what is an appendix page in research paper

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Footnotes & Appendices 

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APA style offers writers footnotes and appendices as spaces where additional, relevant information might be shared within a document; this resource offers a quick overview of format and content concerns for these segments of a document. Should additional clarification be necessary, it is always recommended that writers reach out to the individual overseeing their work (i.e., instructor, editor, etc.). For your convenience, a student sample paper is included below; please note the document is filled with  Lorem Ipsum  placeholder text and references to footnotes and appendices are highighlighted. Additional marginal notes also further explain specific portions of the example. 

Footnotes 

Footnotes are supplementary details printed at the bottom of the page pertaining to a paper’s content or copyright information. This supporting text can be utilized in any type of APA paper to support the body paragraphs.

Content-Based Footnotes

Utilizing footnotes to provide supplementary detail can enrich the body text and reinforce the main argument of the paper. Footnotes may also direct readers to an alternate source for more detail on a topic. Though content footnotes can be useful in providing additional context, it is detrimental to include tangential or convoluted information. Footnotes should detail a focused subject; lengthier sections of text are better suited for the body paragraphs.

Acknowledging Copyright

When citing long quotations, images, tables, data, or commercially published questionnaires in-text, it is important to credit the copyright information in a footnote. Functioning much like an in-text citation, a footnote copyright attribution provides credit to the original source and must also be included in a reference list. A copyright citation is needed for both direct reprinting as well as adaptations of content, and these may require express permission from the copyright owner.

Formatting Footnotes

Each footnote and its corresponding in-text callout should be formatted in numerical order of appearance utilizing superscript. As demonstrated in the example below, the superscripted numerals should follow all punctuation with the exception of dashes and parentheses.

For example: 

Footnote callouts should not be placed in headings and do not require a space between the callout and superscripted number. When reintroducing a footnote that has previously been called out, refrain from replicating the callout or footnote itself; rather, format such reference as “see Footnote 4”, for example. Footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page on which the corresponding callout is referenced. Alternatively, a footnotes page could be created to follow the reference page. When formatting footnotes in the latter manner, center and bold the label “Footnotes” then record each footnote as a double-spaced and indented paragraph. Place the corresponding superscripted number in front of each footnote and separate the numeral from the following text with a single space.

Formatting Copyright Information

To provide credit for images, tables, or figures pulled from an outside source, include the accreditation statement at the end of the note for the visual. Copyright acknowledgements for long quotations or questionnaires should simply be placed in a footnote at the bottom of the page.

When formatting a copyright accreditation, utilize the following format:

• Establish if the content was reprinted or adapted by using language such as “from” for directly copied material or “adapted from” for material that has been modified
• Include the content’s title, author, year of publication, and source
• Cite the copyright holder and year of copyright or indicate that the source is public domain or licensed under Creative Commons
• If express permission was required to reprint the material, include a statement indicating that permission was acquired

Appendices 

When introducing supplementary content that may not fit within the body of a paper, an appendix can be included to help readers better understand the material without distracting from the text itself. Primarily used to introduce research materials, specific details of a study, or participant demographics, appendices are generally concise and only incorporate relevant content. Much like with footnotes, appendices may require an acknowledgement of copyright and, if data is cited, an adherence to the privacy policies that protect participant identities.

Formatting Appendices

An appendix should be created on its own individual page labelled “Appendix” and followed by a title on the next line that describes the subject of the appendix. These headings should be centered and bolded at the top of the page and written in title case. If there are multiple appendices, each should be labelled with a capital letter and referenced in-text by its specific title (for example, “see Appendix B”). All appendices should follow references, footnotes, and any tables or figures included at the end of the document.

Text Appendices 

Appendices should be formatted in traditional paragraph style and may incorporate text, figures, tables, equations, or footnotes. In an appendix, all figures, tables, and other visuals should be labelled with the letter of the corresponding appendix followed by a number indicating the order in which each appears. For example, a table labelled “Table B1” would be the first table in Appendix B. If there is only one appendix in the document, the visuals should still be labelled with the letter A and a number to differentiate them from those contained in the paper itself (for example, “Figure A3” is the third figure in the singular appendix, which is not labelled with a letter in the heading). 

Table or Figure Appendices 

When an appendix solely contains a table or figure, the title of the figure or table should be substituted with the title of the appendix. For example, if Appendix B only includes a figure, the figure should be labelled “Appendix B” rather than “Figure B1”, as it would be named if there were multiple figures included.

If an appendix does not contain text but includes numerous figures or table, the appendix should be formatted like a text appendix. The appendix would receive a name and label, and each figure or table would be given a corresponding letter and number. For example, if Appendix C contains two tables and one figure, these visuals would be labelled “Table C1”, “Table C2”, and “Figure C1” respectively.

Sample Paper    

Media File: APA 7 - Student Sample Paper (Footnotes & Appendices)

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Home » Appendix in Research Paper – Examples and Writing Guide

Appendix in Research Paper – Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

The appendix is an optional yet valuable section in a research paper that contains supplementary information not included in the main text. It provides readers with additional data, detailed explanations, or extra resources that support the research without distracting from the primary narrative. This guide explains the purpose of an appendix, offers examples, and provides a step-by-step writing guide for creating an effective appendix in your research paper.

Appendix in Research Paper

An appendix (plural: appendices) is a section at the end of a research paper that includes additional material that supports the main text but is too lengthy or detailed to fit within it. Examples of information in appendices include raw data, detailed explanations, questionnaires, consent forms, or supplementary images and charts. Appendices help keep the main paper concise and focused, while still making all necessary information available to the reader.

Purpose of an Appendix

The appendix serves to:

• Provide Additional Information : Appendices include extra information that might be distracting if included in the main text.
• Enhance Transparency : By providing raw data or methodological details, the appendix adds transparency to the research process.
• Support Validity : Supplementary information supports the paper’s findings and conclusions, adding to the study’s credibility.

Common Types of Information in an Appendix

• Raw Data : Data tables, survey responses, or transcripts that are too extensive for the main text.
• Methodological Details : Detailed explanations of complex methods or techniques used in the study.
• Questionnaires and Surveys : Copies of questionnaires, interview questions, or survey forms used to collect data.
• Images, Charts, and Graphs : Visuals that support the findings, such as diagrams, charts, or detailed figures.
• Consent Forms : Copies of participant consent forms or approval letters from ethical committees.

Example of an Appendix in a Research Paper

Let’s imagine a research paper examining the impact of study habits on academic performance. Here’s how an appendix section could be structured:

Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire

Appendix B: Additional Statistical Data

Appendix C: Interview Transcripts Transcript of a participant discussing their study habits and how these habits impact their grades.

Writing Guide for an Appendix

• Only include information that directly supports your study’s findings or helps readers understand your methodology.
• Exclude any content that is not essential for understanding the main text.
• Label each appendix with a letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) or number (Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.), based on the order in which they are referenced in the paper.
• For multiple items under one appendix, use subheadings for clarity.
• In the main text, mention the appendix where readers can find additional information. For example: “The detailed survey questions are provided in Appendix A.”
• Clearly label each appendix with a title that describes the content (e.g., Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire).
• Use the same font, size, and style as the rest of the paper.
• Ensure the layout is clear, with each appendix starting on a new page.
• Most academic styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) have guidelines on formatting appendices. For instance, APA format requires the appendix label to be centered at the top of the page, followed by the title in bold.
• Consult the style guide to ensure your appendix meets formatting standards.

Tips for Creating an Effective Appendix

• Ensure Relevance : Include only relevant information that directly supports your study’s findings.
• Keep It Clear and Accessible : Organize content logically and avoid excessive information that could overwhelm the reader.
• Be Concise : Provide detailed explanations without unnecessary elaboration.
• Label Figures and Tables : If you include tables or figures, label them with “Appendix” (e.g., “Appendix Table A1”) to differentiate them from tables or figures in the main text.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Including Irrelevant Information : Avoid adding unnecessary details or data that do not directly support your research.
• Overloading the Appendix : Too much information can be confusing; only include essential supplementary data.
• Forgetting to Reference the Appendix : Make sure to refer to the appendices in the main text so readers know where to find additional information.
• Ignoring Formatting Requirements : Always follow formatting guidelines to ensure a professional, consistent appearance.

The appendix is a valuable section for providing readers with additional information that supports your research without disrupting the flow of the main text. By organizing the content clearly and following proper formatting guidelines, you can create an effective appendix that enhances the credibility and transparency of your research. Whether you’re including raw data, surveys, or detailed methodologies, this guide will help you structure your appendix to provide value to your readers.

• American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.
• Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Format for Papers . Purdue University.
• Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (2016). The Craft of Research . University of Chicago Press.
• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.

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Research Paper Appendix: Format and Examples

An appendix in a research paper contains additional or supplementary information that may aid the reader’s understanding of the subject but is not essential for everyone. It is typically placed at the end of the document. A research paper appendix may contain different types of material, such as text, tables, figures, diagrams and illustrations, maps, raw data, questionnaires used in the study, etc. An appendix in a research paper may also contain information that is too data heavy to include in the main text.   

Separate appendices are typically used for each topic being described, with each appendix having a descriptive title. The main manuscript should be able to stand alone without the research paper appendix and should not depend on it for basic understanding. If the appendix were removed from the paper, it shouldn’t hinder the readers’ understanding of the study. Appendices should always be referred to or cited in the text so that the readers could refer to it if they need additional information.  

The following sections will describe in detail the basic structure and importance of an appendix in a research paper and list the types of content that could be included to help you create comprehensive appendices to supplement your research paper.

Table of Contents

What is an appendix in a research paper ?  

A research paper¹  has detailed information about a study, such as the methods and results, and any information that is additional, but nonessential is usually included in the appendix section at the end of the paper. Including appendices is optional because it has supplementary information that readers may or may not refer to.  

A research paper appendix should be included for the following reasons:  

• Including this information in the main text may interrupt the narrative flow of the paper.  
• The information is too lengthy or detailed to be included in the main paper.  
• Adding the information would significantly increase the word limit.  
• Provides data that can be understood better if presented in a self-contained or independent format  
• Offers the opportunity to present additional information about your study, including design methods, cohort details, etc.  

Importance of an appendix in a research paper    

The main aim of including an appendix in a research paper is to provide additional material to support the paper although it may not be directly relevant to the understanding of the study. This additional material provides more clarity to readers and is an optional read, so readers can choose whether or not they would want to refer to it. Appendices can also help you in demonstrating your thoroughness and credibility as a researcher by sharing your evidence, data, and methods that support your findings. An appendix in a research paper also gives you an opportunity to be creative and flexible in presenting additional information through different formats, such as videos, audio clips, etc., to illustrate your text.²  

Thus, the functions of an appendix in a research paper can be summarized as follows:  

• Provide additional information  
• Organize and present complex data  
• Maintain readability of the main paper  
• Provide an expanded context for readers to verify and extend research  

General points to consider while adding a research paper appendix  

Here are a few points to consider while adding an appendix in a research paper .¹,³  

• Finalize the content type : Identify the type of content you want to add, separate the appendices based on data, don’t combine them. Do not include vague or irrelevant information.  
• Organize and label : Appendices should have a logical structure and numbering. Use letters or numbers to label multiple appendices. List appendices in the order in which they are cited in the main text.  
• Format : Ensure consistent formatting across all appendices—same font size, typeface, clear titles, and captions.  
• Place in a sequence : Ensure that the appendix is placed at the end of the document. Always cite every appendix in the research paper .   

What to include in the appendix    

Here are the types of content that could be included in an appendix in a research paper .¹  

• Detailed textual descriptions  
• Raw data—This information is usually very detailed, and the main paper may need only the analysis of the main data. In such cases, including this basic raw data in the research paper appendix would help readers to recheck and validate your findings, providing credibility to your research. The data could be in the form of spreadsheets.  
• Tables and figures—These supplemental tables and figures should follow a numbering independent of the numbering in the main paper because they are stand alone.  
• Maps, photographs, diagrams—Include these if you feel that they would aid readers’ understanding.  
• Audio or video clips  
• Correspondence—collaboration in the form of memos, letters, email copies  
• Interview transcripts—Full transcripts for clear understanding, interview questions  
• Questionnaires or surveys—survey instruments, questions  
• Research instruments—devices used to gather information, like cameras and recorders  
• Sample calculations—research formulae, descriptions of how calculations were used to determine relationships and significance  
• Additional documents—permission forms, consent forms, ethical approval documentation  

How to format an appendix    

Here are a few general rules on how to format an appendix in a research paper . 1 In addition, specific style guides may be referred to if required.  

• Each appendix in a research paper should begin on a new page.  
• Label the first page Appendix at the top of the page.  
• In case of two or more appendices, give each appendix a number or letter and a descriptive title. For example, Appendix A. XXX.  
• The appendices should be ordered in the same order in which they are cited in the text.  
• Appendices should be paginated separately from the main text, preferably with lower case Roman numerals.  

Appendices are usually formatted using three guides—APA, Chicago, and MLA, as described below.³  

  How to refer to an appendix  

To refer to an entire appendix in a research paper , simply signpost it as follows:  

The results show the association between the variables X and Y (see Appendix 1)…  

If referring to a part of the research paper appendix , the specific component can also be mentioned.  

This association between the variables (see Appendix A, Figure 2)…  

Where to place appendices   

An appendix in a research paper is usually placed at the end of your manuscript, after the reference section. Another format is to include all appendices as a separate document to be submitted along with your manuscript.  

Key Takeaways  

Here’s a quick summary of all the points described in detail in the previous sections.  

• An appendix in a research paper contains additional information to supplement and support your main research paper.  
• This information is an optional, nonessential read, and readers may choose to refer to it only if they are interested in further details on that topic.  
• Research paper appendix content could include detailed text, tables, figures, maps, illustrations, raw data, calculations, audio-video clips, etc.  
• Appendices are typically placed at the end of the manuscript after all other sections, such as references. However, the specific format may differ based on style guides.  
• An appendix in a research paper should be clearly labelled and titled and should be listed in the order in which they are cited in the text. Every appendix should mandatorily be cited in the text.  

Frequently Asked Questions  

Q1. Why is an appendix placed at the end and not within the main body of a research paper?  

A1. An appendix in a research paper contains additional information that may not be useful for all the readers. In addition, some guidelines may have restrictions about the word count. In such cases, including appendices at the end of the paper saves space and is useful for readers who are interested in it. Appendices are also included in PowerPoint presentations, but authors have the option of hiding that information and presenting it only if necessary.  

Q2. How should I format a research paper appendix in APA 7th Edition?  

A2. The following formatting guidelines should be followed to format an appendix in APA 7 th edition: 4  

• The appendix should be created on its own individual page titled “Appendix.”  
• The page title should be followed by a title that describes the subject of the appendix.  
• The headings should be center aligned at the top of the page, boldfaced, and written in title case.  
• In case of multiple appendices, each should be titled “Appendix A” or “Appendix 1” depending on the guidelines.  
• All appendices should be referenced in the text accordingly, for example, “see Appendix A” or “see the Appendix.”  
• Appendices should always be included as the last section of the research paper, after references, tables, and figures.  
• should be formatted in paragraph style  
• may include text, figures, tables, equations, or footnotes  
• should have all illustrative components labelled with the letter of the corresponding appendix, followed by a number to indicate the order within the appendix. For example, “Table C2” would be the second table in Appendix C.  

If the appendix in a research paper has only one component like a figure or table, then that component should be labelled as the appendix rather than figure or table. For example, if Appendix A includes only a table, then the table would be titled as “Appendix A” rather than “Table A1.” Here’s a sample appendix to illustrate the points mentioned above.

Q3. How should I format a research paper appendix in MLA style, 9 th edition?  

A3. The following guidelines should be followed for formatting appendices according to MLA style: 5  

• The appendix appears before the Works Cited list (or References).  
• For more than one appendix, label them as Appendix A, Appendix B, and so on.  
• The appendices should be ordered in the order the information appears in your research paper.  
• Each appendix should begin on a new page.   

Q4. Can I include images or tables in a research paper appendix ?  

A4. Yes, appendices are appropriate for including all supplementary information that could add to the understanding of your research data. This additional information can be in any format—text, figures, illustrations, maps, calculations, diagrams, tables, graphs, etc.  

Q5. Do I need to include appendices in the table of contents?  

A5. While several guidelines prefer including appendices in the table of contents, other guidelines prefer a separate list of appendices in case of more than one and mentioning only “appendices” in the table of contents.  

Q6. What if the appendix in a research paper contains copyrighted material? 6,7  

A6. If the appendix in a research paper includes reproductions of copyrighted material, you should, in some cases, obtain written authorization from the copyright holder. Using material in your paper more than that defined by the “fair use” principle, which allows for limited use of a work without first obtaining the copyright holder’s permission, may amount to copyright infringement.  

Different levels of permission can be required:  

• No permission required : When explicit licensing for use for any purpose is granted by the holder; only a limited portion is used; includes information developed by governments and is in the public domain.  
• Non-commercial or educational use : The copyright holder has licensed the instrument for only educational or non-commercial use. Any other use requires permission.  
• Permission required : This may be needed if the copyright holder has some restrictions for the use, for example, they have specific directions for use, correct version may be needed, etc. In such cases, you will need to contact the copyright holder directly.  

Q7. What is the difference between an appendix and a footnote or endnote?  

A7. The following table lists some differences between appendices and footnotes or endnotes. 3  

To summarize, an appendix in a research paper is an important component if you need to provide readers with supplementary information that may help them in understanding certain aspects of your study in more detail. Being an optional part of a research paper, it gives you the benefit of providing more details while adhering to constraints of space and words counts. We hope this article has helped you understand the importance of a research paper appendix and has given you an insight into the types of content that can be included in it.  

References  

• Organizing your social science research paper. USC libraries research guides. Accessed August 14, 2024. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/appendices  
• How to write an appendix: Explained with ease. EssayHub website. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://essayhub.com/blog/how-to-write-an-appendix-explained-with-ease  
• Caleb S. Extensive guide on appendix writing for graduating students. CollegeEssay website. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://collegeessay.org/blog/general/appendix-writing  
• Footnotes and appendices. Purdue University online writing lab. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/footnotes_appendices.html  

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What is a Research Appendix? | Purposes & Formats

Published by Ellie Cross at November 4th, 2024 , Revised On November 5, 2024

Research is a comprehensive and time-consuming process. Researchers undertake various steps in order to achieve their research objectives. Data collected during the research process is usually not all used in the research paper . Only the analysed data and its findings are added to the paper. The remaining data is left to nowhere. This is when the appendix comes into the scene.

Adding all the supplementing data in the main paper significantly clutters the whole paper. It also makes it difficult for the readers to read the paper efficiently. Extra data and materials are added in the appendices section to manage the size of the research paper efficiently. This not only helps to maintain the word count but also helps readers to understand the research study through supporting data.

This blog comprehensively discusses what a research appendix is, its purposes, the key elements to be added, the format, the sample, the essential steps to write an appendix, and the process of referring to it.

What is an Appendix in a Research Paper?

The word Appendix comes from the Append, which means “to attach or add.” As you know, humans also have an organ named Appendix. It is considered useless, but humans can’t outlive it because it can have a particular function in their bodies. A research paper appendix is also similar, which can’t be an essential part of the paper but certainly has a good role.

Appendix Definition in Research

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, an Appendix is defined as a section including the supplementary data and information attached at the end of a research paper. The supplementary data could be explanatory, statistical, graphical, or bibliographical. It is optional for readers as they can refer to it or not as per their requirements.

The appendix might not be essential to our research paper, but it can provide readers with sufficient additional information to help them understand the contents efficiently. This may not include the relevant data and information, but the irrelevant and additional data was too heavy to add to the original paper.

Research Paper Appendix Example

Here is an example of a research paper appendix:

List of Cultural Heritage Sites in Lahore

There are about 100+ cultural heritage sites in Lahore. The most famous are the Minar-e-Pakistan, Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, Lahore Museum, Tomb of Jahangir, Shalimar Garden, and Masjid Wazir Khan. These historical sites are the prominent reminiscences of the Mughal era.

Minar-e-Pakistan is famous because of the All-India Muslim League Lahore Resolution. Badshahi Mosque reminds the religious dedication of Mughal Sultans. Lahore Fort represents the extravagance and lavish lifestyle of Mughals. The Lahore Museum shows many historical textiles, paintings, jewelry, armory, and pottery. The tomb of Jahangir is the burial site of Shah Jahan’s son Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The Shalimar Garden demonstrates the spiritual and mysterious beauty of Kashmir. Masjid Wazir Khan was the central point of all the historical religious scholarly discussions.

Why Add an Appendix to a Research Paper?

If you think that you only require a small fragment of research data and everything remaining would be lost, then you might be wrong. Undoubtedly, a small analysed information is added to the research paper, but the remaining can all go to the appendix.

Purposes of Adding Appendix Section

Here are the purposes of adding an appendix section to a research paper:

• The additional information might significantly increase the word count of a research paper. So, the appendix is added to manage the word count efficiently.
• The supplementary data might be too comprehensive to be added to the main research paper, which may lead to irrelevancy and textual extravagance.
• An appendix at the end of the research paper allows readers to understand additional information, such as interviews, research design , tables, and figures.
• The additional data and information might also clutter the main research paper, so an appendix is added to ensure clarity.
• Having extra text and paragraphs in the paper can significantly hinder the reading process. Adding that data to the appendix enhances the readability to a greater extent.

What Should Be Included in the Research Appendix?

Here are the different types of data & information that should be included in the research appendix:

• Raw Data: A research paper may only include analysed data and findings. The raw data can be detailed and lengthy, so it is added to the appendix, helping the readers to recheck and validate the findings efficiently.
• Tables and Figures: Research papers only include relevant tables and figures that directly support their findings. The supplementary tables and figures can be added to the appendix.
• Interview Transcripts: A research paper may also include the perception or opinion of a particular person. So, to provide a detailed explanation, an interview transcript can be provided in the appendix.
• Questionnaires or Surveys: The main research paper always includes the findings of a particular questionnaire or survey . The questionnaire is added to the appendix to help readers understand the structure and design of the questionnaire.
• Audio or Video Clips: If the research paper includes information regarding a particular documentary or audiobook, its link could be cited in the appendix.
• Research Instruments : The information about research instruments, such as recorders, questionnaires, interviews, and cameras, should also be added to the appendix.
• Maps, Photographs, Diagrams: As photographs and maps can occupy a lot of space in the research paper, they are added to the appendix to enhance readers’ understanding.
• Correspondence Evidence: During the research, various types of correspondence are done with people using consent forms, permission forms, or other documents. They should all be included in the appendix.

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How to Write an Appendix for a Research Paper?

Here are the essential steps to write a research appendix efficiently:

Step 1: Write the Title and Gather Data

The first step to writing an appendix of a research paper is to write its title and gather data to be added. The title numbers of appendices can vary numerically. Gather the data that was left or thought to be extra during research. Make a list of data to keep it sorted efficiently.

Step 2: Elaborate Raw Data and Findings

As you know, research papers include analysed and processed data and information. Meanwhile, the raw data from which the findings are derived is left nowhere. Carefully add all the raw data to the appendix. It significantly helps readers understand how a result has been concluded and why.

Step 3: Add Visual Supporting Data

Add all the visual supporting data when the raw data and findings have been successfully added. The visual data might include graphs, tables, images, charts, and drawings. As these things can occupy a lot of space in the main paper, they should be added in the appendix to support the research’s conclusions.

Step 4: Explain the Research Instruments

The next step is to explain all the research instruments used during the process. The research instruments might include recorders, cameras, questionnaires, interviews, and surveys, which significantly help the researchers collect particular research data and information. This helps readers understand the instruments and techniques to undertake the research themselves.

Step 5: Include All Additional Information

You should also include all the additional information that can increase the word count of the main research papers. Specifically, the data collected using research instruments, such as recordings, videos, images, and transcripts, should also be added to the appendix section. This will help the readers understand how research tools can be used efficiently.

Appendix Format in Research Paper

Adding an appendix to a research paper is not just writing additional information however you can; it is done by following some formatting tips and techniques. By following these essential tips, you can efficiently cite your appendix in the main text.

General Appendix Formatting Rules

Here are the general rules that can be considered while appendix formatting in a research paper:

• Start every appendix on a new page of the research paper.
• Before starting the appendix, label the first page as Appendix.
• If you’re considering adding two or more appendices, set a title and number of each of them. For example, Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc,.
• It is essential to set the order of appendices as they are cited in the main research paper.
• The appendix section should have separate page numbers separately from the main paper.

Thoroughly follow these rules to format your appendices efficiently. The formatting of appendices is usually done in three different ways: APA , MLA, and Chicago.

Appendix Format in APA

This is the appendix format in APA:

• The appendix starts with the heading Appendix, after which A, B, and C follow.
• The title comes under the heading in the center.
• The order of appendices is the same as the order of data in the main paper.
• Appendices in APA have footnotes.
• Appendices come after the references.

Appendix Format in MLA

This is the appendix format in MLA:

• The appendix follows the order of the information cited in the paper.
• Every appendix starts from a new page.
• Each page is numbered efficiently.
• Appendices come after the main body and before references.
• The titles of data sources, such as recordings, books, and pictures, are in italics.

Appendix Format in Chicago

This is the appendix format in Chicago:

• The title “Appendices” is used when there are more than one appendix.
• The front page of the appendix doesn’t have a page number.
• The appendices section comes before the bibliography.
• The content font and size used are Times New Roman and 12.
• Every page is numbered in the top right corner in numerical order.

Research Paper Appendix Sample

Here is the sample of a research paper appendix:

By understanding this sample properly, you can write an appendix of your research paper efficiently.

How to Refer to an Appendix in a Research Paper?

Writing and formatting the appendix section is undoubtedly essential, but something more important than this is referring to the appendix in the research paper. You must refer to your appendices at least once in the main research paper. This can be effortlessly done by mentioning the number of appendices within the text in the sentences or the parentheses.

Referring to the whole appendix

If you want to refer to the whole appendix in the research paper, check the example:

This image (check Appendix A) shows the impact of global warming on the glaciers.

Referring to a single component of the appendix

If you’re referring to a single component of the appendix, brose the example:

These findings (Check Appendix B, section 1) show how many individuals are facing mental health issues due to social media.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a research paper appendix.

An appendix is a research paper section with additional data and information that cannot be included in the main text, such as images, tables, figures, and transcripts. An appendix significantly helps readers understand not just the main concepts of the research but also the peripheral ones. 

How to find the appendix section in the research paper?

To find the appendix section of a research paper, go to the end. In an APA-style research paper, the appendices come after the references. In MLA-style research paper, the appendices come after the main body and before the references. 

How to write an appendix for a research paper?

Take these essential steps to write an appendix of a research paper:

• Write the title and gather data 
• Elaborate raw data and findings
• Add visual supporting data
• Explain the research instruments
• Include all additional information

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Discover a generic research paper template structure to follow for writing your own paper by making minor changes according to requirements.

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How to Write an APA Appendix

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Amanda Tust is an editor, fact-checker, and writer with a Master of Science in Journalism from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism.

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• When to Use an Appendix
• What to Include
• Basic Rules

If you are writing a psychology paper for a class or for publication, you may be required to include an appendix in APA format. An APA appendix is found at the end of a paper and contains information that supplements the text but that is too unwieldy or distracting to include in the main body of the paper. 

APA format is the official writing style used by the American Psychological Association . This format dictates how academic and professional papers should be structured and formatted. 

Does Your Paper Need an APA Appendix?

Some questions to ask about whether you should put information in the body of the paper or in an appendix:

• Is the material necessary for the reader to understand the research? If the answer is yes, it should be in your paper and not in an appendix.
• Would including the information interrupt the flow of the paper? If the answer is yes, then it should likely appear in the appendix.
• Would the information supplement what already appears in your paper? If yes, then it is a good candidate for including in an appendix.

Your appendix is not meant to become an information dump. While the information in your appendices is supplementary to your paper and research, it should still be useful and relevant. Only include what will help readers gain insight and understanding, not clutter or unnecessary confusion.

What to Include in an APA Appendix

The APA official stylebook suggests that the appendix should include information that would be distracting or inappropriate in the text of the paper.

Some examples of information you might include in an appendix include:

• Correspondence (if it pertains directly to your research)
• Demographic details about participants or groups
• Examples of participant responses
• Extended or detailed descriptions
• Lists that are too lengthy to include in the main text
• Large amounts of raw data
• Lists of supporting research and articles that are not directly referenced in-text
• Materials and instruments (if your research relied on special materials or instruments, you might want to include images and further information about how these items work or were used)
• Questionnaires that were used as part of your research
• Raw data (presented in an organized, readable format)
• Research surveys

While the content found in the appendix is too cumbersome to include in the main text of your paper, it should still be easily presented in print format.

The appendices should always act as a supplement to your paper. The body of your paper should be able to stand alone and fully describe your research or your arguments.

The body of your paper should not be dependent upon what is in the appendices. Instead, each appendix should act to supplement what is in the primary text, adding additional (but not essential) information that provides extra insight or information for the reader. 

Basic Rules for an APA Appendix

Here are some basic APA appendix rules to keep in mind when working on your paper:

• Your paper may have more than one appendix.
• Each item usually gets its own appendix section.
• Begin each appendix on a separate page.
• Each appendix must have a title.
• Use title case for your title and labels (the first letter of each word should be capitalized, while remaining letters should be lowercase).
• If your paper only has one appendix, simply title it Appendix. 
• If you have more than one appendix, each one should be labeled Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, and so on.
• Put the appendix label centered at the top of the page.
• On the next line under the appendix label, place the centered title of the appendix. 
• If you refer to a source in your appendix, include an in-text citation just as you would in the main body of your paper and then include the source in your main reference section.
• Each appendix may contain headings, subheadings, figures, and tables. 
• Each figure or table in your appendix should include a brief but explanatory title, which should be italicized. 
• If you want to reference your appendix within the text of your paper, include a parenthetical note in the text. For example, you would write (See Appendix A).

Formatting an APA Appendix

How do you format an appendix in APA? An APA appendix should follow the overall rules on how to format text. Such rules specify what font and font size you should use, the size of your margins, and the spacing of the text.

Some of the APA format guidelines you need to observe:

• Use a consistent font, such as 12-point Times New Roman or 11-point Calibri
• Double-space your text
• All paragraphs should be indented on the first line
• Page numbering should be continuous with the rest of your paper

The appendix label should appear centered and bolded at the top of the page. A descriptive title should follow and should also be bolded and centered. As with other pages in your paper, your APA format appendix should be left-aligned and double-spaced. Each page should include a page number in the top right corner. You can also have more than one appendix, but each one should begin on a new page.

Data Displays in an APA Appendix

When presenting information in an appendix, use a logical layout for any data displays such as tables or figures. All tables and figures should be labeled with the words “Table” or “Figure” (sans quotation marks) and the letter of the appendix and then numbered.

For example, Table A1 would be the first table in an Appendix A. Data displays should be presented in the appendix following the same order that they first appear in the text of your paper.

In addition to following basic APA formatting rules, you should also check to see if there are additional guidelines you need to follow. Individual instructors or publications may have their own specific requirements.

Where to Include an APA Appendix

If your paper does require an appendix, it should be the very last pages of your finished paper. An APA format paper is usually structured in the following way:

Your paper may not necessarily include all of these sections. At a minimum, however, your paper may consist of a title page, abstract, main text, and reference section. Also, if your paper does not contain tables, figures, or footnotes, then the appendix would follow the references.

Never include an appendix containing information that is not referred to in your text. 

A Word From Verywell

Writing a paper for class or publication requires a great deal of research, but you should pay special attention to your APA formatting. Each section of your paper, including the appendix section, needs to follow the rules and guidelines provided in the American Psychological Association’s stylebook.

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington DC: The American Psychological Association; 2020.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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An appendix contains supplementary material that is not an essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem. An appendix may also contain information that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper. A separate appendix should be used for each distinct topic or set of data and always have a title descriptive of its contents [e.g., Appendix 1: Interview Protocol].

Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Importance of...

Appendices are always supplementary to the research paper. As such, your study must be able to stand alone without the appendices, and the paper must contain all information including tables, diagrams, and results necessary to understand the research problem. The key point to remember when including an appendix or appendices is that the information is non-essential to understanding the research problem being investigated. In other words, if it were removed, the reader would still be able to  comprehend the significance, validity , and implications of your research even if that additional data was missing.

It is appropriate to include appendices for the following reasons:

• Including this material in the body of the paper that would render it poorly structured or interrupt the narrative flow;
• Information is too lengthy and detailed to be easily summarized in the body of the paper;
• Inclusion of helpful, supporting, or useful material would otherwise distract the reader from the main content of the paper;
• Provides relevant information or data that is more easily understood or analyzed in a self-contained section of the paper;
• Can be used when there are constraints placed on the length of your paper; and,
• Provides a place to further demonstrate your understanding of the research problem by giving additional details about a new or innovative method, technical details, or design protocols.

Appendices. Academic Skills Office, University of New England; Chapter 12, "Use of Appendices." In Guide to Effective Grant Writing: How to Write a Successful NIH Grant . Otto O. Yang. (New York: Kluwer Academic, 2005), pp. 55-57; Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  General Points to Consider

When considering whether to include content in an appendix, keep in mind the following:

• It is usually good practice to include your raw data in an appendix, laying it out in a clear format so the reader can re-check your results. Another option if you have a large amount of raw data is to consider placing it online [e.g., on a Google drive] and note that this is the appendix to your research paper.
• Any tables and figures included in the appendix should be numbered as a separate sequence from the main paper . Remember that appendices contain non-essential information that, if removed, would not diminish a reader's ability to understand the research problem being investigated. This is why non-textual elements should not carry over the sequential numbering of non-textual elements in the body of your paper.
• If you have more than three appendices, consider listing them on a separate page in the table of contents . This will help the reader know what information is included in the appendices. Note that some works list appendices in the table of contents before the first chapter while other styles list the appendices after the conclusion but before your references. Consult with your professor to confirm if there is a preferred approach.
• The appendix can be a good place to put maps, photographs, diagrams, and other images , if you feel that it will help the reader to understand the content of your paper, while keeping in mind the study should be understood without them.
• An appendix should be streamlined and not loaded with a lot information . If you have a very long and complex appendix, it is a good idea to break it down into separate appendices, allowing the reader to find relevant information quickly as the information is covered in the body of the paper.

II.  Content

Never include an appendix that isn’t referred to in the text . All appendices should be summarized in your paper where it is relevant to the content. Appendices should also be arranged sequentially by the order they were first referenced in the text [i.e., Appendix 1 should not refer to text on page eight of your paper and Appendix 2 relate to text on page six].

There are few rules regarding what type of material can be included in an appendix, but here are some common examples:

• Correspondence -- if your research included collaborations with others or outreach to others, then correspondence in the form of letters, memorandums, or copies of emails from those you interacted with could be included.
• Interview Transcripts -- in qualitative research, interviewing respondents is often used to gather information. The full transcript from an interview is important so the reader can read the entire dialog between researcher and respondent. The interview protocol [list of questions] should also be included.
• Non-textual elements -- as noted above, if there are a lot of non-textual items, such as, figures, tables, maps, charts, photographs, drawings, or graphs, think about highlighting examples in the text of the paper but include the remainder in an appendix.
• Questionnaires or surveys -- this is a common form of data gathering. Always include the survey instrument or questionnaires in an appendix so the reader understands not only the questions asked but the sequence in which they were asked. Include all variations of the instruments as well if different items were sent to different groups [e.g., those given to teachers and those given to administrators] .
• Raw statistical data – this can include any numerical data that is too lengthy to include in charts or tables in its entirety within the text. This is important because the entire source of data should be included even if you are referring to only certain parts of a chart or table in the text of your paper.
• Research instruments -- if you used a camera, or a recorder, or some other device to gather information and it is important for the reader to understand how, when, and/or where that device was used.
• Sample calculations – this can include quantitative research formulas or detailed descriptions of how calculations were used to determine relationships and significance.

NOTE:   Appendices should not be a dumping ground for information. Do not include vague or irrelevant information in an appendix; this additional information will not help the reader’s overall understanding and interpretation of your research and may only distract the reader from understanding the significance of your overall study.

ANOTHER NOTE:   Appendices are intended to provide supplementary information that you have gathered or created; it is not intended to replicate or provide a copy of the work of others. For example, if you need to contrast the techniques of analysis used by other authors with your own method of analysis, summarize that information, and cite to the original work. In this case, a citation to the original work is sufficient enough to lead the reader to where you got the information. You do not need to provide a copy of this in an appendix.

III.  Format

Here are some general guideline on how to format appendices . If needed, consult the writing style guide [e.g., APA, MLS, Chicago] your professor wants you to use for more detail or choose the style you are most familiar with:

• Appendices may precede or follow your list of references.
• Each appendix begins on a new page.
• The order they are presented is dictated by the order they are mentioned in the text of your research paper.
• The heading should be "Appendix," followed by a letter or number [e.g., "Appendix A" or "Appendix 1"], centered and written in bold type.
• If there is a table of contents, the appendices must be listed.
• Depending on the type of information, the content can be presented in landscape format rather than regular portrait format.
• The page number(s) of the appendix/appendices will continue on with the numbering from the last page of the text.

Appendices. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;  Appendices. Academic Skills Office, University of New England; Appendices. Writing Center, Walden University; Chapter 12, "Use of Appendices." In Guide to Effective Grant Writing: How to Write a Successful NIH Grant . Otto O. Yang. (New York: Kluwer Academic, 2005), pp. 55-57 ; Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Lunsford, Andrea A. and Robert Connors. The St. Martin's Handbook . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989; What To Know About The Purpose And Format Of A Research Paper Appendix. LoyolaCollegeCulion.com.

Writing Tip

Consider Putting Your Appendices Online

Appendices are useful because they provide the reader with information that supports your study without breaking up the narrative or distracting from the main purpose of your paper. If you have a lot of raw data or information that is difficult to present in textual form, consider uploading it to an online site. This prevents your paper from having a large and unwieldy set of appendices and it supports a growing movement within academe to make data more freely available for re-analysis. If you do create an online portal to your data, note it prominently in your paper with the correct URL and access procedures if it is a secured site, or if needed, with clear directions on how to contact the author to obtain access.

Piwowar, Heather A., Roger S. Day, and Douglas B. Fridsma. “Sharing Detailed Research Data Is Associated with Increased Citation Rate.” PloS ONE (March 21, 2007); Wicherts, Jelte M., Marjan Bakker, and Dylan Molenaar. “Willingness to Share Research Data Is Related to the Strength of the Evidence and the Quality of Reporting of Statistical Results.” PLoS ONE (November 2, 2011).

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APA Citation Style 7th Edition

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What goes into an Appendix?

Where is an appendix placed, labeling the appendix, formatting the appendix.

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"Material that supplements the content of the paper, but would be distracting or inappropriate to include in the body of the paper is to be placed in an appendix." This includes "materials that are relatively brief and that are easily presented in print format" ( Publication Manual of the APA: 6th edition , section 2.13; Publication Manual of the APA: 7th edition , section 2.14). Examples include "mathematical proofs, lists of words, a questionnaire used in the research, a detailed description of an apparatus used in the research, etc" ( Purdue OWL .)

An appendix (or appendices) follow the reference list. Use the following order for your paper:

• Abstract ( if required, start on a new page, numbered page 2)
• Text (start on a new page, numbered 3)
• References (start on a new page)
• Tables (start each on a new page)
• Figures (start each on a new page; include caption on page with figure)
• Appendices (start each on a new page)
• If only one appendix, label it Appendix
• If more than one appendix: label each one with a capital letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) in the order in which it is mentioned in the text
• Each appendix must have a title
• In the text, refer to appendices by their labels:

"produced the same results for both studies (see Appendices A and B for complete proofs)."

• Begin each appendix on a separate page
• At the top of the page, center the word Appendix and the identifying capital letters (A, B, etc.) in the order in which they are mentioned in the text.
• Center the title of the appendix using uppercase and lowercase letter on the next line
• Begin the text of the appendix flush left, followed by indented paragraphs.

A sample appendix is below:

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