apa format journal article review example

Journal Article Review in APA Style

Journal article reviews refer to the appraisal of potencies and limitations of an article’s opinion and subject matter. The article reviews offer the readers with an explanation, investigation and clarification to evaluate the importance of the article. A journal article review usually follows the APA style, which is in itself an exceptional mode of writing. Writing a journal article review in APA style requires a thorough reading of an article and then present our personal opinions on its subject matter.

In order to write a journal article review in APA style, one must necessarily conform to the detailed guidelines of APA style of writing. As such, a few tips for writing a journal article review in APA style have been provided in details below.

Tips for Writing Journal Article Review in APA Style

Getting started.

Read the complete article. Most journal articles use highly complicated and difficult language and wording. Thus, it is suggested to read the article thoroughly several times to understand it perfectly. Select a statement that effectively conveys the main idea of your review. Present the ideas in a rational order, keeping in mind that all opinions must sustain the main idea.

Start with a header with citation

Journal article reviews start with a header, including citation of the sources being reviewed. This citation is mentioned at the top of the review, following the APA style (refer to the APA style manual for more information). We will need the author’s name for the article, title of the article, journal of the published article, volume and issue number, publication date, and page numbers for the article.

Write a summary

The introductory paragraph of the review should provide a brief summary of the article, strictly limiting it to one to three paragraphs depending on the article length. The summary should discuss only the most imperative details about the article, like the author’s intention in writing the article, how the study was conducted, how the article relates to other work on the same subject, the results and other relevant information from the article.

Body of the review

The succeeding paragraphs of the review should present your ideas and opinions on the article. Discuss the significance and suggestion of the results of the study. The body of the article review should be limited to one to two paragraphs, including your understanding of the article, quotations from the article demonstrating your main ideas, discussing the article’s limitations and how to overcome them.

Concluding the review

The concluding paragraphs of the review should provide your personal appraisal of the journal article. Discuss whether the article is well-written or not, whether any information is missing, or if further research is necessary on the subject. Also, write a paragraph on how the author could develop the study results, what the information means on a large scale, how further investigation can develop the subject matter, and how the knowledge of this field can be extended further.

Citation and Revision

In-text citation of direct quotes or paraphrases from the article can be done using the author’s name, year of publication and page numbers (refer to the APA-style manual for citation guidelines). After finishing the writing of journal article review in APA style, it would be advised to re-visit the review after a few days and then re-read it altogether. By doing this, you will be able to view the review with a new perspective and may detect mistakes that were previously left undetected.

The above mentioned tips will help and guide you for writing a journal article review in APA style. However, while writing a journal article review, remember that you are undertaking more than just a narrative review. Thus, the article review should not merely focus on discussing what the article is about, but should reveal your personal ideas and opinions on the article.

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How to Write an Article Review: Template & Examples

An article review is an academic assignment that invites you to study a piece of academic research closely. Then, you should present its summary and critically evaluate it using the knowledge you’ve gained in class and during your independent study. If you get such a task at college or university, you shouldn’t confuse it with a response paper, which is a distinct assignment with other purposes (we’ll talk about it in detail below).

In this article, prepared by Custom-Writing experts, you’ll find:

• the intricacies of article review writing;
• the difference between an article review and similar assignments;
• a step-by-step algorithm for review composition;
• a couple of samples to guide you throughout the writing process.

So, if you wish to study our article review example and discover helpful writing tips, keep reading.

❓ What Is an Article Review?

• ✍️ Writing Steps

📑 Article Review Format

🔗 references.

An article review is an academic paper that summarizes and critically evaluates the information presented in your selected article.

The first thing you should note when approaching the task of an article review is that not every article is suitable for this assignment. Let’s have a look at the variety of articles to understand what you can choose from.

Popular Vs. Scholarly Articles

In most cases, you’ll be required to review a scholarly, peer-reviewed article – one composed in compliance with rigorous academic standards. Yet, the Web is also full of popular articles that don’t present original scientific value and shouldn’t be selected for a review.

Not sure how to distinguish these two types? Here is a comparative table to help you out.

Article Review vs. Response Paper

Now, let’s consider the difference between an article review and a response paper:

• If you’re assigned to critique a scholarly article , you will need to compose an article review .
• If your subject of analysis is a popular article , you can respond to it with a well-crafted response paper .

The reason for such distinctions is the quality and structure of these two article types. Peer-reviewed, scholarly articles have clear-cut quality criteria, allowing you to conduct and present a structured assessment of the assigned material. Popular magazines have loose or non-existent quality criteria and don’t offer an opportunity for structured evaluation. So, they are only fit for a subjective response, in which you can summarize your reactions and emotions related to the reading material.

All in all, you can structure your response assignments as outlined in the tips below.

✍️ How to Write an Article Review: Step by Step

Here is a tried and tested algorithm for article review writing from our experts. We’ll consider only the critical review variety of this academic assignment. So, let’s get down to the stages you need to cover to get a stellar review.

Read the Article

As with any reviews, reports, and critiques, you must first familiarize yourself with the assigned material. It’s impossible to review something you haven’t read, so set some time for close, careful reading of the article to identify:

• The author’s main points and message.
• The arguments they use to prove their points.
• The methodology they use to approach the subject.

In terms of research type, your article will usually belong to one of three types explained below.

Summarize the Article

Now that you’ve read the text and have a general impression of the content, it’s time to summarize it for your readers. Look into the article’s text closely to determine:

• The thesis statement, or general message of the author.
• Research question, purpose, and context of research.
• Supporting points for the author’s assumptions and claims.
• Major findings and supporting evidence.

As you study the article thoroughly, make notes on the margins or write these elements out on a sheet of paper. You can also apply a different technique: read the text section by section and formulate its gist in one phrase or sentence. Once you’re done, you’ll have a summary skeleton in front of you.

Evaluate the Article

The next step of review is content evaluation. Keep in mind that various research types will require a different set of review questions. Here is a complete list of evaluation points you can include.

Write the Text

After completing the critical review stage, it’s time to compose your article review.

The format of this assignment is standard – you will have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction should present your article and summarize its content. The body will contain a structured review according to all four dimensions covered in the previous section. The concluding part will typically recap all the main points you’ve identified during your assessment.

It is essential to note that an article review is, first of all, an academic assignment. Therefore, it should follow all rules and conventions of academic composition, such as:

• No contractions . Don’t use short forms, such as “don’t,” “can’t,” “I’ll,” etc. in academic writing. You need to spell out all those words.
• Formal language and style . Avoid conversational phrasing and words that you would naturally use in blog posts or informal communication. For example, don’t use words like “pretty,” “kind of,” and “like.”
• Third-person narrative . Academic reviews should be written from the third-person point of view, avoiding statements like “I think,” “in my opinion,” and so on.
• No conversational forms . You shouldn’t turn to your readers directly in the text by addressing them with the pronoun “you.” It’s vital to keep the narrative neutral and impersonal.
• Proper abbreviation use . Consult the list of correct abbreviations, like “e.g.” or “i.e.,” for use in your academic writing. If you use informal abbreviations like “FYA” or “f.i.,” your professor will reduce the grade.
• Complete sentences . Make sure your sentences contain the subject and the predicate; avoid shortened or sketch-form phrases suitable for a draft only.
• No conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence . Remember the FANBOYS rule – don’t start a sentence with words like “and” or “but.” They often seem the right way to build a coherent narrative, but academic writing rules disfavor such usage.
• No abbreviations or figures at the beginning of a sentence . Never start a sentence with a number — spell it out if you need to use it anyway. Besides, sentences should never begin with abbreviations like “e.g.”

Finally, a vital rule for an article review is properly formatting the citations. We’ll discuss the correct use of citation styles in the following section.

When composing an article review, keep these points in mind:

• Start with a full reference to the reviewed article so the reader can locate it quickly.
• Ensure correct formatting of in-text references.
• Provide a complete list of used external sources on the last page of the review – your bibliographical entries.

You’ll need to understand the rules of your chosen citation style to meet all these requirements. Below, we’ll discuss the two most common referencing styles – APA and MLA.

Article Review in APA

When you need to compose an article review in the APA format , here is the general bibliographical entry format you should use for journal articles on your reference page:

• Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of Publication). Name of the article. Name of the Journal, volume (number), pp. #-#. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Horigian, V. E., Schmidt, R. D., & Feaster, D. J. (2021). Loneliness, mental health, and substance use among US young adults during COVID-19. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 53 (1), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1836435

Your in-text citations should follow the author-date format like this:

• If you paraphrase the source and mention the author in the text: According to Horigian et al. (2021), young adults experienced increased levels of loneliness, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic.
• If you paraphrase the source and don’t mention the author in the text: Young adults experienced increased levels of loneliness, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic (Horigian et al., 2021).
• If you quote the source: As Horigian et al. (2021) point out, there were “elevated levels of loneliness, depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and drug use among young adults during COVID-19” (p. 6).

Note that your in-text citations should include “et al.,” as in the examples above, if your article has 3 or more authors. If you have one or two authors, your in-text citations would look like this:

• One author: “According to Smith (2020), depression is…” or “Depression is … (Smith, 2020).”
• Two authors: “According to Smith and Brown (2020), anxiety means…” or “Anxiety means (Smith & Brown, 2020).”

Finally, in case you have to review a book or a website article, here are the general formats for citing these source types on your APA reference list.

Article Review in MLA

If your assignment requires MLA-format referencing, here’s the general format you should use for citing journal articles on your Works Cited page:

• Author’s last name, First name. “Title of an Article.” Title of the Journal , vol. #, no. #, year, pp. #-#.

Horigian, Viviana E., et al. “Loneliness, Mental Health, and Substance Use Among US Young Adults During COVID-19.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , vol. 53, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-9.

In-text citations in the MLA format follow the author-page citation format and look like this:

• According to Horigian et al., young adults experienced increased levels of loneliness, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic (6).
• Young adults experienced increased levels of loneliness, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic (Horigian et al. 6).

Like in APA, the abbreviation “et al.” is only needed in MLA if your article has 3 or more authors.

If you need to cite a book or a website page, here are the general MLA formats for these types of sources.

✅ Article Review Template

Here is a handy, universal article review template to help you move on with any review assignment. We’ve tried to make it as generic as possible to guide you in the academic process.

📝 Article Review Examples

The theory is good, but practice is even better. Thus, we’ve created three brief examples to show you how to write an article review. You can study the full-text samples by following the links.

📃 Men, Women, & Money

This article review examines a famous piece, “Men, Women & Money – How the Sexes Differ with Their Finances,” published by Amy Livingston in 2020. The author of this article claims that men generally spend more money than women. She makes this conclusion from a close analysis of gender-specific expenditures across five main categories: food, clothing, cars, entertainment, and general spending patterns. Livingston also looks at men’s approach to saving to argue that counter to the common perception of women’s light-hearted attitude to money, men are those who spend more on average.

📃 When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism

This is a review of Jonathan Heidt’s 2016 article titled “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism,” written as an advocacy of right-wing populism rising in many Western states. The author illustrates the case with the election of Donald Trump as the US President and the rise of right-wing rhetoric in many Western countries. These examples show how nationalist sentiment represents a reaction to global immigration and a failure of globalization.

📃 Sleep Deprivation

This is a review of the American Heart Association’s article titled “The Dangers of Sleep Deprivation.” It discusses how the national organization concerned with the American population’s cardiovascular health links the lack of high-quality sleep to far-reaching health consequences. The organization’s experts reveal how a consistent lack of sleep leads to Alzheimer’s disease development, obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.

✏️ Article Review FAQ

A high-quality article review should summarize the assigned article’s content and offer data-backed reactions and evaluations of its quality in terms of the article’s purpose, methodology, and data used to argue the main points. It should be detailed, comprehensive, objective, and evidence-based.

The purpose of writing a review is to allow students to reflect on research quality and showcase their critical thinking and evaluation skills. Students should exhibit their mastery of close reading of research publications and their unbiased assessment.

The content of your article review will be the same in any format, with the only difference in the assignment’s formatting before submission. Ensure you have a separate title page made according to APA standards and cite sources using the parenthetical author-date referencing format.

You need to take a closer look at various dimensions of an assigned article to compose a valuable review. Study the author’s object of analysis, the purpose of their research, the chosen method, data, and findings. Evaluate all these dimensions critically to see whether the author has achieved the initial goals. Finally, offer improvement recommendations to add a critique aspect to your paper.

• Scientific Article Review: Duke University
• Book and Article Reviews: William & Mary, Writing Resources Center
• Sample Format for Reviewing a Journal Article: Boonshoft School of Medicine
• Research Paper Review – Structure and Format Guidelines: New Jersey Institute of Technology
• Article Review: University of Waterloo
• Writing Help: The Article Review: Central Michigan University Libraries
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How to Write a Journal Article Review APA Style

Reviewing journal articles is an ideal way to learn more about a specific area of interest and how research is conducted. Knowing how to do this according to American Psychological Association (APA) standards helps prepare you to be a professional.

Begin With Citation

Start by citing the article according to APA style. Begin with the last name(s) and initial(s) of the author(s). This is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. The article name comes next, followed by the title of the journal (in italics), volume number (in italics) and issue number in parentheses. End with the page numbers.

Citation Example

Punctuate the citation as follows:

Shofner, W. P., & Chaney, M. (2013). Processing pitch in a nonhuman mammal (Chinchilla laniger). Journal of Comparative Psychology (italicized), 127 (italicized), (2). 142-153.

Text of Review

The body of your review varies according to the type of article and your instructor's requirements. You may have to include the intended audience, the research question, methodology, results, implications and your own assessment of how it relates to what you are studying.

• Purdue Online Writing Lab: Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
• University of South Carolina: Article Review
• Journal of Comparative Psychology: Processing Pitch in a Nonhuman Mammal

Based in Southern California, A.T. Gardner has spent more than two decades writing articles, educational materials, video scripts and other content for corporations and organizations including The Walt Disney Company, TRW, Nissan and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He has a bachelor's degree in communications.

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Article Review

Article Review Writing: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide with Examples

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Struggling to write a review that people actually want to read? Feeling lost in the details and wondering how to make your analysis stand out?

You're not alone!

Many writers find it tough to navigate the world of article reviews, not sure where to start or how to make their reviews really grab attention.

No worries! 

In this blog, we're going to guide you through the process of writing an article review that stands out. We'll also share tips, and examples to make this process easier for you.

Let’s get started.

• 1. What is an Article Review?
• 2. Types of Article Reviews
• 3. Article Review Format
• 4. How to Write an Article Review? 10 Easy Steps
• 5. Article Review Outline
• 6. Article Review Examples
• 7. Tips for Writing an Effective Article Review

What is an Article Review?

An article review is a critical evaluation and analysis of a piece of writing, typically an academic or journalistic article. 

It goes beyond summarizing the content; it involves an in-depth examination of the author's ideas, arguments, and methodologies. 

The goal is to provide a well-rounded understanding of the article's strengths, weaknesses, and overall contribution to the field.

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Types of Article Reviews

Article reviews come in various forms, each serving a distinct purpose in the realm of academic or professional discourse. Understanding these types is crucial for tailoring your approach. 

Here are some common types of article reviews:

Journal Article Review

A journal article review involves a thorough evaluation of scholarly articles published in academic journals. 

It requires summarizing the article's key points, methodology, and findings, emphasizing its contributions to the academic field. 

Take a look at the following example to help you understand better.

Example of Journal Article Review

Research Article Review

A research article review focuses on scrutinizing articles with a primary emphasis on research.

This type of review involves evaluating the research design, methodology, results, and their broader implications. 

Discussions on the interpretation of results, limitations, and the article's overall contributions are key. 

Here is a sample for you to get an idea.

Example of Research Article Review

Science Article Review

A science article review specifically addresses articles within scientific disciplines. It includes summarizing scientific concepts, hypotheses, and experimental methods.

The type of review assesses the reliability of the experimental design, and evaluates the author's interpretation of findings. 

Take a look at the following example.

Example of Science Article Review

Critical Review

A critical review involves a balanced critique of a given article. It encompasses providing a comprehensive summary, highlighting key points, and engaging in a critical analysis of strengths and weaknesses. 

To get a clearer idea of a critical review, take a look at this example.

Critical Review Example

Article Review Format

When crafting an article review in either APA or MLA format, it's crucial to adhere to the specific guidelines for citing sources. 

Below are the bibliographical entries for different types of sources in both APA and MLA styles:

How to Write an Article Review? 10 Easy Steps

Writing an effective article review involves a systematic approach. Follow this step-by-step process to ensure a comprehensive and well-structured analysis.

Step 1: Understand the Assignment

Before diving into the review, carefully read and understand the assignment guidelines. 

Pay attention to specific requirements, such as word count, formatting style (APA, MLA), and the aspects your instructor wants you to focus on.

Step 2: Read the Article Thoroughly

Begin by thoroughly reading the article. Take notes on key points, arguments, and evidence presented by the author. 

Understand the author's main thesis and the context in which the article was written.

Step 3: Create a Summary

Summarize the main points of the article. Highlight the author's key arguments and findings. 

While writing the summary ensure that you capture the essential elements of the article to provide context for your analysis.

Step 4: Identify the Author's Thesis

In this step, pinpoint the author's main thesis or central argument. Understand the purpose of the article and how the author supports their position. 

This will serve as a foundation for your critique.

Step 5: Evaluate the Author's Evidence and Methodology

Examine the evidence provided by the author to support their thesis. Assess the reliability and validity of the methodology used. 

Consider the sources, data collection methods, and any potential biases.

Step 6: Analyze the Author's Writing Style

Evaluate the author's writing style and how effectively they communicate their ideas. 

Consider the clarity of the language, the organization of the content, and the overall persuasiveness of the article.

Step 7: Consider the Article's Contribution

Reflect on the article's contribution to its field of study. Analyze how it fits into the existing literature, its significance, and any potential implications for future research or applications.

Step 8: Write the Introduction

Craft an introduction that includes the article's title, author, publication date, and a brief overview. 

State the purpose of your review and your thesis—the main point you'll be analyzing in your review.

Step 9: Develop the Body of the Review

Organize your review by addressing specific aspects such as the author's thesis, methodology, writing style, and the article's contribution. 

Use clear paragraphs to structure your analysis logically.

Step 10: Conclude with a Summary and Evaluation

Summarize your main points and restate your overall assessment of the article. 

Offer insights into its strengths and weaknesses, and conclude with any recommendations for improvement or suggestions for further research.

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Article Review Outline

Creating a well-organized outline is an essential part of writing a coherent and insightful article review.

This outline given below will guide you through the key sections of your review, ensuring that your analysis is comprehensive and logically structured.

Refer to the following template to understand outlining the article review in detail.

Article Review Format Template

Article Review Examples

Examining article review examples can provide valuable insights into the structure, tone, and depth of analysis expected. 

Below are sample article reviews, each illustrating a different approach and focus.

Example of Article Review

Sample of article review assignment pdf

Tips for Writing an Effective Article Review

Crafting an effective article review involves a combination of critical analysis, clarity, and structure. 

Here are some valuable tips to guide you through the process:

• Start with a Clear Introduction

Kick off your article review by introducing the article's main points and mentioning the publication date, which you can find on the re-title page. Outline the topics you'll cover in your review.

• Concise Summary with Unanswered Questions

Provide a short summary of the article, emphasizing its main ideas. Highlight any lingering questions, known as "unanswered questions," that the article may have triggered. Use a basic article review template to help structure your thoughts.

• Illustrate with Examples

Use examples from the article to illustrate your points. If there are tables or figures in the article, discuss them to make your review more concrete and easily understandable.

• Organize Clearly with a Summary Section

Keep your review straightforward and well-organized. Begin with the start of the article, express your thoughts on what you liked or didn't like, and conclude with a summary section. This follows a basic plan for clarity.

• Constructive Criticism

When providing criticism, be constructive. If there are elements you don't understand, frame them as "unanswered questions." This approach shows engagement and curiosity.

• Smoothly Connect Your Ideas

Ensure your thoughts flow naturally throughout your review. Use simple words and sentences. If you have questions about the article, let them guide your review organically.

• Revise and Check for Clarity

Before finishing, go through your review. Correct any mistakes and ensure it sounds clear. Check if you followed your plan, used simple words, and incorporated the keywords effectively. This makes your review better and more accessible for others.

In conclusion , writing an effective article review involves a thoughtful balance of summarizing key points, and addressing unanswered questions. 

By following a simple and structured approach, you can create a review that not only analyzes the content but also adds value to the reader's understanding.

Remember to organize your thoughts logically, use clear language, and provide examples from the article to support your points. 

Ready to elevate your article reviewing skills? Explore the valuable resources and expert assistance at MyPerfectWords.com. 

Our team of experienced writers is here to help you with article reviews and other school tasks. 

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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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How to Write an Article Review: Tips and Examples

Did you know that article reviews are not just academic exercises but also a valuable skill in today's information age? In a world inundated with content, being able to dissect and evaluate articles critically can help you separate the wheat from the chaff. Whether you're a student aiming to excel in your coursework or a professional looking to stay well-informed, mastering the art of writing article reviews is an invaluable skill.

Short Description

In this article, our research paper writing service experts will start by unraveling the concept of article reviews and discussing the various types. You'll also gain insights into the art of formatting your review effectively. To ensure you're well-prepared, we'll take you through the pre-writing process, offering tips on setting the stage for your review. But it doesn't stop there. You'll find a practical example of an article review to help you grasp the concepts in action. To complete your journey, we'll guide you through the post-writing process, equipping you with essential proofreading techniques to ensure your work shines with clarity and precision!

What Is an Article Review: Grasping the Concept 

A review article is a type of professional paper writing that demands a high level of in-depth analysis and a well-structured presentation of arguments. It is a critical, constructive evaluation of literature in a particular field through summary, classification, analysis, and comparison.

If you write a scientific review, you have to use database searches to portray the research. Your primary goal is to summarize everything and present a clear understanding of the topic you've been working on.

Writing Involves:

• Summarization, classification, analysis, critiques, and comparison.
• The analysis, evaluation, and comparison require the use of theories, ideas, and research relevant to the subject area of the article.
• It is also worth nothing if a review does not introduce new information, but instead presents a response to another writer's work.
• Check out other samples to gain a better understanding of how to review the article.

Types of Review

When it comes to article reviews, there's more than one way to approach the task. Understanding the various types of reviews is like having a versatile toolkit at your disposal. In this section, we'll walk you through the different dimensions of review types, each offering a unique perspective and purpose. Whether you're dissecting a scholarly article, critiquing a piece of literature, or evaluating a product, you'll discover the diverse landscape of article reviews and how to navigate it effectively.

Journal Article Review

Just like other types of reviews, a journal article review assesses the merits and shortcomings of a published work. To illustrate, consider a review of an academic paper on climate change, where the writer meticulously analyzes and interprets the article's significance within the context of environmental science.

Research Article Review

Distinguished by its focus on research methodologies, a research article review scrutinizes the techniques used in a study and evaluates them in light of the subsequent analysis and critique. For instance, when reviewing a research article on the effects of a new drug, the reviewer would delve into the methods employed to gather data and assess their reliability.

Science Article Review

In the realm of scientific literature, a science article review encompasses a wide array of subjects. Scientific publications often provide extensive background information, which can be instrumental in conducting a comprehensive analysis. For example, when reviewing an article about the latest breakthroughs in genetics, the reviewer may draw upon the background knowledge provided to facilitate a more in-depth evaluation of the publication.

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Formatting an Article Review

The format of the article should always adhere to the citation style required by your professor. If you're not sure, seek clarification on the preferred format and ask him to clarify several other pointers to complete the formatting of an article review adequately.

How Many Publications Should You Review?

• In what format should you cite your articles (MLA, APA, ASA, Chicago, etc.)?
• What length should your review be?
• Should you include a summary, critique, or personal opinion in your assignment?
• Do you need to call attention to a theme or central idea within the articles?
• Does your instructor require background information?

When you know the answers to these questions, you may start writing your assignment. Below are examples of MLA and APA formats, as those are the two most common citation styles.

Using the APA Format

Articles appear most commonly in academic journals, newspapers, and websites. If you write an article review in the APA format, you will need to write bibliographical entries for the sources you use:

• Web : Author [last name], A.A [first and middle initial]. (Year, Month, Date of Publication). Title. Retrieved from {link}
• Journal : Author [last name], A.A [first and middle initial]. (Publication Year). Publication Title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
• Newspaper : Author [last name], A.A [first and middle initial]. (Year, Month, Date of Publication). Publication Title. Magazine Title, pp. xx-xx.

Using MLA Format

• Web : Last, First Middle Initial. “Publication Title.” Website Title. Website Publisher, Date Month Year Published. Web. Date Month Year Accessed.
• Newspaper : Last, First M. “Publication Title.” Newspaper Title [City] Date, Month, Year Published: Page(s). Print.
• Journal : Last, First M. “Publication Title.” Journal Title Series Volume. Issue (Year Published): Page(s). Database Name. Web. Date Month Year Accessed.

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The Pre-Writing Process

Facing this task for the first time can really get confusing and can leave you unsure of where to begin. To create a top-notch article review, start with a few preparatory steps. Here are the two main stages from our dissertation services to get you started:

Step 1: Define the right organization for your review. Knowing the future setup of your paper will help you define how you should read the article. Here are the steps to follow:

• Summarize the article — seek out the main points, ideas, claims, and general information presented in the article.
• Define the positive points — identify the strong aspects, ideas, and insightful observations the author has made.
• Find the gaps —- determine whether or not the author has any contradictions, gaps, or inconsistencies in the article and evaluate whether or not he or she used a sufficient amount of arguments and information to support his or her ideas.
• Identify unanswered questions — finally, identify if there are any questions left unanswered after reading the piece.

Step 2: Move on and review the article. Here is a small and simple guide to help you do it right:

• Start off by looking at and assessing the title of the piece, its abstract, introductory part, headings and subheadings, opening sentences in its paragraphs, and its conclusion.
• First, read only the beginning and the ending of the piece (introduction and conclusion). These are the parts where authors include all of their key arguments and points. Therefore, if you start with reading these parts, it will give you a good sense of the author's main points.
• Finally, read the article fully.

These three steps make up most of the prewriting process. After you are done with them, you can move on to writing your own review—and we are going to guide you through the writing process as well.

Outline and Template

As you progress with reading your article, organize your thoughts into coherent sections in an outline. As you read, jot down important facts, contributions, or contradictions. Identify the shortcomings and strengths of your publication. Begin to map your outline accordingly.

If your professor does not want a summary section or a personal critique section, then you must alleviate those parts from your writing. Much like other assignments, an article review must contain an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Thus, you might consider dividing your outline according to these sections as well as subheadings within the body. If you find yourself troubled with the pre-writing and the brainstorming process for this assignment, seek out a sample outline.

Your custom essay must contain these constituent parts:

• Pre-Title Page - Before diving into your review, start with essential details: article type, publication title, and author names with affiliations (position, department, institution, location, and email). Include corresponding author info if needed.
• Running Head - In APA format, use a concise title (under 40 characters) to ensure consistent formatting.
• Summary Page - Optional but useful. Summarize the article in 800 words, covering background, purpose, results, and methodology, avoiding verbatim text or references.
• Title Page - Include the full title, a 250-word abstract, and 4-6 keywords for discoverability.
• Introduction - Set the stage with an engaging overview of the article.
• Body - Organize your analysis with headings and subheadings.
• Works Cited/References - Properly cite all sources used in your review.
• Optional Suggested Reading Page - If permitted, suggest further readings for in-depth exploration.
• Tables and Figure Legends (if instructed by the professor) - Include visuals when requested by your professor for clarity.

Example of an Article Review

You might wonder why we've dedicated a section of this article to discuss an article review sample. Not everyone may realize it, but examining multiple well-constructed examples of review articles is a crucial step in the writing process. In the following section, our essay writing service experts will explain why.

Looking through relevant article review examples can be beneficial for you in the following ways:

• To get you introduced to the key works of experts in your field.
• To help you identify the key people engaged in a particular field of science.
• To help you define what significant discoveries and advances were made in your field.
• To help you unveil the major gaps within the existing knowledge of your field—which contributes to finding fresh solutions.
• To help you find solid references and arguments for your own review.
• To help you generate some ideas about any further field of research.
• To help you gain a better understanding of the area and become an expert in this specific field.
• To get a clear idea of how to write a good review.

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Steps for Writing an Article Review

Here is a guide with critique paper format on how to write a review paper:

Step 1: Write the Title

First of all, you need to write a title that reflects the main focus of your work. Respectively, the title can be either interrogative, descriptive, or declarative.

Step 2: Cite the Article

Next, create a proper citation for the reviewed article and input it following the title. At this step, the most important thing to keep in mind is the style of citation specified by your instructor in the requirements for the paper. For example, an article citation in the MLA style should look as follows:

Author's last and first name. "The title of the article." Journal's title and issue(publication date): page(s). Print

Abraham John. "The World of Dreams." Virginia Quarterly 60.2(1991): 125-67. Print.

Step 3: Article Identification

After your citation, you need to include the identification of your reviewed article:

• Title of the article
• Title of the journal
• Year of publication

All of this information should be included in the first paragraph of your paper.

The report "Poverty increases school drop-outs" was written by Brian Faith – a Health officer – in 2000.

Step 4: Introduction

Your organization in an assignment like this is of the utmost importance. Before embarking on your writing process, you should outline your assignment or use an article review template to organize your thoughts coherently.

• If you are wondering how to start an article review, begin with an introduction that mentions the article and your thesis for the review.
• Follow up with a summary of the main points of the article.
• Highlight the positive aspects and facts presented in the publication.
• Critique the publication by identifying gaps, contradictions, disparities in the text, and unanswered questions.

Step 5: Summarize the Article

Make a summary of the article by revisiting what the author has written about. Note any relevant facts and findings from the article. Include the author's conclusions in this section.

Step 6: Critique It

Present the strengths and weaknesses you have found in the publication. Highlight the knowledge that the author has contributed to the field. Also, write about any gaps and/or contradictions you have found in the article. Take a standpoint of either supporting or not supporting the author's assertions, but back up your arguments with facts and relevant theories that are pertinent to that area of knowledge. Rubrics and templates can also be used to evaluate and grade the person who wrote the article.

Step 7: Craft a Conclusion

In this section, revisit the critical points of your piece, your findings in the article, and your critique. Also, write about the accuracy, validity, and relevance of the results of the article review. Present a way forward for future research in the field of study. Before submitting your article, keep these pointers in mind:

• As you read the article, highlight the key points. This will help you pinpoint the article's main argument and the evidence that they used to support that argument.
• While you write your review, use evidence from your sources to make a point. This is best done using direct quotations.
• Select quotes and supporting evidence adequately and use direct quotations sparingly. Take time to analyze the article adequately.
• Every time you reference a publication or use a direct quotation, use a parenthetical citation to avoid accidentally plagiarizing your article.
• Re-read your piece a day after you finish writing it. This will help you to spot grammar mistakes and to notice any flaws in your organization.
• Use a spell-checker and get a second opinion on your paper.

The Post-Writing Process: Proofread Your Work

Finally, when all of the parts of your article review are set and ready, you have one last thing to take care of — proofreading. Although students often neglect this step, proofreading is a vital part of the writing process and will help you polish your paper to ensure that there are no mistakes or inconsistencies.

To proofread your paper properly, start by reading it fully and checking the following points:

• Punctuation
• Other mistakes

Afterward, take a moment to check for any unnecessary information in your paper and, if found, consider removing it to streamline your content. Finally, double-check that you've covered at least 3-4 key points in your discussion.

And remember, if you ever need help with proofreading, rewriting your essay, or even want to buy essay , our friendly team is always here to assist you.

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What Is A Review Article?

How to write an article review, how to write an article review in apa format.

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PSY290 - Research Methods

• Identifying & Locating Empirical Research Articles
• Survey & Test Instruments

Writing a Critical Review

Sample summaries, verbs to help you write the summary, how to read a scholarly article.

• APA Citation Style Help

A critical review is an academic appraisal of an article that offers both a summary and critical comment. They are useful in evaluating the relevance of a source to your academic needs. They demonstrate that you have understood the text and that you can analyze the main arguments or findings. It is not just a summary; it is an evaluation of what the author has said on a topic. It’s critical in that you thoughtfully consider the validity and accuracy of the author’s claims and that you identify other valid points of view.

An effective critical review has three parts:

• APA citation of article
• Clearly summarizes the purpose for the article and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the research. (In your own words – no quotations.)
• Evaluates the contribution of the article to the discipline or broad subject area and how it relates to your own research.

Steps to Write a Critical Review:

• Create and APA style citation for the article you are reviewing.
• Skim the text: Read the title, abstract, introduction, and conclusion.
• Read the entire article in order to identify its main ideas and purpose.

Q. What were the authors investigating? What is their thesis? Q. What did the authors hope to discover?

        D. Pay close attention to the methods used by the authors to collection information.

Q. What are the characteristics of the participants? (e.g.) Age/gender/ethnicity

Q. What was the procedure or experimental method/surveys used?

Q. Are their any flaws in the design of their study?

  E. Review the main findings in the “Discussion” or “Conclusion” section. This will help you to evaluate the validity of their evidence, and the credibility of the authors.             Q.   Are their conclusions convincing?            Q.   Were their results significant? If so, describe how they were significant.  F. Evaluate the usefulness of the text to YOU in the context of your own research.

Q. How does this article assist you in your research?

Q. How does it enhance your understanding of this issue?

Q. What gaps in your research does it fill?

Good Summary:

Hock, S., & Rochford, R. A. (2010). A letter-writing campaign: linking academic success and civic engagement. Journal  of Community Engagement and Scholarship, 3 (2), 76-82.

Hock & Rochford (2010) describe how two classes of developmental writing students were engaged in a service-learning project to support the preservation of an on-campus historical site. The goal of the assignment was to help students to see how they have influence in their community by acting as engaged citizens, and to improve their scores on the ACT Writing Sample Assessment (WSA) exam. The authors report that students in developmental classes often feel disempowered, especially when English is not their first language. This assignment not only assisted them in elevating their written communication skills, but it also gave real-life significance to the assignment, and by extension made them feel like empowered members of the community. The advancement in student scores serves as evidence to support my research that when students are given assignments which permit local advocacy and active participation, their academic performance also improves.

Bad Summary:

Two ELL classes complete a service-learning project and improve their writing scores. This article was good because it provided me with lots of information I can use. The students learned a lot in their service-learning project and they passed the ACT exam.  

Remember you're describing what someone else has said. Use verbal cues to make this clear to your reader.  Here are some suggested verbs to use: 

* Adapted from: http://www.laspositascollege.edu/raw/summaries.php

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How to Write a Literature Review: Writing a Literature Review in APA Format

• Writing a Literature Review in APA Format
• Chicago/Turabian Citation Style
• Primary and Secondary Sources
• Basic Research Strategies
• Evaluating Sources
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Writing a Literature Review in APA

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How to Write an Article Review: Examples and Tips

In today's information-rich world, mastering the skill of discerning valuable insights from the overwhelming noise is a game-changer. Whether you're a student striving for success or a professional aiming to stay sharp, knowing how to critique an article is your key.

Our article review writing service explains the intricacies of writing an article review, categorizes different types and shares insights into impactful formatting. It's not just theory – we'll guide you step by step, from pre-writing to a tangible review article example, and refine your abilities with essential proofreading tips.

What Is an Article Review?

An article review is more than a mere summary; it is a thoughtful analysis and critique that goes beyond the surface of the title. It's an intellectual exercise that challenges you to engage deeply with the author's ideas, question their methodology, and evaluate the significance of their findings.

Consider it as a journey through the landscape of someone else's thoughts. It's not just about where the writer takes you; it's about the path they choose, the landmarks they highlight, and the potential detours they overlook. An effective examination is a conversation with the author, a dialogue where you appreciate their insights, challenge assumptions, and perhaps even find alternative routes through the intellectual terrain they've explored.

As you start to understand how to review the article, encourage thought by asking questions.

• What assumptions underlie the author's arguments? 
• Are there alternative perspectives that could enrich the discussion?
• How does the author's methodology shape their conclusions, and are there potential biases to consider?
• How does the title contribute to the clarity and coherence of the author's arguments?
• In what ways does the title influence the reader's perception of the author's

At EssayHub, our book review writing service experts believe an article review is an opportunity not just to absorb information but to actively engage with it, to question, to ponder, and to contribute your own insights to the scholarly conversation.

Types of Review

When tackling article reviews, there isn't a one-size-fits-all approach; it's a task that allows for versatile strategies. Think of understanding the different types of reviews as having a multifaceted toolkit ready for use. In this part, we'll guide you through the varied types of a review article, each showing a unique viewpoint and serving a specific purpose. Whether you're analyzing a scholarly piece on your own or asking someone to 'write an article review for me,' you'll get valuable insights.

Journal Article Review

A journal article review involves critically evaluating and analyzing scholarly pieces published in an academic journal. It requires a thorough understanding of the author's research, methodology, results, and conclusions. The reviewer assesses the journal's contributions to the field, its theoretical framework, and the validity of the research methods employed. The goal is to provide a comprehensive summary and critique that highlights both the strengths and limitations of the piece.

Research Article Review

A research article review focuses on the evaluation of a scientific or academic research paper. This type of examination involves examining the research question, experimental design, data collection methods, statistical analysis, and the interpretation of findings. For example, it can be research on teen vaping statistics , which includes all of above. The reviewer assesses the reliability and validity of the research, considers the implications of the study, and offers insights into its potential impact on the broader academic community.

Science Article Review

A science article review encompasses a critical analysis of a piece in the field of science, covering disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, or any other scientific domain. This review type involves assessing the clarity of scientific concepts presented, the validity of experimental procedures, and the significance of the study's findings. According to our literature review writing service , reviewers may also consider the article's potential contributions to advancing scientific knowledge and its relevance to current scientific debates or issues.

Article Review Format

Ensuring the proper formatting of an article examination is crucial, and it should consistently align with the citation style specified by your instructor. If you're uncertain, don't hesitate to ask us - write my article review for me, along with additional guidelines to effectively structure your piece.

Meanwhile, here are some questions to consider:

• What citation style (MLA, APA, ASA, Chicago, etc.) should you employ?
• What is the recommended length for your article review?
• Should your assignment encompass a summary, critique, or include personal opinions?
• Is it necessary to highlight a theme or central idea from the articles?
• Does your instructor expect background information to be incorporated?

APA Format Article Review

An APA review sticks to the rules of the American Psychological Association. When unsure how to write an article review in APA format, remember that it carefully cites the article, using a title page, intro, summary, critique, conclusion, and references. Citations follow the author-date format, focusing on being clear and objective. The review digs into the article's methods, results, and overall impact.

When you write an article review in APA, your in-text citation might read: (Anderson & Ramirez, 2019)

The corresponding entry in the reference list would be: Anderson, L., & Ramirez, C. (2019). Unveiling the Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(3), 112-128.

MLA Format Article Review

For an MLA writing review, it follows the Modern Language Association's style. It's important to know how sources are cited in the text and in the Works Cited page. The structure usually has an intro, summary, critique, and conclusion. MLA citations often have the author's last name and page number in brackets in the text. This review might highlight the document's literary or humanities aspects, such as style, language, and cultural context.

In an MLA format publication, the citation within the text could look like: (Anderson and Ramirez 112)

The Works Cited entry for this publication: Anderson, Laura, and Carlos Ramirez. 'Exploring the Impact of Urban Green Spaces on Well-being.' Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 25, no. 3, 2019, pp. 112-128.

Review Article Outline

As you read your writing piece, organize your thoughts into sections in an outline. Note down key facts, contributions, and any contradictions. Identify strengths and weaknesses, and start mapping your outline.

If your professor doesn't want a summary or personal critique, skip those parts. Like other assignments, your examination needs an introduction, body, and conclusion. Consider dividing your outline accordingly, with subheadings in the body. If you need help starting, find a sample outline.

Your article assessment should have the following:

• Pre-Title Page: Essential details like publication type, publication title, author names with affiliations, and corresponding author info.
• Running Head (APA format): A concise title for consistent formatting.
• Summary Page (optional but useful): Summarize the document in 800 words, covering background, purpose, results, and methodology.
• Title Page: Full title, a 250-word abstract, and 4-6 keywords for discoverability.
• Introduction: Engage your reader with an overview.
• Body: Organize your analysis with headings and subheadings.
• Works Cited/References: Properly cite all sources.
• Optional Suggested Reading Page: If allowed, suggest further readings.
• Tables and Figure Legends (if instructed): Include visuals when requested for clarity.

Writing an Article Review in 7 Steps

Use our essay writer service or move on to understanding how to write a review paper covering everything from creating the title to summarizing key points. This step-by-step guide breaks it down into seven simple steps, making the entire process more manageable.

Step 1: Create the Title

The very first question you might have is how to start an article review. It's crucial to develop a title that not only captures the essence of the publication but also reflects your perspective. For instance, consider the title: ' Decoding Data: A Critical Exploration of Privacy Concerns in Online Health Platforms. ' This title not only introduces the main theme but also hints at the critical evaluation that will unfold in the writing. It sets the tone for your analysis and sparks interest from the outset.

Step 2: Reference the Article

In the second step, it's essential to ensure accurate citation by providing specific details. Take a look at this example:

• Author: Rodriguez, M., & Chen, L.
• Title: 'Privacy Matters: Analyzing the Impact of Health Apps on User Data'
• Publication Date: 2023
• Source: Journal of Digital Ethics, 8(2), 87-105.

By including these details, you not only acknowledge the authors and the publication but also provide your readers with the necessary information to locate and verify the article. This step lays the foundation for a credible and well-referenced examination.

Step 3: Article Identification

Identify key elements of the publication, such as the writer's main argument, methodology, and key findings. Pinpoint any theoretical frameworks or models used in the title.

For example: The writing by Garcia and Kim examines the correlation between social media usage and mental health outcomes among adolescents. The authors employ a longitudinal study approach, utilizing surveys and interviews to gather data.

Step 4: Make an Introduction

In your introduction, provide a brief overview of the title's subject and purpose. Capture the reader's attention and clearly state your thesis or main point related to the title. For instance, you might start your article review template like this.

In the digital age, the impact of social media on mental health has become a topic of increasing concern. Garcia and Kim's recent study delves into this issue, aiming to uncover the nuanced relationship between social media engagement and the psychological well-being of adolescents. This writing piece critically analyzes the methodology, findings, and implications of their research.

Step 5: Summarize the Article

Summarize the main points of your assessment, highlighting key arguments, evidence, and results. Offer a concise overview without adding personal opinions.

Example: Garcia and Kim's study reveals a significant positive association between increased social media use and heightened levels of anxiety and depression among the adolescent population. The longitudinal study tracked participants over a two-year period, employing both quantitative and qualitative measures to assess mental health outcomes.

Step 6: Provide Critique

Critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the writing. Well, how to critique an article , you might wonder. Discuss aspects such as methodology, data interpretation, and potential biases.

Example: While the study offers valuable insights, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce response bias. Additionally, the research predominantly focuses on mainstream social media platforms, potentially overlooking the impact of emerging platforms. Despite these limitations, the study's comprehensive approach contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding the intersection of social media and mental health.

Step 7: Conclude

In the conclusion, summarize your overall assessment of the article and restate your main points. Offer insights into the broader implications of the research and suggest areas for future exploration. 

For example: To conclude, Garcia and Kim's study sheds light on the complex relationship between social media use and adolescent mental health. Despite certain methodological limitations, the research underscores the need for continued investigation in this field. As we navigate the digital landscape, understanding these dynamics becomes crucial for devising effective interventions and support systems for the well-being of our youth.

Example of an Article Review

Why are we taking the time to discuss article review examples in this article? It might not be immediately apparent, but exploring a well-crafted article review sample is a vital step in the writing process for the following reasons:

• Introduction to Key Works: Helps you to familiarize yourself with the important works of experts in your field.
• Identification of Key Figures: You can recognize key figures contributing to a specific scientific field.
• Understanding Field Advancements: Helps you define significant discoveries and advances made in your area of study.
• Identification of Knowledge Gaps: You can uncover major gaps in existing knowledge, contributing to the formulation of fresh solutions.
• Reference and Argumentation Resources: You discover solid references and arguments that can enhance your own writing.
• Idea Generation: Helps you generate ideas for potential future research directions.
• Becoming an Expert: Assists in gaining a deeper understanding of the subject area, moving towards expertise.
• Writing Guidance: You acquire a clear idea of how to craft a well-structured review.

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Films/Videos/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi - one author, journal article from library database with doi - multiple authors, journal article from a website - one author.

Journal Article- No DOI

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

• APA 7th. ed. Journal Article Reference Checklist

If an item has no author, start the citation with the article title.

When an article has one to twenty authors, all authors' names are cited in the References List entry. When an article has twenty-one or more authors list the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.

Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).

Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize or use quotation marks for the titles of articles.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.

Volume and Issue Numbers

Italicize volume numbers but not issue numbers.

Retrieval Dates

Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, like a free website or a wiki.

Page Numbers

If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14)

Library Database

Do not include the name of a database for works obtained from most academic research databases (e.g. APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) because works in these resources are widely available. Exceptions are Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ERIC, ProQuest Dissertations, and UpToDate.

Include the DOI (formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/...) if it is available. If you do not have a DOI, include a URL if the full text of the article is available online (not as part of a library database). If the full text is from a library database, do not include a DOI, URL, or database name.

In the Body of a Paper

Books, Journals, Reports, Webpages, etc.: When you refer to titles of a “stand-alone work,” as the APA calls them on their APA Style website, such as books, journals, reports, and webpages, you should italicize them. Capitalize words as you would for an article title in a reference, e.g., In the book Crying in H Mart: A memoir , author Michelle Zauner (2021) describes her biracial origin and its impact on her identity.

Article or Chapter: When you refer to the title of a part of a work, such as an article or a chapter, put quotation marks around the title and capitalize it as you would for a journal title in a reference, e.g., In the chapter “Where’s the Wine,” Zauner (2021) describes how she decided to become a musician.

The APA Sample Paper below has more information about formatting your paper.

• APA 7th ed. Sample Paper

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number

Smith, K. F. (2022). The public and private dialogue about the American family on television: A second look. Journal of Media Communication, 50 (4), 79-110. https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.x

Note: The DOI number is formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.xIf

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Smith, 2000)

In-Text Quote:

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (Smith, 2000, p. 80)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number

Note: Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.

Note: In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including 20 authors. When a source has 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name. Don't include an ampersand (&) between the ellipsis and final author.

Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."

Reference List Examples

Two to 20 Authors

Case, T. A., Daristotle, Y. A., Hayek, S. L., Smith, R. R., & Raash, L. I. (2011). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3 (2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010

21 or more authors

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 (3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

In-Text Citations

Two Authors/Editors

(Case & Daristotle, 2011)

Direct Quote: (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57)

Three or more Authors/Editors

(Case et al., 2011)

Direct Quote: (Case et al., 2011, p. 57)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any.  Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number if given). URL

Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area.  Electronic Green Journal, 1 (30). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4

Example: (Flachs, 2010)

Example: (Flachs, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 3)

Note: In this example there were no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers; in this case you can cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. If there are no page or paragraph numbers and no marked section, leave this information out.

Journal Article - No DOI

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any.  Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. URL [if article is available online, not as part of a library database]

Full-Text Available Online (Not as Part of a Library Database):

Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. (2017). What do we know about school discipline reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions.  Education Next, 17 (1), 44–52.  https://www.educationnext.org/what-do-we-know-about-school-discipline-reform-suspensions-expulsions/

Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017)

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page number)

Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017, p. 47)

Full-Text Available in Library Database:

Jungers, W. L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back.  Nature, 463 (2), 433-434.

Example: (Jungers, 2010)

Example: (Jungers, 2010, p. 433)

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Answered By: Alan Aldrich Last Updated: Jan 05, 2018     Views: 13656

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

I pasted the link to the Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University's section on APA formats. I think your instructor wants you to use APA citation style for the items (articles, books, etc.) that you are reviewing. In other words, you must cite the work in the format (APA) as part of your review. The OWL site will show examples for citing books, journal erticles, etc.

I hope this helps you out and answers your question. The OWL is a great resource for both APA and MLA citation styles.

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• Knowledge Base
• APA Style 7th edition
• APA format for academic papers and essays

APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual provides guidelines for clear communication , citing sources , and formatting documents. This article focuses on paper formatting.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:

• Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides.
• Double-space all text, including headings.
• Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches.
• Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
• Include a page number on every page.

Let an expert format your paper

Our APA formatting experts can help you to format your paper according to APA guidelines. They can help you with:

• Margins, line spacing, and indentation
• Font and headings
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Table of contents

How to set up apa format (with template), apa alphabetization guidelines, apa format template [free download], page header, headings and subheadings, reference page, tables and figures, frequently asked questions about apa format.

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References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).

Why set up APA format from scratch if you can download Scribbr’s template for free?

Student papers and professional papers have slightly different guidelines regarding the title page, abstract, and running head. Our template is available in Word and Google Docs format for both versions.

• Student paper: Word | Google Docs
• Professional paper: Word | Google Docs

In an APA Style paper, every page has a page header. For student papers, the page header usually consists of just a page number in the page’s top-right corner. For professional papers intended for publication, it also includes a running head .

A running head is simply the paper’s title in all capital letters. It is left-aligned and can be up to 50 characters in length. Longer titles are abbreviated .

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

APA headings have five possible levels. Heading level 1 is used for main sections such as “ Methods ” or “ Results ”. Heading levels 2 to 5 are used for subheadings. Each heading level is formatted differently.

Want to know how many heading levels you should use, when to use which heading level, and how to set up heading styles in Word or Google Docs? Then check out our in-depth article on APA headings .

The title page is the first page of an APA Style paper. There are different guidelines for student and professional papers.

Both versions include the paper title and author’s name and affiliation. The student version includes the course number and name, instructor name, and due date of the assignment. The professional version includes an author note and running head .

For more information on writing a striking title, crediting multiple authors (with different affiliations), and writing the author note, check out our in-depth article on the APA title page .

The abstract is a 150–250 word summary of your paper. An abstract is usually required in professional papers, but it’s rare to include one in student papers (except for longer texts like theses and dissertations).

The abstract is placed on a separate page after the title page . At the top of the page, write the section label “Abstract” (bold and centered). The contents of the abstract appear directly under the label. Unlike regular paragraphs, the first line is not indented. Abstracts are usually written as a single paragraph without headings or blank lines.

Directly below the abstract, you may list three to five relevant keywords . On a new line, write the label “Keywords:” (italicized and indented), followed by the keywords in lowercase letters, separated by commas.

APA Style does not provide guidelines for formatting the table of contents . It’s also not a required paper element in either professional or student papers. If your instructor wants you to include a table of contents, it’s best to follow the general guidelines.

Place the table of contents on a separate page between the abstract and introduction. Write the section label “Contents” at the top (bold and centered), press “Enter” once, and list the important headings with corresponding page numbers.

The APA reference page is placed after the main body of your paper but before any appendices . Here you list all sources that you’ve cited in your paper (through APA in-text citations ). APA provides guidelines for formatting the references as well as the page itself.

Creating APA Style references

Play around with the Scribbr Citation Example Generator below to learn about the APA reference format of the most common source types or generate APA citations for free with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator .

Formatting the reference page

Write the section label “References” at the top of a new page (bold and centered). Place the reference entries directly under the label in alphabetical order.

Finally, apply a hanging indent , meaning the first line of each reference is left-aligned, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches.

Tables and figures are presented in a similar format. They’re preceded by a number and title and followed by explanatory notes (if necessary).

Use bold styling for the word “Table” or “Figure” and the number, and place the title on a separate line directly below it (in italics and title case). Try to keep tables clean; don’t use any vertical lines, use as few horizontal lines as possible, and keep row and column labels concise.

Keep the design of figures as simple as possible. Include labels and a legend if needed, and only use color when necessary (not to make it look more appealing).

Check out our in-depth article about table and figure notes to learn when to use notes and how to format them.

The easiest way to set up APA format in Word is to download Scribbr’s free APA format template for student papers or professional papers.

Alternatively, you can watch Scribbr’s 5-minute step-by-step tutorial or check out our APA format guide with examples.

APA Style papers should be written in a font that is legible and widely accessible. For example:

• Times New Roman (12pt.)
• Arial (11pt.)
• Calibri (11pt.)
• Georgia (11pt.)

The same font and font size is used throughout the document, including the running head , page numbers, headings , and the reference page . Text in footnotes and figure images may be smaller and use single line spacing.

You need an APA in-text citation and reference entry . Each source type has its own format; for example, a webpage citation is different from a book citation .

Use Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator to generate flawless citations in seconds or take a look at our APA citation examples .

Yes, page numbers are included on all pages, including the title page , table of contents , and reference page . Page numbers should be right-aligned in the page header.

To insert page numbers in Microsoft Word or Google Docs, click ‘Insert’ and then ‘Page number’.

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 4, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

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Related Papers

Dian Oktavia

Adapted with permission from the Medicine Hat College Library Services How To Guide http://www.mhc.ab.ca/library/howtoguides.html#pres 5-13-10 This handout provides an overview of the American Psychological Association's style of citation and writing. It is based on the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA Publication Manual). For additional information and examples, consult a copy of the handbook that is available in the in the Laupus Library Reference Area (Call #: WZ 345 P976 2010). WHY CITE SOURCES? When writing a paper, we often build upon the information and ideas of others. When information is borrowed from others, we must give them credit. Citing sources accomplishes the following: ~ provides a way to give proper credit to the sources used in writing the paper ~ enables the reader to find the information for themselves ~ adds credibility and provides strength for your arguments WHEN TO CITE SOURCES? Credit must be given whenever: 1. quoting from a source (copying from the source word for word) 2. summarizing or rephrasing information from a source into one's own words HOW TO CITE SOURCES? APA style requires 2 elements: 1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES ~ located in the text of the paper ~ tells the reader what information was borrowed and where it came from 2. A LIST OF REFERENCES ~ located at the end of the paper ~ tells the reader what sources were used to write the paper and provides complete information about the sources The in-text references and list of references work together to give complete credit to the sources that are used in writing the paper. The in-text reference in the paper should correspond with the beginning of the citation in the list of references.

eko susanto

Article review writing format, steps, examples and illustration PDF Compiled by Mohammed Yismaw

Muhammed Yismaw

The purpose of this document is to help students and researchers understand how a review of an academic journal is conducted and reported in different fields of study. Review articles in academic journals that analyze or discuss researches previously published by others, rather than reporting new research results or findings. Summaries and critiques are two ways to write a review of a scientific journal article. Both types of writing ask you first to read and understand an article from the primary literature about your topic. The summary involves briefly but accurately stating the key points of the article for a reader who has not read the original article. The critique begins by summarizing the article and then analyzes and evaluates the author’s research. Summaries and critiques help you learn to synthesize information from different sources and are usually limited to two pages maximum.

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APA (7th ed.), Citation Style: Reviews and Commentary

• Introduction to APA
• General Guidelines
• Who (Author)
• When (Publication Date)
• What (Title)
• Where (Publication Information)
• Formatting Author Information
• Citing Personal Communications
• Citing Indirect Sources (secondary sources)
• Citing Sources with Missing Information (author, date, or page numbers)

There will be times when a review of a work is necessary to provide. Section 10.7 in the 7th edition APA manual provides examples of the types of works that usually have reviews. All of the examples can be found on p. 334.

The basic citation format is as follows: Reviewer, A.A. (date). Review title. [Details of reviewed work.] Periodical/Source Information. DOI or URL.

The examples of a film review, book review, and TV series episode review can be found on p. 335.

Subject Guide

• Last Updated: Dec 20, 2021 3:42 PM
• URL: https://alliant.libguides.com/apastyle

How to Write an Article Review: Tips, Outline, Format

Have you been assigned an article review paper, but you are unsure where to start, or what is a review article at all? There is no need to worry, as EssayService has put together a top guide for you! Find out all about an article review to master your assignment.

What is an Article Review?

In simple terms, an article review essay is like a summary and evaluation of another professional or expert's work. It may also be referred to as a literature review that includes an outline of the most recent research on the subject, or a critical review that focuses on a specific article with smaller scope. Article review can be used for many reasons; for example, a teacher or lecturer may wish to introduce their students to a new subject by reviewing a professional's piece. You can also learn about the most important works of specialists in your industry by looking at relevant article review examples.

Also, a newspaper article review example could be a journalist writing a critique about another competitor's published work.

In comparison, a book review article example could be critiqued by a fellow author or even a student in the chosen field.

Depending on the critique criteria and the work being reviewed, there could also be certain points asked for addition which should be checked and noted by the lecturer or supervisor. Otherwise, follow the article review guidelines from our write my essay service to complete the assignment in no time.

Key points when writing an article review:

Use the article review template from our paper writing service to get through the assignment as fast as possible so you will not waste any time.

How to Start an Article Review?

• Firstly read the work being reviewed as much as possible and look up key phrases and words that are not understood.
• Discuss the work with other professionals or colleagues to collect more opinions and get a more balanced impression.
• Highlight important sections or sentences and refer this to your knowledge in the topic, do you agree or disagree and what does this contribute to the field?
• Then re-write the key arguments and findings into your own words this will help gain better understanding into the paper. This can be just written as an outline also and will help decide which points are wanted to discuss later.

If you feel you do not have enough time to create a critique worthy of your time, then come to EssayService and order a custom Article review online.

You can order essay independent of type, for example:

• nursing essay;
• law essay writing;
• history essays.

The best way to write an effective essay would be to draw up a plan or outline of what needs to be covered and use it for guidance throughout the critique.

Article Review Formatting

There is no one-fits-all article format you can follow in your review. In fact, the formatting is dictated by the citation style specified by your professor in the task requirements. Thus, be sure to clarify the preferred style before you jump straight to writing to handle the given assignment right.

APA Format Article Review

Writing an APA style article review, you will most likely use articles from journals, websites, and newspapers. For each source, you will have to create properly formatted bibliographical entries.

Here is how to write an article review APA:

• Journal: Author’s last name, First and middle initial. (Year of Publication). Publication Title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
• Website: Last name, initials. (Date of Publication). Title. Retrieved from {link}
• Newspaper: Last name, initials. (Date of Publication). Title. Magazine Title, pp. xx-xx.

MLA Format Article Review

Tips for citing sources in an article review MLA format:

• Journal: Last name, First name Middle initial. “Title.” Journal Title Series Volume. Issue (Year of Publication): Page(s). Database Name. Web. Date Accessed.
• Website: Last, First M. “Title.” Website Title. Publisher, Date Published. Web. Date Accessed.
• Newspaper: Last, First M. “Title.” Newspaper Title [City] Date of Publication: Page(s). Print.

Article Review Outline

Planning out an outline for your paper will help writing and to put it together so therefore saving you time in the long run.

Some questions to help with the outline of a critique:

• What does the article set out to do or prove?
• Are the main ideas clear and defined?
• How substantial is the evidence?
• Where does the article fit in its specific field?
• Does it provide new knowledge on the topic?
• What are the central theories and assumptions?
• Is the writer conclusive at getting their point across?

Here is a typical article review format to follow:

Use our article review template to get through the assignment as fast as possible so you will not waste any time.

Article Review Title

Firstly start with creating a title for your critique, this should be something to do with the focus of the work that is being reviewed. An approach could be to make it descriptive or also in a more creative way think of something that intrigues the reader. After the title, this is a good place to correctly cite the paper being critiqued and include the important details for example, the author, title of publication, any page references. The style in which the citation is written will depend on which is best for this type of work being reviewed.

Article Review Introduction

The introduction should be a brief glimpse into what the author was writing about and any other details the audience will find interesting. Maybe some background details on the piece that is not already known or something that contributes to the review itself. It is a good idea to start by introducing the work at the start of the paragraph and then include a ' hook '. Include the writer's thesis if there is one and put it at the end but include your own thesis towards the critique near the beginning of this section.

Article Review Body

When constructing the summary section, write down the important points and findings in the piece in your own words. Include how the claims are supported and backed up with evidence but use direct quotes as sparing as possible. Do not put in any information known to professionals in the field or topic, but detail any conclusions the work came to. Make sure the paper is not just copied word for word and is actually summarized by yourself; this will also help the review stage.

To make an accurate critique, break down the work and express opinions on whether it achieves its goals and how useful it is in explaining the topics for an article review. Decide if the paper contributes to its field and is important and credible to the given field. Back up all the claims with evidence from the summary or another source. If using another text, remember to cite it correctly in the bibliography section. Look at how strong the points are and do they contribute to the argument. Try to identify any biases the writer might have and use this to make a fair critique. This part is only for opinions of the piece's significance, not including whether you liked it. Furthermore, the different types of audiences that would benefit from the paper can be mentioned in this section.

Article Review Conclusion

In the conclusion section of the critique, there should only be one or two paragraphs in which a summary of key points and opinions in the piece are included. Also, summarize the paper's significance to its field and how accurate the work is. Depending on the type of critique or work evaluated, it is also possible to include comments on future research or the topic to be discussed further.

If other sources have been used, construct a bibliography section and correctly cite all works utilized in the critique. 

The APA format is very common in an article review and stands for American Psychology Association. This will include a 'references list' at the end of the critique and in-text citations, mentioning the author's last name, page number, and publication date.

There are also MLA and Chicago formats for citations with slight differences in a name, like using a 'works cited' page for MLA. More can be found in this guide on the subtle differences between the types of citation methods under the heading 'Creating a bibliography.'

Article Review Example

Article review writing tips.

If you are interested in best scholarships for high school seniors , the following tips will be handy while writing your essay or article:

• Allow enough time to complete the research and writing of the critique. The number one problem with creating a critique is running out of time to make it the best it can be. This can be avoided by effective planning and keeping on time with the deadlines you set out.
• Collect twice more research than you think is needed to write a review. This will help when coming to the writing stage as not all the information collected will be used in the final draft.
• Write in a style that is compatible with the work being critiqued. This will be better for whoever requested the critique and also will make paper easier to construct.
• A summary and evaluation must be written. Do not leave out either part as one complements the other and is vital to create a critique worth reading.
• Be clear and explain well every statement made about the piece . Everything that is unknown to professionals in the field should be explained and all comments should be easy to follow for the reader.
• Do not just describe the work, analyze and interpret it. The critique should be in depth and give the audience some detailed interpretations of the work in a professional way.
• Give an assessment of the quality in the writing and of what standard it is. Evaluate every aspect in the paper so that the audience can see where it fits into the rest of the related works. Give opinions based on fact and do not leave any comments without reason as this will not count for anything.

How to Write an Article Review?

Writing a review article is not that hard if you know what steps to take. Below is a step-by-step guide on how to write a review example quickly and easily.

• Before You Start

Before you start writing your review essay, there are a few pre-writing steps to take. The pre-writing process should consist of the following steps:

• Pick the subject of your review (if it wasn’t specified by your professor);
• Read the article fully multiple times;
• Summarize the main ideas, points, and claims made in the article;
• Define the positive (strong) aspects;
• Identify the gaps or inconsistencies;
• Find the questions that remained unanswered.

All these steps are needed to help you define the direction for your review article and find the main ideas you’d like to cover in it.

After you review articles and define the key ideas, gaps, and other details, map out your future paper by creating a detailed outline.

Here are the core elements that must be included:

• Pre-title page;
• Corresponding author details (optional);
• Running head (only for the APA style);
• Summary page (optional);
• Title page;
• Introduction;
• References/Works Cited;
• Suggested Reading page (optional);
• Tables and Figure Legends (if required by the professor).

This step is vital to organize your thoughts and ensure a proper structure of your work. Thus, be sure not to skip this step.

When you have an outline, students can move on to the writing stage by formulating compelling titles for their article reviews. Titles should be declarative, interrogative, or descriptive to reflect the core focus of the paper.

• Article Citation

After the title should follow a proper citation of the piece you are going to review. Write a citation according to the required style, and feel free to check out a well-written article review example to see how it should look like.

• Article Identification

Start the first paragraph of your review with concise and clear article identification that specifies its title, author, name of the resource (e.g., journal, web, etc.), and the year of publication.

Following the identification, write a short introductory paragraph. It should be to the point and state a clear thesis for your review.

• Summary and Critique

In the main body of your article review, you should first make a detailed but not too extensive summary of the article you reviewed, its main ideas, statements, and findings. In this part, you should also reflect on the conclusion made by the author of the original article.

After a general summary should follow an objective critique. In this part of your paper, you have to state and analyze the main strengths and weaknesses of the article. Also, you need to point out any gaps or unanswered questions that are still there. And clarify your stance on the author’s assertions.

Lastly, you need to craft a compelling conclusion that recaps the key points of your review and gives the final, logical evaluation of the piece that was reviewed.

After this, proofread your work and submit it.

No Time Left For Your Due Assignment

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Reference List: Articles in Periodicals

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited periodical sources. For a complete list of how to cite periodical publications, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Periodical , volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Article in Print Journal

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening.  The New Criterion, 15 (3), 5 – 13.

Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available.

Article in Electronic Journal

As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article.

Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning.  Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement ,   6 (1), 11 – 16.  https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979

DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar.

Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal , 37 (1), 67 – 98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363

Note that, in the example above, there is a quotation in the title of the article. Ordinary titles lack quotation marks.

Article in a Magazine

Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never.  Time, 135 (17), 20 –2 1.

Article in a Newspaper

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.  The Country Today , 1A, 2A.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book  The self-knower: A hero under control , by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert].  Contemporary Psychology , 38 (5), 466–467.

APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Journal Article with 3–20 Authors

• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with 1 Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3–20 Authors
• Journal Article 21 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

What is a DOI? A DOI ( digital object identifier ) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. 

NOTE: It is regarded as the most important part of the citation because it will accurately direct users to the specific article.

Think of it as a "digital fingerprint" or an article's DNA!

The rules for DOIs have been updated in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. They should be included as URLs, rather than just the alphanumeric string.

Correct:  

• http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-12-114
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-12-114

Incorrect:     

• doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-114
• Retrieved from http://doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-114
• FREE DOI Look-up (Cross-Ref)
• DOI System: FAQ
• Looking up a DOI
• DOI Flowchart

Journal Article with Three to Twenty Authors

Helpful Tips:

DOI: If a journal article has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) listed, you will always include this identifier in your reference as a URL.

Online Database: For works from databases that publish works of limited circulation (such as the ERIC database) or original, proprietary material available only in that database (such as UpToDate), include the name of the database or archive and the URL of the work. If the URL requires a login or is session specific, meaning it will not resolve for readers, provide the URL of the database or specific archive home page or login page instead of the URL for the work.

Print: If you viewed a journal article in its print format , be sure to check if it has a DOI listed. If it does not, your reference to the article would end after you provide the page range of the article.

Date: When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication.

Surnames and initials for  up to twenty authors  should be provided in the reference list.  For more than 20 authors, list the first 19, followed by an ellipsis, then list the final author.

General Format

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Author Surname et al., Year)

NOTE: The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is shortened to the first author's name, followed by et al. and the year.

In-Text Citation (Quotation):

(Author Surname et al., Year, page number)

References:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial.Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume (issue), page range. http://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

(Westhues et al., 2001)

(Westhues et al., 2001, p. 40)

Westhues, A., Lafrance, J., & Schmidt, G. (2001). A SWOT analysis of social work education in Canada. Social Work Education, 20 (1), 35-56. http://doi.org/10.1080/02615470020028364

(Dietz et al., 2007)

(Dietz et al., 2007, p. 1518)

Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (10), 1515-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.061118936

ePub Ahead of Print

ePub Ahead of Print  articles, also labeled  Advanced Online Publication  articles, may not have a volume number, issue number, or page numbers assigned to them. If you cannot find a fully published version of the article that includes this information, you can cite the article as an advanced online publication, noting its status where you would usually include the volume, issue, and page numbers. If possible, update your reference to the final version of the source when it becomes available.

Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year.  Developmental Psychology . Advance online publication.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240

Subject Guide

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• Next: Journal Article 21 or more Authors >>

• Last Updated: Jul 26, 2024 1:06 PM
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Yuma APRN Guide to Library Resources: Writing, Citing, and APA 7th edition

• Starting your research
• Identifying Scholarly Resources

Evidence Based Practice

• Point of Care
• How to critically read scholarly literature
• Writing, Citing, and APA 7th edition

Writing Resources

• Writing as a Professional Nurse , OWL (Online Writing Lab), Purdue University.
• Writing in the Field, OWL (Online Writing Lab), Purdue University.
• List of Nursing Resources on the Purdue OWL, OWL (Online Writing Lab), Purdue University.
• Grammar Girl, short, quick tips to improve your writing plus podcasts.
• Grammarly.com, a free browser plug-in that checks spelling and grammar
• Literature Reviews: Getting Started, University of Pittsburgh Library
• Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review, Pautasso M. PLoS Comput Biol . 2013;9(7):e1003149.
• Writing Tips for Nursing School Students, NurseJournal

Other library guides to know about

NAU Librarians have created some other guides which may be useful to you in your research including:

NUR 330: Intro to Nursing as a Discipline and Profession

PSY 302w - Library Guide

APA 7th edition, Guidelines for Nursing Resources

Examples of APA in Nursing Literature

Apa examples.

Article from a Library Database that Does Not use DOI

Journal Article:

Nielsen, G. L., Møller, M., & Sørensen, H. T. (2006). HbA1c in early diabetic pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes : A Danish population-based cohort study of 573 pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes.  Diabetes Care ,  29 (12), 2612–2616.

Magazine Article:

Forbes, S. (2022). Big deal decision for liberty.  Forbes , 2 05 (4), 17.

Article from a Library Catalog

Johnstone, Lindsay, R. S., & Steel, J. (2006). Type 1 diabetes and pregnancy - Trends in birth weight over 40 years at a single clinic. Obstetrics and Gynecology 107 (6), 1297–1302. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000218706.38886.10

Article from CINAHL

Howland, W. A. (2021). How to publish a case study without violating confidentiality.  Nursing ,  51 (12),16. https://doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000800144.49848.dd

Article from Journals@Ovid Complete

Zhong, Y., & Yu, P. B. (2022). Decoding the link between inflammation and pulmonary arterial hypertension.  Circulation , 146 , 1023-1025. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.05994

Books (Entire Book, Single Author)

Salkind. N. J. (2006).  Encyclopedia of human development . Sage Publications.

Books (Entire Book, Multiple Authors) – if you have more than 4 authors, use et al.

Thompson, J., Manore, M., & Sheeshka, J. (2014). Nutrition: A functional approach (3rd Canadian ed.). Pearson Canada.

Book Chapters

Landis, C.A., & Heitkemper, M.M. (2014). Sleep and sleep disorders. In S.L. Lewis, S.R. Dirksen, M.M. Heitkemper, & L. Bucher (Eds.), Medical-surgical nursing (9th ed., pp. 99-113). Elsevier.

Jabbour, E.,  Stephens, E. A., & Hirsch, I. B.  (2008). Type 1 diabetes in adults : Principles and practice . New York: Informa Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.3109/9780849326233

E-Book Chapter

Murphy, H.R. (2012). Pregestational (type 1 and type 2) diabetes: Care and complications during pregnancy. In Diabetes in Pregnancy . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593033.003.0017

YouTube Videos

Johns Hopkins Medicine.  (2022, May 6). Celebrating nurses week 2022 | Caring for tomorrow [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvhX1OFUv7I  

• << Previous: How to critically read scholarly literature
• Last Updated: Sep 2, 2024 6:28 PM
• URL: https://libraryguides.nau.edu/aprn

Referencing your work: Footnotes 2024

• Getting started
• Using sources in writing
• Harvard Hull
• Footnotes Hull
• Referencing videos
• Harvard 2024
• Footnotes 2024

Footnote Referencing

*new for 2024-25* this guidance has been updated to reflect how students access many materials. returning students may continue to use previous guidance which can be found here - legacy guidance, please note your tutors may also still be transitioning from earlier guidance so some learning materials may include examples that do not exactly match this style..

There are several different types of footnote referencing (Oxford, Chicago etc) and every university has its own guide that differs slightly in terms of punctuation, formatting and the order of information. This guide attempts to give definitive examples of how to reference different materials using footnote referencing here at the University of Hull.

Jump to content:

Basic rules of Footnote referencing

• Citing figures and tables
• Referencing anything not in the list

Books (print and electronic)

• Articles (journal, newspaper or magazine)
• Official Governmetal and NGO documents

Other documents

• Web pages, social media and other online sources

Images, artwork and maps

Audiovisual sources, live performances, personal communications etc, self-translated works.

If you prefer, a pdf version of this information can be downloaded here:

  Footnote Referencing.pdf

A one page guide with the most common sources can be found here:

  Quick Reference Guide (Common Reference Types)

Put this guide where you can easily find it:

  Add to your Canvas Dashboard

This is the standardised referencing system to be used by all departments, faculties and schools at the University of Hull who ask their students to use a footnotes referencing system (with the exception of Law who use the standard OSCOLA system). Use these guidelines when referencing manually. We also recommend that all students learn how to use bibliographic software (EndNote or Refworks) over the course of their studies to make their referencing more efficient.

Please see our  Bibliographic Software  pages for more information.

When using footnote referencing, information from another source is indicated in the text by using a  superscript number  after the relevant text. 1  This should come  after  the relevant punctuation mark (usually the full stop but it could be a comma, colon or semi-colon if you are referring to several sources within a single sentence). At the bottom of the page, the number is repeated with the reference given. This is usually achieved in Microsoft Word by using the 'Insert Footnote' option on the References tab. If you use this function the numbers will be automatically generated and updated. Other word processors will have equivalent functions.

The amount of information that you give in the footnote is dictated by whether it is the first time you have referred to a source or not (see below).

A full  bibliography  is then given at the end of the document with the references in alphabetical order by surname.

------------------

1  This is an example of a footnote.

The first time you cite a source

Give a full reference (called a full footnote in this guide). Author names should be Initial(s). Surname (i.e. C. N. Adichie) and are not reversed (i.e. Adichie, C. N.). Many footnote systems suggest full names should be given rather than initials, however the University of Hull has decided to use initials only as many academic journals do not give full names and this would lead to inconsistency within the system. Page numbers indicating where you found the information you are referring to should be given at the end of the reference. If you want to point to a specific page in a book chapter or journal article reference, you should add a colon after the page range to do this.

Examples of a book and a journal article for single authors are given below.

N. Rogers, The press gang: naval impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain (London: Continuum, 2007), 45-47.

K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social change’. Social Scientist , 40, 3 (2012) 3-15:4.

Subsequent citations

Use ibid. if the source is the same as the previous citation on the same page, otherwise use the short footnote form (No 4 below). There is no rule as to how short this should be, other than to make sure it is recognisable as a specific reference.

1 N. Rogers, The press gang: naval impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain (London: Continuum, 2007), 45-60. 2 ibid. , 22. 3 K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social change’, Social Scientist , 40, 3 (2012) 3-15:4. 4 Rogers, The press gang, 55.

Bibliography entries

In the bibliography, references are entered in alphabetical order with the surname first (for more than one author, only the first surname is reversed).

• Use single line spacing with hanging indents.
• Multiple entries by the same author should use a long dash (em dash) for all but the first entry (these can be inserted using Ctrl+Alt+- on your numeric keypad).
• Publishing information is not given in brackets.
• Page numbers are not needed for full books (just journal articles or book chapters/sections).

Isserman, M. & M. Kazin, America divided: the civil war of the 1960s , 3 rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Reynal-Querol, M., Religious conflict and growth: theory and evidence . PhD thesis. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2007.

— 'Ethnicity, political systems and civil war', Journal of Conflict Resolution , 46 (2002), 29–54.

Missing information

Where no date is known, use the abbreviation n.d.

You can also use n.p. for no publisher and n.l. for no location. Check with your department to see if these are necessary or whether you can just omit the information completely.

Unknown authors

Many official documents and web pages do not give the actual author of the text, but publish as an organisation. If this is the case, just use the organisation name (BBC, UN Security Council etc) in place of the author initials and name.

Where the author name is not known (for instance for some reference books) and a corporate author is not clear, use the title of the work (or web page) in your footnote (if this is long you can use a shortened form):

Concise Oxford Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Gourmet coffee boom (2013). Available online: https://www.8975.co.uk/gourmet-coffee/ [Accessed 2/1/2014].

Do not use the abbreviation Anon.

When to include page numbers

If possible, you should include page numbers to point to the specific page or pages where the information you are referencing can be found. This is to help your reader locate your source material more easily. Occasionally you will be referring to a source as a whole in which case page numbers are not necessary. The page numbers should come at the end of the reference:

Full footnote:

D. Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature (London: Allen Lane, 1971), 58.

Short footnote:

Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature , 67.

With journal articles or chapters in books, where you have already given a page range, a colon separates this from the relevant page(s):

E. G. Guba, & Y. S. Lincoln, 'Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and emerging confluences', in N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (eds.), The landscape of qualitative research , 3rd edition. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008), 255-286:263.

G. Badley, 'The pragmatic university: a feasible utopia?', Studies in Higher Education (2014), 1-11:3-4.

Page numbers are not given in bibliography entries - only those indicating journal article and book chapter page ranges.

Secondary references

Sometimes you want to reference something that has been quoted, reproduced or cited in a source you have read (a secondary reference). Here are a few simple rules when dealing with them:

• If at all possible, find the original source and use that instead.
• Never pretend you have read the original source.
• Only include the book/article you have read in the reference list.
• Always make it clear in your in text or footnote that it is a secondary reference. Here are some examples:

Qutayba was quoted as saying that... 2

Footnote: I. Qutayba quoted in B. Lewis, Race and slavery in the Middle East: An historical enquiry [eBook] (Oxford Scholarship Online, 1992), 25.

Alternatively, Qutayba, quoted/cited in Lewis, 2 suggested that ...

The Lewis book would be referenced in the footnote and bibliography.

Citing figures, tables and data within your work

If you are using an image, diagram, chart, photograph or other figures in your work, you should ensure these are properly referenced. If you made the figure yourself but used data from elsewhere to create it, you should ensure you cite the source of the data used to create your figure. The citation of images varies by discipline , and you may be required to either cite images within the footnotes or the caption . Please check with your lecturer.

Using footnotes: Citing figures in your work

Citing figures in written work and posters.

In written work, you should always caption your figures with a label, a number and a meaningful title. Standard practice is to put captions underneath figures . You should ensure your figure (or data) citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Figure Number – Title. Footnote number

Figure Number: Title. Footnote number

Figure Number. Title. Footnote number

Figure 1 - The Radcliffe Camera, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 3

You would then follow the short/long footnote citation styles in the rest of this guide.

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix figure numbers with the chapter number. For example, Figure 2.1 would be the first figure in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth figure in chapter 4.

Citing figures in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption and at a minimum only need to include a numbered superscript in-text citation on or near the figure. You should, however, ensure figures are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure your image citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. For presentations, this can be achieved using the slide notes area or a slide towards the end of the presentation. Slides do not need footnotes, but your reference list should be presented as endnotes, with the order and numbering corresponding with the numbers in your superscript in-text citations.

Using footnotes: Citing tables in your work

Citing tables in written work and posters.

In written work, you should always caption your tables with a label, a number and a meaningful title. Standard practice is to put captions above tables . You should ensure your table (or data) citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Table Number – Title. Footnote number

Table Number: Title .Footnote number

Table Number. Title. Footnote number

Table 1 - United Kingdom population mid-year estimate. 3

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix table numbers with the chapter number. For example, Table 2.1 would be the first tble in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth table in chapter 4.

Citing tables in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption and at a minimum only need to include a numbered superscript in-text citation on or near the table. You should, however, ensure tables are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure your table and data citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. For presentations, this can be achieved using the slide notes area or a slide towards the end of the presentation. Slides do not need footnotes, but your reference list should be presented as endnotes, with the order and numbering corresponding with the numbers in your superscript in-text citations.

Remember: Presentations are a visual mode of communication. You should consider presenting any tables you want to include in the form of a chart, graph or other visual.

Using captions: Citing figures in your work

In written work, you should always caption your figures with a label, a number, a meaningful title and a citation. Standard practice is to put captions underneath figures . If your department requires you to cite figures in your captions you should not cite figures in your footnotes or include references for figures within your bibliography . Full citation information should be presented in the figure caption, following the style of the full footnote to ensure you provide the correct information. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Figure Number – Title  ( Citation information ).

Figure Number: Title  ( Citation information ).

Figure Number. Title  ( Citation information ).

Figure 1 - The Radcliffe Camera, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford  ( Citation information ).

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption. You should, however, ensure figures are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure brief image citations are included on the slide. 

Using captions: Citing tables in your work

In written work, you should always caption your tables with a label, a number, a meaningful title and a citation. Standard practice is to put captions above tables . If your department requires you to cite tables in your captions you should not cite tables in your footnotes or include references for tables within your bibliography . Full citation information should be presented in the table caption, following the style of the full footnote to ensure you provide the correct information. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Table Number – Title  ( Citation information ).

Table Number: Title  ( Citation information ).

Table Number. Title  ( Citation information ).

Table 1 - United Kingdom population mid-year estimate (C itation information )

Referencing templates and examples

You will find below information about how to reference nearly all commonly referenced information sources. Examples are given for full footnotes, short footnotes and bibliography entries. If there is anything missing, please use the advice under 'Referencing anything not listed below' to develop your own reference. If you are struggling, then contact us on [email protected] and we will advise you personally. 

Referencing anything not listed below

It is not possible for us to give precise referencing information for everything you could ever need to reference. The sections below give advice on referencing more common source types but if the thing you need to reference is not there, then you will have to make up a sensible reference yourself using the guidelines here:

Anything else

If you need to reference anything that is not already included in this guide then follow the basic template below.

Initial(s). Surname of author/creator, Title or description [Medium if not obvious]. Anything that identifies it specifically (Any other information about where or when you saw it or that can help someone else find it, including date).

Surname of Author(s)/Creator(s), Title or description .

Bibliography entry:

Surname, Initial(s). of Author/Creator, Title or description [Medium if not obvious]. Anything that identifies it specifically. Any other information about where or when you saw it or that can help someone else find it, including date.

Book with single author

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of book in sentence case and italics:* subtitle if present (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

K. Robinson , Out of our minds: learning to be creative (Capstone Publishing Ltd. 2001), 63-64.

Surname, Shortened form of book title , relevant page(s)

Robinson, Out of our minds , 63-64.

Surname, Initial(s). Title of book in sentence case and italics: subtitle if present . Publisher, Year.

Robinson, K., Out of our minds: learning to be creative . Capstone Publishing Ltd. 2001.

*Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

Book with multiple authors

Full footnote:.

Initial(s). Surnames of authors, Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

For two authors use an ampersand (&) between them:

C. K. Bleser & L. J. Gordon, Intimate strategies of the Civil War: military commanders and their wives (Oxford University Press, 2006), 34.

For more than two authors, list only the first, followed by et al. (not italicised):

D. Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature (Allen Lane, 1971), 58.

Bleser & Gordon, Intimate strategies , 88-89.

List all the authors with the first one reversed. Don't bracket publishing information.

Bleser, C. K. & L. J. Gordon, Intimate strategies of the Civil War: military commanders and their wives . Oxford University Press, 2006.

Daiches, D., A. Thorlby, E. Mottram, M. Bradbury, J. Franco, D. R. Dudley, & D. M. Lang, The Penguin companion to literature . Allen Lane, 2006.

Not the first edition

Put the edition number after the book title (after a comma) in the full footnotes and bibliography entry. Use the full word 'edition' not an abbreviation (to distinguish it from the abbreviation for editor):

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present , N o edition (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

P. J. Lynch & S. Horton, Web style guide , 3 rd edition (Yale University Press, 2008), 78-79.

Lynch & Horton, Web style guide , 89-91.

Lynch, P. J. & S. Horton, Web style guide , 3 rd edition. Yale University Press, 2008.

An edited book

As for an authored book with the addition of (ed.) or (eds.) after editor name(s) in full footnotes and bibliography entries.

Initial(s). Surname of editor(s) (ed(s).), Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

P. Hacket (ed.), The Andy Warhol diaries (Penguin Classics, 2010), 66.

A. Bradley & A. DuBois (eds.), The anthology of rap (Yale University Press, 2010), 42-43.

Hacket, The Andy Warhol diaries , 66.

Bradley & DuBois, The anthology of rap , 42-43.

Hacket, P. (ed.), The Andy Warhol diaries . Penguin Classics, 2010.

Bradley, A. & A. DuBois (eds.), The anthology of rap . Yale University Press, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

The name of the book, not the chapter needs to be in italics. The chapter title should be in single inverted commas. If the chapter date is different to the book publication date (e.g. for collected articles) put the book date after (ed.), before the book title. If all the page range is relevant, you can omit a specific page reference.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of chapter in sentence case'. In Editor(s) (ed(s).) Title of book in sentence case . (Publisher, Year). Page range of chapter:relevant page(s).

P. D. Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic slave trade, 1660-1807’. In W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume II: The eighteenth century (Oxford University Press, 1999), 448-456:449.

Richardson, ‘British Empire’, 449.

Richardson, P. D., ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660-1807’. In W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume II: The eighteenth century , 448-456. Oxford University Press, 1999.

An electronic book (eBook)

There is no need to give information about which provider you accessed the eBook through. It is sufficient to indicate that it is an eBook that you have read by putting [eBook] in square brackets after the book title or edition information. If no place of publication information is available, don't worry, just put the publisher. URLs are not required as these are usually session specific and would not link the reader to the eBook:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book in sentence case [eBook] (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

J. L. Stein & P. R. Allen, Fundamental determinants of exchange rates [eBook] (Oxford University Press, 1998), 22.

H. Parnell, The principles of currency and exchange , 4 th edition [eBook] (J. Budd, 1805), 14-15.

Stein & R. Allen, Fundamental determinants , 22.

Parnell, The principles of currency , 14-15.

Stein, J. L. & P. R. Allen, Fundamental determinants of exchange rates [eBook]. Oxford University Press, 1998.

Parnell, H., The principles of currency and exchange , 4 th edition [eBook]. J. Budd, 1805.

An eReader book (Kindle, Kobo, Nook etc)

As with other eBooks, it is sufficient to make it clear which version of the book you have read. This information is placed after the book title or edition information. You should include download dates if possible (versions are updated and this should be reflected). Download dates are usually the same as your purchase dates and can be found by looking back at your order history online. If you no longer have access to this information, don't worry, just give what information you have. Publisher information is often unavailable and can be omitted if this is the case (although can often be found at the end of your eReader book).

Note: Early eReader books may have location rather than page information. You can use 'loc' to indicate this if necessary.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book , eReader version (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s) or location [Downloaded date].

D. Stevenson, Story theater method: strategic storytelling in business , Kindle version (Cornelia Press, 2003), loc 211. [Downloaded 2011].

R. Sheldrake et al., Chaos, creativity and cosmic consciousness , Kobo version (Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 2001), 45. [Downloaded 4 Aug 2024].

Stevenson, Story theater method, loc 211.

Sheldrake et al., Chaos, creativity, 45.

Stevenson, D. Story theater method: strategic storytelling in business , Kindle version. Cornelia Press, 2003. [Downloaded 2011].

Sheldrake, R., T. McKenna & R. Abraham, Chaos, creativity and cosmic conciousness , Kobo version. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 2001. [Downloaded 4 Aug 2024].

Translated book

You should include details for the translator and an indication of the original language. If the original was a historically significant book, include the date of the original as well as the translation.

Note if you are self-translating books or articles, please see 'Self-translated works' under 'Further guidance' towards the bottom of these guidelines.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book . Translated from language by name of translator, date if needed (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

C. Wolf, One day a year, 1960-2000 . Translated from German by L. A. Bangerter (Europa Editions, 2007), 65.

J. P. Sartre, Existentialism and humanism (1946). Translated from French by P. Mairet (Metheun, 2007), 44-45.

Wolf, One day a year, 65.

Sartre, Existentialism and humanism , 44-45.

Wolf, C., One day a year, 1960-2000 . Translated from German by L. A. Bangerter. Europa Editions, 2007.

Sartre, J. P., Existentialism and humanism (1946). Translated from French by P. Mairet. Metheun, 2007.

Audio book (CD or download)

When referring to material from audiobooks, a time stamp would be needed rather than page information.

Audio book on CD:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book , [Audio CD] Version (abridged or unabridged) (Publisher, Year), Time stamp.

B. C. Tracy, Time management made simple , [Audio CD] Unabridged (Gildan Media Corporation, 2012), 22-26 min.

Tracy, Time management , 22-26 min.

Tracy, B. C., Time management made simple , [Audio CD] Unabridged. Gildan Media Corporation, 2012.

Audio book via download:

The main difference here is that you need to include a download date as versions change. Publishing cities are often not given.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book , [Audio download]. Version (abridged or unabridged) (Publisher, Year), Time stamp. [Downloaded date].

B. C. Tracy, Time management made simple , [Audio download] Unabridged (Gildan Media Corporation, 2012), 22-26 min. [Downloaded 6 Aug 2024].

Tracy, B. C., Time management made simple , [Audio download] Unabridged. Gildan Media Corporation, 2012. [Downloaded 6 Aug 2024].

Articles (journal, newspaper and magazine)

Journal article.

**New for 2024** To enable easy retrieval, you should provide a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or a permanent URL at the end of your bibliography entry (if there is one available). A DOI is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to permanently identify and link to the article online. The DOI can usually be found in the citation information near the top of the landing page for the article, or on the first few pages of an article. If you can't find the DOI, you can look it up on the website  CrossRef.org (use the "Search Metadata" option and search by title). Some older articles may give a permanent URL instead.

It's important to note that not all electronic materials will have a DOI. Articles published prior to 2000 are less likely to have one. They may not have a permanent URL either so just omit that information.

Many journals articles are written by multiple authors. For two authors, separate initials and surnames with an ampersand (&). For more than two authors, give the first name followed by et al. in the footnote but give all names in the bibliography entry.

If you are referring to a whole article, the article page range is sufficient; if you want to point to a specific page or page range, include this after a colon.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of article in sentence case', 1 Journal title in italics , Issue information 2 (Year), page range 3 : specific page(s) if necessary.

J. M. Johnson et al. ‘Ordering disorder: The making of world politics’, Review of International Studies , 48, 4 (2022), 607-625:620.

K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social change’, Social Scientist , 40, 3 (2012), 3-5.

Johnson et al., ‘Ordering disorder’, 622.

Panikkar, ‘Literature as history’, 6.

Remember to include a DOI or permanent URL if one is available. 4

Johnson, J. M., V. M. Basham & O. D. Thomas, ‘Ordering disorder: The making of world politics’. Review of International Studies , 48, 4 (2022), 607-625:620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210522000183

Panikkar, K. N., ‘Literature as history of social change’. Social Scientist , 40, 3 (2012), 3-5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41633799

1. Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

2. Issue information is usually volume and issue but can sometimes be volume only or include supplement information. Occasionally it is a season (Spring, Summer etc), month or date (do not repeat the year if this is the case).

3. If a journal is an online only journal then all articles usually start with page 1. There is no need to give a page range if this is the case. Alternatively, provide the article number (starting with an 'e') if one is present.

4. The DOI should be a clickable link and therefore in the format https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxx . Note that there is no full stop following the DOI or URL - this is to ensure it does not interfere with the link. Do not just copy the URL from the address bar at the top of the window. If no DOI or stated permanent/stable URL is provided, just miss it out.

Book review in a journal

The name of the reviewer is given first (and should be used in your in-text citation) rather than the author of the reviewed book. The bibliography entry will need a DOI or permanent URL if one is available. Please see the section for a journal article above for an explanation of DOIs if needed.

Initial(s). Surname of reviewer, Review of Book title in italics , by Author of book. Journal Title in italics , Issue information (Year), page range:specific page cited.

A. Orleck, Review of Jewish radical feminism: Voices from the women's liberation movement , by J. Antler. American Jewish History, 103, 3 (2019), 371-373:372.

Some book reviews will have a title of their own, that is different to the book. If this is the case, add it as you would for a journal article title:

C. D. Kelso & R. R. Kelso, 'Politics and the constitution', Review of Is it time for a second constitutional convention , by Judge M. R. Wilkey. Pacific Law Journal , 27, 3 (1996), 1213-1233:1218.

Orleck, Review of Jewish radical feminism , 372.

Kelso & Kelso, Politics and the constitution , 1218.

Bibliography entries:

Orleck, A., Review of Jewish radical feminism: Voices from the women's liberation movement , by J. Antler. American Jewish History, 103, 3 (2019), 371-373. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814707647.001.0001

Kelso, C. D. & R. R. Kelso, 'Politics and the constitution', Review of Is it time for a second constitutional Convention , by Judge M. R. Wilkey. Pacific Law Journal , 27, 3 (1996), 1213-1233. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/mlr/vol27/iss3/6

Newspaper article (print or archived online)

As with journals, it is not necessary to give the online information if you are referring to a printed article, or one that only came out in print originally:

Initial(s). Surname of the author if known or newspaper title if not, 'Title of the article or column heading', Title of the newspaper (Place of publication if known). Date in full, Page number.

J. Gunn, 'Why London will have to go international', The Times (London). 28 November 1984, 17.

Cardiff Times, 'Clydach Vale Disaster', Cardiff Times . 14 May 1910, 10.

Gunn, 'Why London will have to go international', 17.

Cardiff Times, 'Clydach Vale Disaster', 10.

Gunn, J., 'Why London will have to go international', The Times . London, 28 November 1984, 17.

Newspaper article (online only or internet edition)

Internet editions of newspaper articles are often slightly different to the printed articles (information may be added or excluded). It is therefore important to make it clear that you have accessed the internet edition.

Initial(s). and surname of the author if known or newspaper title if not, 'Title of the article', Title of the newspaper , Internet edition. Date in full. URL [Accessed date].

N. Karim, 'Giant penguin fossil shows bird was taller than most humans', The Guardian , Internet edition. 4 August 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica [Accessed 5 Aug 2024].

Karim, 'Giant penguin fossil'.

Karim, N., 'Giant penguin fossil shows bird was taller than most humans', The Guardian , Internet edition. 4 August 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica [Accessed 5 Aug 2024].

Magazine/comic article

These are similar to printed newspaper or journal articles:

Online magazine articles may not show page numbers, just omit them if this is the case.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) if known or magazine title if not, 'Title of the article or comic strip', Title of the Magazine/Comic . Issue and/or date. URL if online [Accessed date if online], relevant page(s).

L. Evans & D. Winkler, 'Equador: into the fungal jungle', Fungi . 4, 4 Fall 2011, 10-12.

F. Parr, 'Stephen Sondheim memories: leading musicians and composers share their reflections on the Broadway legend', BBC Music Magazine . 2 December 2014. https://www.classical-music.com/articles/stephen-sondheim-memories-leading-musicians-and-composers-share-their-reflections-on-the-broadway-legend [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

Evans & Winkler, 'Equador: into the fungal jungle'.

Parr, 'Stephen Sondheim memories'.

Evans, L. & D. Winkler, 'Equador: into the fungal jungle', Fungi . 4, 4 Fall 2011, 10-12.

Parr, F., 'Stephen Sondheim memories: leading musicians and composers share their reflections on the Broadway legend', BBC Music Magazine . 2 December 2014. https://www.classical-music.com/articles/stephen-sondheim-memories-leading-musicians-and-composers-share-their-reflections-on-the-broadway-legend [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) if known or comic title if not, 'Title of the article or comic strip', Title of the Magazine/Comic . Issue and/or date, page number if relevant.>

Beano, 'Minnie the Minx', The Beano . No 3000, 15 January 2000, 2.

C. Cooper, 'T'Priell Revealed Pt 2', Star Trek, Starfleet Academy . February 1998.

Beano, 'Minnie the Minx', 2.

Cooper, 'T'Priell Revealed'.

Cooper, C., 'T'Priell Revealed Pt 2', Star Trek, Starfleet Academy . February 1998.

Official Governmental and NGO documents

Act of parliament.

The way we reference Acts changed in 1963. Before that, the year of reign of the monarch (regnal year) needs to be included:

Prior to 1963

Full footnote and bibliography entry:.

Name of Act including year (short title with key words capitalised). Regnal year, Chapter Number. URL [Accessed date].

Friendly Societies Act 1955 . 4 Elizabeth II, Chapter 19. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/4-5/19 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Chapter 44. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44 [Accessed 10 Jul 2024].

If you wish to refer to a particular section (known as a schedule) or paragraph you can add that extra information to your footnote:

Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Chapter 44, s35(122) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44 [Accessed 10 Jul 2024].

Short footnotes (for both time periods):

Criminal Justice Act 2003 , s35(122).

Parliamentary debate - Hansard

Column numbers are displayed in the right-hand pane of the Hansard website when viewing a debate. You may find older debates do not contain column numbers. You will need to look at debates in full screen on your device; otherwise, columns may not be visible.

If the abbreviations HC for House of Commons and HL for House of Lords are known in your discipline, you may use these abbreviations in your footnotes. See the first example.

House of debate or committee, ‘Title of session or debate’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates . Date in full, volume, col/cols column range if available. URL [Accessed date].

HC, ‘Royal Air Force (Valiant Aircraft)’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates . 1 February 1965, cols 724-727. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1965-02-01/debates/501c2576-94bc-44a2-a94f-76eaebe40d3e/RoyalAirForce(ValiantAircraft) [Accessed 3 Mar 2024].

Delegated Legislation Committee, ‘Draft Legal Services Act 2007 (Approved Regulator) Order 2020’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates . 24 February 2020, 672, cols 1-4. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmgeneral/deleg7/110331/110331s01.htm [Accessed 23 Jan 2024].

House of Lords, ‘Smart motorways’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates . 17 March 2020, 802, cols 1372-1374. https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-03-17/debates/119AD084-E4CF-4BE3-BA98-AD0032873AC7/SmartMotorways [Accessed 3 Apr 2024].

Short footnotes:

HC, ‘Royal Air Force (Valiant Aircraft)’.

Delegated Legislation Committee, ‘Draft Legal Services Act 2007'.

House of Lords, ‘Smart motorways’.

Statutory Instrument

Title with key words capitalised (including bracketed information if present) (SI Year and Number) URL [Accessed date].

The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Licence Conditions) Order 2003 (SI 2003/3337) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/3337/made [Accessed 4 Oct 2023].

The Openness of Local Government Bodies Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/2095) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111113554 [Accessed 28 Nov 2023].

Criminal Justice Order 2003.

Openness of Local Government 2014.

Law report/case

Legal citation takes a particular format and should be used for both full footnote and bibliography entries. For ease of access, we recommend adding URLs.

Names of the parties involved (these could be letters if anonymised) . Year of reporting - in square brackets or round brackets* Volume number Abbreviation of the law report series, First page of reference. URL [Accessed date].

Callery v Gray (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER, 1. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/callery-v-gray-no-793304177 [Accessed 7 Jul 2024].

F v Leeds City Council [1994] 2 FCR, 428. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/f-v-leeds-city-792936693 [Accessed 4 Aug 2024].

Brown v Board of Education (1954) 347 U.S., 483. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/ [Accessed 23 Dec 2023].

In the example above All ER = All England Law Reports, FCR = Family Court Reports and U.S. = United States Reports.

Note Short footnotes should just use the names i.e. Callery v Gray . Dates can be included if needed to distinguish cases only.

*Square brackets are used when the date is the primary method for finding the case (in the examples above there are more than one volume 4 and 2 in those report series). Round brackets are used when the date is not necessary to find the case (there is only one volume 347 in the United States Reports).

Command paper (including White Paper and Green Paper)

You need to include the official number of the paper (usually found at the bottom left of the front cover):

Initial(s). Surname of Author(s)ship, Title of document . Official number. URL [Accessed date].

The British Museum, Report and accounts for the year ended 31st March 2014 . HC 436. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a75857040f0b6360e474c12/41272_HC_436_British_Museum_print_ready.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb 2024].

HM Government, Open Data White Paper: Unleashing the potential . Cm 8353. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-data-white-paper-unleashing-the-potential [Accessed 7 Sep 2024].

The British Museum, Report and accounts .

HM Government, Open Data White Paper .

British or International Standard

You need to include the identifying letters and numbers (which include the year), they come before the title:

Standards Institution, Letters and numbers of standard: Full title of standard in italics. Edition if given (i.e. not the first). URL [Accessed date].

International Standards Office (2018) ISO 50001:2018: Energy management systems: requirements with guidance for use. Edition 2. https://www.iso.org/standard/69426.html [Accessed 16 Mar 2024].

British Standards Institution (2021) BS ISO 690:2021 - TC: Information and documentation. Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources . https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/information-and-documentation-guidelines-for-bibliographic-references-and-citations-to-information-resources-1 [Accessed 23 Nov 2023].

Abbreviations for institutions can be used, alongside the identifying number.

ISO, ISO 50001:2011 .

BSI, BS ISO 690:2010 .

If the patent is available online, show where and when you accessed it.

Inventor Initials. Surname, Title of patent (Country granting patent, Patent number, Year). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s).

E. Borgen, Wind turbine rotor with improved hub system (UK Patent GB2495084, 2013). https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2495084 [Accessed 24 Mar 2024].

S. Karsten, Wind turbine tower and method of production thereof (US Patent US2014237919(A1), 2014). https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&date=20140828&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=2014237919A1&KC=A1&ND=5 [Accessed 11 Jul 2024].

Borgen, Wind turbine rotor .

Karsten, Wind turbine tower .

Reverse the first name and remove brackets around patent information.

Borgen, E., Wind turbine rotor with improved hub system . UK Patent GB2495084, 2013. https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2495084 [Accessed 24 Mar 2024].

Karsten, S., Wind turbine tower and method of production thereof . US Patent US2014237919 (A1), 2014. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=47&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20140828&CC=US&NR=2014237919A1&KC=A1 [Accessed 11 Jul 2024].

European Union documentation

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of document . Official number (year if not in title) relevant page(s) if necessary. URL [Accessed date].

CEC, Communication. Further guidance on allocation plans . COM(2005)703 final (2005), 3-4. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0703:FIN:en:PDF [Accessed 27 Jun 2024].

European Council, Special meeting of the European Council (16 July 2014) . EUCO 147/14. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2014/07/16/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

CEC, Communication , 3-4.

European Council, Special meeting .

Remove brackets from around separate year if included.

CEC, Communication. Further guidance on allocation plans . COM(2005)703 final. 2005. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2014/07/16/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

United Nations document or publication

The United Nations produce both internal documents and external publications. These include resolutions, statements, reports etc. Titles could be long, sometimes (as for statements) the actual document does not say what they are about in their title but the initial link to them does. It is hard to produce a template that covers them all, but use the basic one below as guidance, adapting it as needed for the document in question.

Name of institution/committee (common abbreviations acceptable), Title of document (Full date of document, Official number). URL [Accessed date].

UN Secretary General, Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: report of the Secretary-General (21 December 2017, A/72/662). https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1474584 [Accessed 5 Apr 2024].

UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council on the Middle East (22 December 2010, S/PRST/2010/30). https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/2010/30 [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

UN Security Council, Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Mali (18 August 2014, SC/11523, AFR/2951, PKO/426). https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2014/sc11523.doc.htm [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

UN Secretary General, Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases .

UN Security Council, Statement by the President .

UN Security Council, Security Council Press Statement .

Other Governmental document or webpage

First, make sure your source is not actually one of the document types shown above (Acts, Command papers etc). If not, follow the guidance below.

If you are accessing information from a GOV.UK website it will either be a downloadable document (usually pdf) or information on the page itself. They are generally referenced like any other pdf or website.

Downloadable document

Documents are often written by sub-sections of the Government and it is best to use these as the author rather than simply HM Government if applicable. If there is a common abbreviation for the department etc, you can use this as long as you have written it IN FULL followed by the abbreviation in brackets in the main body of the document i.e. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The basic templates below can be used:

Name of department/agency/commission - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of document (Year or more specific date on the document if given). URL [Accessed date].

Environment Agency, Weekly rainfall and river flow summary (1-7 May 2019). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/800875/Rainfall_and_river_flow_summary_1_to_7_May_2019.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2024].

DEFRA, Notifiable avian disease control strategy for Great Britain (2018). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/737992/notifiable-avian-disease-control-strategy-2018.pdf [Accessed 15/5/2019].

HM Government, 2050 pathways analysis: Response to the call for evidence, Part 1 (March 2011). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68821/2050-pathways-analysis-response-pt1.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2024].

Environment Agency, Weekly rainfall and river flow .

DEFRA, Notifiable avian disease control .

HM Government, 2050 pathways analysis

As full footnote but remove brackets around year/date, precede it with a comma instead.

Environment Agency, Weekly rainfall and river flow summary, 1-7 May 2019. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68821/2050-pathways-analysis-response-pt1.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2024].

Many GOV.UK pages show which department or agency has written the guidance and this should be used as the author if present. If not, use HM Government. Follow the same principles as for the downloadable documents above regarding common abbreviations of departments etc. There is usually a published date or last updated date at the bottom of the webpage. Use whichever year is the later. If no date is given, use the abbreviation n.d.

Name of department/agency/commission - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of web page in sentence case (Year). URL [Accessed date].

BEIS, Policy impacts of prices and bills: How costs to the consumer are affected by changes in energy and climate policy (2014). https://www.gov.uk/guidance/policy-impacts-on-prices-and-bills [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

HM Government, Foster carers: Types of foster care (n.d.). https://www.gov.uk/foster-carers/types-of-foster-care [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

Short footnote

BEIS, Policy impacts of prices and bills.

HM Government, Foster carers.

As full footnote but remove brackets around year, precede it with a comma instead.

BEIS, Policy impacts of prices and bills: How costs to the consumer are affected by changes in energy and climate policy, 2014. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/policy-impacts-on-prices-and-bills [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

Other NGO documents

There are so many different non-governmental organisations that a fixed template is difficult to create. Adapt the one below as necessary, trying to keep the styling consistent:

Name of organisation - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of document (Full date of document, Official number if given). (Publisher if provided). URL [Accessed date].

UNESCO, Teaching and learning: achieving quality for all; EFA global monitoring report, 2013-2014 (UNESCO Publishing). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002256/225660e.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

The World Bank, Brazil: Implementation Status and Results, Development Policies for the State of Sergipe (18 August 2014, P129652, Report No ISR15802). https://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/LCR/2014/08/18/090224b082652070/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Brazil000Devel0Report000Sequence003.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Danish Refugee Council, Strategic Programme Document - DRC/DDG in Libya and Tunisia (4 September 2009). https://drc.dk/fileadmin/uploads/pdf/IA_PDF/North_Africa/2014.04.09_SPD_-_Libya_Tunisia_-_2014.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

UNESCO, Teaching and learning .

The World Bank, Brazil: Implementation Status .

Danish Refugee Council, Strategic Programme Document

As full footnote but remove brackets around publisher if present.

UNESCO, Teaching and learning: achieving quality for all; EFA global monitoring report, 2013-2014 . UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002256/225660e.pdf [Accessed 22/8/2014].

Conference paper/session/poster

You may have attended a conference in person or be accessing resources shared online. Always give links to online materials including videos if possible, even if you attended personally and are using your own notes or photographs, as this aids access.

Conference paper:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of paper in sentence case',* Title of conference: subtitle if present . Location and date of conference, page range:relevant page(s) if necessary. DOI or URL (if there is one) [Accessed date if URL - not needed if DOI].

K. Saidin, 'Insider researchers: Challenges & opportunities', International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research . Universiti Utara Malaysia, 25-27 October 2017. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.563

Saidin, 'Insider researchers'.

Just put first author surname before their initial:

Saidin K., 'Insider researchers: Challenges & opportunities', International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research . Universiti Utara Malaysia, 25-27 October 2017. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.563

Conference session:

These could be any session at a conference not described as a paper, for example workshops, panel discussions, keynote speeches etc. Just put an appropriate description in square brackets after the session name. If a keynote speech has no separate title, use 'Keynote speech' as the title and omit the descriptor.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s)/presenter(s), 'Title of the session' [Descriptor], Title of conference: subtitle if present . Location and date of conference. DOI or URL (if there is one) [Accessed date if URL - not needed if DOI].

H. Cengiz, 'Keynote speech', The Trust Conference . London, 23-26 October 2023. https://youtu.be/dceLkHNNy_I [Accessed 21 July 2024].

Cengiz, 'Keynote speech'.

As full footnote but with initial before surname:

Cengiz, H., 'Keynote speech', The Trust Conference . London, 23-26 October 2023. https://youtu.be/dceLkHNNy_I [Accessed 21 July 2024].

Conference poster

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of poster' [Conference poster]. Title of conference: subtitle if present , Location and date of conference. URL if available online [Accessed date].

V. Cardoso, & L. Plesca, 'Natalizumab - Real World Data - Switching from IV infusions to Subcutaneous injection. Patient experience' [Conference poster]. Multiple Scleroses Trust Annual Conference , Hinckley Island, 26-28 March 2023. https://mstrust.org.uk/sites/default/files/2023-06/conference-2023-poster-natalizumab-switching-iv-sub-injection.pdf [Accessed 20 Sep 2024].

Cardoso & Plesca, 'Natalizumab'.

Company/organisational report

Printed report.

Initial(s). Surname of author/Organisation, Full title of report (Publisher if given and not same as author, Year if not in title), relevant page(s).

BT Group plc, Annual report and Form 20-F 2014 , 12.

BT Group plc, Annual report 2014 , 12.

As full footnote with brackets removed from year if given separately and first author surname first if not a group author.

Online report

Initial(s). Surname of author/Organisation, Full title of report (Publisher if given and not the same as author, Year if not in title). URL [Accessed date], Relevant page(s).

NHS England, Everyone counts: planning for patients 2014/15 to 2018/19) (NHS Commissioning Board, 2013). https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/5yr-strat-plann-guid.pdf [Accessed 12 Sep 2024], 16-17.

NHS, Everyone counts , 9.

As full footnote with brackets removed from publisher information.

NHS England, Everyone counts: planning for patients 2014/15 to 2018/19 . NHS Commissioning Board, 2013. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/5yr-strat-plann-guid.pdf [Accessed 12/9/2014], 16-17.

Government/NGO Reports

These are slightly different - see section above.

Dissertation or thesis

Give the following information (URL is optional as older thesis may only be available in print).

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of dissertation/thesis . Document type (Name of University, date on document). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s).

B. H. Stern, The impact of leadership on school improvement . EdD thesis (The University of Hull. August 2013). https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8431 [Accessed 21 Aug 2024], 234.

R. J. Walsh, Charles the Bold, last Valois Duke of Burgundy 1467-1477 and Italy . PhD thesis (The University of Hull, 1977), 45.

Stern, The impact of leadership , 234.

Walsh, Charles the Bold , 45.

Remove brackets from awarding university and date:

Walsh, R. J. Charles the Bold, last Valois Duke of Burgundy 1467-1477 and Italy . PhD thesis. The University of Hull, 1977.

Religious text

When referencing texts such as the Bible, Qur'an or Torah, include the following information and give Book. Sura or Chapter:verse instead of page numbers:

Title of the version you have used . Translated by name of translater (if given) (Publisher, Year), relevant section(s)

The Holy Bible: Authorised King James Version . (Harper Collins, 2011), Philippians. 4:13.

The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics) . Translated by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (Oxford University Press, 2004), Miriam. 19:25.

The Torah: the five books of Moses . Translated by J. P. S. Greenberg & M. Greenberg (The Jewish Publication Society, 2000), Leviticus. 19:1-2.

Give the name of the text only with relevant section:

The Torah , Genesis. 1:26.

Remove brackets from publishing information

The Torah: the five books of Moses . Translated by J. P. S. Greenberg & M. Greenberg. The Jewish Publication Society, 2000.

PDF document

PDF documents are nearly always accessed online, and so you can point readers to the URL along with other information. If the URL is unavailable (for instance if you have been emailed it) or if you have no publisher information, just give as much information as you have or can find.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of document (City published: Publisher, Year). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s) if necessary.

S. Godin, Stop stealing dreams: what is school for? (Do You Zoom, Inc, 2012). https://www.sethgodin.com/sg/docs/stopstealingdreamsscreen.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024], 3-4.

H. M. Government, The coalition: our programme for government (Cabinet Office, 2010). https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/ coalition_programme_for_government.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Godin, Stop stealing dreams , 6.

H. M. Government, The coalition .

Godin, S., Stop stealing dreams: what is school for? . Do You Zoom, Inc, 2012. https://www.sethgodin.com/sg/docs/stopstealingdreamsscreen.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

H. M. Government, The coalition: our programme for government . Cabinet Office, 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/ coalition_programme_for_government.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Informal document (leaflet, in-house publication)

For leaflets, handouts, flyers etc just provide what information you can:

Initial(s). Surname of author/organisation, Title of document [Media] (Other useful details).

University of Hull, Learning, Teaching and Student Experience Strategy 2012-15 [Booklet] (University of Hull, 2012).

The Deep, The Deep: for conservation not profit [Leaflet] (2014).

University of Hull, Learning, Teaching .

The Deep, The Deep: for conservation .

Don't bracket the details.

University of Hull, Learning, Teaching and Student Experience Strategy 2012-15 [Booklet]. University of Hull, 2012.

The Deep, The Deep: for conservation not profit [Leaflet]. 2014.

Archive material

Archive material is often unique: books could be annotated etc which means that the collection that they came from is equally as important as the document details. They will often not have page numbers, but where there are, include the relevant page(s).

Initial(s). Surname of author/organisation, Title of document , Edition (publisher information if relevant, Year) [Medium]. Whatever collection details are available (i.e. name of collection, reference numbers, name of library/archive, location).

P. A. Larkin, Workbook No 1 (1950) [Manuscript]. Papers of Philip Arthur Larkin, U DPL/1/1, Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre.

R. Smyth & H. E. L. Thuilier, A manual of surveying for India: detailing the mode of operations on trigonametrical, topographical and revenue surveys of India , 2nd Edition (London: W. Thacker and Co., 1855) [Book]. Monograph, mg NO2/24Z3, Royal Geographical Society/Institute of British Geographers Archive, London, 44.

W. Wilberforce, Letter to James Thomson Esq (1816) [Letter]. William Wilberforce letters, L DFWW/1/10, Hull Local Studies Library, Hull History Centre.

Working paper

Working papers may also be known as briefing papers, discussion papers or research papers. They are created to generate discussion within a particular community (research area, business area etc). They are often the pre-publication versions of papers that are waiting to be accepted in journals but some are written purely for circulation as they are. Note that they are not peer-reviewed.

Some working papers do not give a lot of information - just give as much as you can following this basic format.

Full footnote

Author, Title of the working paper . Series title and number if there is one (Publisher if given, Year). URL [Accessed date].

R. S. Kaplan, Reverse the curse of the top-5 . Harvard Business School General Management Unit Working Paper No. 19-052 (2018). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3274782 [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

R. Harrison & R. Thomas, Monetary financing with interest-bearing money . Staff Working Paper No. 785 (Bank of England, 2019). https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2019/monetary-financing-with-interest-bearing-money [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Kaplan, Reverse the curse .

Harrison & Thomas, Monetary financing .

Bibliography entry

Kaplan, R. S. Reverse the curse of the top-5 . Harvard Business School General Management Unit Working Paper No. 19-052. 2018. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3274782 [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Harrison, R. & R. Thomas, Monetary financing with interest-bearing money . Staff Working Paper No. 785. Bank of England, 2019. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2019/monetary-financing-with-interest-bearing-money [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Web pages, social media and other online sources (see also Audiovisual, datasets, etc. below)

First, please note that a website URL is NEVER a suitable reference on its own . Dates can often be found in copyright information at the bottom of the page. If a range is given, use the later year. Use n.d. if no date is given at all.

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) or company name, Title of web page in sentence case (Date).* URL [Accessed date].

Individual Author(s)

G. Reynolds, Design tips (2021). https://www.garrreynolds.com/design-tips/ [Accessed 27 Mar 2024]

Group or company author

University of Hull, Model publication scheme (2024). https://www.hull.ac.uk/legal/model-publication-scheme [Accessed 26 Mar 2024].

Reynolds, Design tips .

Model publication scheme..

As full footnote but put the author surname first and don't put dates in brackets.

Blogs are often unsubstantiated opinions and should be used with appropriate criticality as academic references . However, some reputable, published authors have their own blogs which can provide useful, up to date comments and insights. Include the following information:

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Title of blog post' [Blog post], Title of website or blog . Date of post. URL [Accessed date].

P. Thompson, 'Reading against the literatures' [Blog post], Patter . 13 Jun 2020. https://patthomson.net/2020/01/27/im-writing-a-journal-article-what-literatures-do-i-choose/ [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

G. Reynolds, 'Presentation advice from Master Yoda' [Blog post], Garr Reynolds blog . 10 November 2021. https://www.garrreynolds.com/blog/presentation-advice-from-master-yoda [Accessed 16 Aug 2024].

Thompson, 'Reading against the literatures'.

Reynolds, 'Presentation advice'.

As full footnote but with author surname first.

Forum entry

Quite often you are referring to an answer rather than a question in a forum, however, it is the question that you reference in this case. Always check the expertise of the answerer and use with caution and criticality . Author names are usually aliases, type them as they appear.

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Title of post' (often a question), Title of Forum . Date of post. URL [Accessed date].

jlawler, 'Can the term "homorganic" be applied to vowels and glides?', Linguistics Stack Exchange . 8 August 2014. https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/8764/can-the-term-homorganic-be-applied-to-vowels-and-glides [Accessed 8/8/2014].

jlawler, 'Can the term homorganic'.

YouTube video

When referencing a YouTube video, it is the name of the person who posted the video, not who made it that you reference (these can be the same or different). Use the URL that you get when you click the 'Share' link as it is often shorter than the one in the address bar (you can even delete everything after the '?' in the link):

Name of person posting video, Title of video , Series title if relevant. Date uploaded [Video]. URL [Accessed Date].

M. E. Tunalioglu, Richard Phillips Feynman - The Last Journey of a Genius . 23 April 2011 [Video]. https://youtu.be/Mn4_40hAAr0 [Accessed 8 Sep 2024].

Harvard University, Episode 02: Putting a price tag on life , Justice: What's the right thing to do? 8 September 2009 [Video]. https://youtu.be/0O2Rq4HJBxw [Accessed 8 Sep 2024].

Tunalioglu, Richard Phillips Feynman .

Harvard University, Putting a price tag on life .

Social media

For other social media, adapt whichever of the following is most appropriate.

If your reader needs to register (and be accepted) to see the entries you are referring to, and you are not quoting them in full within your text, it is wise to include a copy of the actual text as an appendix to your work. In this case, add 'see appendix n' in your footnote.

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of Page (could just be author's timeline) [Facebook]. Date posted. URL [Accessed date].

G. Reynolds, Garr Reynolds Timeline [Facebook]. 10 August 2014. https://www.facebook.com/garr.reynolds [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

RSPB How to put up a swift nest box [Facebook]. 31 July 2024. https://www.facebook.com/TheRSPB [Accessed 9 Aug 2024].

Reynolds, Garr Reynolds Timeline .

RSPB, How to put up a swift nest box .

As full footnote but with surname first if a standard author name.

Initial(s). Surname of author, Full text of tweet (as written) [Twitter]. Date posted. URL [Accessed date].

N. Glass, wondering just how far this moment is from dreams I've had. it all feels vaguely familiar yet completely foreign. resisting tears. so tired [Twitter]. 30 March 2009. https://twitter.com/noah/status/1422661056 [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

Glass, wondering just how far .

Mailing list

If your reader needs to subscribe to see the entries you are referring to, and you are not quoting them in full within your text, it is wise to include a copy of the actual text as an appendix to your work. In this case, add 'see appendix n' in your footnote.

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Subject line', Title of mailing list . Date of message. Available online: URL [Accessed date].

C. Keenan, 'Peer led academic learning and disability', Learning Development in Higher Education Network . 8 August 2014. [email protected] [Accessed 13 Jul 2024].

Keenan, 'Peer led academic learning'.

As full footnote but with surname first if a standard author name

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Always check first that referring to AI generated text or images is permitted in your work. If it is, include the following information:

Communicator, Description of communication [Communication type]. Prompted by name/handle (if not self), Date and time of communication.

ChatGPT, Tension in colonial history [AI generated text]. Prompted by Alice Smith. 24 May 2023, 18:05.

ChatGPT, Tension in colonial history .

Data citation allows you to reference data in the same way as you would reference bibliographic research outputs such as journal articles and books.

When you use any form of secondary data in your assignment, you need to reference the data source. When using data, for the creation of a figure, you would give the figure a name (Figure 1 - title) and add your footnote after the title. Subsequent citations would refer to Figure 1 and not the data directly so short footnotes are not needed.

For citing data in your footnotes and bibliography, give as much of the following information as is relevant.

Created with (insert software), data from Creator/Producer, 'Data or dataset title' [data format], Product or database or repository or website name , version or date or identifier (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

Created with Microsoft Excel, data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 'Japan: Gross domestic product' [Table], National Accounts of OECD Countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1973), 331-346.

Created with Stata 16, data from G. H. Gallup (ed), '1943, January, Bread rationing' [Poll results], The Gallup international public opinion polls, Great Britain 1937-1975 Volume 1 (Random House, 1976), 71.

Not applicable, see above.

You do not need the 'created with' information, surname comes first if applicable and brackets removed from publishing information:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 'Japan: Gross domestic product' [Table] National Accounts of OECD Countries . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1973, 331-346.

Gallup, G. H. (ed), '1943 January, Bread rationing' [Poll results], The Gallup international public opinion polls, Great Britain 1937-1975 , Volume 1. Random House, 1976.

Citing data as part of a self-made graph, chart or other visual

If you have used secondary data to produce a graph, chart or other visual, you should prefix your footnote with a relevant statement i.e. Created with X, data from . See above footnotes for examples.

Data [online source]

Created with (insert software), data from Creator/Producer, 'Data or dataset title' [data format], Product or database or repository or website name , version or date or identifier (Year if not already given). URL [Downloaded date].

Created with IMB SPSS, data from University of Hull, 'Raw dune PIV data' [MATLAB], University of Hull Hydra Digital Repository hull:16477 (2018). https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16477 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Created with Microsoft Excel, data from L. F. Pearson, 'Hull Low Energy Housing Project : Social survey' [Data collection], UK Data Service , SN: 1589 (1981). https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-1589-1 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Created with Tableau, data from Office for National Statistics, 'Gross Domestic Product: Quarter on Quarter growth: CVM SA %' [Excel spreadsheet], Census 2021 , Release 28 June 2024. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihyq/qna/previous [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

You do not need the 'created with' information, surname comes first if application and brackets are removed from around the year:

University of Hull, 'Raw dune PIV data' [MATLAB], University of Hull Hydra Digital Repository , hull:16477. 2018. https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16477 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Pearson, L. F., 'Hull Low Energy Housing Project : Social survey' [Data collection], UK Data Service , SN: 1589. 1981. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-1589-1 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Office for National Statistics, 'Gross Domestic Product: Quarter on Quarter growth: CVM SA %' [Excel spreadsheet], Census 2021 , Release 28 June 2024. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihyq/qna/previous [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Geospatial data (GIS software)

When you create a map that you include in your assignment, you only need to reference the data source and the tool you used (it is your own work after all). You can find a lot of the information that you need for referencing when you view your basket. You would give the figure a name (Figure 1 - title) and add your footnote after the title. Subsequent citations would refer to Figure 1 and not the data directly so short footnotes are not needed.

Created with (insert software), data from Producer [data format] Scale, Tile(s). Product name, date. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded date].

Created with ArcGis, data from Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

Created with TerraView, data from British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

You do not need the 'created with' information.

Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

NOTE: In some disciplines, images or illustrations should not be included in the bibliography and you should include this information in the figure caption. If you are unsure, check with your lecturer.

You should reference every photograph you use unless you took it yourself. Give the following information:

Online photographs

Photographer, (Initial(s). Surname if available, username if not), Title of photograph in italics (or description if none available) . Date taken/uploaded if given [Photograph]. URL [Accessed date].

keithhull, Hull is the new UK City of Culture for 2017 . 21 April 2009 [Photograph]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/21506908@N07/3478651395 [Accessed 14 Aug 2024].

P. Harrop, Plinth and Maritime Museum, Hull . 2012 [Photograph]. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2843877 [Accessed 14 Aug 2024].

keithhull, Hull is the new UK City of Culture .

Harrop, Plinth and Maritime Museum .

Prints, slides or negatives (in known collections)

Photographer, Title of photograph in italics . Date taken if not in title [Photograph]. Whatever collection details are available (i.e. name of collection, reference numbers, location, name of library/archive).

P. A. Larkin, Negative of [Monica Jones] on a ferry . 1970s [Photograph]. Photographs of Philip Arthur Larkin, U DLV/2/1/30, Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre.

R. T. Watson, Hull City Football Team 1906-7 taken at Anlaby Road Hull the City football ground [Photograph]. Records of the Copyright Office, Stationers' Company, Copy 1/506/148, The National Archives, Kew.

Larkin, Negative of [Monica Jones] .

Watson, Hull City Football Team .

As full footnote but with surname first.

Prints, slides or negatives (not in collections)

Photographer, Title of photograph (or description if none available). Date taken if known [Photograph] (Publisher if available).

J. A. Bartram, Bluebells in North Cliffe Woods . May 2012 [Photograph].

Bartram, Bluebells .

Bartram, J. A. Bluebells in North Cliffe Woods . May 2012 [Photograph].

Book illustration, figure or table

If the illustration/figure/table is created by the author (basically not attributed to anyone else) then just cite the book as normal, giving the appropriate page number. If the image is attributed to someone else, the footnote would include both the person responsible for the image and the author(s) of the book. The bibliography entry would list the book, not the specific illustration.

Creator, 'Title of illustration'. In Author (or Editors (ed(s).) Title of book in sentence case . (Publisher, Year). Page displaying illustration.

M. E. Turgot & L. Bretez, 'Plan de Paris'. In E. R. Tufte, Envisioning information (Graphics Press, 1990), 36.

Turgot & Bretez, 'Plan de Paris', 36.

Tufte, E. R., Envisioning information . Graphics Press, 1990.

Give as much as the following information as you can find (online information optional):

Initial(s). Surname of artist, 'Title of cartoon' [Cartoon], Title of publication , Date published. URL [Accessed date].

M. Rawson, 'Wealth inequality' [Cartoon], The Guardian , 29 July 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cartoon/2014/jul/29/martin-rowson-rich-wealth-good-inequality-cuts [Accessed 14 Sep 2024].

Rawson, 'Wealth inequality'.

As full footnote but with name reversed (Rawson, M.,).

Painting, drawing or poster

Give as much of the following information as you can find. If available online, add URL [Accessed date]:

Initial(s). Surname of artist, Title of work . Year created if known [Medium]. Institution/collection, City (or Location, Exhibition, dates of exhibition).

T. Denison, Clippers on the Humber [Original Watercolour]. Myton Gallery, Hull.

B. Cook, Tommy Dancing . 2008 [Oil]. Hull Maritime Museum, Working Hard, Playing Hard, 5 April - 8 June 2014.

B. Gold, Alien . 1979 [Poster]. https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/05/most-iconic-movie-posters-of-all-time/alien [Accessed 14 Sep 2024].

Denison, Clippers on the Humber .

Cook, Tommy Dancing .

Gold, Alien .

Sculpture or installation

Include as much of the following information as you can find:

Initial(s). Surname of artist, Title of the work . Year created if different from year seen [Medium]. Name of collection/exhibition information or Location (include date seen for temporary installations).

H. S. Moore, Large Totem Head . 1968 [Bronze Sculpture]. Yorkshire Sculpture Park.

S. Producoes, Colourful Canopies of Umbrellas [Installation]. Agueda, Portugal, July 2013.

Moore, Large Totem Head .

Producoes, Colourful Canopies of Umbrellas .

As full footnote but with surname first (Moore, H. S.,).

Printed map

Ordnance survey map.

Ordnance Survey, Title of map . Edition if not first. Map/sheet number, Scale. Map series if appropriate (Publisher, Year).

Ordnance Survey, Kingston Upon Hull . Ed C2. 107, 1:50 000. Landranger series (Ordnance Survey, 2006).

Ordnance Survey, Kingston Upon Hull .

Map producer, Title of map , Edition if not first. Map/sheet number, Scale (Publisher, Year).

International Travel Maps, South America, 5th edition. ITM.875, 1:4 000 000 (ITMB Publishing, 2008).

M. D. Max, C. B. Long & C. V. MacDermot, Bedrock Geology of North Mayo , Sheet 6, 1:100,000 (Geological Survey of Ireland, 1992).

International Travel Maps, South America .

Max et al., Bedrock Geology .

Reference as a standard book, giving scales if relevant. For a specific page, include the page number at the end of the footnotes only.

Author Title of atlas , Edition if not first. Scale if provided (Publisher, Year). Specific page if relevant.

R. Butler, Atlas of Kenya (Survey of Kenya, 1959). 7

L. Bossard, Regional atlas on West Africa [eBook] (OECD Publishing, 2009).

Butler, Atlas of Kenya .

Bossard, Regional atlas on West Africa .

Butler, R., Atlas of Kenya , Survey of Kenya, 1959. 7

Bossard, L., Regional atlas on West Africa [eBook], OECD Publishing, 2009.

Digimap online map

These guidelines are for maps that are viewed, annotated or printed.

Digimap does have a citation generator, but this provides a citation that is not consistent with the rest of our scheme so we do not recommend you use it (although it can sometimes be useful to confirm information).

Digimaps are generated by you, so you will have to give a description of the map that makes it clear what it is showing as its title. Other information can be found by clicking on Map Information on the left of your screen or for some services, clicking the Sheet Information button (i) and then clicking on the map. The publisher is usually the copyright holder (check the bottom of the map). The citation year should be from the map date, if no map date is available, use the copyright date.

Map publisher, Title/description of map . Scale. Source (Map Product), Year of original map. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Ordnance Survey, Kingston upon Hull . 1:100 000. EDINA Digimap (OS Strategi), 2014. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Landmark Information Group, Barmby Moor, East Yorkshire . 1:2 500. National Grid Tile SE7748, EDINA Historic Digimap Service, 1971. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Natural Environment Research Council, Vale of Pickering . 1:50 000. EDINA Geology Digimap Service (British Geological Survey), 2014. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Ordnance Survey, Kingston upon Hull .

Landmark Information Group, Barmby Moor .

Natural Environment Research Council, Vale of Pickering .

Map created using GIS software

Created with (insert software), data from Producer [data format] Scale, Tile(s). Product name, Date. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded date].

Created with ArcGis, data from Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

Created with TerraView, data from British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

Google map/Bing map

URLs can be found for specific map views by clicking the Share button in each case. In Bing maps the URL is shown, in Google maps you will need to right-click on the Google Maps link (if you have searched, the link may be your search term) and and choose to copy the link address.

Map provider, Description of map , View information. URL [Accessed date].

Google Maps, Humber Dock Marina , Satellite view. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@53.73926,-0.3387019,622m/data=!3m1!1e3 [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Bing Maps, The University of Hull campus , Bird's eye view. https://binged.it/1tkVlri [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Google Maps, Humber Dock Marina .

Bing Maps, The University of Hull campus .

DVD/Video/Blu-ray

Title in italics . Directed by Director name [Medium] (Studio/Distributer, Year of release).

Good Morning, Vietnam . Directed by Barry Levinson [DVD] (Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, 1998).

Good Will Hunting . Directed by Gus Van Sant [Blu-ray] (Lions Gate Home Entertainment, 2011).

Good Morning, Vietnam .

Good Will Hunting .

Remove brackets from distribution information:

Good Morning, Vietnam . Directed by Barry Levinson [DVD]. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, 1998.

Good Will Hunting . Directed by Gus Van Sant [Blu-ray]. Lions Gate Home Entertainment, 2011.

TV programme

Title , directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [Medium] (Distributer, Year of distribution).

In the Wild: Dolphins with Robin Williams . Directed by Nigel Cole [VHS] (NTV, 1998).

In the Wild .

In the Wild: Dolphins with Robin Williams . Directed by Nigel Cole [VHS]. NTV, 1998.

Episode of a TV series

'Episode title', Programme title , series and episode numbers. Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [Medium] (Distributer, Year of distribution).

'Old Fears', Mork & Mindy , season 2, episode 12. Directed by Howard Storm. Written by April Kelly [DVD] (Paramount, 1979).

'Old Fears', Mork & Mindy.

'Old Fears', Mork & Mindy , season 2, episode 12. Directed by Howard Storm. Written by April Kelly [DVD]. Paramount, 1979.

Extra commentaries

If extra commentaries by directors/producers/actors etc are given on a DVD/Blu-ray you would reference using the person's name rather than the title:

Commentator, director's (or other) commentary, Title of Film . Version if needed. Directed by Director name [Medium] (Studio/Distributer, Year).

Z. Snyder, director's commentary, Watchmen , Director's Cut, Special Edition. Directed by Zach Snyder [Blu-ray] (Warner Bros., 2009).

T. McCarthy, J. Powers, & D. Thompson, critics' commentary, The Ultimate Matrix Collection . Directed by the Wachowski Brothers [DVD collection] (Warner Bros., 2004).

Snyder, Watchmen .

McCarthy et al., The Ultimate Matrix Collection .

Put first surname first and remove brackets from the distribution information:

Snyder, Z., director's commentary, Watchmen , Director's Cut, Special Edition. Directed by Zach Snyder [Blu-ray]. Warner Bros., 2009.

McCarthy, T., J. Powers, & D. Thompson, critics' commentary, The Ultimate Matrix Collection . Directed by the Wachowski Brothers [DVD collection]. Warner Bros., 2004.

Broadcasts and streaming (TV, Radio, Netflix, BoB etc)

Dates given in brackets should be the original broadcast year (the copyright year given at the end of the programme). You may be able to find this and information such as writers etc on something like IMDb if you do not have the credits recorded. The broadcast date is the broadcast that you actually watched (except for online subscription-only programmes, in which case it is the release date).

Title . Directed by Director name (if known). Written by Writer name (if known) [TV Programme] (TV channel (or service if online only), broadcast date and time).

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme] (BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30).

Scotland decides .

No brackets around broadcast information:

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30.

If you are quoting a specific person on the programme, you can include their name first:

A, Salmond, Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme] (BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30).

'Episode title', Programme title , series and episode numbers. Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [TV Programme] (TV channel (or service if online only). Broadcast date and time).

'The Empty Chair', The Honourable Woman , season 1, episode 1. Directed by Hugo Blick. Written by Hugo Blick [TV Programme] (BBC TWO. 3 July 2014, 21:00).

'Chapter 2', House of Cards , season 1, episode 2. Directed by David Fincher. Written by Beau Willimon [TV Programme] (Netflix, 1 February 2014).

'The Empty Chair', The Honourable Woman .

'Chapter 2', House of Cards .

'The Empty Chair', The Honourable Woman , season 1, episode 1. Directed by Hugo Blick. Written by Hugo Blick [TV Programme]. BBC TWO. 3 July 2014, 21:00.

Programmes/episodes watched via Box of Broadcasts

Please DO NOT cite these using the information given in the How to cite this tab underneath the broadcast window. Instead, just add the URL and access information as with other online resources:

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme] (BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30). https://bobnational.net/record/236557 [Accessed 30 Aug 2024].

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30. https://bobnational.net/record/236557 [Accessed 30 Aug 2024].

Radio programme

This is the same as for TV programmes but use [Radio Programme] instead:

In Tune [Radio Programme] (BBC Radio 3, 18 August 2014, 16:30).

'Skomer', Afternoon Play . Written by Mike Akers [Radio Programme] (BBC Radio 4, 30 October 2006, 14:15). https://bobnational.net/record/215 [Accessed 18 Aug 2024].

S. Rafferty. In Tune [Radio Programme] (BBC Radio 3, 18 August 2014, 16:30).

Film (cinema release, TV or BoB)

Film, cinema release or tv.

Title in italics . Directed by Director name [Film] (Studio/Distributer, Year of release).

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Directed by Matt Reeves [Film] (20th Century Fox, 2014).

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes .

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. 20th Century Fox, 2014.

Film, seen on Box of Broadcasts

Please DO NOT cite these using the information given in the How to cite this tab underneath the broadcast window. Instead, just add the URL and access information as with other online resources. If distributer information is cut off the end by the TV channel, try looking on IMDb (Company Credits link):

Title in italics . Directed by Director name [Film] (Studio/Distributer, Year of release). URL [Accessed date].

The Birds . Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film] (Universal Pictures, 1963). https://bobnational.net/record/234816 [Accessed 15 Sep 2024].

The Birds .

Remove brackets from distribution information.

The Birds . Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film]. Universal Pictures, 1963. https://bobnational.net/record/234816 [Accessed 15/9/2014].

If the author or presenter of the podcast is not known, use the organisation or website name instead.

Initial(s). Surname of author/presenter, 'Title of podcast', Name of Web page [Podcast]. Day and month of post if shown. URL [Accessed date].

T. Harford, 'Student loans', More or Less: Behind the Stats [Podcast]. 15 August 2014. https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/moreorless/moreorless_20140815-1655c.mp3 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

J. Heaversedge, 'What is mindfulness?', Mental Health Foundation [Podcast]. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/content/assets/audio/what-is-mindfulness-mp3.mp3 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

Fearless Social, 'How to use magazines to write better Facebook ads', Fearless Social: Social Marketing Evolved [Podcast]. 7 August 2014. https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/fearless-social-social-marketing/id904864342?mt=2 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

Harford, 'Student loans'.

Heaversedge, 'What is mindfulness?'.

Fearless Social, 'How to use magazines'.

As full footnote with surname of author/presenter first (Hartford, T.).

When referencing a YouTube video, it is the name of the person who posted the video, not who made it that you reference (these can be the same or different). Use the URL that you get when you click the 'Share' link as it is often shorter than the one in the address bar (you can even delete everything after the '?' in the link):

PowerPoint (or other) presentation

Most presentations you will reference will be accessed online, so reference as follows:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of presentation . Date created/uploaded [Presentation]. URL [Accessed date].

J. Brenman, Thirst . 8 July 2008 [Presentation]. https://www.slideshare.net/jbrenman/thirst [Accessed 29 Aug 2024].

N. Duarte, Slidedocs: spread ideas with effective visual documents . 2014 [Presentation]. https://www.duarte.com/slidedocs/ [Accessed 29 Aug 2024].

If you accessed the presentations via other means, omit the URL and accessed date.

Brenman, Thirst .

Duarte, Slidedocs .

As full footnote with surname of author first.

If accessed online, include the URL – otherwise just give publisher information.

Author/Creator, Title [Video game] (Publisher, Year). URL and access date if appropriate.

Galactic Café, The Stanley Parable [Video game] (2013). https://store.steampowered.com/app/221910/The_Stanley_Parable/ [Accessed 20 Apr 2024].

Galactic Café, The Stanley Parable .

As full footnote except remove brackets around publishing information.

Galactic Café, The Stanley Parable [Video game]. 2013. https://store.steampowered.com/app/221910/The_Stanley_Parable/ [Accessed 20 Apr 2024].

Individual musical score

Print score.

Initial(s). Surname of composer, Title of score including work number if known [Musical score]. Editor or arranger information (Publisher, Year of publication).

I. Stravinsky, Rite of spring: pictures from pagan Russia in two parts [Musical score] (Boosey & Hawkes, 1967).

N. Rimsky-Korsakoff, Trombone Concerto [Musical score]. Reduction for tenor trombone and piano by Harold Perry (Boosey & Hawkes, 1955).

Stravinsky, Rite of spring .

Rimsky-Korsakoff, Trombone Concerto .

Remove brackets from around publishing information.

Stravinsky, I., Rite of spring: pictures from pagan Russia in two parts [Musical score]. Boosey & Hawkes, 1967.

Rimsky-Korsakoff, N., Trombone Concerto [Musical score]. Reduction for tenor trombone and piano by Harold Perry. Boosey & Hawkes, 1955.

Online score

Initial(s). Surname of composer, Title of score including work number if known [Musical score]. Editor or arranger information (Publisher (if given), Year published or uploaded). URL [Accessed date].

J. S. Bach, Canon for Walther, BWV 1073 [Musical score]. Edited by Alfred Dorffel (Breitkopf & Hartel, 2008). https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/188975 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

M. C. Raboud-Theurillat, Saisons, op 40 [Musical score]. (2005). https://www.free-scores.com/PDFSUP_EN/raboud-theurillat-marie-christine-saisons-saisons-flute-67951.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Bach, Canon for Walther .

Raboud-Theurillat, Saisons .

Bach, J. S., Canon for Walther, BWV 1073 [Musical score]. Edited by Alfred Dorffel. Breitkopf & Hartel, 2008. https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/188975 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Raboud-Theurillat, M. C., Saisons, op 40 [Musical score]. 2005. https://www.free-scores.com/PDFSUP_EN/raboud-theurillat-marie-christine-saisons-saisons-flute-67951.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Scores in collected works/anthologies

Part of collected works.

Initial(s). Surname of composer, 'Title of score', Title of collection [Musical score] (Publisher, Year). URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

B. Britten, 'How sweet the answer (The Wren)', Folksong Arrangements, Vol 4 Moore's Irish Melodies [Musical score] (Boosey & Hawkes, 1960).

Britten, 'How sweet the answer'.

Britten, B., 'How sweet the answer (The Wren)', Folksong Arrangements, Vol 4 Moore's Irish Melodies [Musical score]. Boosey & Hawkes, 1960.

Part of anthologies

Initial(s). Surname of composer, 'Title of score'. In Editor name (ed.) Title of anthology [Musical score] (Publisher, Year). URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

G. F. Handel, 'Deborah'. In M Spicker (ed.) Anthology of sacred song, Vol 1 (Soprano) [Musical score]. G. Shirmer, 1902). https://conquest.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/e/e9/IMSLP38723-PMLP85325-VA_-_Anthology_of_Sacred_Songs._Vol1-soprano.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Handel, 'Deborah'.

Handel, G. F., 'Deborah'. In M. Spicker, (ed.) Anthology of sacred song, Vol 1 (Soprano) [Musical score]. G. Shirmer, 1902. https://conquest.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/e/e9/IMSLP38723-PMLP85325-VA_-_Anthology_of_Sacred_Songs._Vol1-soprano.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Classical music recording

Cd, audio cassette or vinyl.

Initial(s). Surname of composer, 'Title of work if part of album/larger work'. Title of Album/Work if whole . Performer/orchestra conducted by Conductor name (if relevant) [Medium] (Distributor/Label, Year).

E. Elgar, Cello Concerto, Op 85, Enigma Variations. Philadelphia Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra and Jacqueline Du Pré conducted by Daniel Barenboim [CD] (Sony Music Classical, 1995).

J. S. Bach, 'Variato 8. A 2 Clav'. Glenn Gould plays Bach, Goldberg Variations [Vinyl] (Membran Media, 2012).

Elgar, Cello Concerto .

Bach, 'Variato 8'.

Elgar, E., Cello Concerto, Op 85, Enigma Variations. Philadelphia Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra and Jacqueline Du Pré conducted by Daniel Barenboim [CD]. Sony Music Classical, 1995.

Bach, J. S., 'Variato 8. A 2 Clav'. Glenn Gould plays Bach, Goldberg Variations [Vinyl]. Membran Media, 2012.

Streamed or downloaded

It is necessary to give specific information about where you streamed music from if it is ONLY available through that method. Otherwise, just give as much of the above information as your streaming service gives or you can find elsewhere (the same recording may be available on Amazon for instance). Downloaded music should always give a URL.

C. Debussy, La Mer . Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Simon Rattle [Streamed] (EMI Records Ltd, 2005).

J. Sibelius, Valse Triste . Erik Helling [Download]. https://d19bhbirxx14bg.cloudfront.net/sibelius-valsetriste-helling.mp3 [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Debussy, La Mer .

Sibelius, Valse Triste .

Debussy, C., La Mer . Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Simon Rattle [Streamed]. EMI Records Ltd, 2005.

Sibelius, J., Valse Triste . Erik Helling [Download]. https://d19bhbirxx14bg.cloudfront.net/sibelius-valsetriste-helling.mp3 [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Other recorded music

Standard names of single artists can be treated liked any other name, with initials given and reversed in the bibliography. Band names are unchanged. Single artists with non-standard names (Lady Gaga, Jessie J, P Diddy etc) should be treated as band names:

Artist, Title of album [Media]. Version if needed (Label, Year).

M. Gaye, What's Going On [Vinyl] (Tamla Records, 1971).

Iron Maiden, Powerslave [Audio CD]. Enhanced, original recording remastered (EMI, 1998).

Gaye, What's Going On .

Iron Maiden, Powerslave .

Gaye, M., What's Going On [Vinyl]. Tamla Records, 1971.

Iron Maiden, Powerslave [Audio CD]. Enhanced, original recording remastered. EMI, 1998.

Album track

Artist, 'Title of track', Title of album [Media]. Version if needed (Label, Year).

Blondie, 'Hanging on the telephone', Parallel Lines [Vinyl] (Chrysalis Records, 1978).

S. Smith, 'Like I can', In the Lonely Hour [Audio CD]. Deluxe Edition (Capitol Records, 2014).

Blondie, 'Hanging on the telephone'.

Smith, 'Like I can'.

Blondie, 'Hanging on the telephone', Parallel Lines [Vinyl]. Chrysalis Records, 1978.

Smith, S., 'Like I can', In the Lonely Hour [Audio CD]. Deluxe Edition. Capitol Records, 2014.

Initial(s). Surname of artist (or band/act name), 'Title of track' [Streamed or downloaded]. Title of album or equivalent (Naxos Rights International Ltd, 2004).

M. Davis, 'Rouge', Boplicity: Original recordings 1949-1953 . [Streamed] (Naxos Rights International Ltd, 2004).

Macklemore & R. Lewis, 'Starting Over', Spotify Sessions [Streamed] (2013). Available online: https://play.spotify.com/album/3LwV3QIDQopbgERx5XJnBz [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Davis, 'Rouge'.

Macklemore & Lewis, 'Starting Over'.

Davis, M., 'Rouge', Boplicity: Original recordings 1949-1953 [Streamed]. Naxos Rights International Ltd, 2004.

Macklemore & R. Lewis, 'Starting Over', Spotify Sessions [Streamed]. 2013. https://play.spotify.com/album/3LwV3QIDQopbgERx5XJnBz [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Lyrics or libretto

Songwriter(s), Title of Song [Lyrics] Track information if relevant (Distribution company or label, Year) or (Year). URL [Accessed date].

B. Taupin. Candle in the wind [Lyrics]. Track 11, Diamonds (Deluxe) (MCA Records, 1973). https://genius.com/Elton-john-candle-in-the-wind-lyrics Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

B. Geldof & M. Ure, Do they know it's Christmas? [Lyrics] (1984). https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bandaid20/dotheyknowitschristmas.html [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Taupin, Candle in the wind .

Geldof & Ure, Do they know it's Christmas?

Taupin. B Candle in the wind [Lyrics]. Track 11, Diamonds (Deluxe). MCA Records, 1973 https://genius.com/Elton-john-candle-in-the-wind-lyrics [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

Geldof, B. & M. Ure, Do they know it's Christmas? [Lyrics]. 1984. Available online: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bandaid20/dotheyknowitschristmas.html [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

These are usually published separately so have publisher details:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) Title of publication [Libretto]. Edition or version if necessary. (Publisher, Year).

S. Sondheim, & H. Wheeler, Sweeney Todd [Libretto] NHB Libretti, new edition (Nick Hern Books, 1991).

Sondheim, & Wheeler, Sweeney Todd .

Sondheim, S. & H. Wheeler, Sweeney Todd [Libretto]. NHB Libretti, new edition. Nick Hern Books, 1991.

Liner notes/album cover notes etc

Liner notes are text found on the covers or inner sleeves of vinyl albums or on the little booklets that come inside CDs etc. These can be physical or electronic (for instance if you download an album). Sometimes they do not have individual titles, in which case just leave this out and move the [Liner notes] label to after the recording title.

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Title of notes' [Liner notes], Title of recording [Media] (Label, Year).

The Damned, 'Thanks to no-one' [Liner notes], Damned Damned Damned [Audio CD] (Stiff Records, 1977).

J. Cott, Stravinsky: Le Sacre du Printemps [Liner notes]. Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic [Audio CD]. Sony Masterworks, 2013.

D. Bowie, Aladdin Sane [Liner notes] (RCA Records, 1972). http://albumlinernotes.com/Aladdin_Sane.html [Accessed 24 Aug 2024].

The Damned, 'Thanks to no-one'.

Cott, Stravinsky.

Bowie, Aladdin Sane.

The Damned, 'Thanks to no-one' [Liner notes], Damned Damned Damned [Audio CD]. Stiff Records, 1977.

Cott, J. Stravinsky: Le Sacre du Printemps [Liner notes], Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic [Audio CD]. Sony Masterworks, 2013.

Bowie, D. , Aladdin Sane [Liner notes]. RCA Records, 1972. http://albumlinernotes.com/Aladdin_Sane.html [Accessed 24 Aug 2024].

Initial(s). Surname of composer, Title . Name of orchestra/musician conducted by Conductor (if relevant) (Place of performance, Date of performance).

R. Strauss, Elektra . BBC Singers and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Semyon Bychkov (Royal Albert Hall, 31 August 2014).

Strauss, Elektra .

Strauss, R., Elektra . BBC Singers and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Semyon Bychkov. Royal Albert Hall, 31 August 2014.

Initial(s). Surname of composer or choreographer, Title . Dance company (Location, Date seen).

M. Bourne, Lord of the Flies . New Adventures Dance Company (Sadler's Wells, London, 8 October 2014).

Bourne, Lord of the Flies .

Bourne, M. Lord of the Flies . New Adventures Dance Company. Sadler's Wells, London, 8 October 2014.

In contrast to other live performances, the title of the play is given first, not the playwright.

Title , by Author. Directed by Director (or Theatre Company) (Location, Date seen).

That's All You Need to Know , by Idle Motion (Hull Truck Theatre, 19 September 2014).

The Importance of Being Earnest , by Oscar Wilde. Directed by Lucy Bailey (Harold Pinter Theatre, 18 July 2014).

That's All You Need to Know .

The Importance of Being Earnest .

Remove brackets from performance information.

That's All You Need to Know , by Idle Motion. Hull Truck Theatre, 19 September 2014.

The Importance of Being Earnest , by Oscar Wilde. Directed by Lucy Bailey. Harold Pinter Theatre, 18 July 2014.

Speeches often have their transcripts published online or are available on YouTube, in which case you can also give the appropriate URL. Omit this if you do not have it.

Speaker, Title of speech [Speech or Speech Transcript] (Date of speech, Location of speech if not given in title). URL [Accessed date].

B. Johnson. PM speech in Greenwich [Speech transcript] (3 February 2020). https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-greenwich-3-february-2020 [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

B. Obama A perfect union [Speech] (18 March 2008, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia). https://youtu.be/zrp-v2tHaDo [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

Johnson , PM speech in Greenwich .

Obama , A perfect union .

Johnson, B. PM speech in Greenwich [Speech transcript]. 3 February 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-greenwich-3-february-2020 [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

Obama, B. A perfect union [Speech]. 18 March 2008, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia. https://youtu.be/zrp-v2tHaDo> [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

For emails from distribution lists, see electronic resources. Be careful about including personal email addresses and respect confidentiality. It is usually to keep copies and include them in appendices.

Sender Name, Message subject line [Email]. Message sent to Recipient's name (email address if appropriate). Date and time sent.

R. Heseltine, Reflective writing [Email]. Message sent to J. Bartram ([email protected]). 22 April 2014, 20:49.

Heseltine, Reflective writing .

As full footnote.

Interview or conversation (including telephone or Skype)

Recorded interviews/conversations (including focus groups).

Initial(s). Surname of interviewee, Description of communication [Conversation type]. Date and time of interview. Place if relevant.

J. Harlow The relevance of employability to academic staff [Recorded conversation]. 27 December 2014, 12:50. University of Hull.

Participant B, Should we build a new library? [Focus group]. 9 May 2012, 14:15. University of Hull.

Harlow, The relevance of employability.

Participant B, Should we build a new library?

Harlow, J. The relevance of employability to academic staff [Recorded conversation]. 27 December 2014, 12:50. University of Hull.

Some supervisors could prefer you to provide a transcript as an appendix and cite the appendix and line number in your footnotes instead - check with them individually. If this is the case then the following would be used:

Full and short footnotes

Appendix N o , Line N o .

The bibliography entry would be the same as above.

Non-recorded interviews or conversations

Check with your tutor/supervisor to see if these are usable (they are not considered recoverable data and some academics will not accept them as evidence within your written work). If they are acceptable, give the same information as for recorded interviews/conversations.

Use a description of the letter's contents if it has no obvious title. Consider having an image of the full letter as an appendix to your work.

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title/description of letter [Letter]. Personal communication or recipient information, Date on letter.

J. Smith, Request for help with proofreading [Letter]. Personal communication, 23 January 2013.

P. Brown, Workshop enquiry [Letter]. Sent to Skills Team, 23 January 2013.

Smith, Request for help .

Brown, Workshop enquiry .

Smith, J., Request for help with proofreading [Letter]. Personal communication, 23 January 2013.

Brown, P., Workshop enquiry [Letter]. Sent to Skills Team, 23 January 2013.

Lecture notes

Always check with your tutor that they accept lecture notes or other course material in a reference list (many do not). It is always better to read the original sources of the material if available and reference these. Otherwise reference as follows:

Lecturer, 'Title of lecture', Module title and code [Lecture] (Institution, Year, unpublished).

J. Bartram, 'Effective Presentations', Enhanced Information and Research Skills 05056 1314 [Lecture] (University of Hull, 2013, unpublished).

Bartram, 'Effective Presentations'.

Bartram, J. 'Effective Presentations', Enhanced Information and Research Skills 05056 1314 [Lecture]. University of Hull, 2013, unpublished.

See PowerPoint (or other) presentation above if you have access to the actual presentation used rather than relying on your own lecture notes (but still check that it is acceptable to reference this).

Further guidance

If you speak different languages and have referenced non-English-language works that you have translated yourself then follow the guidance below.

The example here is for a journal article but if you are referencing anything else, follow the italicisation conventions for the equivalent English language source above.

Author(s) 'Title in original language' (if possible) [Title translated into English]. Publication name in original language (if possible) [Publication name translated into English]. Volume/issue/page information (according to type of publication) (year) [In ‘language’].

A. N. Krenke and V. G. Khodakov, 'O svyasi povercknostnogo tayaniya lednikov s temperaturoy vozdukha' [On the relationship between melt of glaciers and air temperature]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy [Data of Glaciological Studies], 12. 153–163 (1966) [In Russian].

Krenke & Khodakov, 'O svyas' poversknostnogo tayaniya lednikov'.

As full footnote (unless a book in which case put publisher's information in brackets).

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Clinical Practice References

This page contains reference examples for clinical practice for nurses, including the following:

• UpToDate article
• Cochrane review
• Clinical practice guideline with a group author
• Clinical practice guideline by individual authors at a government agency, published as part of a series
• Drug information
• Lab or diagnostic manual
• Mobile app reference work
• Entry in a mobile app reference work

1. UpToDate article

Bordeaux, B., & Lieberman, H. R. (2020). Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpToDate . Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages

• Parenthetical citation : (Bordeaux & Lieberman, 2020)
• Narrative citation : Bordeaux and Lieberman (2020)
• Articles in the UpToDate database are available only in that database and have information that changes over time.
• In the reference list, format UpToDate articles like periodical articles. Italicize the database name in the reference like a periodical title, but do not italicize the database name if it appears in the text.
• Use the year of last update in the date element.
• Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.

2. Cochrane review

Lane, D. A., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2013). Treatment of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003075.pub3

• Parenthetical citation : (Lane & Lip, 2013)
• Narrative citation : Lane and Lip (2013)
• Cochrane reviews follow the journal article format.
• Provide the name of the database (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) in italic title case in the reference, but if you write the name of the database elsewhere in the paper, do not italicize it.
• Full-text versions of Cochrane reviews do not include volume numbers, issue numbers, or article numbers. The full-text version displays when you visit the DOI of the article.
• However, the article PDFs show the year as the volume number, an issue number, and an article number.
• It is fine to omit the volume, issue, and article number from the Cochrane review reference if the information is missing from your version of the article, but if you do see this information, include it just as you would for any journal article

3. Clinical practice guideline with a group author

American Psychological Association. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of depression across three age cohorts . https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline

Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. (2009). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/cauti/index.html

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019). Hypertension in adults: Diagnosis and management (NICE Guideline NG136). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136

World Health Organization. (2017). Guideline: Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services . Guideline Central. https://www.guidelinecentral.com/share/summary/5acc36cc939f5#section-society

• Parenthetical citations : (American Psychological Association, 2019; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2009; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019; World Health Organization, 2017)
• Narrative citations : American Psychological Association (2019), Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (2009), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019), and World Health Organization (2017)
• Most clinical practice guidelines are published as reports or webpages and so follow the report or webpage reference type, which have the same structure.
• Use the committee or agency that developed the guideline in the author element of the reference when no individual authors are credited.
• When the title page or cover credits both a committee and an agency, provide the committee name in the author element of the reference and the agency name in the source element of the reference. The first example shows this: The committee is the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, and the agency is the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• When the title page or cover credits only an agency, provide the agency name in the author element of the reference. The second and third examples show this: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the World Health Organization are agencies.
• Provide the year in which the guideline was developed in the date element of the reference.
• If you are citing an updated guideline, use the year of the update in the reference.
• Provide the title of the guideline in italic sentence case.
• Provide the name of the website from which the guideline was obtained in the source element of the reference.
• If the website name is the same as the author, omit the site name to avoid repetition (as in the NICE guideline example).
• Provide a URL for the guideline.

4. Clinical practice guideline by individual authors at a government agency, published as part of a series

Grohskopf, L. A., Sokolow, L. Z., Broder, K. R., Walter, E. B., Fry, A. M., & Jernigan, D. B. (2018). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2018–19 influenza season (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 67, No. 3). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6703a1-H.pdf

• Parenthetical citation : (Grohskopf et al., 2018)
• Narrative citation : Grohskopf et al. (2018)
• When a guideline has individual authors, provide the names in the author element of the reference.
• Provide the year of the report in the date element of the reference.
• After the title, provide the name of the series (here, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) and volume and issue number for the report in parentheses after the title.
• Provide the publisher of the guideline in the source element of the reference.

5. Drug information

Sandoz. (n.d.). Prednisolone acetate (prednisolone acetate) suspension/drops [Drug information]. Guideline Central. https://www.guidelinecentral.com/share/drug-information/61314-637#section-title

• Parenthetical citation : (Sandoz, n.d.)
• Narrative citation : Sandoz (n.d.)
• The format for drug information is the same as for a webpage.
• Provide the name of the drug or pharmaceutical company that manufactures the drug in the author element of the reference.
• If a date is not available, substitute “(n.d.).”
• Provide the title of the drug information (usually the name of the drug) in italic sentence case, followed by the description “[Drug information]” in square brackets (or other wording as appropriate).
• Provide the name of the website from which the drug information was obtained in the source element of the reference. If the website name is the same as the author, omit the site name to avoid repetition.
• Provide a URL for the drug information.

6. Lab or diagnostic manual

Pagana, K. D., Pagana, T. J., & Pagana, T. N. (2019). Mosby’s diagnostic and laboratory test reference (14th ed.). Elsevier.

• Parenthetical citation : (Pagana et al., 2019)
• Narrative citation : Pagana et al. (2019)
• Laboratory or diagnostic manuals follow the format for books.

7. Mobile app reference work

Vallerand, A. H., & Sanoski, C. A. (2019). Davis’s drug guide (16th ed.) (Version 1.31) [Mobile app]. F. A. Davis Company. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/products/davis_drug_guide

• Parenthetical citation : (Vallerand & Sanoski, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Vallerand and Sanoski (2019)
• For a mobile app reference work with individual authors (as shown in the example), provide the author names in the author element of the reference.
• Provide the year of the version used in the date element of the reference.
• Provide the title of the app in italic sentence case.
• When the app includes an edition number (as with the example), place the edition information in parentheses without italics after the title.
• Provide the version number of the app (which you can obtain from the app itself once it is downloaded) in a separate set of parentheses.
• Provide the publisher of the app or the name of the app store (e.g., App Store, Google Play Store). In the example, the app was downloaded from the publisher’s website, so the publisher (F. A. Davis Company) is provided in the source element of the reference. If you downloaded the app from the App Store instead, use “App Store” instead of “F. A. Davis Company.”
• Provide a URL when possible.

8. Entry in a mobile app reference work

Lexicomp. (2019). Amoxicillin. In Lexicomp (Version 5.1.1) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lexicomp/id313401238

• Parenthetical citation : (Lexicomp, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Lexicomp (2019)
• To cite an entry in a mobile app reference work, follow the format for an edited book chapter.
• Provide the author of the app in the author element of the reference. In the example, the company that produces the app (Lexicomp) is treated as a group author.
• Provide the date year of the app version that you used in the date element of the reference.
• Provide the title of the entry in the reference work in the title element of the reference.
• In the source element, provide the name of the app in italics (which in the example happens to be the same as the author), the version of the app used in parentheses, the description “[Mobile app]” and the publisher or app store from which the app was obtained.

References for clinical practice appear throughout the seventh edition APA Style manuals but are consolidated on this page for ease of reference for health care professionals and students