlled the applied voltage, which provides data support for the optimal design and engineering application of a HVPD concrete crushing experimental system. The factors affecting the DEML of crushed concrete are not only the applied voltage, pulse number, and electrode spacing, but also include concrete strength and composition, output electrode material, rise time of applied voltage, insulation liquid properties, and other requires further research.

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education (LJKMZ20220607), National Foreign Experts Program (DL2023006001) and Research Support Program Project of Shenyang Ligong University High Level Talent (1010147001246).

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Long Che & Linlin Pan

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Long Che and Linlin Pan wrote the main manuscript text; and Long Che and Linlin Pan prepared all figures; All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

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Che, L., Pan, L. & Gu, X. Experimental study on dynamic elastic modulus loss of concrete broken by high voltage pulse discharge based on orthogonal design. Sci Rep 14 , 21299 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71905-2

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Received : 07 March 2024

Accepted : 02 September 2024

Published : 12 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71905-2

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