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Nihon kenkyū.

Nihon kenkyū is a scholarly Japanese-language journal published twice a year by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies. The journal covers research articles, research notes, annotated important texts, and book reviews, all contributing to the advancement of research on Japanese culture. Manuscripts submitted will be refereed before publication.

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Japan Review is the refereed journal published by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Japan Review solicits outstanding manuscripts relating to Japan. It also publishes shorter research notes, review essays as well as annotated translations of important texts.

Images of Japan in Non-Japanese Sources

The Kaigai Nihon-zō Shūsei [Images of Japan in Non-Japanese Sources] brings together illustrations from travel journals and scholarly studies by non-Japanese written in the period from the late Tokugawa to the early Meiji era.

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The “Ihojin-no-Manazashi” [Japan As Seen from Abroad] series brings together illustrations from works in Japanese studies in non-Japanese languages published from the 1850s to around 1900.

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To promote the understanding of Japanese culture overseas, Nichibunken Translation and Publication Support Project has been supporting the translation (and re-translation) of classics and modern classics written in Japanese and publication in other languages.

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These indices catalogue the library collections of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies.

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The Nichibunken Japanese Studies Series contains original research findings, compilations of important manuscripts, and other individual or team research coming out of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies.

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The Nichibunken Monograph Series, authored primarily by faculty members of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, presents some of the Center's leading research in English.

Nichibunken

Nichibunken has been the Center's Japanese-language public relations periodical since 1988. Published once annually, it contains essays, reports of research activities and research cooperation, updates on team research projects, and other news and information from faculty and visiting faculty members.

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Back numbers of Nichibunken Newsletter, written in Japanese and English. It was published twice a year until July 2020, when it went online only.

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International Symposium (Proceedings) record the presentations and discussions held at International Research Symposiums organized by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies.

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Japanese Studies around the World is published intermittently and contains information on Japanese studies research being conducted outside of Japan.

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Nichibunken Forum Reports record proceedings of the Nichibunken Forum, a monthly lecture/discussion program on a Japanese studies theme given in Japanese by a visiting scholar from overseas.

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Review of Japanese Culture and Society

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The Review of Japanese Culture and Society (RJCS) is devoted to the scholarly examination of Japanese culture in a trans-Pacific context. The journal engages culture broadly defined, exploring discursive and figurative activities in a range of signifying forms both historical and emergent. Each issue features a guest edited section that addresses a particular theme and provides diverse perspectives by putting into conversation the work of scholars, public intellectuals, artists, and critics, in Japan and beyond.  A key commitment of the journal is to provide a forum for new translations of Japanese-language research, literature, and criticism, as well as original scholarship in English.

Available in digital format only beginning with issue 32, 2020.

Sponsors: East Asian Studies Center and the Shinso Ito Center for Japanese Religions and Culture at the University of Southern California.

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• Editorial Board

Editor in Chief

Miya Elise Desjardins

Interim Editorial Board

Ken Ito, Andre Haag, Nancy Stalker, John Szostak

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• > Studies of Japanese Society and Culture: Sociology...

Article contents

Studies of japanese society and culture: sociology and cognate disciplines in hong kong.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2012

This paper reviews the studies of Japanese society and culture undertaken by Hong Kong-based sociologists and scholars in related disciplines. It presents information on research projects funded by the Research Grants Council, Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) journal articles, authored and edited books, book chapters, non-SSCI and non-A&HCI journal articles, as well as master and doctoral theses written by scholars and graduate students associated with Hong Kong's major universities. It is found that the main topics of research are Japan's capitalist development and corporate growth, meanings and social ramifications of traditional and popular culture, education, gender, and marriage, as well as aspects of work and employment, whereas the major research methods include document analysis, ethnography, and in-depth interviews. The limited amount of research and the preoccupation with economic development and popular culture reflect in part Hong Kong's unique political conditions and the government's indifference to the pursuit of social and political policy analysis. In recent years, the growth of academic exchanges between scholars in Hong Kong, Japan, and other East Asian regions and the heightened emphasis by university administrators on academic research will hopefully bring about advancements in such academic endeavors.

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• Volume 13, Issue 2
• YIN-WAH CHU (a1)
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109912000047

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, how unique is japanese culture a critical review of the discourse in intercultural communication literature.

Journal of International Education in Business

ISSN : 2046-469X

Article publication date: 1 October 2009

Literature and textbooks about intercultural communication and management often feature cultural differences rather than similarities. Japanese culture is frequently distinguished in business and management contexts from Western culture. This process arguably leads to an overemphasis of the uniqueness of Japanese culture. A review of relevant literature, however, reveals that the tendency to overemphasise the uniqueness of Japanese culture is one shared by both Western and Japanese scholars. This paper discusses how the discourse has emerged in business and intercultural literature by tracing the influence of historical and economic factors. It also explores the implications of describing Japanese business culture in relation to practices in the West for both managers and students internationally. International students of business, who are grappling with intercultural communication literature as it pertains to Japan and the West, need to engage in critical ways with the discourse adopted in the literature. The intention therefore of the paper is to illuminate how a “differences‐focused” approach in texts could promote a stereotypical and potentially facile view of Japanese culture rather than one that encourages a more meaningful and informed understanding that appreciates the context in which the uniqueness of Japanese culture has hitherto been presented.

• Intercultural communication
• Japanese culture
• Business education

Noma, H. (2009), "How unique is Japanese culture? A critical review of the discourse in intercultural communication literature", Journal of International Education in Business , Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/18363261080001596

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2009, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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Anime in academia: representative object, media form, and japanese studies.

1. Introduction

Area studies often treats its fields of knowledge as something like paint-by-numbers projects. Each new study fills in a predefined space on a given grid, coloring in another blank to provide a more detailed picture of the object—say, Japan. As a result, area-studies scholarship, even that which self-consciously adopts oppositional approaches—critical approaches to, for example, race, gender, sexuality, or fascism—tends to deal with its objects of study in terms of their seemingly given content, ignoring the ideological forces at work to generate the sense of givenness. ( Bourdaghs 2018, p. 591 )

2. Representation

In the eyes of the Japanese audience, Yamato was extremely successful partly because of its narrative design modeling the convention of the Bildungsroman , a diegetic frame in which an ordinary young man grows by adopting and learning from collective social norms and values. /On the other hand, […] the social context of 1970s Japan allowed Space Battleship Yamato to be read as a manifest case of historical revisionism, rather than a story of straightforward nationalism. ( Amano 2014, pp. 328–29 )

The ultimate litmus for identifying the genuinely artistic aspects of the work of anime lies in the capacity to identify a process of expression that is not a slave to the instrumental aims of its constituent parts, i.e. craft, representation, amusement or magic. ( Swale 2012, p. 121 )

Just as the transnational reproduction, promotion and dissemination of Studio Ghibli’s texts worked to spread Miyazaki’s cinema as a new kind of art animation, fans have actively embraced that cinema for the resistant and ambiguous subcultural capital that it affords […]. ( Rendell and Denison 2018, p. 11 )

4. Media Form

5. japanese studies as media studies, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Berndt, J. Anime in Academia: Representative Object, Media Form, and Japanese Studies. Arts 2018 , 7 , 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts7040056

Berndt J. Anime in Academia: Representative Object, Media Form, and Japanese Studies. Arts . 2018; 7(4):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts7040056

Berndt, Jaqueline. 2018. "Anime in Academia: Representative Object, Media Form, and Japanese Studies" Arts 7, no. 4: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts7040056

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The best way to choose a topic for your research paper is to browse your readings and other publications about japanese society and culture until you find a topic that interests you. below you'll find some resources to get you started. , per your syllabus, possible topics include (but aren't limited to) material culture, foods, taboos, pollution, gift exchange, rituals, animal categories, bodily symbols, beauty, magic, power & status, measurement, gender, kinship, identities, art, birth, schooling, work-life, marriage, ageing, death, and the after life. .

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学歴 / Academic Achievement

• 2007年03月 奈良教育大学教育学研究科 修了 2007.03 Nara University of Education Graduate School, Division of Education Completed
• 2012年09月 大阪大学文学研究科 修了 2012.09 Osaka University Graduate School, Division of Letters Completed

主要研究業績 / Main Research Publications

論文 / papers.

• 共産主義政権下のルーマニアにおける日本詩歌の翻訳アンソロジー — 時空間を超えた共 同 制 作 の 創 造 性 と 破 壊 性 , 日本文学, 72号2023年
• 境内の殺人事件−−水上勉『雁の寺』と京都の裏面— , 『近代京都と文化　伝統の再構築』, 2023年
• <Articles>Real Animals and Where to Find Them: in the Works of Shimazaki Tōson and Shiga Naoya, ZINBUN, 52, 87-104, 2022
• Shimazaki Tōson and Christianity: When the Cherries Ripen, Handbook on Christian Literature in Japan , 2022
• モデルとフィクションの問題系――島崎藤村「並木」とその周辺, 小説のフィクショナリティ—理論で読み直す日本の文学, 2022年
• Minor Exchanges: Romanian Anthologies of Translated Japanese Poetry Published during the Last Decades of the Communist Regime, Translation Studies: Retrospective and Prospective Views, 12(24)2021
• Sawako Nakayasu Eats Sagawa Chika: Translation, Poetry, and (Post)Modernism , Japanese Studies, 41巻3号, 379-394, 2021年
• 震災後文学の動物と書き直し—中森明夫、川上弘美、古川日出男のテクストを中心に , 環世界の人文学, 2021年
• . Translating “Japan” in Communist Romania: Theory and Practice in The 20th Century, Translation Studies: Retrospective and Prospective Views, 10(22)2019
• The Materiality of Translated Books for Children in Modernising Japan, Translation Studies: Retrospective and Prospective Views, 9(21)2018
• Insularity and Imperialism: The Borders of the World in the Japanese and Taiwanese Kokugo Readers during the Taishō Era, Japan Forum, 28(1)2016

書籍等出版物 / Books and Other Publications

• Forms of the body in contemporary Japanese society, literature, and culture, Lexington Books, Other, Other, 2020
• 『島崎藤村　ひらかれるテクスト−−−メディア・他者・ジェンダー』, 勉誠出版, 学術書, 単著, 2018年

MISC / MISC

• East-East Connections, 早稲田大学国際文学館ジャーナル = Journal of Waseda International House of Literature, 早稲田大学国際文学館, 記事・総説・解説・論説等（大学・研究所紀要）, 共著, 2023年 東欧と東洋のはざま, Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (bulletin of university, research institution), Multiple Authorship , 2023

Last updated on 2024/8/19

147 Japanese Culture Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Looking for interesting topics on Japan? Find them here! This list contains plenty of Japanese culture topics relating to the country’s traditions, art, and social phenomena. Check them out!

🔝 Top 10 Japanese Culture Topics to Write About

🔎 culture-related japan research topics, ✅ japanese topics for presentations, 🏆 best japanese culture topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good japanese culture essay topics, 💡 interesting japanese culture topics to write about, 📌 simple & easy japanese culture essay titles, ❓ research questions about japanese culture.

• The Cultural Impact of Anime
• The Mystique and Roles of Geisha
• Traditional Japanese Arts and Crafts
• Tea Ceremony in Japanese Culture
• The Beauty of Japanese Gardens
• The Art of Japanese Floral Arrangement
• Festivals and Matsuri in Japanese Culture
• The Code of Bushido and Its Influence on Society
• Pop Culture Phenomena of J-Pop and Kawaii
• Sushi, Ramen, and Other Culinary Delights of Japan
• Environmental Sustainability in Japan
• Shintoism and Its Influence on Japanese Society
• Modernization and Transformation of Japan
• Challenges Related to Japan’s Aging Population
• Japanese Video Games and Their Global Appeal
• The Aftermath of the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
• The Role of Women in Modern Japanese Society
• Ways of Preserving and Revitalizing Traditional Japanese Arts
• The “Japanese Miracle” of Economic Growth and Technological Advancements
• Achievements, Critiques, and Reforms in the Japanese Education System
• Cherry Blossom Season in Japan
• Symbolism of the Iconic Mount Fuji
• The Legacy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Japan’s Ancient Temples and Urban Landscapes
• How Zen Buddhism Impacts Japanese Aesthetics
• The Beauty and Significance of Origami and Calligraphy
• Japanese Bullet Train and Other Transportation Advancements
• Traditional Japanese Performing Arts: Noh, Kabuki, and Gagaku
• Modern Japanese Literature: Haruki Murakami and Yukio Mishima
• Japanese Business Etiquette, Work Ethics, and Corporate Practices
• Ramen Culture as a Vital Part of the Traditions in Japan Studying the history of the transformation of ramen culture and the role it plays in modern Japanese popular culture helps to explore the uniqueness of the phenomenon and understand the origins of its immense popularity.
• Japanese Animations’ Effects on the Japanese Economy and Their Cultural Influence on Foreign Countries These artists incorporate the characteristic anime stylizations, gags and methodology in their piece of work to produce animations that are a bit similar to Japanese anime. The growing interest among foreign artists in anime is […]
• Culture Comparison Between China and Japan In Japan, it can be proved by the fact that the name Japan is written in the Chinese Kanji and not the Japanese Katakana or Hiragana.
• Japanese Popular Culture: Anime, Video Games, and the Film Industry This report will investigate the growth and influence of Japanese pop culture through anime, video games, and the film industry. The game was created by a Japanese studio and is built on the concept of […]
• Hip-Hop and the Japanese Culture The prevalence of soul dancing in Japan in the earlier years also formed the basis for the wide acceptance of the hip-hop culture into the Japanese culture because soul dancing was common in the streets […]
• Japan After Globalization: Culture and Ethnocentrism The isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, frequent earthquakes, and typhoons had a significant influence on the culture and mentality of the Japanese people.
• Language and Culture: The Honorifics (Speech or System) of Japanese and Korean In Japan, honorific use is determined by the category of the addressee, that is, he/ she might be superior to the addresser, and this corresponds directly to the verb in use.
• Disneyland in American, Japanese, European Cultures Due to the popularity of the American culture, Disneyland’s representation of American culture that spreading a positive attitude about life has a significant impact on Disneyland in Asian countries, especially in Japan.
• The Influence of Heavy Metal on Japanese Culture In Japan, the association involving the realm of heavy metal music and personal distinctions has been surveyed in a number of studies.
• Western Pop Culture and Street Fashion of Japanese Youth The research of the topic needs to be preceded by the explanation of the key subjects and notions used in the current paper.
• Japanese Anime and Doujin Culture In the 1980’s the anime spread to other parts of the world including the western world where it has continued to grow in popularity.
• Globalization and Japanese Cultures This map is in that book and this course because of demonstrating the movement of goods and people across the world from Afrique to Patagonia and Nouvelle-Guinee.
• Researching of the Culture of Japan As for me, I thought that the Arabic language is complicated but after I heard Japanese, I understood it was really hard to learn and speak it.
• Relationships in Japanese History and Culture The preparation of the obento is not easy, it demands some special skills, and, of course, deep knowledge of the traditions.
• Chinese Han Dynasty: Comparing to the Japanese Culture Changing the focus to that one of the daily lives of ordinary citizens, the art of the Chinese culture during the Han Dynasty era allowed introducing a significant amount of diversity into the artistic realm.
• The Japanese Culture and Ecological Interests Many Japanese practices have been adopted in the western world due to the popularity of the culture. Among the many cultural practices of Japan, karate is the most practiced one outside the state.
• Violence and War in Japanese Popular Culture 50 years after the end of the war, the effects of the war have continued to influence the Japanese culture and have also affected its relations with other countries.
• Conflict Management in Japanese Culture Japan and its culture truly represent the cultural compromise that determines the development of the entire Japanese spiritual tradition.
• Comparing the USA, China, Japan and the United Kingdom Cultures This diversity is evident in their music, fashion, cuisine, visual arts, cinema and literature and due to the propagation of the same through the media; the American culture has today become the pedestal through which […]
• Culture and Customs of Japan After WWII It must be admitted, however, in the interests of truth, that the traditional mode of living and ways of thinking, both good and bad, are deeply rooted in the life of the Japanese people of […]
• Comparing Japanese and Chinese Cultures The main difference between the Chinese and Japanese concept of loyalty is that the Chinese people emphasize their loyalty to their family as a top priority.
• Japanese and Southeast Asia Cultures The activities of the warrior were based on the principle of bushido. Human civilization is the main characteristic of the culture in the continent of Asia.
• Japanese Colonialism Impact on the Korean Culture For instance, Faker and Ryang consider the effects that the Japanese culture has had on the Korean one, while Schmidt and Lim deal with the ways in which Korea accepted colonialism and how the country […]
• Japanese Culture and Identity in the Modern Era I strongly believe that Japanese popular culture might lose its identity due to influence from other cultures, which may lead to a slight modification of the culture.
• American vs. Japanese Cultures as Adaptive Systems Since the analysis of these cultures will be done from the perspective of the cultural theory, the paper will also examine how each culture influences the development of people, identity, and personality within it.
• Zen Buddhism Religion in Japanese Culture The uniqueness of Zen is in rejecting the importance of doctrines and emphasizing the role of the spiritual growth of the person through the practice of meditation.
• Daoism Philosophy in the Cultures of the Koreans, Japanese and Chinese Besides, the treatise explores the orientations of the Daoist tradition and the concepts of sages, deities, hell and heaven, and Confucian discourse.
• General Aspects of Japanese Corporate Culture Analysing the corporate culture in Japan, the essay will classify the companies into two: the large and small companies The Japanese culture of management stands out clearly in large corporations.
• Japanese Culture Analysis: Values and Traditions For a manager working with a person from the Japanese culture, understanding how the cultural dimensions apply to the culture will help the manager to work well with the other individuals.
• Diversity Management and Japanese Culture This is because it requires a comprehensive understanding of the cultural values of both the native country and also that of the foreign country in which you are supposed to carry out your business activities.
• Influence of Japanese Culture in Hawaii From the census, it is clear that the culture and the cuisine Hawaii, which are known today, were created by the history of the migration of Japanese to Hawaii when they settled there to work […]
• An Aspect of Politics and Culture of Meiji in Japan In mid 1880’s there was a financial crisis in Japan due to the huge expenses on industrialization. The Sino-Japanese war between 1894and 1895 was due to divergence of interests in Korea involving China and Japan.
• Whaling in Japan: Justifiable by Culture? The gap in reasoning when it comes to utilizing the concept of “scientific research” as a means of justifying the hunting of various whale species by Japanese whalers is the obvious fact that you do […]
• Analysis of “Yuri” Manga as a Peculiarity of Japanese Popular Culture Conclusions of the analysis indicate that yuri manga is not limited to lesbian culture, moreover, it is a significant element of Japanese popular culture.
• Japanese Fascist Ideology and Culture In a fascist authority, the issue of taking control over the people is of great significance and fascist leaders know that for them to control the naivety of the people well then they have to […]
• Process of Modernization and How It Affected the Cultures of China and Japan Among such countries, China and Japan were voted as the most affected nations by modernization process because of the emergent of simple and advanced technologies. This changed gradually with the spread of industrial revolution in […]
• Traditional Culture No Longer Is Prevalent in Japanese Society However with the phasing of the government policies in to the adoption of the 1870s epoch, it was aimed to enhance the exports of lacquerware to Western countries.
• Cross-Cultural Management: Japanese Culture and Its Workplace Practices This is one of the strategies that can be adopted. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided.
• Cultural Evaluation of Japan: Beliefs and Behavior Generally, the culture of Japan is characterized by collectiveness where individualism is not usually a key concept in various practices in different sectors of the economy such as the education system, health care, and politics.
• Influence of the Consumption Phenomenon on Japan’s Social Culture The present society in Japan is founded on the concepts of bettering the welfare of people. Another vital aspect that is worth noting is that the Japanese society is exceptional in because of the presence […]
• Political Economy and Culture in Japan A strong work ethic and management culture in the commerce and manufacturing industry has ensured the prosperity of the Japanese economy. A good example of the interaction of political economics and culture is the case […]
• Issues of Japanese Cultural Identity The other way the anime productions deal with the issues of the Japanese and their cultural identity is by presenting the aspects and ideas that define the people of Japan.
• The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-E and Ikebana Two areas of the Japanese culture that Mori talks about is Ukiyo-e and Ikebana which are Japanese words that are common to the pre-Meiji artistic works of the Japanese people.
• Japanese Culture vs. Chinese Culture: The Loss of Patriotism
• Anime and Its Effects on Japanese Culture
• Impact of Buddhism on the Japanese Culture
• Chinese and Japanese Culture Comparison and Analysis
• Cultural Globalisation Through Japanese Culture
• Did the Samurai Have a Significant Impact on Japanese Culture?
• Differences Between Korean and Japanese Culture
• Eating Disorders and Self-Harm in Japanese Culture
• Gender Roles in the Japanese Culture
• Hip-Hop Impact on the Japanese Culture
• How Does Sushi Reflect Japanese Culture?
• Overview of Japanese Culture and Communication Features
• Japanese Culture Views on Homosexuality
• How Japanese Culture Has Become So Popular
• Japanese Culture and Its Relation to Buddhism
• How Japanese Culture Affects the Economy
• The Parallels Between Japanese Culture and Military Conflict History
• The Relationships Between Japanese Culture and Politics
• How Reliance Will Get Fit Into the Japanese Culture
• Linking Japanese and South African Culture
• Japanese Culture and the Misconceptions Associated With It
• American Culture and Japanese Culture: Comparative Analysis
• Japanese Culture and Western Influence on It
• The Role of Sexuality in the Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture: Art, History, and Society
• Japanese Culture and Role of Women in It
• Communication Guide Between America Business Culture and Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture Factors Influenced the Disclosure of Financial Information
• The Link Between Religions and Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture: From Ancient to Modern Times
• Social and Geographical Aspects of the Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture Places High Value on Privacy
• The Gender Problems in the Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture: Producing Japan in the World
• Key Similarities and Differences Between the Japanese and the American Cultures
• Japanese Culture That Reflects Through Their Writing and Art Forms
• Motivation and Organizational Japanese Culture
• The Odd and Fascinating Japanese Culture
• Tracing Back the Japanese Culture to 10,000 BC
• Understanding the Japanese Culture Through the Warrior Codes of Bushido
• What Is the Influence of Anime on Japanese Culture?
• Are Chinese and Japanese Cultures Similar?
• How Is Cultural Globalization Through Japanese Culture?
• Did the Samurai Have a Significant Impact on Japanese Culture and Historical?
• What Are the Differences Between Korean and Japanese Cultures?
• Are Eating Disorders and Self-Harm Inherent in Japanese Culture?
• What Is the Cultural Assessment of Japanese Culture?
• What Are the Gender Roles in Japanese Culture?
• How Has Japanese Culture Become So Popular?
• How Dose Japanese Culture Affects the Economy Cultural?
• What Is the Attitude Towards Homosexuality in Japanese Culture?
• What Are the Features of Communication in Japanese Culture?
• How Reliance Will Get Fit Into the Japanese Culture?
• How Does Japanese Culture Affect Japanese Business?
• What Are Some Misconceptions About Japanese Culture?
• What Is the Place of Women in Japanese Culture?
• What Do You Need to Know About Japanese Culture Before Going to Japan?
• How Did Japanese Culture Change From Ancient Times to Modern Times?
• How Is Japan’s Culture Reflected in Their Writing and Art Forms?
• What Are the Differences Between American and Japanese Cultures?
• How Is Sexuality Interpreted in Japanese Culture?
• How Does Japanese Culture Spread Abroad?
• What Is the Place of Religion in Japanese Culture?
• What Are the Socio-Geographical Aspects of Japanese Culture?
• What Is the Place of Food in Japanese Culture?
• How Can Japanese Culture Be Understood Through the Warrior Codes of Bushido?
• What Is the Uniqueness of Japanese Culture?
• How Does the West Respond to Japanese Culture?
• What Is the Role of Buddhism in Japanese Culture?
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Changing Identities of Japanese Traditional Music in Twenty First Century

2012, API Regional Coordinating Institution Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University

This paper investigates changing traditional Japanese music into new forms of systematical music as part of the process of globalization in the 21st century. Japanese neo-traditional music has defined Japan’s cultures in a new paradigm that has clashed and joined external cultures. New forms of traditional music have transmitted the old style of traditional music in contemporary music that emphasizes the transformation, creation, dissolution, and preservation of traditional Japanese music within modern society through the process of “co-creation”. This paper is a part of The Work of 2009/2010 API Fellows, and supported by The Nippon Foundation Fellowships for Asian Public Intellectuals.

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A business journal from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania

How Carry Trade Exposure Impacts Asset Price Movements

September 10, 2024 • 7 min read.

Research co-authored by Wharton’s Amy Wang Huber introduces a new metric to measure the risk-bearing capacity of foreign exchange market intermediaries and the implications for asset prices.

• Finance & Accounting

The spectacular unwinding of the Yen carry trade raises the question: How big is the carry trade ? This is a difficult question to answer. Foreign-exchange traders can simultaneously buy and sell multiple currencies. Exposures in one currency can be quickly hedged or diversified by trading other currencies. In other words, just tallying who traded which currency will not reveal the true extent of carry trades. Not all sales of Japanese yen indicate positions in a carry trade, for example.

Finance professors Amy Wang Huber at Wharton and Yu An at Johns Hopkins University propose to use risk to measure the extent of carry trade exposure in the financial system.

In their new research paper titled “ Intermediary Elasticity and Limited Risk-bearing Capacity ,” Huber and An developed a method to sort foreign exchange (FX) trades into those that cannot be further diversified and thus create risks to dealers and hedge funds that accommodate these trades. They identified “intermediary elasticity” as a way to measure the price compensation financial intermediaries require to bear such trading-induced risks. This intermediary elasticity, they argued, reflects financial intermediaries’ limited risk-taking capacity and shows why trading demand shocks in one currency propagate to other currencies and even other asset markets.

Measuring Risks and Their Price Response

In their paper, Huber and An showed that almost all FX trading-induced risks fall into three categories: the U.S. dollar portfolio, the carry portfolio, and the euro-yen portfolio. Together, these three risks account for 90% of the risk borne by intermediaries in FX trading. The U.S. dollar portfolio is one where investors buy the dollar and sell all other currencies. In the euro-yen portfolio, investors sell the Japanese yen and buy the euro. Finally, the carry portfolio buys all currencies of countries with high-interest rates and sells those of low-interest rate countries; essentially, it exploits arbitrage opportunities between currencies.

These risks capture what is non-diversifiable when dealers and hedge funds accommodate FX trades. Therefore, net flows into these risks measure the intermediaries’ trading-induced risk exposure. For example, the authors found that intermediaries accumulated $0.8 trillion in risk exposure to the carry trade between 2012 and 2023.

Why is it important to measure non-diversifiable risks in FX trading? Huber offered an example: The currencies of Australia and New Zealand tend to move similarly because these two countries share similar economic conditions. Therefore, if some investors buy Australian dollars and sell New Zealand dollars, the risks faced by intermediaries who accommodate these trades are largely diversified away.

“The amount of risk that the intermediary needs to absorb is not the same as the amount of securities traded.” — Amy Wang Huber

Huber stressed that because much of FX trading can be diversified, it is more meaningful to measure price movements in response to changes in the quantity of risk than changes in the quantity of currencies traded. This is the motivation behind intermediary elasticity, which offers an intuitive way to measure the intermediary’s risk-bearing capacity. If the price response to trading-induced risks is zero, then the intermediary is able to perfectly share risks from accommodating trading and the question of limited risk-bearing capacity does not arise. Conversely, the larger the intermediary elasticity, the more limited the risk-bearing capacity.

With intermediary elasticity, it is easy to uncover the impact of trading demand shock in one currency on other currencies or even other asset markets, Huber said. “It all comes down to common risk exposure,” she explained. “When a customer sells a large quantity of Japanese yen, the intermediary who accommodates this trade must hedge out the non-diversifiable risks induced by this trade. This hedge affects the risk price according to the intermediary elasticity. Then, all other currency prices are affected because each currency has some exposure to these non-diversifiable risks.” The same logic uncovers how trading demand shocks in FX propagate to other asset markets.

Highlights from the Paper

The study used a sample of foreign exchange transactions between intermediaries, such as dealers and hedge funds, and their customers from September 2012 to December 2023. The sample covered 17 currencies, including the U.S. dollar, the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, and the Korean won. There are three types of customers: funds, which include mutual funds, pension funds, and sovereign wealth funds; non-bank financial entities, including insurance companies and clearing houses; and corporations.

The study estimated the intermediary elasticity for each of the three risks — the dollar, the euro-yen, and the carry. Using sovereign bond auctions in the U.S., Australia, the U.K., Canada, Japan, Germany, and France, the study estimated that intermediaries raise the price by about 1% in response to a $20 billion trading demand shock to the dollar risk, a $10 billion trading demand shock to the carry risk, and a $3.5 billion trading demand shock to the euro-yen factor. Huber explained why the price responses are so large: “We are talking about shock to risks that are non-diversifiable risk. Price responses to trading demand shock in a single security could be much more muted because dealers can diversify across securities. In other words, the amount of risk that the intermediary needs to absorb is not the same as the amount of securities traded. This is the whole point of the paper.”

For the six commonly traded currencies of advanced economies — the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, the Swiss franc, the euro, the British pound, and the Japanese yen, the study determined that for every $1 billion in inflows, the price response ranges from 5 bps (basis points) to 16 bps.

“All asset markets are connected. Trading demand shocks originating from the FX market could spread to other asset markets, and vice versa.” — Amy Wang Huber

The study found large cross-elasticity between the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, and the British pound. That is, when there is a trading demand shock in the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar’s price also moves. In contrast, the cross-elasticity is small between the Japanese yen and the Australian dollar, for example, because these two currencies hedge each other in terms of the carry risk exposure.

Finally, the paper showed that common exposure to non-diversifiable FX risks causes spillovers in asset markets such as CDS (credit default swap indices), commodities, corporate bonds, equities, options, and U.S. Treasury bonds. The study estimated that a $1 billion trading demand shock in corporate bonds raises its own price by 5 bps and that for CDS and commodities by similar magnitudes. In contrast, trading demand shocks to U.S. Treasury bonds reduce the price of CDS and corporate bonds.

Three Surprising Findings

The study produced surprises on three fronts, which Huber listed:

• The first is that the intermediary elasticity, or the price response to shocks to non-diversifiable risks, is very high.
• Secondly, the pattern of how currencies are related, particularly the relationship between the yen and the euro. “Both of them are low-interest rate currencies, but they are actually opposite each other in one of the key non-diversifiable risks that we identify,” Huber said.
• Thirdly, the study showed and quantified how trading in the forex market could affect prices in six other asset markets. “All asset markets are connected. Trading demand shocks originating from the FX market could spread to other asset markets, and vice versa.” Huber said.

For regulators, the big takeaway from the paper is that regulations are best designed vis-à-vis the exposure to the amount of risk, as opposed to simply counting the number of securities in a portfolio, Huber said.

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