Ball, P. (2001). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Bird, K., & Martin, J. S. (2005). . New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Silverstein, T. (Ed). (1974). . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Demos, J. (2001). Real lives and other fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner's . In Carnes, M. (Ed.), , (pp. 132-145). New York: Simon and Schuster.
Burns, S. (2005). Ordering the artist's body: Thomas Eakins' acts of self-portrayal. (1), 90-102.
Murdock, L., & Hobbs, J. (2011, July). Picture me playing: Increasing pretend play dialogue of children with autism spectrum disorders. (7), 870-878. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1108-6
Tilak, J.G. (2002). Education and poverty. (2), 191-207. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjhd20
Erickson, C. (2008). (Doctoral dissertation, University of West Florida). Retrieved from
Florida Department of Education. (2010). Retrieved from
Accessibility Statement
When writing a journal article, literature review, convention paper, or any other academic document, authors must include in-text citations whenever they refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. In addition, every time a work is cited within a paper (in APA style, a parenthetical citation), a corresponding entry must be included in the reference list.
The rationale behind citing other people’s publications in your own manuscript is that you want to avoid intellectual dishonesty by giving credit to whoever reported a finding first or invented a specific technique. This is not only an ethical question, as being “sloppy” with your sources can easily be considered plagiarism (and even self-plagiarism , if you fail to refer to your own work), which can have legal consequences and damage your reputation.
General rules for what information should be provided when citing sources in a research paper vary across fields and depend on the type of source (e.g., books, journal articles, patents, conference proceedings, websites, etc.). We are not going into such differences here but will focus on the correct way of referencing other people’s research in your own paper according to one of the most common styles used to cite sources within the social sciences and in several other academic disciplines , that is, APA (American Psychological Association) style .
In research papers, in-text citations are most commonly used in the Introduction and Discussion Results sections. The following guidelines and examples are taken from the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition, 2nd printing , which details rules and application of APA style in research papers, including in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and references. For more information, consult the APA Style Manual website .
This resource provides detailed guidelines for citing sources in your paper and includes examples of in-text citations for reference by research authors. Before submitting your manuscript to a journal or publisher, be sure to use our free APA citation generator for your references and in-text citations.
Order and structure of in-text citation content.
When using APA format, follow the “author-date” method of in-text citation. Write the author’s last name and publication year for the source in parentheses and separate these pieces of information with a comma.
When referring to external work or referencing an entire work but not directly quoting the material, you only need to make a reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your citation.
The results of the first enzyme study (Chen et al., 2014) revealed several relationships.
If you mention the name of the author of the work in the sentence or earlier in the paragraph, you only need to include the year of publication in the citation.
Chen (2014) discusses several relationships revealed in this study.
APA style requires authors to use past tense or present perfect tense (NOT present tense) when using signal phrases to refer to or discuss previous research (have a look at this article for more details on the correct tenses for different parts of a research paper ).
Radnitz (1995) found… / Radnitz (1995) has found…
When referring to a specific work or works, place the citation (publication date only) directly after the author of the study referenced.
Klinge and Rogers (2010) found that mirroring is instrumental in developments of performative gender roles.
When giving information that reflects the results or implications of previous work, place the citation (author and publication date) at the end of the sentence.
Mirroring has been found to be instrumental in the development of performative gender roles (Klinge and Rogers, 2010).
Always capitalize author names and initials in in-text citations.
(r. kazinsky, 2014) (R. Kazinsky, 2014)
When quoting directly from a work, include the author, publication year, and page number of the reference (preceded by “p.”).
Method 1 : Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name; the publication year will follow in parentheses. Include the page number in parentheses at the end of the quoted text. Note that the quotation marks surround the text only, and not the parenthetical citation.
According to Khan (1976), “Graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research” (p. 45). Khan (1976) noted that “graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research” (p. 45), a fact that has profound implications for research departments.
Method 2 : If the author is absent in the signal phrase, include the author’s last name, the publication year, and the page number together in parentheses after the quoted text.
Researchers noted that “graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research” (Khan, 1976, p. 45), but they did not offer a suggestion as to the cause.
Long direct quotations are those with at least 40 words of quoted text in a row. Long quotes should be placed in a separate block of lines without quotation marks, similar to creating a new paragraph. Begin the quotation on a new line and indent 0.5in/1.27cm from the left margin. Type the entire quotation within these new margins using double-spacing. Include the parenthetical citation after the final punctuation mark.
Khan’s (1976) study found the following: Graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research, especially when conducting research in teams of three or fewer with no senior researchers present. This tendency could be attributed to either a misunderstanding of correct methodology or to a feeling of freedom to explore different approaches that the researchers have yet to employ. (p. 45)
When paraphrasing another work , you only need to cite the author and year of publication in your in-text citation. It may be a good idea to include the page number as well if the paraphrased information is located on a specific page of the original text. APA guidelines encourage this inclusion but do not require it.
According to Khan (1976), new researchers tend to use more diverse methodologies. New researchers tend to use more diverse methodologies (Khan, 1976, p. 45).
When making an in-text citation of works by multiple authors, there are specific rules to follow depending on the number of authors of a publication and the number of times you cite the same works.
2 | ||||
3-5 | ||||
6 or more |
When citing more than one source in the same in-text citation, list all sources in the standard way and separate them with a semi-colon. List the sources alphabetically (by author’s last name or by title if no author is given) in the order they appear in the reference list.
(Marsh, 1997; Johnson, 2002). (Kazinsky, 2017; “Three Different Roads,” 2013).
When citing two or more sources with the same author and year of publication, assign lowercase letters directly after the year of publication (a, b, c) according to the alphabetical order of titles. You will use the same alphabetical designations in your in-text citations that you do in your reference list.
The incidence of West Nile virus in Florida increased between 2002 and 2004 (Dickens, 2014a). According to Dickens (2014b), “these viral infections were precipitated by record levels of rainfall around the peninsula” (p. 150).
Work quoted or paraphrased in another text is called a “secondary source.” While in your reference list you must cite the primary source as well, in your in-text citation you will add the words “as cited in” followed by the secondary source. For example, if a review article by Franklin you are citing includes a useful quote by Adams that supports your paper, your in-text citation would look like this:
According to a study by Adams (as cited in Franklin, 2016), 25% of all US federal prisoners have been diagnosed with some form of social disorder. Adams (as cited in Franklin) contends that this statistic “reflects the dehumanizing conditions of most federal institutions” (p. 76).
Entire website.
When citing an entire website (with no specific webpage or article given), simply provide the title and web address within the text of your paper. No citation is needed in the References.
The American Psychological Association includes detailed information on how to apply APA citation (http://www.apa.org).
A webpage with an individual author or authors should be cited in the same way as other texts, with the name or names written first, followed by the publication year.
There were 523 new cases reported in 2011 alone (Kristoff, 2012).
Webpage with a group author
Treat group authors as individual authors in in-text citations, but instead of the author’s last name, include the name of the group.
Claustrophobia afflicts one in five Britons (The Surrey Group, 2003).
Even when some central information is missing from a website (e.g., no author, date, or webpage title), you may still cite it as a source if you use the correct formatting. For information on how to cite a website with missing information, visit the APA Style Blog post on Missing Pieces .
For a more comprehensive explanation of social media citation guidelines, visit the APA Style Blog post on How to Cite Social Media in APA Style .
And when submitting your finished AP document to journals or for a class assignment, be sure to get professional English editing services , including academic editing , manuscript editing , and research paper editing services . Professional editors with experience in APA, AMA, MLA, and other popular style guides will make sure that your document’s citations and references conform to the journal of your choice.
Wordvice provides a variety of other articles on topics such as the number of references your manuscript should contain , different citation styles if your target style does not use APA, and how to paraphrase correctly when citing sources in your paper, as well as more general advice on how to write research papers on the Wordvice academic resources website .
Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.
When you reprint or adapt a table or figure from another source, the source should be acknowledged in an in-text citation and in your reference list . Follow the format for the source type you took the table or figure from.
You also have to include a copyright statement in a note beneath the table or figure. The example below shows how to cite a figure from a journal article .
Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Analysis of trip generation rates in residential commuting based on mobile phone signaling data. , (1), 201–220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264 | |
(Shi & Zhu, 2019, p. 212) | |
. From “Analysis of Trip Generation Rates in Residential Commuting Based on Mobile Phone Signaling Data,” by F. Shi and L. Zhu, 2019, , (1), p. 212 ( ). CC BY-NC. |
Citing tables and figures, including a copyright note, examples from different source types, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures . Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source.
You should also include the source in the reference list. Follow the standard format for the source type you took the table or figure from.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
As well as a citation and reference, when you reproduce a table or figure in your own work, you also need to acknowledge the source in a note directly below it.
The image below shows an example of a table with a copyright note.
If you’ve reproduced a table or figure exactly, start the note with “From …” If you’ve adapted it in some way for your own purposes (e.g. incorporating part of a table or figure into a new table or figure in your paper), write “Adapted from …”
This is followed by information about the source (title, author, year, publisher, and location), and then copyright information at the end.
A source will either be under standard copyright, under a Creative Commons license, or in the public domain. You need to state which of these is the case.
Standard copyright | Copyright 2020 by Scribbr. |
---|---|
Creative Commons | CC-BY-NC. |
Public domain | In the public domain. |
Under standard copyright, you sometimes also need permission from the publisher to reprint or adapt materials. If you sought and obtained permission, mention this at the end of the note.
Look for information on copyright and permissions from the publisher. If you’re having trouble finding this information, consult your supervisor for advice.
. From or Adapted from “Article Title,” by Initials. Last name, Year, , (Issue), p. Page number (URL or DOI). Copyright statement. | |
. Adapted from “Analysis of Trip Generation Rates in Residential Commuting Based on Mobile Phone Signaling Data,” by F. Shi and L. Zhu, 2019, , (1), p. 212 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264). CC BY-NC. | |
Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Analysis of trip generation rates in residential commuting based on mobile phone signaling data. , (1), 201–220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264 |
. From or Adapted from , by Initials. Last name, Year (URL). Copyright statement. | |
. From , by R. Streefkerk, 2020 (https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/). Copyright 2020 by Scribbr. | |
Streefkerk, R. (2020, October 2). . Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/ |
. From or Adapted from (p. Page number), by Initial. Last name, Year, Publisher (DOI or URL). Copyright statement. | |
. From (p. 107), by H. B. Simon, 2004, Free Press. Copyright 2004 by Free Press. Reprinted with permission. | |
Simon, H. B. (2002). . Free Press. |
Copyright information can usually be found wherever the table or figure was published. For example, for a diagram in a journal article , look on the journal’s website or the database where you found the article. Images found on sites like Flickr are listed with clear copyright information.
If you find that permission is required to reproduce the material, be sure to contact the author or publisher and ask for it.
APA doesn’t require you to include a list of tables or a list of figures . However, it is advisable to do so if your text is long enough to feature a table of contents and it includes a lot of tables and/or figures .
A list of tables and list of figures appear (in that order) after your table of contents, and are presented in a similar way.
If you adapt or reproduce a table or figure from another source, you should include that source in your APA reference list . You should also include copyright information in the note for the table or figure, and include an APA in-text citation when you refer to it.
Tables and figures you created yourself, based on your own data, are not included in the reference list.
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). Citing Tables and Figures in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/citing-tables-figures/
Other students also liked, how to format tables and figures in apa style, how to cite an image in apa style, setting up the apa reference page | formatting & references (examples), scribbr apa citation checker.
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
There are two common types of papers written in fields using APA Style: the literature review and the experimental report. Each has unique requirements concerning the sections that must be included in the paper.
A literature review is a critical summary of what the scientific literature says about your specific topic or question. Often student research in APA fields falls into this category. Your professor might ask you to write this kind of paper to demonstrate your familiarity with work in the field pertinent to the research you hope to conduct.
A literature review typically contains the following sections:
Some instructors may also want you to write an abstract for a literature review, so be sure to check with them when given an assignment. Also, the length of a literature review and the required number of sources will vary based on course and instructor preferences.
NOTE: A literature review and an annotated bibliography are not synonymous. If you are asked to write an annotated bibliography, you should consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association for the APA Format for Annotated Bibliographies.
In many of the social sciences, you will be asked to design and conduct your own experimental research. If so, you will need to write up your paper using a structure that is more complex than that used for just a literature review. We have a complete resource devoted to writing an experimental report in the field of psychology here .
This structure follows the scientific method, but it also makes your paper easier to follow by providing those familiar cues that help your reader efficiently scan your information for:
Thus an experimental report typically includes the following sections.
Make sure to check the guidelines for your assignment or any guidelines that have been given to you by an editor of a journal before you submit a manuscript containing the sections listed above.
As with the literature review, the length of this report may vary by course or by journal, but most often it will be determined by the scope of the research conducted.
If you are writing a paper that fits neither of these categories, follow the guidelines about General Format , consult your instructor, or look up advice in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .
When submitting a manuscript to a journal, make sure you follow the guidelines described in the submission policies of that publication, and include as many sections as you think are applicable to presenting your material. Remember to keep your audience in mind as you are making this decision. If certain information is particularly pertinent for conveying your research, then ensure that there is a section of your paper that adequately addresses that information.
These sample tables illustrate how to set up tables in APA Style . When possible, use a canonical, or standard, format for a table rather than inventing your own format. The use of standard formats helps readers know where to look for information.
There are many ways to make a table, and the samples shown on this page represent only some of the possibilities. The samples show the following options:
Use these links to go directly to the sample tables:
Sample results of several t tests table, sample correlation table, sample analysis of variance (anova) table, sample factor analysis table, sample regression table, sample qualitative table with variable descriptions, sample mixed methods table.
These sample tables are also available as a downloadable Word file (DOCX, 37KB) . For more sample tables, see the Publication Manual (7th ed.) as well as published articles in your field.
Sample tables are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 7.21 and the Concise Guide Section 7.21
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants at Baseline
Baseline characteristic | Guided self-help | Unguided self-help | Wait-list control | Full sample | ||||
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 25 | 50 | 20 | 40 | 23 | 46 | 68 | 45 |
Male | 25 | 50 | 30 | 60 | 27 | 54 | 82 | 55 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 13 | 26 | 11 | 22 | 17 | 34 | 41 | 27 |
Married/partnered | 35 | 70 | 38 | 76 | 28 | 56 | 101 | 67 |
Divorced/widowed | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 4 |
Other | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Children | 26 | 52 | 26 | 52 | 22 | 44 | 74 | 49 |
Cohabitating | 37 | 74 | 36 | 72 | 26 | 52 | 99 | 66 |
Highest educational level | ||||||||
Middle school | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
High school/some college | 22 | 44 | 17 | 34 | 13 | 26 | 52 | 35 |
University or postgraduate degree | 28 | 56 | 32 | 64 | 36 | 72 | 96 | 64 |
Employment | ||||||||
Unemployed | 3 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 7 |
Student | 8 | 16 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 12 |
Employed | 30 | 60 | 29 | 58 | 40 | 80 | 99 | 66 |
Self-employed | 9 | 18 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 10 | 21 | 14 |
Retired | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Previous psychological treatment | 17 | 34 | 18 | 36 | 24 | 48 | 59 | 39 |
Previous psychotropic medication | 6 | 12 | 13 | 26 | 11 | 22 | 30 | 20 |
Note. N = 150 ( n = 50 for each condition). Participants were on average 39.5 years old ( SD = 10.1), and participant age did not differ by condition.
a Reflects the number and percentage of participants answering “yes” to this question.
Results of Curve-Fitting Analysis Examining the Time Course of Fixations to the Target
Logistic parameter | 9-year-olds | 16-year-olds | (40) |
| Cohen's | ||
Maximum asymptote, proportion | .843 | .135 | .877 | .082 | 0.951 | .347 | 0.302 |
Crossover, in ms | 759 | 87 | 694 | 42 | 2.877 | .006 | 0.840 |
Slope, as change in proportion per ms | .001 | .0002 | .002 | .0002 | 2.635 | .012 | 2.078 |
Note. For each subject, the logistic function was fit to target fixations separately. The maximum asymptote is the asymptotic degree of looking at the end of the time course of fixations. The crossover point is the point in time the function crosses the midway point between peak and baseline. The slope represents the rate of change in the function measured at the crossover. Mean parameter values for each of the analyses are shown for the 9-year-olds ( n = 24) and 16-year-olds ( n = 18), as well as the results of t tests (assuming unequal variance) comparing the parameter estimates between the two ages.
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for Study Variables
Variable |
|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
1. Internal– external status | 3,697 | 0.43 | 0.49 | — | ||||||
2. Manager job performance | 2,134 | 3.14 | 0.62 | −.08 | — | |||||
3. Starting salary | 3,697 | 1.01 | 0.27 | .45 | −.01 | — | ||||
4. Subsequent promotion | 3,697 | 0.33 | 0.47 | .08 | .07 | .04 | — | |||
5. Organizational tenure | 3,697 | 6.45 | 6.62 | −.29 | .09 | .01 | .09 | — | ||
6. Unit service performance | 3,505 | 85.00 | 6.98 | −.25 | −.39 | .24 | .08 | .01 | — | |
7. Unit financial performance | 694 | 42.61 | 5.86 | .00 | −.03 | .12 | −.07 | −.02 | .16 | — |
Means, Standard Deviations, and One-Way Analyses of Variance in Psychological and Social Resources and Cognitive Appraisals
Measure | Urban | Rural | (1, 294) | η | ||
Self-esteem | 2.91 | 0.49 | 3.35 | 0.35 | 68.87 | .19 |
Social support | 4.22 | 1.50 | 5.56 | 1.20 | 62.60 | .17 |
Cognitive appraisals | ||||||
Threat | 2.78 | 0.87 | 1.99 | 0.88 | 56.35 | .20 |
Challenge | 2.48 | 0.88 | 2.83 | 1.20 | 7.87 | .03 |
Self-efficacy | 2.65 | 0.79 | 3.53 | 0.92 | 56.35 | .16 |
*** p < .001.
Results From a Factor Analysis of the Parental Care and Tenderness (PCAT) Questionnaire
PCAT item | Factor loading | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Factor 1: Tenderness—Positive | |||
20. You make a baby laugh over and over again by making silly faces. | .04 | .01 | |
22. A child blows you kisses to say goodbye. | −.02 | −.01 | |
16. A newborn baby curls its hand around your finger. | −.06 | .00 | |
19. You watch as a toddler takes their first step and tumbles gently back down. | .05 | −.07 | |
25. You see a father tossing his giggling baby up into the air as a game. | .10 | −.03 | |
Factor 2: Liking | |||
5. I think that kids are annoying (R) | −.01 | .06 | |
8. I can’t stand how children whine all the time (R) | −.12 | −.03 | |
2. When I hear a child crying, my first thought is “shut up!” (R) | .04 | .01 | |
11. I don’t like to be around babies. (R) | .11 | −.01 | |
14. If I could, I would hire a nanny to take care of my children. (R) | .08 | −.02 | |
Factor 3: Protection | |||
7. I would hurt anyone who was a threat to a child. | −.13 | −.02 | |
12. I would show no mercy to someone who was a danger to a child. | .00 | −.05 | |
15. I would use any means necessary to protect a child, even if I had to hurt others. | .06 | .08 | |
4. I would feel compelled to punish anyone who tried to harm a child. | .07 | .03 | |
9. I would sooner go to bed hungry than let a child go without food. | .46 | −.03 |
Note. N = 307. The extraction method was principal axis factoring with an oblique (Promax with Kaiser Normalization) rotation. Factor loadings above .30 are in bold. Reverse-scored items are denoted with an (R). Adapted from “Individual Differences in Activation of the Parental Care Motivational System: Assessment, Prediction, and Implications,” by E. E. Buckels, A. T. Beall, M. K. Hofer, E. Y. Lin, Z. Zhou, and M. Schaller, 2015, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 108 (3), p. 501 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000023 ). Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association.
Moderator Analysis: Types of Measurement and Study Year
Effect | Estimate |
| 95% CI | ||
Fixed effects | |||||
Intercept | .119 | .040 | .041 | .198 | .003 |
Creativity measurement | .097 | .028 | .042 | .153 | .001 |
Academic achievement measurement | −.039 | .018 | −.074 | −.004 | .03 |
Study year | .0002 | .001 | −.001 | .002 | .76 |
Goal | −.003 | .029 | −.060 | .054 | .91 |
Published | .054 | .030 | −.005 | .114 | .07 |
Random effects | |||||
Within-study variance | .009 | .001 | .008 | .011 | <.001 |
Between-study variance | .018 | .003 | .012 | .023 | <.001 |
Note . Number of studies = 120, number of effects = 782, total N = 52,578. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit.
Master Narrative Voices: Struggle and Success and Emancipation
Discourse and dimension | Example quote |
Struggle and success | |
Self-actualization as member of a larger gay community is the end goal of healthy sexual identity development, or “coming out” | “My path of gayness ... going from denial to saying, well this is it, and then the process of coming out, and the process of just sort of, looking around and seeing, well where do I stand in the world, and sort of having, uh, political feelings.” (Carl, age 50) |
Maintaining healthy sexual identity entails vigilance against internalization of societal discrimination | “When I'm like thinking of criticisms of more mainstream gay culture, I try to ... make sure it's coming from an appropriate place and not like a place of self-loathing.” (Patrick, age 20) |
Emancipation | |
Open exploration of an individually fluid sexual self is the goal of healthy sexual identity development | “[For heterosexuals] the man penetrates the female, whereas with gay people, I feel like there is this potential for really playing around with that model a lot, you know, and just experimenting and exploring.” (Orion, age 31) |
Questioning discrete, monolithic categories of sexual identity | “LGBTQI, you know, and added on so many letters. Um, and it does start to raise the question about what the terms mean and whether ... any term can adequately be descriptive.” (Bill, age 50) |
Integrated Results Matrix for the Effect of Topic Familiarity on Reliance on Author Expertise
Quantitative results | Qualitative results | Example quote |
When the topic was more familiar (climate change) and cards were more relevant, participants placed less value on author expertise. | When an assertion was considered to be more familiar and considered to be general knowledge, participants perceived less need to rely on author expertise. | Participant 144: “I feel that I know more about climate and there are several things on the climate cards that are obvious, and that if I sort of know it already, then the source is not so critical ... whereas with nuclear energy, I don't know so much so then I'm maybe more interested in who says what.” |
When the topic was less familiar (nuclear power) and cards were more relevant, participants placed more value on authors with higher expertise. | When an assertion was considered to be less familiar and not general knowledge, participants perceived more need to rely on author expertise. | Participant 3: “[Nuclear power], which I know much, much less about, I would back up my arguments more with what I trust from the professors.” |
Note . We integrated quantitative data (whether students selected a card about nuclear power or about climate change) and qualitative data (interviews with students) to provide a more comprehensive description of students’ card selections between the two topics.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Writing a Literature Review. A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis ). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels ...
APA Style Citation Guide 7th Edition. APA Guidance. APA 7th Style Manual; APA 7th Resources, Formats & Examples ... Paper Formatting Tips ; Sample Paper ; Title Page ; APA 7th Style Chart ; Abbreviations ; Bias Free Language ... Key takeaways from the Psi Chi webinar So You Need to Write a Literature Review via APA Style.org. Examples of ...
These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
This page is designed to assist you in writing an annotated bibliography
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper. However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in student style and one in professional style. Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples.
Commented [A7]: A literature review includes a References page in APA format that includes a reference for every source cited in the literature review. preventing readmissions. Journal of Healthcare Financial Management, 65(12), 1-6.
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
The general format is the same for scholarly journals. List the last name, comma and first initial of every author. Put the date the article was published in parentheses. Write the title of the article with only the first word capitalized, followed by a period. Write the publication name in italics, followed by volume number if applicable.
Discover the art of crafting an APA literature review with our comprehensive guide. Uncover the nuances of citation, in-text citation, and the construction of a reference list. From selecting a topic to weaving a cohesive narrative, embark on a journey that empowers your scholarly pursuits. Explore the difference between a literature review and a book review, find answers to common FAQs, and ...
When writing your APA paper it is best to use the following verb tenses: Literature Review (other researchers' work) Past → Example: Martin (2020) addressed Present Perfect → Example: Researchers have studied Method (Description of procedure) Past → Example: Participants took a survey
Organizing Your Literature Review. An APA style paper is organized in the author-date style. This means you cite the author's name and year of publication within the text with an in-text citation. You also include the page number, if appropriate. You then include the full information of that source in a reference list at the end of your paper.
APA Literature Review . 3. Plan how you will organize your analysis into an essay. ... x Use in-text citations for all information from the sources, whether summarized, paraphrased or quoted. x Include a complete references page at the end. x Make sure all formatting elements follow APA guidelines. x Consult the Writing Center's other APA ...
Headings and subheadings provide structure to a document. They signal what each section. is about and allow for easy navigation of the document. APA headings have five possible levels. Each heading level is formatted differently. Note: Title case simply means that you should capitalize the first word, words with four or more letters, and all ...
Steps for Conducting a Lit Review; Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing; APA Style This link opens in a new window; Chicago: Notes Bibliography This link opens in a new window; MLA Style This link opens in a new window; Sample Literature Reviews. Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts; Have an exemplary literature review? Get Help!
Steps for Conducting a Lit Review; Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing; APA Style; Chicago (Author-Date) Toggle ... Many Social Science disciplines use APA format for citing sources. ... See our additional page to format in-text or parenthetical citations. The following examples of the most commons types of citations are adapted from ...
Steps to Writing a Lit Review; Sample Literature Reviews from the APA. Sample Literature Reviews from the APA; Topic Selection; Keywords & Search Terms; Search for Articles, Books, & More Toggle Dropdown. Advanced Search Techniques ; Government Information ; Find Images This link opens in a new window; News & Journalism
When using APA format, follow the "author-date" method of in-text citation. Write the author's last name and publication year for the source in parentheses and separate these pieces of information with a comma. When referring to external work or referencing an entire work but not directly quoting the material, you only need to make a ...
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism. We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
papers (a change from APA 6). Page numbers begin on the first page and follow on every subsequent page without interruption. No other information (e.g., authors' last names) is required. Note: your instructor may ask for a running head or your last name before the page number. You can look at the APA professional sample paper for guidelines on ...
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures. Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source. In-text citation example. The results in Table 1 (Ajzen, 1991, p. 179) show that ….
1. Introduction. Water is one of the most fundamental human necessities, and because it is necessary for practically all socioeconomic activity, it is also seen as a crucial element for permitting sustainable economic development (WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Program), Citation 2019).Since it is one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, access to improved water ...
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
Objective: evaluate the evidence available on mental health nursing care for people with diabetes mellitus at different levels of health care. Method: integrative literature review. The search was conducted in five databases. The sample consisted of 14 studies. The studies were exported to the EndNote manager and their data to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The methodological quality of the ...
For most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. Literature review papers, however, typically include a more exhaustive list of references. Provide appropriate credit to the source (e.g., by using an in-text citation) whenever you do the following: paraphrase (i.e., state in your own words) the ideas of others
BackgroundThe intent of plain-language resources (PLRs) reporting medical research information is to advance health literacy among the general public and enable them to participate in shared decision-making (SDM). Regulatory mandates coupled with academic and industry initiatives have given rise to an increasing volume of PLRs summarizing medical research information. However, there is ...
These sample tables illustrate how to set up tables in APA Style. When possible, use a canonical, or standard, format for a table rather than inventing your own format. The use of standard formats helps readers know where to look for information.