Top Study World

Essay On Education In Pakistan (200 & 500 Words)

Education is the backbone of any society. However, education has been a neglected sector in Pakistan for many years. The education system in Pakistan faces several challenges, such as inadequate funding, a lack of qualified teachers, an outdated curriculum, and a low literacy rate . Despite these challenges, Pakistan has made some progress in improving its education system in recent years.

Essay On Education In Pakistan 200 words

The literacy rate in Pakistan stands at around 60% , which is considerably low compared to other developing countries. The government has implemented various policies and initiatives to increase access to education, particularly for girls. These include providing free education and scholarships to children from disadvantaged backgrounds and building schools in remote areas.

However, there is still a significant gap in the quality of education provided in urban and rural areas. In rural areas, schools lack basic facilities such as electricity, clean water, and toilets . Moreover, the curriculum taught in schools is outdated and does not meet the requirements of the modern world.

Another major issue in Pakistan’s education system is the lack of qualified teachers. The majority of teachers are untrained, and their teaching methods are outdated. The government must focus on providing quality training to teachers to ensure that they can deliver effective education to students.

In conclusion, education is the key to the development of any nation. Pakistan must prioritize education and improve its education system to ensure every child has access to quality education. This can be achieved through increased funding, teacher training, updated curriculum, and providing basic facilities in schools. With these efforts, Pakistan can transform its education system and help its citizens thrive in the modern world.

Essay On Education In Pakistan 500 words

Education is one of the fundamental rights of every individual, and it plays a crucial role in the development and progress of any nation. In Pakistan, education has always been a significant concern, and over the years, the government has made several efforts to improve the state of education in the country. However, despite the efforts, Pakistan’s educational system still faces several challenges that need to be addressed urgently.

The education system in Pakistan is divided into several levels, including primary, secondary, and higher education. The primary education level is the foundation of education, where children learn basic literacy and numeracy skills. However, in Pakistan, primary education is still very poor. According to a report by the United Nations, Pakistan has the second-highest number of children out of school, with over 22 million children not receiving any form of education. This includes poverty, lack of infrastructure, and the social norms that discourage girls from receiving an education.

The quality of education in Pakistan is also a significant concern. The curriculum followed in schools is outdated, and it does not cater to the changing needs of society. The focus is on rote learning, which does not encourage critical thinking and creativity. Additionally, there is a severe shortage of qualified teachers, particularly in rural areas. The available teachers are often underpaid, overworked, and not adequately trained, which affects the quality of education they can provide to their students.

Another issue that plagues the education system in Pakistan is the lack of access to higher education. Many students who graduate from secondary school cannot afford the high cost of college education, which limits their opportunities for growth and progress. The government has tried to address this issue by introducing scholarship programs, but these are often not enough to cover the total cost of education.

Furthermore, the education system in Pakistan is plagued by corruption, which has resulted in the mismanagement of funds and resources. The funds allocated for education are often misused, and the money meant for schools and infrastructure ends up in the pockets of corrupt officials. This has further contributed to the poor state of education in the country.

To address the challenges facing the education system in Pakistan, the government needs to take urgent steps. It should focus on increasing the number of schools and improving the infrastructure in rural areas. The curriculum should be revised to include modern teaching methods, and there should be a focus on critical thinking and creativity. Qualified teachers should be recruited, and their salaries should be increased to attract the best talent.

Moreover, the government should introduce policies that provide scholarships and other financial aid to students who cannot afford higher education. The scholarship programs should be expanded to cover a broader range of students and should be made more accessible to ensure that no deserving student is left behind.

Lastly, the government should take measures to curb corruption in the education system. It should hold officials accountable for any wrongdoing and ensure that the funds allocated for education are spent on their intended purpose.

In conclusion, education is crucial for the development and progress of any nation, and Pakistan is no exception. Despite the challenges facing the education system in the country, there is hope for improvement. With the right policies and measures, the government can address the issues and provide every child with access to quality education. This will benefit the individuals and contribute to the overall progress and prosperity of the country.

Related Essays:

  • Essay On Teacher
  • Expository Essay On Consumer Culture
  • Essay On Our National Hero
  • Essay On Technical Education
  • Essay On Computer In Urdu 500 words
  • Essay On My Aim In Life
  • Essay On Sport
  • A House On Fire Essay
  • Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media
  • Essay On Coronavirus

quality of education in pakistan essay

Sana Mursleen is a student studying English Literature at Lahore Garrison University (LGU). With her love for writing and humor, she writes essays for Top Study World. Sana is an avid reader and has a passion for history, politics, and social issues.

Education System of Pakistan: Issues, Problems and Solutions

Introduction

It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 5-16 years and enhance adult literacy. With the 18th constitutional amendment the concurrent list which comprised of 47 subjects was abolished and these subjects, including education, were transferred to federating units as a move towards provincial autonomy.

The year 2015 is important in the context that it marks the deadline for the participants of Dakar declaration (Education For All [EFA] commitment) including Pakistan. Education related statistics coupled with Pakistan’s progress regarding education targets set in Vision 2030 and Pakistan’s lagging behind in achieving EFA targets and its Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for education call for an analysis of the education system of Pakistan and to look into the issues and problems it is facing so that workable solutions could be recommended.

What is Education System?

The system of education includes all institutions that are involved in delivering formal education (public and private, for-profit and nonprofit, onsite or virtual instruction) and their faculties, students, physical infrastructure, resources and rules. In a broader definition the system also includes the institutions that are directly involved in financing, managing, operating or regulating such institutions (like government ministries and regulatory bodies, central testing organizations, textbook boards and accreditation boards). The rules and regulations that guide the individual and institutional interactions within the set up are also part of the education system.

Education system of Pakistan:

The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903 institutions and is facilitating 41,018,384 students with the help of 1,535,461 teachers. The system includes 180,846 public institutions and 80,057 private institutions. Hence 31% educational institutes are run by private sector while 69% are public institutes.

Analysis of education system in Pakistan

Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promote education and literacy in the country by education policies at domestic level and getting involved into international commitments on education. In this regard national education policies are the visions which suggest strategies to increase literacy rate, capacity building, and enhance facilities in the schools and educational institutes. MDGs and EFA programmes are global commitments of Pakistan for the promotion of literacy.

A review of the education system of Pakistan suggests that there has been little change in Pakistan’s schools since 2010, when the 18th Amendment enshrined education as a fundamental human right in the constitution. Problems of access, quality, infrastructure and inequality of opportunity, remain endemic.

A)    MDGs and Pakistan

Due to the problems in education system of Pakistan, the country is lagging behind in achieving its MDGs of education. The MDGs have laid down two goals for education sector:

Goal 2 : The goal 2 of MDGs is to achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) and by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. By the year 2014 the enrolment statistics show an increase in the enrolment of students of the age of 3-16 year while dropout rate decreased. But the need for increasing enrolment of students remains high to achieve MDGs target. Punjab is leading province wise in net primary enrolment rate with 62% enrolment. The enrolment rate in Sindh province is 52%, in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK) 54% and primary enrolment rate in Balochistan is 45%.

Goal 3: The goal 3 of MDGs is Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment. It is aimed at eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and in all levels of education not later than 2015. There is a stark disparity between male and female literacy rates. The national literacy rate of male was 71% while that of female was 48% in 2012-13. Provinces reported the same gender disparity. Punjab literacy rate in male was 71% and for females it was 54%. In Sindh literacy rate in male was 72% and female 47%, in KPK male 70% and females 35%, while in Balochistan male 62% and female 23%.

B)    Education for All (EFA) Commitment

The EFA goals focus on early childhood care and education including pre-schooling, universal primary education and secondary education to youth, adult literacy with gender parity and quality of education as crosscutting thematic and programme priorities.

EFA Review Report October 2014 outlines that despite repeated policy commitments, primary education in Pakistan is lagging behind in achieving its target of universal primary education. Currently the primary gross enrolment rate stands at 85.9% while Pakistan requires increasing it up to 100% by 2015-16 to fulfil EFA goals.  Of the estimated total primary school going 21.4 million children of ages 5-9 years, 68.5% are enrolled in schools, of which 8.2 million or 56% are boys and 6.5 million or 44% are girls. Economic Survey of Pakistan confirms that during the year 2013-14 literacy remained much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and higher among males.

C)    Vision 2030

Vision 2030 of Planning Commission of Pakistan looks for an academic environment which promotes the thinking mind. The goal under Vision 2030 is one curriculum and one national examination system under state responsibility. The strategies charted out to achieve the goal included:

(i)                  Increasing public expenditure on education and skills generation from 2.7% of GDP to 5% by 2010 and 7% by 2015.

(ii)                Re-introduce the technical and vocational stream in the last two years of secondary schools.

(iii)             Gradually increase vocational and technical education numbers to 25-30% of all secondary enrolment by 2015 and 50 per cent by 2030.

(iv)              Enhance the scale and quality of education in general and the scale and quality of scientific/technical education in Pakistan in particular.

Problems: The issues lead to the comprehension of the problems which are faced in the development of education system and promotion of literacy. The study outlines seven major problems such as:

1)      Lack of Proper Planning: Pakistan is a signatory to MDGs and EFA goals. However it seems that it will not be able to achieve these international commitments because of financial management issues and constraints to achieve the MDGs and EFA goals.

2)      Social constraints: It is important to realize that the problems which hinder the provision of education are not just due to issues of management by government but some of them are deeply rooted in the social and cultural orientation of the people. Overcoming the latter is difficult and would require a change in attitude of the people, until then universal primary education is difficult to achieve.

3)      Gender gap: Major factors that hinder enrolment rates of girls include poverty, cultural constraints, illiteracy of parents and parental concerns about safety and mobility of their daughters. Society’s emphasis on girl’s modesty, protection and early marriages may limit family’s willingness to send them to school. Enrolment of rural girls is 45% lower than that of urban girls; while for boys the difference is 10% only, showing that gender gap is an important factor.

4)      Cost of education: The economic cost is higher in private schools, but these are located in richer settlements only. The paradox is that private schools are better but not everywhere and government schools ensure equitable access but do not provide quality education.

5)      War on Terror: Pakistan’s engagement in war against terrorism also affected the promotion of literacy campaign. The militants targeted schools and students; several educational institutions were blown up, teachers and students were killed in Balochistan, KPK and FATA. This may have to contribute not as much as other factors, but this remains an important factor.

6)      Funds for Education: Pakistan spends 2.4% GDP on education. At national level, 89% education expenditure comprises of current expenses such as teachers’ salaries, while only 11% comprises of development expenditure which is not sufficient to raise quality of education.

7)      Technical Education: Sufficient attention has not been paid to the technical and vocational education in Pakistan. The number of technical and vocational training institutes is not sufficient and many are deprived of infrastructure, teachers and tools for training. The population of a state is one of the main elements of its national power. It can become an asset once it is skilled. Unskilled population means more jobless people in the country, which affects the national development negatively. Therefore, technical education needs priority handling by the government.

Poverty, law and order situation, natural disasters, budgetary constraints, lack of access, poor quality, equity, and governance have also contributed in less enrolments.

An analysis of the issues and problems suggest that:

The official data shows the allocation of funds for educational projects but there is no mechanism which ensures the proper expenditure of those funds on education.

  • The existing infrastructure is not being properly utilized in several parts of the country.
  • There are various challenges that include expertise, institutional and capacity issues, forging national cohesion, uniform standards for textbook development, and quality assurance.
  • The faculty hiring process is historically known to be politicized. It is because of this that the quality of teaching suffers and even more so when low investments are made in teachers’ training. As a result teachers are not regular and their time at school is not as productive as it would be with a well-trained teacher.
  • Inside schools there are challenges which include shortage of teachers, teacher absenteeism, missing basic facilities and lack of friendly environment.
  • Out of school challenges include shortage of schools, distance – especially for females, insecurity, poverty, cultural norms, parents are reluctant or parents lack awareness.

There is a need for implementation of national education policy and vision 2030 education goals. An analysis of education policy suggests that at the policy level there are several admirable ideas, but practically there are some shortcomings also.

It may not be possible for the government at the moment to implement uniform education system in the country, but a uniform curriculum can be introduced in educational institutes of the country. This will provide equal opportunity to the students of rural areas to compete with students of urban areas in the job market.

Since majority of Pakistani population resides in rural areas and the access to education is a major problem for them, it seems feasible that a balanced approach for formal and informal education be adopted. Government as well as non-government sector should work together to promote education in rural areas.

The government should take measures to get school buildings vacated which are occupied by feudal lords of Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab. Efforts should be made to ensure that proper education is provided in those schools.

The federal government is paying attention to the vocational and technical training, but it is important to make the already existing vocational and technical training centres more efficient so that skilled youth could be produced.

Since education is a provincial subject, the provincial education secretariats need to be strengthened. Special policy planning units should be established in provinces’ education departments for implementation of educational policies and formulation of new policies whenever needed. The provincial education departments need to work out financial resources required for realising the compliance of Article 25-A.

Federal Government should play a supportive role vis-à-vis the provinces for the early compliance of the constitutional obligation laid down in Article 25-A. Special grants can be provided to the provinces where the literacy rate is low.

Pakistan is not the only country which is facing challenges regarding promotion of literacy and meeting EFA and MDGs commitments. Education remains a subject which is paid least attention in the whole South Asian region. UNDP report 2014 suggests that there has been an improvement in other elements of human development such as life expectancy, per capita income and human development index value (in past 3 years); but there has been no progress in the number of schooling years. The expected average for years of schooling in 2010 was 10.6 years but the actual average of schooling remained 4.7 for all South Asian countries. In the year 2013 the expected average of number of years increased to 11.2 but the actual average of years of schooling of South Asian countries remained 4.7.  Regional cooperation mechanism can also be developed to promote literacy in South Asian region. Sharing success stories, making country-specific modifications and their implementation can generate positive results.

Recommendations

  • Technical education should be made a part of secondary education. Classes for carpentry, electrical, and other technical education must be included in the curriculum.
  • Providing economic incentives to the students may encourage the parents to send their children to school and may help in reducing the dropout ratio.
  • Local government system is helpful in promoting education and literacy in the country. In local government system the funds for education would be spent on a need basis by the locality.
  • Corruption in education departments is one of the factors for the poor literacy in the country. An effective monitoring system is needed in education departments.
  • For any system to work it is imperative that relevant structures are developed. Legislation and structure should be framed to plan for the promotion of education in the country. After the 18 th amendment the education has become a provincial subject, therefore, the provinces should form legislations and design educational policies which ensure quality education.
  • Unemployment of educated men and women is a major concern for Pakistan. There should be career counselling of the pupils in schools so that they have an understanding of job market and they can develop their skills accordingly.
  • Counselling of parents is required, so that they can choose a career for their child which is market friendly.
  • There are two approaches to acquiring education: First, which is being followed by many in Pakistan is to get education to earn bread and butter. The second approach is to get education for the sake of personal development and learning. This approach is followed by affluent and economically stable people who send their children to private schools and abroad for education. The problem arises when non-affluent families send their children to private schools, and universities. This aspiration for sending children for higher education is wrong, because the country does not need managers and officers only. There are several other jobs where people are needed. Hence the mind-set of sending one’s children to university only for becoming officers and managers needs to be changed.

Conclusion:                                                        

The reforms required in the education system of Pakistan cannot be done by the government alone, public-private participation and a mix of formal as well as non-formal education can pull out majority of country’s population from illiteracy. Similarly, to make the youth of the country an asset, attention should also be paid to vocational and technical training.

References:

Human Development Report 2014 “Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience,” United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (New York: UNDP, 2014).

Mehnaz Aziz et al, “Education System Reform in Pakistan: Why, When, and How?” IZA Policy Paper No. 76, January 2014 (Institute for the Study of Labor, 2014), P 4.

Annual Report: Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12, National Education Management Information System Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Education, Trainings & Standards in Higher Education, Government of Pakistan, (Islamabad, AEPAM, 2013).

Economic Survey of Pakistan 2014, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.

Pakistan: Education for All 2015 National Review , Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education Academy of Educational Planning and Management Islamabad, Pakistan June, 2014 (available at : http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002297/229718E.pdf).

Maliha Naveed, Reasons of Low Levels of Education in Pakistan, Pakistan Herald, January 03, 2013 (available at: http://www.pakistanherald.com/articles/reasons-of-low-levels-of-education-in-pakistan-3065 ).

“Pakistan may miss EFA goals by 2015-16: Report,” Daily Nation , October, 3, 2014.

You May Also Like

Natural allies: turkey-pakistan-afghanistan, evolving pakistan-india relations, 352 comments.

' src=

by buzzsumo journalist

Hi, just wanted to tell you, I liked this blog post. It was helpful. Keep on posting!

' src=

by Buyer Engagement Dynamics

Hola! I’ve been following your weblog for a long time now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from Atascocita Texas! Just wanted to tell you keep up the good job!

' src=

by turboslot

iⅾ=”firstHeading” class=”firstHeading mw-first-heading”>Search results

Tools move to sidebar hide

Ꮮooк at mʏ blog – turboslot

' src=

by Kennethwes

I recently tried https://www.trythecbd.com/products/cbd-gummies/ for the treatment of the first eventually and I ought to utter, I’m impressed with the results. I felt more devil-may-care and at ease, and my hunger was significantly reduced. The CBD gummies tasted great and were gentle to consume. I’ll definitely be using them again and would commend them to anyone looking after a expected more to alleviate importance and anxiety.

' src=

by Rnma.xyz

Thankfulness to my father who informed me about this webpage, this weblog is genuinely amazing. https://Rnma.xyz/boinc/view_profile.php?userid=979610

' src=

by Ronaldwique

You can legally buy seeds from the OCS and Authorized Retail Stores. Some of the members of this incredible bank have created Silent Seeds and have joined forces with none other than Sherbinski, the most successful breeder of the last years. Height 150 – 180 cm. Source: https://willcoxwinecountry.org/events/list/

' src=

by quickfixplus bing

Synthetic urine is commonly used by individuals to deceive drug tests, and it can be easily purchased from various sources, such as online retailers or Bing places specializing in medical supplies. Many people rely on Bing places for discreetly obtaining synthetic urine when they need to pass a drug screening.

' src=

by Window tinting service

Hi, I do think this is an excellent website. I stumbledupon it 😉 I am going to return yet again since I book-marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to help other people.

' src=

by Infrared saunas

Hello, i think that i saw you visited my weblog so i came to go back the want?.I am attempting to in finding issues to improve my site!I guess its adequate to use a few of your ideas!!

' src=

by AliceSmithBip

Experience the refreshing sensation of lychee elf bar and dive into a world of flavor!

' src=

by Custom Draperies

What i do not understood is in reality how you are no longer really much more neatly-preferred than you may be right now. You’re so intelligent. You realize thus significantly when it comes to this matter, produced me in my view believe it from a lot of numerous angles. Its like men and women don’t seem to be fascinated unless it’s one thing to do with Woman gaga! Your personal stuffs outstanding. At all times take care of it up!

' src=

by cara memainkan slot

Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News.

Do you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News? I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Cheers

' src=

by Chestericott

Does dill weed have the same taste as dill seeds. 99 , a 30 day month, no charges made on special payment plans and no other fees, additional payments or other changes are. Over time, his site has become one of the most trusted locations worldwide for Americans and Europeans buying marijuana seeds. Source: http://etcv.ru/consumers-and-sufferers-can-now-buy-cannabis-seeds-in-massachusetts/

' src=

by EdwardRig

My passage with cbd concentrates has been life-changing! The gummies delivered a thrilling, mellifluous happening, easing my thinker into blissful relaxation. As for the CBD products, they’ve become my go-to for the treatment of managing insistence and alleviating discomfort. The grade and effectiveness are unparalleled. It’s incredible how these natural remedies receive enhanced my total well-being. Thanksgiving due to the fact that this transformative wellness uncovering!

' src=

by Gilbertpes

I’m in young lady with the and lip balm! natural facial toner The serum gave my epidermis a youthful rise, and the lip balm kept my lips hydrated all day. Eloquent I’m using clean, bona fide products makes me feel great. These are in the present climate my must-haves after a renewed and nourished look!

' src=

by cahaya4d

Amazing! Its genuinely amazing paragraph, I have got much clear idea on the topic of from this piece of writing.

' src=

by gacor slot online

When someone writes an piece of writing he/she retains the thought of a user in his/her mind that how a user can be aware of it. Therefore that’s why this post is great. Thanks!

' src=

by situs slot paling gacor terpercaya

It’s actually a great and helpful piece of information. I’m happy that you shared this useful information with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.

' src=

You’re so awesome! I don’t think I’ve read through anything like this before. So wonderful to discover another person with original thoughts on this subject. Seriously.. thank you for starting this up.

This website is one thing that is needed on the web, someone with a little originality!

' src=

by Www.drsbook.co.kr

Hello, for all time i used to check website posts here in the early hours in the daylight, because i enjoy to gain knowledge of more and more. http://www.drsbook.co.kr/board/6501193

' src=

by SebastianShell

Probieren Sie das kuhle und erfrischende Erlebnis von velo x freeze , eine neue Sensation in der Welt des Snus!

' src=

by cahaya138

Hello there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it is really informative.

I’m gonna watch out for brussels. I’ll be grateful if you continue this in future.

A lot of people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!

' src=

by EdmondBaisp

Early detection of hermie intersex plants is necessary to remove them from your garden before pollen is released. Claytonia is quite cold hardy, which makes it one of the top candidates for winter harvest greens. Huge savings with our collection of discounted weed seeds, where premium quality meets unbeatable value. Source: https://iuedbhgvydlsfjsw.com

' src=

by pawpamperstore.com/

It’s a pity you don’t have a donate button! I’d most certainly donate to this brilliant blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to fresh updates and will talk about this website with my Facebook group. Chat soon!

' src=

by prod keys for tears of the kingdom

Terrific article! This is the type of info that are supposed to be shared across the internet. Disgrace on the seek engines for no longer positioning this publish upper! Come on over and discuss with my website . Thank you =)

' src=

by land rover car repair near me

Very nice post. I definitely appreciate this website. Thanks!

' src=

by luxury property

No matter if some one searches for his required thing, so he/she needs to be available that in detail, so that thing is maintained over here.

' src=

by sofa cleaning

Incredible! This blog looks exactly like my old one! It’s on a entirely different topic but it has pretty much the same layout and design. Outstanding choice of colors!

' src=

by hosting murah dan cepat

No matter if some one searches for his necessary thing, thus he/she desires to be available that in detail, therefore that thing is maintained over here.

' src=

by Kalevi#Mikkola[Ihoqebuqeqoprywu,2,5]

Nikotiinipurukumi hinta vaihtelee brandin ja pakkauksen koon mukaan. Yleisesti ottaen se tarjoaa kohtuuhintaisen tavan hallita nikotiiniriippuvuutta ja lopettaa tupakointi.

' src=

When the seedlings appear, thin to the strongest plant; seedlings usually do not survive transplanting, since they resent any disturbance of their roots. While the young marijuana seedlings should mostly be left alone at this stage, it is necessary to check on them occasionally. When To Harvest Dill For Pickling Garden Tips 2023 When To Plant Dill Planting Guide 2023 When To Harvest Dill Gardening Tips 2023. Source: https://carpetsplusducts.com/a-examine-of-the-passage-of-weed-seeds-by-way-of-the-digestive-tract-of-the-chicken/

' src=

This is the time when your plant will stop putting as much energy into leaf growth and will instead focus that energy on creating the flowers buds , which are used for medicinal and recreational purposes. If practical, cover newly seeded rows with loose soil to reduce within-row weed emergence. Blackberry Moonrocks feminized seeds. Source: http://firstenergy.tn/?p=52329

' src=

by hosting 1 bulan murah

I’ll right away clutch your rss feed as I can’t in finding your email subscription link or newsletter service. Do you have any? Kindly permit me understand in order that I may just subscribe. Thanks.

' src=

by LukasBip

Erleben Sie den intensiven pablo x ice cold nikotingehalt aus unserer exklusiven Kollektion!

' src=

by Nathanhak

Growing your own cannabis is a fun and inexpensive way to put high-quality buds in your jar. Il miglior banco di semi. It is extra hassle having a separate mother tent which has to be maintained all year round. Source: https://halin.pl/how-long-do-weed-seeds-stay-good/

' src=

However, be sure not to pack the soil down too tightly; it ll need to be loose enough to allow the seeds roots and stems to expand. A model of the effects of cultivations on the vertical distribution of weed seeds within the soil. A well-known seed bank with hundreds of traditional landraces , Kush strains, and hybrids to pick from, SeedSupreme collaborates with top-tier producers from Colorado, the Netherlands, and Spain. Source: https://kamenpescar.rs/2013/06/19/department-of-agriculture-noxious-weed-seed-laws/

' src=

by AlbertWrema

International shipping is very slow Only bulk deliveries get free shipping Charts for seed strains are confusing. Afghan Kush. IF YOU RE GROWING INDOORS. Source: https://info.mycitycar.ru/darkish-vs-white-hashish-seeds-germination-video/

' src=

by disposable vape

Great blog you have here.. It’s hard to find good quality writing like yours these days. I honestly appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!

Also visit my site; disposable vape

' src=

Hi, Neat post. There’s an issue with your site in internet explorer, might test this? IE nonetheless is the market chief and a huge portion of folks will omit your magnificent writing because of this problem.

' src=

The earthy flavor with hints of forest followed by an organoleptic explosion of citrus and metallic kush flavor will leave you speechless. If necessary, this can also be achieved with the careful use of appropriate herbicides. How to Germinate Weed Seeds Basic Parameters. Source: http://www.atgdonnealavoro.it/19-best-hashish-seed-banks-that-ship-to-the-usa-reputable-companies-reviewed-2022/

' src=

by Digital marketing agency

Hello it’s me, I am also visiting this site regularly, this site is actually pleasant and the users are really sharing nice thoughts.

' src=

by Cliftonhaw

Cannabis seeds germinate in 3 to 7 days, though some varieties may take 10 to 15 days. , 2009 and was reported to increase male sex expression in marijuana, cucumber and gourd plants Atsmon and Tabbak, 1979; Ram and Sett, 1982; Stankovic and Prodanovic, 2002. Hedge Parsley leaves and stems are also covered with tiny white hairs. Source: https://specialtsbyjoette.com/2013/06/24/a-examine-of-the-passage-of-weed-seeds-by-way-of-the-digestive-tract-of-the-hen/

by Mikko#Kekkonen[Ihoqebuqeqoprywu,2,5]

kick nikotiinipussi viittaa Euroopan unionin sahkotupakan saantelyyn ja kaytantoihin. EU asettaa standardeja sahkotupakkatuotteille turvallisuuden ja laadun varmistamiseksi, ja se vaikuttaa sahkotupakan myyntiin ja kayttoon.

' src=

They provide truthful information about each seed they sell, as well as genuine reviews. How does 30 years of experience in selling cannabis seeds sound. White powdery mildew. Source: http://www.garcesmotors.com/?p=31364

' src=

by MichaelAlofe

At RQS, we have several tools to make your browsing experience as easy as possible. We are CA s premier cannabis seed company and we have a wide selection of THC and CBD seeds for you to choose from. In many countries, the laws for possession use of cannabis have become gradually less oppressive over the years. Source: http://tweddellfamily.com/index.php/2013/06/17/control-weed-seeds-now-for-simpler-spring/

' src=

There are multiple methods for germinating cannabis seeds. Browse our various hybrid seeds today and order at competitive prices. You can even put your auto plants in with your feminised plants and they will happily bloom under 12 hours of daily light. Source: http://www.bcbsnc.it/seeds/

' src=

by bombay cat physical characteristics

Aw, this was a really good post. Finding the time and actual effort to create a really good article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and don’t manage to get nearly anything done.

' src=

by Anthonyorene

Then take the second plate and put it upside down on the bottom one, forming a dark cavern between the two plates for the seed to germinate. The excess amount can rot the newly emerged root. About This Article. Source: http://goldylondon.co.uk/2013/06/overwintered-cattle-might-unfold-weed-seeds-ndsu-agriculture/

' src=

The first cannabis plant stages take place after the seed has germinated. How high or stoned do you intend to get. Preventing Hairy Bittercress in the Garden. Source: https://sound-werkz.com/consumers-and-patients-can-now-buy-cannabis-seeds-in-massachusetts/

' src=

by Antoniounago

Dill weed offers a more delicate flavor and works well in sauces, seafood, and other lightweight dishes. Black Tuna Zinfandel Feminised Cannabis Seeds. Dill weed and fresh dill heads can apparently be substituted for each other. Source: https://canalr1.com/hashish-rising-101-tips-on-how-to-germinate-weed-seeds_1689219491.htm

' src=

Leaves aspirate atmospheric moisture as part of their day to day functions. It is difficult to achieve good results with a cannabis strain such as Silver Haze in a cold climate with few hours of sunlight. Small adjustments made at the seedling stage can have a big impact on your plants structure and yield. Source: https://canalr1.com/hashish-rising-101-tips-on-how-to-germinate-weed-seeds_1689219491.htm

' src=

by TimothyHed

Although seed longevity of agricultural weeds is a cause for notoriety, and a proportion of the population may remain viable for several years or decades, most of the seeds of many weed species will either germinate or die shortly after being dispersed from the parent plant. Type the word Seed in that window and it will reveal how many times that word appears in the label PDF. Rake-type kneeling tools have thin prongs to scrape surface weeds with weaker root systems. Source: http://hck.beastmodetrack.com/darkish-vs-white-cannabis-seeds-germination-video/

' src=

29,000 positive reviews Beginner and veteran strains Buy 10 Get 10 deals 100 germination guarantee Free shipping in the US. Male Inflorescence Development. Though butterfly weed does not need much pruning throughout the year, it can be cut back to the ground ahead of the winter season. Source: http://www.horizonexports.in/how-lengthy-do-weed-seeds-stay-good/

' src=

by Josephzet

Try them today and experience the difference that premium-quality seeds can make. Though the company doesn t offer an explicit germination guarantee, customers report a high germination rate. Feminized Autoflower Medical Indoor Outdoor Beginner. Source: https://2017.neonrush.com.my/want-potent-cannabis-seeds-weed-seeds-or-marijuana-seeds/

' src=

In genetically male plants, anthers were produced within clusters of staminate flowers that developed at leaf axils Figures 6A C at around 4 weeks of age. as compared to oxygen concentrations of 5, 10, and 2. They re also known for offering 30-50 discounts on hundreds of strains that vary often. Source: http://www.philipelderfinance.com/buying-hashish-seeds-10-things-you-should-know/

' src=

by http://888.Lililian.com/comment/html/?72047.html

Thanks in support of sharing such a fastidious thinking, paragraph is nice, thats why i have read it entirely http://888.Lililian.com/comment/html/?72047.html

' src=

by Raymondtat

We always try to keep our offers as attractive and varied as possible. If that s the case, you might even be considering DIY seeding. If you re specifically looking for autoflower and feminized seeds, Seed Supreme is the right seed bank. Source: http://www.betterdad.com/7-cfr-В§-201-sixteen-noxious-weed-seeds-electronic-code-of-federal-rules-e-cfr-lii-legal-information-institute/

' src=

There is more than one way to germinate seeds. Malana regular seeds. Seeds in the bank can remain viable for quite a long time and sprout when conditions are right. Source: http://www.betterdad.com/7-cfr-В§-201-sixteen-noxious-weed-seeds-electronic-code-of-federal-rules-e-cfr-lii-legal-information-institute/

' src=

by WilliamNon

LEMON HAZE AUTO. The plant should have a root length of 1. Plus, it s a host plant for everyone s favorite monarch butterfly. Source: https://catisanassan.com/?p=44716

' src=

Nice G13 X Hash Plant. We often refresh our deals, so make sure you visit this page often not to miss your favorite seeds on sale. Most people aren t even close when guessing at the cost of marijuana seeds. Source: http://huifok.sg/shoppers-and-patients-can-now-buy-cannabis-seeds-in-massachusetts/

' src=

I’m really impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your weblog. Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself? Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one these days.

' src=

by munchkin kittens for sale ma

I’m now not positive the place you’re getting your info, but great topic.

I needs to spend some time learning much more or working out more. Thanks for wonderful info I used to be looking for this information for my mission.

' src=

by Jamesnogma

Common Milkweed. Although the Discord group is modest, we were amazed by the quality of the advice provided by the users. Select the Right Seeds. Source: https://overdrive-media.nl/jimson-weed-overview-uses-side-effects-precautions-interactions-dosing-and-evaluations/

' src=

Is that the same as the flower. RAISE ME UP Seeds Calendula Mix Pot Marigolds Annual Flowers. Topping is the removal of the plant s growth tip. Source: http://tipsjurnal.com/blog/how-lengthy-do-weed-seeds-stay-good/

' src=

by Gilbertrib

Quackgrass Elymus repens. Analytical cookies give us insights into website traffic and customer behaviour, including how many people visit our site, how long they browse for, and which parts of our site they visit. Weed and feed is all-in-one; it will save you time by not having to remember what goes where and when. Source: http://www.sanmiguelespecialidades.com/shopping-for-hashish-seeds-10-things-you-need-to-know/

' src=

Feminized seed have been bred to produce only female plants, where regular seeds usually produce about 50 male and 50 female plants. Are marijuana seeds legal in spain. Shipping is a huge factor when you buy cannabis seeds online. Source: http://www.sanmiguelespecialidades.com/shopping-for-hashish-seeds-10-things-you-need-to-know/

' src=

by olymp trade review promo

Wonderful web site. Plenty oof helpful information here. I’m sendng it to a ffew pals ans also sharing iin delicious. And certainly, thanks in your effort!

My web-site – olymp trade review promo

' src=

by JoshuaNut

Light Requirements For the next few weeks, make sure the Milkweed is either in a sunny window, in a green house or under a grow light. As part of the upcoming fiscal year budget, the Weed Seed program had ended. Forest Service. Source: https://sammysshop.com/a-examine-of-the-passage-of-weed-seeds-via-the-digestive-tract-of-the-chicken/

' src=

Good afternoon Ken, I hope you re having a great day. Smell Taste Herbal with hints of chocolate. Autoflowers are easy to grow outdoors during almost any time of the year. Source: http://sisodiafabrication.com/weed-seeds-generally-present-in-specific-vegetable-crops/

' src=

by Cheap auto insurance

This is an enlightening piece! I have actually been hunting for this sort of in-depth relevant information for rather some time. Thank you for sharing.

Feel free to visit my webpage Cheap auto insurance

' src=

Herbies Seeds is one of the cheapest brands out there. Only those seeds that meet the required standards in terms of cleanliness, size, and preservation are selected for future use. Nei s index of gene diversity and Shannon s Information index were not statistically different for both populations. Source: http://www.sgquest.com.sg/need-potent-cannabis-seeds-weed-seeds-or-marijuana-seeds/

' src=

s regular promotions mean there s always something on sale from their vast catalog. Crop King Seeds – Best Seed Bank in the USA for Newbie Growers. Special Features. Source: http://www.acquadifonte.it/?p=12908

' src=

It s mainly a problem in the agricultural Midwest United States. 8 was found to retrotransposon-like elements in plants but not to MADC1. Weed seeds for sale all you need to know. Source: http://nebraskaave.org/?p=94423

' src=

by ManuelSeP

https://redpromoseo.ru

' src=

by how much do naked cats cost

We are a bunch of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Your web site provided us with valuable information to work on. You’ve performed an impressive job and our whole community can be grateful to you.

https://g-randstroy.ru

' src=

Yield 450 – 500 gr m2. Video 2 is me actually sowing seeds with my Go Pro on. Remembering that the psychotropic compounds drop a water molecule when properly cured and become more psychoactive. Source: http://paul-services.co.uk/seeds/

' src=

However, female marijuana plants will eventually have stigma shapes that help to catch the pollen that the males create. We have already received the main news for this new year, and that s why from Natural Experience marijuana seeds we want to offer you the ranking of the most powerful marijuana of 2023. Cannabis , weed, marijuana, kush, ganja whatever you want to call it, it s now legal to own and grow in the state of Virginia. Source: https://rogermoore.info/19-finest-hashish-seed-banks-that-ship-to-the-usa-reputable-firms-reviewed-2022/

https://kamstroydom.ru

' src=

Consistent quality With feminized seeds, growers can expect a consistent quality of buds from each plant, which can lead to a more consistent overall yield. Difference between dill seeds and dill weed Dill seed vs Dill weed comparison Comparison table Can you use dill seed instead of dill weed. Consider your level of weed-growing experience. Source: https://vov4ip-days.ru/eleven-finest-hashish-seed-banks-where-to-purchase-marijuana-seeds-online-in-2023/

https://dim-seo.ru

' src=

This is why, for breeders, strong fathers are as sought after as strong mothers. Use caution when applying pre-emergent herbicides to newly-seeded lawns or to areas you plan to seed. Small Grow Tent. Source: https://vov4ip-days.ru/eleven-finest-hashish-seed-banks-where-to-purchase-marijuana-seeds-online-in-2023/

https://demkovstroy.ru

' src=

In order to create seeds, the male plant must fertilize the female plant. It is undoubtedly among the most prominent strains of this seed bank. Best reserver to seasoned growers, this Indica-dominant strain has a 33 THC content. Source: https://thesweetdreams.ru/hashish-seeds-marijuana-seeds/

' src=

What s more, some have speculated that male seeds are heavier, ragged or protruded, meaning that if you roll them on a table, they thump like a flat tire. Planting In Spring Once the 30 days are complete, it s time to plant the cold stratified Milkweed asclepias seeds. Even tough they require a cold stratification period, I did an experiment to see if they would germinate without it. Source: https://parvenu.ru/cannabis-growing-a-hundred-and-one-how-to-germinate-weed-seeds/

' src=

by abyssinian kittens for sale chicago

Remarkable issues here. I am very happy to look your article.

Thank you so much and I’m having a look ahead to contact you. Will you please drop me a mail?

https://smlstroi.ru

' src=

In addition, dense weed stands for example, a sod of smooth crabgrass or other grass weed seedlings can interfere with the efficacy of cultivation implements in severing or uprooting weeds Mohler, 2001b. On the other hand, weed and feed is applied all over the lawn, even in healthy areas where no weeds exist. Organic growers will use some kinds of soil every time inside or out. Source: https://alameralibrary.site/19-finest-hashish-seed-banks-that-ship-to-the-usa-respected-corporations-reviewed-2022/

https://1referats.ru

' src=

, Sixth Floor Washington, DC 20531 202 616 1152. It can take around 2-10 days for seed germination to occur. Half-fill a glass or bowl with water that is approximately 22 C 71 F. Source: https://myvlog.site/weed-seeds-this-fall-means-extra-weeds-next-spring/

' src=

by oriental genius cat

Hello, i believe that i noticed you visited my web site thus i got here to return the choose?.I am trying to to find issues to improve my site!I suppose its good enough to use some of your ideas!!

https://stroiotdel36.ru

' src=

A late flowering plant will generally have enjoyed more time for veg growth, so you may be able to look forward to a heavier harvest. Green Crack Punch Fast, Beginner-friendly Sativa. The Spruce Marty Baldwin Lambsquarters is a fast-growing broadleaf annual plant with seeds that are small and light enough to be blown by the wind over short distances. Source: https://log.concept2.com/profile/2060885

' src=

Growing a marijuana plant is a patient but rewarding process, so it is best to ensure you get the best yield by identifying and removing male plants from your crops and taking care of your female plants to ensure nice healthy plants with juicy nugs. Results The emergence patterns of the four species were described in an earlier article see emergence patterns. Cannabis seedling stage 2-3 weeks. Source: https://log.concept2.com/profile/2060885

' src=

Auto-flowering seeds are even more beneficial when growing indoors. Uniquely, hermaphroditic inflorescences produced seeds which gave rise only to genetically female plants. The flavor of dill leaves is similar to that of parsley and anise with notes of lemon. Source: https://forum.reallusion.com/users/3130507/links2

' src=

by mobile phone repair store

Mobile phone repair shop Birsbane – Gadget Kings PRS phones & MacBook services Shop 4/28 Elizabeth St Acacia Ridge QLD 4110 Australia +61433660451 mobile phone repair store

' src=

While both types of seeds offer their own unique benefits, there are some critical differences between them that you should be aware of. The embryonic seed has contains all the nutrition and energy it needs for the first 2-3 days of growth think bean sprouts. Whether you plan on growing indoors or outdoors, from seeds or from clones, there s a lot to consider. Source: https://www.myvipon.com/post/795286/effects-sativa-creativity-amazon-coupons

' src=

Moreover, it s important to lollipop the plant once a week before the buds have formed usually before week 4 of the flowering stage to redirect the plant s energy towards the upper canopy where the buds are developing. Don t get us wrong, Biscotti might not be the hardest to cultivate, but a beginner might just be a little overwhelmed. As long as the roots haven t begun to engulf the bottom half of the wool block, they will seek out water and nutrients in their new surroundings and continue to grow downwards. Source: https://business.lewisvillechamber.org/list/member/kitty-dicki-12533

https://referatochkin.ru

' src=

The Perfect Humidity and Temperature for Your Autos. Each one already has a hole made for a single seed. S Garden of Green Geist Grow Genetics Genehtik Seeds GG Genetics Gooeybreeder Seeds GrandDaddy Purple Seeds Grass O Matic Seeds Grateful Seeds. Source: https://www.movieforums.com/community/showthread.php?t=67586&page=2

' src=

LST is also beneficial in spreading out the branches, allowing for more light exposure and an even canopy. These seeds come from large-scale industrial cannabis farms, where they are carefully bred and harvested to provide maximum yields of cannabis. A The award here goes to the seed banks that have built a great reputation for delivering high-quality seeds Seedsman, Crop King Seeds, and Amsterdam Marijuana Seeds. Source: https://pitchwall.co/user/ismael21

' src=

by zxyce.com

A motivating discussion is definitely worth comment. I do believe that you need to write more about this issue, it might not be a taboo matter but typically people don’t speak about these subjects. To the next! All the best!!

' src=

by http://media.koma.or.id/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=chapmanlundsgaard2

Loving the information on this site, you have done great job on the articles.

' src=

by https://maps.google.gg/url?q=https://coincoach.ca/members/currincurrin7/activity/1361478/

What’s up, every time i used to check web site posts here in the early hours in the break of day, because i enjoy to gain knowledge of more and more.

' src=

by https://k12.instructure.com/eportfolios/479611/Home/Best_Medical_Marijuana_Plants_For_Patients_On_The_Budget

Excellent way of explaining, and nice piece of writing to obtain data concerning my presentation focus, which i am going to present in academy.

' src=

by www.google.pl

Some times its a pain in the ass to read what people wrote but this internet site is really user pleasant!

' src=

by machine learning

Valuable info. Lucky me I discovered your web site by chance, and I am shocked why this twist of fate did not happened earlier! I bookmarked it.

' src=

You don t want to overpay for seeds. All of this is complemented with growing guides to take you through germination to harvest if you re coming in a tad green. As a result, they are perfect for growers producing smokable CBD flowers or cannabinoid hemp extracts such as vape cartridges, topicals, and edibles. Source: https://taz.de/!ku136017/

' src=

by intensedebate.com

Wohh exactly what I was looking for, thanks for putting up.

' src=

Heya i am for the first time here. I found this board and I find It really useful & it helped me out a lot. I hope to give something back and help others like you helped me.

' src=

by bookmark4you.win

I likewise conceive thence, perfectly indited post!

' src=

by https://ctxt.io/2/AABQphNYEQ

Some times its a pain in the ass to read what website owners wrote but this site is very user pleasant!

' src=

by online reviews

I likewise conceive so, perfectly composed post!

' src=

by https://www.cspanet.com/

Great post.Never knew this, regards for letting me know.

' src=

by deltaetaomega1946.org

I likewise believe so, perfectly written post!

' src=

Built-in water pump. Slow international shipping Strains have few reviews overall. Immature seeds will easily crack or crumble while qualitative cannabis seeds won t damage. Source: http://www.chockstone.org/forum/forum.asp?action=profile&username=pidorok3

' src=

I needed to thank you for this very good read!! I certainly enjoyed every bit of it. I have got you bookmarked to check out new things you post?

' src=

by https://www.medflyfish.com/index.php?action=profile;area=forumprofile;u=3046431

I need to to thank you for this excellent read!! I certainly enjoyed every little bit of it. I’ve got you saved as a favorite to check out new stuff you post?

' src=

by www.tumblr.com

I besides think thus, perfectly pent post!

' src=

Germination Ease Stratify 4 Weeks. While not as impressive, we also offer Green Crack autoflower seeds, if you don t care as much about the sights of tall trees and just want to try her amazing, uplifting buds as soon as possible. Marijuana is a hardy plant that can grow in a wide range of climates, in greenhouses or indoors all year round. Source: https://www.phraseum.com/user/28598

' src=

by http://95.179.246.231/user/riddlekendall7

This site certainly has all the information I wanted concerning this subject and didn?t know who to ask.

' src=

by BlackIcebergFan#genrandom[Tuwaxelezafybi,2,5]

Discover the powerful flavor of black iceberg . A favorite for snus aficionados!

' src=

by http://mlmoli.net/

Some times its a pain in the ass to read what website owners wrote but this internet site is rattling user pleasant!

' src=

by google.com.pk

Your means of telling everything in this piece of writing is actually fastidious, all be able to without difficulty be aware of it, Thanks a lot.

' src=

If you are growing in hydroponics or coco fibre you may already be carefully using very light nutrients on young seedlings. syringae pv. Top 6 Cannabis Strains That Are Easy To Grow. Source: https://www.pexels.com/@baron-cummerata-709220117/

' src=

by https://zhu-somerville.technetbloggers.de

This excellent website truly has all of the information I wanted concerning this subject and didn?t know who to ask.

' src=

by https://www.google.dm/url?q=https://maellaskin.net

I too think thus, perfectly pent post!

' src=

by https://u.to

I needed to thank you for this very good read!! I absolutely loved every bit of it. I have got you book marked to check out new things you post?

' src=

In the present study, we observed spontaneous formation of hermaphroditic flowers on 5 10 of plants of three different strains of marijuana grown indoors under commercial conditions. Here is what it looks like up close. You don t attract these guys partnerships by being underhand and untrustworthy. Source: https://www.pexels.com/@baron-cummerata-709220117/

' src=

by https://writeablog.net/

Valuable info. Fortunate me I found your web site accidentally, and I’m surprised why this coincidence didn’t happened earlier! I bookmarked it.

' src=

by Http://Czxawb.cn

Hi there, every time i used to check blog posts here in the early hours in the daylight, because i enjoy to learn more and more. http://Czxawb.cn/comment/html/?78648.html

' src=

Excellent way of explaining, and pleasant paragraph to take information on the topic of my presentation topic, which i am going to present in academy.

' src=

by click4r.com

Good way of explaining, and good piece of writing to obtain facts concerning my presentation subject matter, which i am going to deliver in university.

' src=

by kitten for sale ct

It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d definitely donate to this excellent blog! I guess for now i’ll settle for book-marking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to brand new updates and will share this site with my Facebook group. Chat soon!

' src=

I besides conceive hence, perfectly composed post!

' src=

I do trust all the ideas you have presented to your post. They’re really convincing and will definitely work. Nonetheless, the posts are very short for beginners. May you please lengthen them a little from next time? Thank you for the post.

' src=

by etextpad.com

Hi, constantly i used to check website posts here in the early hours in the morning, since i like to gain knowledge of more and more.

' src=

by www.linkagogo.com

I will immediately clutch your rss as I can not find your e-mail subscription link or newsletter service.

Do you’ve any? Please let me recognise in order that I may just subscribe.

' src=

by Sidneyscarm

Harvesting cannabis buds is a delicate process that requires patience and attention to detail. Once dry, you can trim them and store them in airtight containers. The value of minimum water potential for the germination of S. Source: https://4portfolio.ru/user/links2-glavcrowd-com/autoflowering-cannabis-defined-and-explained

' src=

by independent.academia.edu

I am continuously browsing online for ideas that can facilitate me. Thank you!

' src=

by controlc.com

Loving the information on this website, you have done outstanding job on the content.

' src=

by http://voprosi-otveti.ru/user/schwartz94denton

This web site certainly has all the information I needed concerning this subject and didn?t know who to ask.

https://tmt-dom.ru

' src=

You can expect a short, squat plant. Usually, you ll have your marijuana seeds at your doorstep within a week of ordering. Weed and feed contains 2,4-D, which has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, decreased fertility, and congenital disabilities among families that use it. Source: https://bresdel.com/blogs/355034/storing-your-cannabis-for-longevity

' src=

by phillips-bynum-2.blogbright.net

It’s impressive that you are getting ideas from this piece of writing as well as from our dialogue made at this place.

' src=

Some times its a pain in the ass to read what people wrote but this internet site is real user friendly!

' src=

by https://lacroixkold19.livejournal.com

I do agree with all of the concepts you have offered to your post. They are very convincing and can certainly work. Still, the posts are very short for starters. May you please prolong them a little from subsequent time? Thank you for the post.

' src=

by allstufftogether.com

Wohh precisely what I was searching for, appreciate it for posting.

' src=

Awesome blog! Do you have any hints for aspiring writers?

I’m planning to start my own blog soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you suggest starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m totally overwhelmed .. Any recommendations? Thanks a lot!

' src=

by www.adamsplanet.com

Wonderful post.Ne’er knew this, thank you for letting me know.

' src=

by Demo.Youtubeclone.Socialapps.tech

Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your efforts and I will be waiting for your next post thank you once again. https://Demo.Youtubeclone.Socialapps.tech/blogs/21200/24197/talla-de-cascos-para-poder-moto-en-colombia-encuentra-el-ajust

' src=

by https://businesspeopleclub.com/

Superb post.Never knew this, appreciate it for letting me know.

https://promkrovstroy.ru

' src=

by malaysia automotive college

Way cool! Some very valid points! I appreciate you penning this article and also the rest of the site is also very good.

' src=

It’s wonderful that you are getting thoughts from this post as well as from our discussion made at this time.

' src=

by maps.google.ae

I’ll immediately grab your rss feed as I can’t to find your e-mail subscription hyperlink or e-newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Kindly allow me realize so that I may subscribe. Thanks.

' src=

by Call Girls in Nairobi CBD

you are in point of fact a just right webmaster. The web site loading speed is amazing. It seems that you’re doing any unique trick.

Also, The contents are masterwork. you’ve done a excellent task in this subject!

' src=

by mangaowl

I think this is one of the most important information for me. And i am glad reading your article. But wanna remark on few general things, The site style is great, the articles is really excellent : D. Good job, cheers

' src=

by https://diigo.com/0tscqp

Excellent way of describing, and nice article to take facts on the topic of my presentation subject matter, which i am going to convey in school.

' src=

Good way of describing, and nice post to obtain data on the topic of my presentation focus, which i am going to present in university.

' src=

by imvo.org

I’ll immediately grasp your rss as I can not in finding your email subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Please let me realize in order that I may just subscribe. Thanks.

' src=

I wanted to thank you for this wonderful read!! I absolutely loved every little bit of it. I have you book-marked to look at new things you post?

' src=

Your method of telling all in this piece of writing is really good, all be capable of effortlessly be aware of it, Thanks a lot.

' src=

by https://images.google.com.pa/

Superb post.Ne’er knew this, appreciate it for letting me know.

' src=

You made some decent points there. I looked on the web to find out more about the issue and found most people will go along with your views on this web site.

' src=

by "https://deadreckoninggame.com/index.php/Nikotiinipussi_Makuja:_Laajasta_Valikoimastamme_Lydt_Tydellisen_Makuelmyksen

Hi there excellent blog! Does running a blog such as this take a lot of work? I have virtually no expertise in programming but I was hoping to start my own blog soon. Anyways, should you have any recommendations or techniques for new blog owners please share. I understand this is off topic nevertheless I simply needed to ask. Thanks!

Feel free to visit my blog post; “https://infodin.com.br/index.php/User:TroyPoh79507

' src=

by pablo snus

I read this article fully on the topic of the difference of newest and earlier technologies, it’s remarkable article.

Also visit my web site :: pablo snus

' src=

by smartsolar water heater

What’s up Dear, are you really visiting this web page daily, if so after that you will without doubt obtain fastidious know-how.

' src=

by https://Telugusaahityam.com/User:Anitra11R2

Its like you learn my mind! You seem to understand a lot approximately this, like you wrote the e book in it or something. I believe that you simply could do with some percent to pressure the message home a bit, but instead of that, this is fantastic blog. A fantastic read. I’ll certainly be back. https://Telugusaahityam.com/User:Anitra11R2

' src=

by Masage in Nairobi

Spot on with this write-up, I honestly think this website needs a great deal more attention. I’ll probably be returning to read through more, thanks for the info!

' src=

by Ralphdum

Golden Nugget Casino is a popular online casino that operates in several gambling state already. Top 3 online casino referral bonuses. The symbol you are looking for is the Fu Bat Jackpot this can help you towards one of no fewer than four progressive jackpots available in the game. Source: https://www.hackerrank.com/principles-of-plinko-game-design

' src=

by thai seafood restaurant bukit bintang

Your style is unique in comparison to other folks I’ve read stuff from. Thanks for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I’ll just book mark this page.

' src=

by car battery delivery shop

I was wondering if you ever considered changing the layout of your site?

Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or 2 images. Maybe you could space it out better?

' src=

Good post.Ne’er knew this, thanks for letting me know.

' src=

Team members with direct or indirect supporting roles for PlayLive. This is why we ve only included online casinos that excel in this area. Moreover, you ll likely also have to meet those requirements within a specific time frame before being able to withdraw any winnings. Source: https://telegra.ph/Introduction-to-Plinko-game-09-12

' src=

by ClintonIcoff

Feel the rush. Most online casinos have minimum withdrawal limits you have to meet before taking out funds from your account. The bonus is available only to players that made a deposit of 100 in the last 7 days. Source: https://topgradeapp.com/lesson/plinko-gambling

' src=

Baccarat Live 11AM-3AM Baccarat. Money Train 98 RTP Money Train slot has an almost endless bonus game, which is a super way to win real money. These points will earn you tier-based rewards. Source: https://blog.she.com/jayce92/2023/09/12/play-plinko-and-win-big/

' src=

by Edmondlef

It is an android-based game which is a kind of gift for gamers because through this game many have earned a handsome amount of money and now it is your turn. 32Red Casino sign up offer. Borgata Online Play Card Enroll and receive a prepaid card with which you can make your deposit. Source: https://feedback.bistudio.com/dashboard/arrange/3251/

' src=

Are Free Spins Worth it. Also, you ll receive bonuses for your combined second, third, and fourth deposits. What is a No Deposit Bonus. Source: https://www.bigoven.com/recipe/plinko-cocktail/3041804

' src=

by GarlandFloor

Join the sphinx, tour the pyramids and walk like an egyptian, with great games such as Radiant Scarab Slot, Glorious Egypt Slot and Purrymid Prince Slot. Whether you love playing poker, table games, or slot machines, this platform is sure to have something for you. Moving around is better, but you must set a loss limit at one machine and switch to the next once you reach that limit. Source: https://pixeljoint.com/pixelart/153368.htm

' src=

Depending on the casino and the offer, no deposit free spins might range from 10 to 50 spins. New sign-ups can redeem 100 free spins over their first 10 days with the site. Lower RTP games, might not win as often, however, they usually larger payouts less of the time. Source: https://foro.turismo.org/analyzing-plinko-board-s-structure-t105880

' src=

by Michaelgal

We also ensured to pick the fastest withdrawal casinos for our readers. Keep in mind that online casino players can use as many online casinos as they d like, but taking that first step means selecting at least one. Deposit 20 Third Deposit 50 up to 75 Min. Source: https://factr.com/u/fabian-bechtelar/plinko-rules

' src=

Caesars Casino legal states. This online gambling site is owned by Lynton Limited. One thing that attracts players to Red Dog the most is its 225 welcome bonus. Source: http://www.fanart-central.net/user/Cathy46/blogs/19989/Plinko-Website

' src=

by ManuelFlise

You earn points as you play and this creates opportunities for you to get bonuses and promotions that are dedicated to VIP members. Juwa 777 Online Casino Login – All Steps. Once you visit mohegansuncasino. Source: https://strainprint.ca/community/forums/question/designing-a-custom-plinko-board/

' src=

by http://Www.outsourcing.sbm.pw

This is my first time go to see at here and i am truly happy to read everthing at one place. http://Www.outsourcing.sbm.pw/out/la-bouticaire-163/

' src=

To participate in this promotion, patrons must. Visit Bally Casino. Red Dog was our 1 pick this time around, but we have 17 other real money online casinos we d definitely recommend. Source: https://lookingforclan.com/clans/history-of-plinko

' src=

by Bobbypen

Apple and an additional citations for real free money casino bonuses are designed to withdraw real money during the original. 7 days to claim offer and deposit a min of 10 with a further 7 days to wager 35x. We don t think you should be charged for depositing and withdrawing your funds, so we don t charge a dime. Source: https://tuservermu.com.ve/index.php?topic=59392.0

' src=

by international school in kuala lumpur and selangor

Just desire to say your article is as astonishing. The clarity to your publish is simply excellent and i can suppose you’re knowledgeable on this subject. Fine with your permission allow me to grab your feed to stay updated with approaching post. Thank you one million and please carry on the rewarding work.

' src=

by luxury car rental malaysia

Thank you, I have just been searching for info approximately this topic for a long time and yours is the best I’ve found out till now. However, what in regards to the conclusion? Are you positive concerning the supply?

' src=

by koltsa_lix

' src=

by https://amzfutbol.com/all-sport-live

Hi there, I want to subscribe for this web site to get latest updates, thus where can i do it please help.

' src=

by https://tv.2sport.tv/

I just like the valuable information you provide on your articles. I will bookmark your blog and check again right here regularly. I am somewhat certain I’ll be informed a lot of new stuff proper here! Good luck for the following!

' src=

by heater solar

I like what you guys tend to be up too. Such clever work and reporting! Keep up the wonderful works guys I’ve included you guys to my personal blogroll.

' src=

by Michaelspima

Receive FREE REWARDS for levelling up, completing achievements, placing at the top of our slots leaderboards, and playing every day. only, we work hard to make sure that we offer a variety of games that our guests will recognize from when they visit one or more of our brick mortar casinos. Knowing this, let s look at what are the best real money slots you should play online. Source: https://theplinko.weebly.com/blog/real-money-prizes-await

' src=

You re just a few steps away from adding dozens of free slots for fun to your day. Which online casinos are the best for me to play at. Look for online casinos with a wide variety of casino games on their platform. Source: https://ma-planete.com/forums/display_topic/id_6611/Entertain-clients-with-Plinko/

' src=

by GregoryEteby

You need to bet with the credit and then some before those funds become available to you. Use Bonus Code NJCASPLAY. This well-known casino brand is a staple of Atlantic City, and its online presence is strong in New Jersey. Source: https://plinko-online-store.company.site/products/Plinko-Rules-How-to-Play-and-Win-on-The-Price-Is-Right-p587616388

' src=

El Royale Best for High Rollers. Hover over various titles for details on each game, or click on the Join Now or Demo Play buttons to dive right into some action. You can access the live casino games through both your desktop and mobile device. Source: https://audie-s-site-bc12.thinkific.com/pages/the-price-is-right-s-plinko-a-fan-favorite-game

' src=

by Escorts in Mombasa

I don’t even know how I finished up right here, but I assumed this put up was once good. I do not recognize who you might be however definitely you are going to a well-known blogger for those who aren’t already. Cheers!

' src=

by Robertcen

Once you ve verified your account and accumulated at least 100 Sweeps Coins, it s super easy to redeem these for cash prizes and get them sent directly to your bank account or via gift card. Download the Casinoverse Mobile App on Google Play Store or Apple App Store, or play on your desktop at WindCreekCasino. At the time of writing, maximum payouts for lucky players can exceed 13. Source: https://theplinko.hashnode.dev/behind-the-bounce-exploring-the-plinko-game

' src=

Wagering requirements apply 35x. Of all the casino sites, Red Dog has one of the most superior customer care services. Being absolutely user-friendly,Riverslot games take players into the world of true adventures. Source: https://theplinko.hashnode.dev/behind-the-bounce-exploring-the-plinko-game

' src=

by https://yeahscore.com/sport/football-1

Hi this is somewhat of off topic but I was wondering if blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML.

I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding knowledge so I wanted to get guidance from someone with experience. Any help would be enormously appreciated!

' src=

Customers can win real cash with NJ regulated casinos and their selection of games when they play poker game or cards. 21Bit Casino 20 Free Spins on Elvis Frog in Vegas. Right away you will notice that Zone games are much different from online casino games. Source: https://pbase.com/harry48/image/173976731

' src=

Most cashback bonuses have short timelines, so rather than drawing out the winning or losing across the whole bonus period, you can win or lose immediately. Explore our June Specials by visiting our website. Launch your iGaming business with SOFTSWISS. Source: https://telegra.ph/Satbet—Your-Ultimate-Guide-to-Online-Betting-09-17

' src=

They were quick to respond and sent me a bonus anyway. The best part. 5 billion to jumpstart its iGaming creation capabilities. Source: https://lessons.drawspace.com/post/484049/satbet-your-ultimate-guide-to-online-betting

' src=

This offer provides a great opportunity for players to boost their bankroll and try out BetMGM s impressive selection of games. ONLINE CASINO GAMING FAQ S. The line-up of games is ever-changing, but one thing doesn t change is the dizzying array of choices and the pulse-racing fun playing your favorite games online offers. Source: https://minecraftcommand.science/forum/general/topics/satbet-the-ultimate-betting-platform-for-sports-enthusiasts

' src=

Some of them already offer social casino gaming and play for fun games on their online casino app. Online Michigan casino Soaring Eagle currently offers a mobile app for iOS devices. Your free spins must be used in 48 hours. Source: https://www.bigoven.com/recipe/satbet-cocktail/3042828

' src=

Enter your first name, last name, date of birth, mobile phone number, and last four digits of your Social Security Number. Spins expire after 24 hours if unused. Find these features on the reels for some extra excitement and added ways to win. Source: https://my.cbn.com/pg/groups/17461817/what-is-satbet-and-how-to-get-started-a-comprehensive-guide/

' src=

by range rover repair

Link exchange is nothing else but it is just placing the other person’s web site link on your page at appropriate place and other person will also do similar in support of you.

' src=

by link slot gacor

My family members every time say that I am killing my time here at web, except I know I am getting knowledge all the time by reading such good content.

' src=

by am dr label

Right away I am going to do my breakfast, afterward having my breakfast coming again to read other news.

' src=

by security electric fence

This design is steller! You definitely know how to keep a reader amused. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Wonderful job.

I really loved what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool!

' src=

The graphics as well as visuals you’ve included truly boost the post. It is actually a pleasure to review such a well-balanced article.

Here is my site: Cheap auto insurance

' src=

10,000 Free Coins. Bovada Casino is a top choice for online gamblers in the US because it cares about player safety, responsible gambling, and customer satisfaction. What types of games are available at the best UK casinos. Source: https://www.hackerrank.com/a-comprehensive-guide-on-melbet-everything-you-need-to-know

' src=

I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz answer back as I’m looking to create my own blog and would like to know where u got this from. many thanks

my blog pablo snus

' src=

With just a few taps on my phone, I can easily navigate the casino floor and find my favorite slot machines and table games. This is because bonus spins also give you the chance to win large prizes in a short period of time. Some free spin rounds offer a chance to earn even more free spins, multipliers, and even better chances to win. Source: https://www.haikudeck.com/why-choose-melbet-uncategorized-presentation-4b1021563f

' src=

Account levels are clear and easy to manage. Games Provided by USA Casinos No Deposit. For example, DraftKings Casino in Pennsylvania and DraftKings Casino in West Virginia have some differences in their catalogs. Source: https://getfoureyes.com/s/0EcCm/

' src=

Most cashback bonuses have short timelines, so rather than drawing out the winning or losing across the whole bonus period, you can win or lose immediately. Every single transaction takes place within the game, with no real money required. Many of the top US online casinos with no deposit welcome bonus give you points based on the amount you wager. Source: https://topgradeapp.com/lesson/melbet-a-reliable-and-secure-online-betting-and-gambling-platform-for-a-seamless-experience

' src=

We usually offer several of these promotions at a time one targeted at new players, one for the game of the week and one for the game of the month. Some of the popular game a include Diamond Dreams, Gold Diggers, A Night in Paris, Tycoons, Pinocchio and Greedy Goblins. Bethany H Reviewer and Columnist. Source: https://www.bigoven.com/recipe/melbet-cocktail/3043108

' src=

Once registration is complete, customers should read the bonus terms to ensure they are favourable, and then make a deposit if required, in order to take full advantage of the bonuses offered upon sign up. Playing with us is more than just gaming with a recognizable name; it is about a signature experience that only Bally s can provide. The site features a clean and modern design, with an intuitive interface that is easy to navigate. Source: https://fubar.com/bulletins.php?b=2732537816

' src=

SOFTWARE BETSOFT, TANGENTE GAMES 325 RELOADS IRREGULAR MORE INFO READ REVIEW. Sit tight and wait for the casino to verify the payment. The number of online casino players worldwide is estimated to be around 60 million. Source: https://py.checkio.org/class/discover-the-thrilling-universe-of-online-gambling-with-melbet/

' src=

BetMGM Casino – Get 100 with Code GAMBLINGCOM100. Let s discuss some of the reasons why online casinos are superior. Las Atlantis online casino also offers new game promos and special bonuses for its loyal players. Source: https://forum.fakeidvendors.com/post/kiokkcv830

' src=

by kovry_Dep

https://detskie-kovry-1.ru/

' src=

The site features a clean and modern design, with an intuitive interface that is easy to navigate. This incredible 98 pay real money slot has bonus games that can boost your wins to 800x your stake. Don t worry, we have all the information right here in this section of the review. Source: https://www.dental-campus.com/Forum/Thread/4-upcoming-events-and-general-inquiries/353-melbet-an-in-depth-analysis-of-the-high-demand-online-betting-platform

' src=

This place is geared towards slots and fully supports cryptocurrency banking. Party Casino offers new players a generous welcome bonus of 100 up to 1,000 and 25 bonus spins on their first deposit. Free Spins Offered 100. Source: https://factr.com/u/fabian-bechtelar/melbetultimate-betting-experience

' src=

When dealing with those online casinos that offer poker and sports-betting too, do I have to make a separate account for each type of gambling I want to do. 50 spins on starburst – 40x wagering applies to spins. When you make your first deposit, you will get a 100 match up to 1,000 for online casino games and another 100 match usable on Ignition s poker tables. Source: https://publishwall.si/Uporabnik249/qpost/316104

' src=

When reviewing the security and trust of New Jersey online casinos, we consider a range of factors. We teach you the ins and outs of this popular game. The USA has dozens of online casinos available to play real money games. Source: https://becomingias.com/forum-2/topic/a-comprehensive-guide-to-understanding-melbet-explore-its-enticing-bonuses-diverse-betting-options-and-exclusive-features/

' src=

But unlicensed operations face a list of potential consequences. The 100 bet credit will be awarded within 24 hours of the first qualifying wager being settled. Source The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Gambling , Edited by Leighton Vaughan Williams and Donald S. Source: https://www.ekademia.pl/@zacharyjakubowski/post/an-in-depth-look-at-melbet-your-ultimate-guide-to-the-melbet-betting-platform

' src=

by Outdoor Warning System

Hi to every one, it’s truly a pleasant for me to pay a quick visit this site, it consists of useful Information.

' src=

The amount you can withdraw will change depending on the casino you are at and your banking method. Borgata s iOS version on the App Store ranks 127 in Casino Apps with an average score of 4. Two new Live. Source: https://tuservermu.com.ve/index.php?topic=59472.0

' src=

by airport limo KLIA

Good day! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this website? I’m getting sick and tired of WordPress because I’ve had issues with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be awesome if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

' src=

This offer is not available for players residing in Ontario. You can find all the gritty details you need to know about each of the signup bonuses we described above. iRush Rewards has up to ten different tiers that players can achieve plus an invite-only Elite Level. Source: https://bookshop.org/wishlists/6444b3883ddcf6d563d23e4d7f3183aa00b72bc4

' src=

While slots are the main draw of Chumba Casino, the site also has a page to play games on the casino tables, including Blackjack and Jacks or Better. If you provide content to customers through CloudFront, you can find steps to troubleshoot and help prevent this error by reviewing the CloudFront documentation. Navigating the site can be tricky Doesn t allow crypto betting. Source: https://audie-s-site-bc12.thinkific.com/pages/melbet-the-best-all-in-one-platform-for-sports-betting-and-casino-games

' src=

by tektok777

Great weblog here! Additionally your web site a lot up fast! What host are you using? Can I am getting your affiliate link to your host? I wish my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol

' src=

We considered five key factors in ranking no deposit casinos. Maximum withdraw the operation since it s more enjoyable online slots, we re here at leovegas success. Wild Casino accepts all the major credit cards, cryptocurrencies, and e-wallets. Source: https://support.zabbix.com/browse/ZBX-23425

' src=

by "https://w.ocmjerez.org/question/uusimmat-nikotiinipussit-nauti-makeuttomasta-vapaa-ajan-hetkestasi/

I like the helpful information you provide in your articles. I will bookmark your blog and check again here frequently. I am quite certain I will learn many new stuff right here! Best of luck for the next!

My site: “http://wira.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=70

' src=

Get 60 Free Spins on Cobra King Slot with Lion Slots Casino No Deposit Bonus Are you ready to embark on an exhilarating online casino adventure. Go straight to Caesars Online Casino and hit the Claim Your Bonus Now button. Game Quality and Variety. Source: https://m.mamul.am/en/post/1078475

' src=

When I initially commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove people from that service? Thank you! https://ewanfox.com/wiki/index.php?title=Marcel_Lacasse_Recrut%C3%83_Par_Les_Rivaux_Des_Titans

' src=

by tinted tingkap rumah

Greetings! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this website? I’m getting sick and tired of WordPress because I’ve had issues with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be fantastic if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

' src=

by tyre shop nearby

Magnificent beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your web site, how can i subscribe for a blog web site? The account helped me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast provided bright clear concept

' src=

by Sagabet88 Slot

Wow, this article is nice, my younger sister is analyzing such things, so I am going to inform her.

' src=

by togel online gacor

Ahaa, its fastidious conversation regarding this article here at this website, I have read all that, so now me also commenting here.

' src=

There are so many question marks that pop up when deciding if a site is reliable enough for you to put your money in. It s just a matter of how big they are. Please remember that our guides and all gambling sites are only for people who are 18. Source: https://www.quia.com/pages/brownj/satsport

' src=

Battle the house for the best five-card hand. Popular e-wallets like PayPal, Skrill, and Neteller let you deposit and withdraw money from online casinos quickly and easily. The App Store version of BetMGM Casino ranks 35 in the Casino category with a 4. Source: http://poster.4teachers.org/worksheet/view.php?id=184106

' src=

Drake Casino Best Overall Casino. Also notable is that the bonus comes with separate playthrough requirements for different games, such as 10x on slots and or 20x on video poker. The moment you sign up at the site, you are a VIP member. Source: https://caramellaapp.com/salligodriguez48/DmnkeeZ76/the-ultimate-guide-to-sports-and-fitness-satsport

' src=

We say this because it covers the bases pretty well and offers the most generous welcome bonus. Chumba Casino Offers and Promotions. The games are supposedly developed by FlowPlay. Source: https://lessons.drawspace.com/post/485406/the-ultimate-guide-to-sports-and-fitness-everyt

' src=

by JamesNoige

https://vystroim.com/

' src=

It comes along with a bonus passkey. Many of these games feature numerous video features and extra enhancements. Daily Casino Bonuses. Source: http://www.testadsl.net/forum/viewtopic.php?id=8656

' src=

Who Can Play at the Tropicana Online Casino. Good luck with the games. Unibet online casino offers reliable and efficient customer support services to its players. Source: https://www.billetweb.fr/satsport-your-one-stop-shop-for-all-things-sports

' src=

The casino also has strong security measures in place to ensure that all transactions are safe. There is a huge market for virtual gambling all over the world. As mentioned before, it is vital to note the terms and conditions of these bonuses, in particular the wagering requirements as these will be high if your bonus is three figures. Source: https://4portfolio.ru/user/andrewsuplinks-gmail-com/the-ultimate-destination-for-sports-enthusiasts-explore-the-world-of-sports-with-satsport

' src=

Still, you can compare the offers featured on our site and try the ones that look most attractive to you. At that price, it s the most expensive of all playable slot games. The interface combines a traditional ambient with high-quality visual art. Source: https://theplinko.weebly.com/blog/satsport-your-one-stop-destination-for-sports-enthusiasts-of-all-kinds

' src=

by www.change-Management.Dofollowlinks.org

Thank you, I have recently been looking for information approximately this subject for a while and yours is the greatest I have found out so far. But, what in regards to the conclusion? Are you positive about the supply? http://www.change-management.dofollowlinks.org/News/turbo-accesorios-9/

' src=

Just like it happens with other types of promotions, there are some terms and conditions that you must pay attention to. Some casinos actually only give you 24 hours to use a bonus. There are 18 different ways to pay, ranging from cryptocurrencies to traditional bank transfers. Source: https://www.nairaland.com/7847114/complete-satsport-guide-sports-training

' src=

Are there any system requirements to play Bally Casino s games. 18 BeGambleAware. It is popular because of its excellent portfolio games. Source: https://satsporttheultimateguidetoathl.splashthat.com

' src=

There tends to be a minimum deposit amount attached to these types of offers. Wager 20 on any slots Get up to 200 Free Spins on Book of Dead. Winnings won with spins that require deposit, have to be wagered 35x. Source: https://www.are.na/block/23730442

' src=

Diamond Reels. More on Pala Casino. The reason for this is that all legal, regulated gambling in the US is legal on the state level. Source: http://poster.4teachers.org/worksheet/view.php?id=184106

' src=

Just enjoy the treats that the casino gives out to you. There are around 140 or more slot machines, the more popular ones being A Day at the Derby, Atlantic Treasures, Caesar s Triumph, Dragons, Gold Rush, etc. It s not uncommon to see plenty of other options including Ultimate Texas Hold em, Three Card Poker, Casino Hold em, Mississippi Stud, and more. Source: https://www.hackerrank.com/a-comprehensive-guide-to-satsport

' src=

by malaysia solar water heater

Yes! Finally someone writes about solar water heater.

' src=

On the screen shot below, you can see the number was left at 50, and therefore you had even odds for 50 Over compared to 50 Under. Remember that 1 Sweeps Coin can be redeemed for US 1, so the minimum redemption will be US 100. Customers can win real cash with NJ regulated casinos and their selection of games when they play poker game or cards. Source: https://my.cbn.com/pg/groups/17462841/get-the-ultimate-guide-to-sports-and-fitness-with-satsport-everything-you-need-to-know/

' src=

net youtube. Visit Virgin Casino. El Royale Casino mainly caters to high rollers by giving large bonuses on bigger deposits. Source: https://community.wongcw.com/blogs/575246/The-Complete-Guide-to-Optimizing-Sports-Performance-with-Satsport

' src=

by electric security fence for house

If you are going for most excellent contents like I do, simply pay a visit this web site everyday for the reason that it presents feature contents, thanks

' src=

Gold Coins are just for fun, and are not transferable for other prizes. The first option is a 100 first deposit match up to 2,000 with a 15x wagering requirement. 150 withdrawal minimum. Source: https://www.myvipon.com/post/804710/Your-Shop-for-All-Things-Sports-amazon-coupons

' src=

BonusFinder is an independent online casino comparison website with affiliate links. You can see the screenshot below, but here is how it works. MrQ has the highest payout rate for UK players with an RTP of 99. Source: https://feedback.bistudio.com/dashboard/arrange/3327/

' src=

The games library at Ignition comes from reputable gaming software developers such as Real Time Gaming, Rival, and Revolver Gaming. Our firsthand experience found the phone line to be the next best option, with email being the third. Agua Caliente Rancho Mirage sets the standard for luxury with its winning casino floor, incredible outdoor pools, a five-star spa and acclaimed hotel. Source: https://pledgeit.org/ultimate-sports-experience-with-satsport

' src=

The Vic Get up to 200 in bonuses 100 free spins 50x 3. We d love to see them. You can email the support team or contact the customer service on live chat or call them on phone numbers. Source: https://pledgeit.org/ultimate-sports-experience-with-satsport

' src=

Once juwa online is installed, you can start playing your favorite slot games it s that simple. Bonuses and offers. As you scroll down, you ll see the game s categories. Source: https://factr.com/u/fabian-bechtelar/satsport-the-definitive-guide-to-sports

' src=

by IlmarArtBip

Avastage ilmar kimm ainulaadset kunstistiili ja loomingut.

' src=

Click here to join BetMGM Ohio, and get a first bet offer worth up to 1,000 on your opening wager. Online Baccarat. You can read the full Tropicana Casino bonus and promo terms and conditions here. Source: http://www.fanart-central.net/user/Cathy46/blogs/20024/Master-Your-Fitness-and-Performance-with-Satsport-The-Definitive-Guide

' src=

by solar heater

Wow, superb weblog layout! How long have you been blogging for? you make running a blog glance easy. The overall glance of your web site is great, let alone the content material!

' src=

SlotoCash Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes 16 Free. Choose the payment method that s most convenient for you and ensure that the payment process is secure. As part of evaluating a site based on its software, I also take a look at the RTP also referred to as payout percentage or return to player of individual games offered by these provider especially if the games don t come from well-known software developers like Real Time Gaming or Rival Gaming. Source: https://www.chat-fr.org/evenements/viewevent/2906-the-satsport-ultimate-guide-everything-you-need-to-know-about-sports

' src=

Any stake wagered on table games, live dealer, or video poker will only contribute 10 towards the requirements. It is important to gamble only what you can afford to lose and to play responsibly. This section will dive into each of the game categories available at Pala Casino and explore what it has to offer. Source: https://wowgilden.net/forum-topic_439623.html

' src=

Users can take advantage of online casino games and features right in the DraftKings Sportsbook app. You ll find that Ignition makes good use of its 13 game providers. Essentially, when they register as a new player and claim a no deposit welcome promo, they can start off at said casino with a couple of spins on the house or a free chip, in some cases. Source: https://www.adflyforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=135526

' src=

Essentially, you will get a unique link that you can send to someone. 5- Red Dog Casino – 100 Free Spins Bonus For Cash Bandit. William Hill. Source: https://ma-planete.com/forums/display_topic/id_6727/Achieve-Fitness-Goals-Effortlessly-and-Enjoyably-with-Satsport—Your-Perfect-Fitness-Buddy/

' src=

This is because bonus spins also give you the chance to win large prizes in a short period of time. Wagering requirements and withdrawal limits can seem unfair to players, but there is a very good reason for them. Rush Street Interactive, the owner of SugarHouse Casino and Rivers Casino , plans to debut their online casino platforms on July 15th as well. Source: https://audie-s-site-bc12.thinkific.com/pages/discover-why-satsport-is-the-ideal-online-platform-for-devoted-sports-fans

' src=

BetUS Casino Drawbacks You have to sign up to play their free games. Get up 200 spins. The variety is unmatched, with slots from IGT, NetEnt, DGC, Everi, AGS, Novomatic, High5, Konami, and other studios. Source: https://www.nairaland.com/7847114/complete-satsport-guide-sports-training

' src=

Make sure to claim one of these when you make your first deposit. That s a decent reward and one that should give you more than enough ammunition to try its 500 real-money online casino games. Ted Megaways. Source: https://m.mamul.am/en/post/1079454

' src=

by kedai tayar near me

Pretty section of content. I just stumbled upon your web site and in accession capital to assert that I get in fact enjoyed account your blog posts. Anyway I will be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access consistently fast.

' src=

In total, there s a potential bonus of 3,750 over those 3 deposits. Over 500 Slots Available While some of its competitors might be well-known for their wide selection of online slots, BetRivers Casino offers even more players can choose from up to 500 different slot titles. Nowadays, people have more than one kind of money in their life. Source: https://rentry.co/6bevy

' src=

by Walterbiz

https://demo.ycart.kr/shopboth_flower_001/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=224386

' src=

Explore over the broad highlights of casino commissions packs for you to pick at your disposition. Just by creating an account here and verifying your email, you can claim 20 free spins no deposit necessary. Every real money wager you make will earn both Loyalty Level Points and Bonus Store Points. Source: https://www.quia.com/pages/brownj/jeetbuzz

https://imatri.net/wiki/index.php/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0

' src=

Up To 1000 Match 25 On The House. com intobrowser address bar and enjoy the overall Riverslot gaming content. Blackjack Live runs from 11AM-3AM with a live dealer though, unlike the six other games with a 0. Source: http://poster.4teachers.org/worksheet/view.php?id=184115

' src=

Well, look no further. Rita Ferreira has worked in iGaming for the past five years, having set roots in Malta, the industry s European hub. Play Age of The Gods Slot Game for Real Money. Source: http://poster.4teachers.org/worksheet/view.php?id=184115

https://mountainrootsonline.com/index.php/User:JudsonStowell37

' src=

by water pressure pump

Very energetic blog, I enjoyed that a lot. Will there be a part 2?

' src=

Soaring Eagle Online Casino Michigan Launch. Accepts US Players Yes Bonus 300 up to 1,500 Casino and Live Casino. It s also good to remember that wagers on different types of games carry different weightings. Source: https://foodle.pro/post/52336

' src=

Most online casinos offer these bonuses to get new players to sign up and try them out. Bovada s Online Casino. Play Online For Free. Source: https://imageevent.com/flgafilderman/jeetbuzz

' src=

The Zone online casino is a popular casino gambling app that is developed by FlowPlay. Lucky Creek Casino takes a straightforward approach to customer service. Co-founder of Stake. Source: https://yoomark.com/content/welcome-httpsjtbzzcom-jeetbuzz-bookmaker-ultimate-guide-sports-betting-whether-you-are

' src=

by RichardMep

https://wiki.darkworld.network/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B_2

' src=

Casino Builder, which offers several pre-made UX layouts created by experienced designers who know the customer journey and what players normally look for; The KYC module, which monitors payers registration and verification, and segments them by their activity. For most of our gamers, this is the most entertaining section of our site since it brings out the real casino environment to your home. Bitcoin Bonus 125 up to 1,250 x 3 3,750 Wagering Requirement 25x Non-BTC Bonus 100 up to 1,000 x 3 3,000 Reload Bonuses 50 up to 500 weekly for BTC-Exclusive members. Source: https://py.checkio.org/class/jeetbuzz-bookmaker-the-ultimate-guide-to-betting-and-sports-gambling/

https://deadreckoninggame.com/index.php/User:AimeeBillups46

' src=

com Your Browser Mozilla 5. You can play on the go by accessing the fully responsive, mobile-friendly site from your browser, on almost any device. SlotsandCasino is a top-notch gambling site that offers casino games, poker, and live dealer options. Source: https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/forum/37588

' src=

60 No Deposit Bonus at Bingo Village Casino. No maximum cash-out. Let s begin, shall we. Source: https://lookingforclan.com/clans/jeetbuzz-bookmaker-your-ultimate-guide-online-betting

http://kousokuwiki.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%92_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5

' src=

Withdrawal requests voids all active pending bonuses. We look into the payment and withdrawal methods allowed by each casino site, the speed of payouts, and the terms attached to them. Discover the bonuses and promotions offered by Slots Empire Casino. Source: https://publishwall.si/Uporabnik249/qpost/316401

' src=

Then, you ll see a section on the registration form where you can insert the promo code to activate this promotion. But of the hundreds of options out there, which are the best online casinos today. Also, keep an eye on this page, as we update the no deposit offers from UK casinos on a monthly basis. Source: https://www.chat-fr.org/evenements/viewevent/2914-discover-the-excitement-of-jeetbuzz-bookmaker-your-ultimate-betting-guide

' src=

This offer is For depositing only. These programs reward players for volume play and getting other people to sign up. Here s a quick look. Source: https://www.ekademia.pl/@zacharyjakubowski/post/jeetbuzz-bookmaker-a-comprehensive-guide-to-betting-at-jeetbuzz

' src=

All slot games have an individual RTP percentage. When choosing an online casino, here are a few examples of the aspects you should keep an eye on. Moreover, you must first make a deposit to cash out any winnings you get from the signup bonus. Source: https://ma-planete.com/forums/display_topic/id_6748/JeetBuzz-Bookmaker-Review-A-Comprehensive-Overview/

' src=

The key benefits of an online casino with a no deposit bonus are that you get to test out the site without needing to use your real money. Keep an eye on these we refresh them regularly. No Deposit Free Spins. Source: https://www.uworld.com/forum/messages.aspx?TopicID=53327

' src=

Customer Support at Borgata Casino PA. Min 1st Deposit 20. These are really one-time offers for new players. Source: https://ridelgozey80.neocities.org/jeetbuzz

' src=

Top 3 online casino referral bonuses. You can get a big welcome bonus, and enjoy all the same games that are offered at Zone. Ocean Casino – 50 Bonus Spins. Source: https://www.are.na/block/23750374

' src=

It is safe, has excellent bonuses, and satisfies all our wants as players. Once everything is verified, you ll be ready to make a deposit and play. As such, online gambling should be used for entertainment only. Source: https://discovertheexcitementofjeetbuz.splashthat.com

' src=

by AlfredNig

page sollet chrome

' src=

by RichardAcunk

Hướng Dẫn RGBET Casino: Tải App Nhận Khuyến Mãi Khủng Trang game giải trí RGBET hỗ trợ tất cả các thiết bị di động, cho phép bạn đặt cược trên điện thoại mọi lúc mọi nơi. RGBET cung cấp hàng ngàn trò chơi đa dạng và phổ biến trên toàn cầu, từ các sự kiện thể thao, thể thao điện tử, casino trực tuyến, đến đặt cược xổ số và slot quay.

Quét Mã QR và Tải Ngay Để trải nghiệm RGBET phiên bản di động, hãy quét mã QR có sẵn trên trang web chính thức của RGBET và tải ứng dụng về thiết bị của bạn. Ứng dụng RGBET không chỉ cung cấp trải nghiệm cá cược mượt mà mà còn đi kèm với nhiều khuyến mãi hấp dẫn.

Nạp Tiền Nhà Cái Đăng nhập hoặc Đăng ký Đăng nhập vào tài khoản RGBET của bạn. Nếu chưa có tài khoản, bạn cần đăng ký một tài khoản mới. Chọn Phương Thức Nạp Sau khi đăng nhập, chọn mục “Nạp tiền”. Chọn phương thức nạp tiền mà bạn muốn sử dụng (ngân hàng, momo, thẻ cào điện thoại). Điền Số Tiền và Xác Nhận Điền số tiền cần nạp vào tài khoản của bạn. Bấm xác nhận để hoàn tất giao dịch nạp tiền. Rút Tiền Từ RGBET Đăng nhập vào Tài Khoản Đăng nhập vào tài khoản RGBET của bạn. Chọn Giao Dịch Chọn mục “Giao dịch”. Chọn “Rút tiền”. Nhập Số Tiền và Xác Nhận Nhập số tiền bạn muốn rút từ tài khoản của mình. Bấm xác nhận để hoàn tất giao dịch rút tiền. Trải Nghiệm và Nhận Khuyến Mãi RGBET luôn mang đến cho người chơi những trải nghiệm tuyệt vời cùng với nhiều khuyến mãi hấp dẫn. Đừng bỏ lỡ cơ hội tham gia và nhận các ưu đãi khủng từ RGBET ngay hôm nay.

Bằng cách tải ứng dụng RGBET, bạn không chỉ có thể đặt cược mọi lúc mọi nơi mà còn có thể tận hưởng các trò chơi và dịch vụ tốt nhất từ RGBET. Hãy làm theo hướng dẫn trên để bắt đầu trải nghiệm cá cược trực tuyến tuyệt vời cùng RGBET!

Leave a comment

I agree that my submitted data is being collected and stored . *

Pakistan’s Education System: An Analysis of Education Policies and Drawbacks

Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 2: Issue I, Jan - Mar 2020

10 Pages Posted: 1 Apr 2020

Shamaila Amir

Pakistan Navy Engineering College

Nowshaba Sharf

Hamdard university, rizwan ali khan, karachi university business school.

Date Written: 2020

This paper aimed to look at present education system of Pakistan. There exists an inherent promise and intensive potential in educational policies of Pakistan for revolutionizing socio-economic change in the country through education. Pakistan since its independence in 1947 has faced the insufficient educational institutions and lack of qualified teachers which resulted in challenges of access and quality. To deal with educational problems, a number of educational policies were released. The policies came at different times, during different regimes, in with diverse policy document. They varied in their size, intention and seriousness. The existing education system in Pakistan is considered not being adequately responsive to the demand of quality education. There is a wide range of issues and concerns related to the teaching and learning setup. To improve the existing education system of Pakistan development of any strategy should give due consideration to these issues and concerns.

Keywords: Education, Literacy, Policy, Constitution, Ministry, Curriculum

JEL Classification: 100

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Shamaila Amir (Contact Author)

Pakistan navy engineering college ( email ).

Karachi Pakistan

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah Karachi Pakistan

Karachi University Karachi, Sindh Pakistan

Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN?

Paper statistics, related ejournals, political economy: government expenditures & related policies ejournal.

Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic

Labor: Human Capital eJournal

Sociology of education ejournal.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

  • We're Hiring!
  • Help Center

paper cover thumbnail

Education in Pakistan: The key issues, problems and the new challenges

Profile image of Sana Khan

2007, Journal of Management and Social …

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new challenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and ...

Related Papers

Bilal Yousaf

This study was meant to explore and report the problems being confronted by the education in Pakistan and suggest for the resolution of these problems. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political and cultural life of the nation. There is no doubt in accepting the fact that education brings about a change in the social, political and cultural scenario of the country; though the change remains slow but it does have an impact on the society at large. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a university education. All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Considering the gigantic problems of education in Pakistan, I select this topic for research.

quality of education in pakistan essay

This paper reviews the current key issues and problems in the education system of Pakistan that pose a challenge for the future growth of the country. The paper uses documentary analysis as the research methodology for data collection. The paper attempts to understand which factors have contributed to the downfall of Pakistani education system. The first part of the paper explains how the system is operated by the government. Moving on, the problems be them external or internal in nature are highlighted and it is delineated how these problems have contributed to greater social demise. The paper further looks into some solutions to the problems aforementioned and urges the government to contribute in due diligence what is required to the education system.

Dr. Z U B A I D A ZAFAR

Education is a key to political stability and socio-economic development of a nation. Unfortunately, there are diverse systems of education providing different types of education leading to stratified education system. The researchers investigated education system of Pakistan, its functioning and problems and used mixed method approach. In quantitative section researchers adopted survey method and questionnaire as tool for a sample of 210 respondents through multi-stage systematic sampling and SPSS for analysis. In qualitative part researchers used interview guide as a tool for 35 respondents (university level teaching faculty and students) and adopted Domain Analysis technique for qualitative data analysis. The results of present study indicate that education brings political stability by realizing the people their national rights and duties and thus through such awareness leads to harmony, participation and cooperation. Education shapes the personality of the people to play part i...

The Pakistan Development Review

Nadia Tahir

After six decades of its existence, Pakistan finds itself in an educational quagmire. There is not much to show in terms of national, provincial and local indicators of a standard variety. At the international level, the country has earned the notoriety of being regularly lower down on all known indices and league tables on human development, competitiveness and governance. Neglect of education lies at the heart of the problem. This is surprising because the thinking on the nature of the educational system required for the newly emerging country had started quite early. An All Pakistan Educational Conference was held on November 27, 1947 in Karachi. Education thus was the subject of the very first professional conference held in the country, bringing together all the stakeholders. The Father of the Nation set the guidelines in his detailed message: “Under foreign rule for over a century, in the very nature of things, I regret, sufficient attention has not been paid to the education ...

Saadat Rana

Pakistan is a rapidly growing economy, with a strategy of reducing poverty and generating prosperity for all through industrial development by technology up-gradation and greater export orientation. Such circumstances define the relevance of a robust education sector in Pakistan, which would allow it to meet its human resource requirements. Pakistan needs to produce more workers, technicians, supervisors, managers, and researchers. It needs to expand its education base by improving the retention rate of students at primary, secondary and tertiary levels and by establishing more educational institutions across the country. Further, the quality of education needs considerable improvement by inducting better qualified teachers, adopting better education techniques and implementing effective examination mechanisms.

intzar butt , ashiq hussain dogar , Tahir Mahmood Butt

Pakistan Education System is not according to the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. It is moulding youth in divergent matrixes that cause injustice and disappointment in society. Therefore, it a barrier in achieving the goal of national harmony and social cohesion; and also, it is one of the contributory factors in dispersing the nation from its ideals. This paper discusses the key flaw in the educational structure of Pakistan, and suggests the ways to achieve the goal of " uniform, equitable and effective system of education " through a " national education system " as ensured in the Constitution of Pakistan.

Shamaila Hasan , Eresearch Journal ISSN: 2706-8242

This paper aimed to look at present education system of Pakistan. There exists an inherent promise and intensive potential in educational policies of Pakistan for revolutionizing socioeconomic change in the country through education. Pakistan since its independence in 1947 has faced the insufficient educational institutions and lack of qualified teachers which resulted in challenges of access and quality. To deal with educational problems, a number of educational policies were released. The policies came at different times, during different regimes, in with diverse policy document. They varied in their size, intention and seriousness. The existing education system in Pakistan is considered not being adequately responsive to the demand of quality education. There is a wide range of issues and concerns related to the teaching and learning setup. To improve the existing education system of Pakistan development of any strategy should give due consideration to these issues and concerns. Introduction:

Usman Amjad

Usman Muhammad

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Ashraf Muhammad Azeem

David J Roof

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Hafsa Fayyaz

The Muslim World

Salim Mansur

muhammad qadri

sabahat mujeeb

Shenila Rawal

Journal of Higher Education and Science

Ifra Iftikhar

THE KARAKORAM

Minhaj Uddin

C. Christine Fair

Academia Letters

preeta hinduja

Dr Muhammad Ilyas Khan

Jiskia Reis

farrukh siddique

Shaheen Ashraf Tahirkheli

Dr. Anila Fatima Shakil

Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud

Sarwat Nauman

Chhajro Khalil

RELATED TOPICS

  •   We're Hiring!
  •   Help Center
  • Find new research papers in:
  • Health Sciences
  • Earth Sciences
  • Cognitive Science
  • Mathematics
  • Computer Science
  • Academia ©2024

Pakistan & Gulf Economist

  • Cover Stories
  • Stocks Analysis
  • PAGE Reports

Previous Editions

  • Archive Articles 2023
  • Archive Articles 2022
  • Archive Articles 2021
  • Archive Articles 2020
  • Archive Articles 2019
  • Archive Articles 2018

Pakistan & Gulf Economist

Education in Pakistan: problems, challenges and perspectives

Education in Pakistan: problems, challenges and perspectives

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah said and I quote:

“Education is a matter of life and death for Pakistan. The world is progressing so rapidly that without requisite advance in education, not only shall we lag behind others but maybe wiped out altogether.”

The education section of the executive summary of the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2021-22 notes: “Pakistan is committed to transform its education system into a high-quality global-market demand-driven system in accordance with Goal 4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) .” However, the reality is vastly different.

The literacy rate in Pakistan in 2021 was only 62.8%. Any gains in literacy rates over the last many years have been small, slow and marginal.

In 2021-22, we spent only 1.77% of GDP on education-related expenditure at both the federal and provincial levels. Most UN agencies recommend that the minimum expenditure on education should be 4% of GDP. In recent years, the highest percentage of GDP we have spent on education was in 2017-18, when education expenditures were raised to 2.12%. The usual argument given for lack of spending on education has always been and still is that we do not have the resources.

In Pakistan, the current literacy rate is 62.3%. In Budget 1.7% of GDP has been allocated as Education Budget which is lowest in the region. The expenditure of Rs 74,609 billion has been allocated for Tertiary Education Affairs & Services in budget 2022-23; Rs 3,786 billion for pre-primary & primary education; Rs 8,863 billion for Secondary Education Affairs and Rs 2 billion for administration. Rs 44,174 billion has been earmarked for Higher Education Commission ( HEC ) under the Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) for the year 2022-23. (Business Recorder June 11, 2022).

quality of education in pakistan essay

According to data from the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 2017-18, the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) shows Pakistan’s slow performance being ranked 129th of the 137 countries, on the Health and Primary Education related elements of competitiveness, when compared with other countries in the region like India, China, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. The structure of school education system in the public sector is depicted in Fig. below.

quality of education in pakistan essay

Figure Above: The structure of school education system in Pakistan (Pre-Primary to Higher Secondary)

Education system creates sense of responsibility among people and they come to know the methods to achieve their national, societal and personal rights and it also enhances their general consciousness needed to deliver their duties as citizens towards their Nation. Once the realization originates, people start working for the development and prosperity of their motherland in the atmosphere of trust and co-operation.

The polarization and non – unified education system has resulted into outraged political turmoil, deadly terrorism, incessant sectorial violence, social disruption, economic instability and degeneration of government system. Whether it is poverty, non-availability of jobs, security uncertainty, sectarianism or terrorism, lack of tolerance, lack of general awareness, illiteracy, all are off shoots of the poor, inefficient and ineffective education system. The lowest budget allocation, a realm of large number of ineffective education policies has badly failed to take country out of economic, social, political and development quagmire.

Education has fundamental role in the economic, social, political and structural development of any nation. Many of the economic issues like poverty , overpopulation, unemployment , resource mobilization, inflation, exchange rate drastic fluctuation, housing, infrastructure, and health can be reduced and handled by improving education system in Pakistan. Education can also solve social issues like Baradari system, Wadera Culture, Chaudary regime and slave mentality. The political issues like battle for power by different politicians, lawlessness, fraud, corruption, religious riots, extremism, processions to gain popularity, use of indecent remarks, no public service, no human investment to save the lives of ignorant and deprived humans. Structural Development like transition from primitive methodologies to modern strategies; Shifts from Agriculture to Industry, hand made tools to mechanization, from physical conventional education system to Online Education and adoption of highly sophisticated and up to the mark technology can only happen with the strong Education Policy and implementation of country’s education system.

Pakistan, since its inception has failed to establish an education system which can fulfill the aspirations of the general public. Being a developing country, Pakistan is facing multifaceted problems and issues in the education sector. There are many issues prevalent and practiced in Pakistan’s Education System at all levels of Education – primary, secondary – colleges or universities.

The educational institutions within the country are divided into following categories: (1) Pre-primary School (2) Primary School (3) Middle School (4) High School (5) Higher Secondary (6) Inter-colleges (7) Degree Colleges (8) Universities (9) Non-formal Basic Education (10) Education foundations (11) Technical & Vocational Institutions (12) Teacher Training Institutions (13) Deeni Madaris

Pakistan’s schooling system consists of three main school types namely public sector schools, private sector schools and Deeni Madaris. These are further divided as public and private mainly due to curriculum and examination systems used in the schools and the language of instructions used by teachers.

quality of education in pakistan essay

The Broad Categories on education level are:

School Education (Pre-primary – Class 12) College Education (Degree Colleges Class 13-14) University Education

The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 305,763 institutions accommodating 51,186,560 9 students and 2,073,433 teachers. The system is composed of 189,748 (62%) public institutions and 116,015 (38%) private institutions, which also include 31,115 Deeni Madaris. The public sector is serving 28.49 million (56%) students to complete their education while the remaining 22.70 million (44%) are enrolled in the private sector of education. About 38 percent private educational institutions are facilitating 44 percent of students showing a slightly higher per-institution enrolment ratio in the private sector compared to the public sector.

quality of education in pakistan essay

There are a total of 186 universities & degree awarding institutions catering to the needs of higher degree students in both public and private sectors of education. Out of these universities, 111 (60%) are working under umbrella of public sector, whereas 75 (40%) are working in the private sector.

quality of education in pakistan essay

The total enrolment in the universities and degree awarding institutions is 1.576 million. Out of these 1.266 million (80%) students are enrolled in public sector whereas, 0.309 million (20%) students are studying in private universities and degree awarding institutions. In the overall national scenario only four percent students have access to university education. The total male enrolment in the universities is 0.881 million (56%), whereas, the female enrolment is 0.695 million (44%) . There are 56,885 teachers imparting higher education to the students in these universities. Universities in the public sector employ 38,011 (67%) teachers while those in the private sector have 18,874 (33%) teachers.

The significant issues of Education system are lack of Budget Allocation, lack of Policy Implementation, Faulty examination System, Poor Infra Structure of Educational Institutions, Lack of Teacher’s quality, low enrolment, Wayward and Directionless Education system, High scale drop outs, Increasing Political Interference, Out dated curriculum, corruption, Poor Management and Supervision, lack of Uniformity, lack of research, lack of faculty training and Development, Cost of Education, Terrorist Attacks, Cultural Constraints, lack of Parent input, Widening gap between Educational Institutions and Community, lack of Academia Industry Linkage program and Learning Crisis etc.

Education is the nurturing and nourishing force for the construction of strong and impressive societal set up, prominent development and significant growth of the country. Education explores new dimensions and polishes the hidden talent, potential, capabilities and strengths of individuals and redirect these forces towards the rise of Pakistan as a powerful nation on the global horizon.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah envisioned Education System of Pakistan as the driving force behind all the national goals. In the first National Education Conference held at Karachi. It was decided that Education System will work according to the National aspirations of Pakistan and it will be truly related to the needs of the people of Pakistan. The father of Nation said, “The magnificent goal of Education sector will be to develop character of Pakistan, high sense of responsibility, social integrity, selfless service to the Nation and morality on the part of the people of Pakistan.

Critical analysis of the problems and issues of education system in Pakistan.

These are the most dominant issues and problems of our Education System which needs to be addressed and to find remedial solutions for these issues and put forward recommendations for the positive change in our prevalent Education System.

1- Lack of uniformity

The Education System is not Uniform and is based on differentiated Education System like Public Institutions, Private Institutions and Deeni Madaris. There has been accelerated polarization in the Education System due to divisive Pakistani Education System. This has penetrated into cultural veins of the Nation. The recent waves of Sectarianism and Terrorism are the consequences of this divisible system. Polarized Education System has further divided society on political, economic and social grounds instead of uniting people. This division is leading towards further segregation on linguistic and religious levels and cutting knee deep the ideological foundation of the Nation.

2- Education without direction

A sound Education System is essential for every nation of the world. All nations develop their people or human resources on the basis of rigorous focus on Education and Training . We have poor and direction less education system with lack of cohesion and more prone towards general education without creation of Skillful man power resulting into massive unemployment. It also results into massive political, social, economic and cultural distress among people. There is no use of science and technology in the education system. Students are unable to develop critical thinking, creativity, imagination, reasoning, experimentation, innovation and invention

3- Outdated curriculum

We are still following the old fashioned and outdated Education System of rote memorization, cramming the facts and figures without realizing the holistic development of individuals. The objective of Education should be development of psychological, philosophical and sociological foundations of Education. The present curriculum is not motivating learners for practical research and development, scientific knowledge and reflective observation.

4- Lack of professional development of teachers

There are few training institutes but have lack of funds, lack of resourceful and trained trainers and administers. There are no defined standards of training and development. The courses and trainings are outdated, traditional without exposure to modern technology, motivation, quality of teachers and enhancement of skills .

5- Lack of quality teacher

According to UNESCO report, the quality of educational institutions and teacher is low. The situation is grimmer in remote parts of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan where there is non availability of teachers. Teachers are not using new methods of teaching and learning, no lesson planning, old method of cramming, no research, no use of libraries or internet, no book reading. Students are promoted to next class on the basis of cramming and memorization of facts and figures without knowledge in depth, no conceptualization, no understanding of topics in the books without relevance in schools.

6- Alarming dropouts

Lack of management and discipline in schools leads many students to drop out from school. This trend is due to punishment in schools, poor parenting, lack of motivation, unattractive school environment, child labor & poverty are also very significant reasons of huge drop out from schools, colleges and universities. It shows that almost 30% of children enrolled in primary education. This trend has added to low literacy rate in Pakistan.

7- Examination system

Students are evaluated on the basis of annual exams, semester wise assessments. Both quantitative and qualitative exams should be introduced to judge the performance of students on comprehensive level and exams should evaluate the student’s ability through various types of reliable assessments like case studies, research papers, MCQs, Comprehensive subjective questions, Analytical questions to check the conceptual understanding of students especially in higher classes (Rehman, 2011).

In Pakistan examination system is faulty and it tests only the memory of students, there is use of unfair means, bribery, cheating, issuance of duplicate marks sheets, changes of marks, change of answer sheets, impersonation. This present examination system has promoted rote memorization and cramming. It has badly failed in producing critical thinking, analytical skills, learning, intellectual power and visionary reflection in the students at all levels of education. It does not measure the strength, achievements and performance of students (Quereshi, 1975).

Modular system of examination in Medical Universities is producing incompetent students with insufficient knowledge of Anatomy which is the backbone of medicine studies. In modular system a single paper for three subjects is given to students. Students prepare easy subjects to pass the exam and leave the difficult and important subject of Anatomy for choice. Therefore, this method has tarnished the strong foundations of learning and performing badly. Doctors produced with such type of examination with lack of proper understanding of subject will not be able to serve the humanity honestly and do the justice with their profession.

In our education system educational institutions are used as breeding grounds for political parties and in colleges and universities these groups nurture. Students get benefits by being part of any political party during exams. A list of students is provided to the teacher by the student leader to pass them in the exam, admissions are given on the party basis, exams are marked and checked on party basis because mostly teachers are also working for parties while sitting in educational institutions. During Board or University exam by giving money to the invigilator, students are allowed to cheat in the exam, Students throw question paper outside the window and one of the party rep climbs up the tree near the window with Megaphone and starts dictating answers by calling up question numbers. Honest Teachers are threatened and sometimes gunned and killed in case they are not willing to listen to the unfair demands of the students of different parties.

Some of the teachers are also involved in malpractices. They leak the paper by charging handsome amounts or solve the papers for students or allow students to solve the papers by cheating from books, material or from some good student. In board exams, before submission of sheets to the board office representative student is asked to write down correct answers. Teachers are themselves involved in such political activities and award “F” grade to students who are not in their party.

In Russia there is no exam system like ours. Students study through out the year and at the end of year teacher can ask any question from the book to pass the candidate and check his understanding & knowledge of the subject.

8- Poor supervision standards

To monitor teaching and learning, poor and harsh standards of evaluation and punishment are used which in some case leads to termination of jobs . At primary school level teacher’s evaluation is not possible. Secondary Schools/Cambridge Schools are evaluated through Board exam results/CAIE results. In college, again Board or University exam results are the criteria to judge the academic performance of Student and Teacher’s teaching. Whereas, actually there is an increase in tuitions instead of relying on School or College teaching. Students and their parents are compelled to go for tuitions due pressure of good grades and admissions in good educational institutions. There are many tuition centres, coaching centres, academies where the same teachers who were unable to impart quality education give quality tuitions by charging heavy amounts and prepare students well to score good grades. The low salaries demotivate them in their institutions to impart good education. In Universities students are given power to evaluate teaching and their grading becomes part of an Annual Evaluation Report which is essential for promotion or benefit of the faculty. This system is again polluted by involvement of computer department staff, Student coordinators and by bribing students to give bad remarks about any teacher. Some insincere and corrupt teachers mark students’ attendance and give them good marks, tell them questions of exams and do immoral activities to get good evaluation from students. Teachers who are honest and hard working are ranked low by students. Even at higher education institutions there is lobbying and politics through which false evaluation against any faculty can be prepared to get rid of the unwanted faculty by the management. So, in short, supervision system is more prone to harassment and control over the teaching staff rather than providing proper guideline and training for the improvement of teaching methodologies & strategies. (Rehman, 2011).

9- Internal and external influence

In Education sector external factors are coming outside the system through politicians and they bring changes in the system to give favor to their families, relatives, friends etc. Internal factors are bureaucratic manipulations (Mazhar, 2011).

There is great favoritism and Nepotism in cases of transfers, Appointments, Promotions, Salaries, Grades & Work Stations. Due to this the basic Infrastructure of the Education System in Pakistan has been badly affected (LOUIS, 1987).

10- Lack of resources

There are not proper Libraries with physical space for Students to Study. Books are not available, No digital libraries, no computer Facility in the library especially in public sector colleges & universities. No proper lighting, no AC, no Generators in case of power break down are available to make studies more comfortable for the desirous and ambitious students. Class rooms are over-crowded, corridors are flooded with students, Inadequate and Inefficient teachers, Laboratories without required apparatus & equipment of practical learning have resulted into a situation of despair and low standard of Education (Louis, 1987).

11- Lack of policy implementation

Frequent political turmoil and change of governments have made policy implementation in its true letter and spirit impossible. Corruption, Lack of Resources, Lack of teacher’s involvement in policies and inconsistency in successive planning on the part of various political regimes in Pakistan. Teachers are ignored while designing Education policies which has led to alienation between teachers and the system of Education (Zaki, 1989).

12- Low budgetary allocation for education

Education system in Pakistan has been crippled mainly due allocation of scarce financial resources in budget. The Education Budget which is definitely not sufficient to fulfill the growing needs of population and involvement of modern technology in the education system, low salaries, high taxation are also hindering the growth of this sector. Taxes are even imposed on the hourly payment of visiting faculty at the rate of ten percent from filers and twenty percent from non-filers which is really unjustified and reduces the meagre earning.

In many countries like Bangladesh & Sri Lanka the Education share in total budget of the country is increasing but in Pakistan it is continuously declining (Sayan, 2012).

13- Corruption

Corruption is another factor responsible for deterioration of the Education System, use of unfair means, nepotism, favors in transfer, promotion and appointments and decision making, misuse of funds, use of illegal authority by the school management, Gender based exploitation and harassment are the subsidiaries of corruption .

14- Lack of faculty training and development

Educational institutions do not spend available funds on the training and development of teachers. They are neither sent to attend the workshops, courses, seminars or conferences to groom themselves and learn the modern techniques and methodologies of teaching. Here again only few favorite teachers are selected for these trainings and most of the teachers remain deprived of any opportunity to groom their teaching skills.

15- Non- availability of public transport/ parking/traffic congestion

Most of the private schools are located in residential areas usually in bungalows to avoid taxes. Here the big issue is non-availability of public transport, parking and traffic congestion on daily basis. This makes both students and teachers tired and stressed because of wastage of lots of time of travelling to and from school to home. This unnecessary delay in timings also affects the quality of education. Mostly schools do not provide their conveyance to students, teachers and staff but ask them to avail transport of the companies with which the senior management set commission.

16- Opening up of large nuber of private schools

There is opening up of various private schools with a shift from Matric system to O & A level with Up-to-date modern technologies. They have comparatively better infrastructure, spacious class rooms, low strengths of class, more trained teachers, with proper sanitary conditions, counselors, doctors, psychologist, its teachers, sports teacher, swimming pools, etc. Creativity of students is enhanced through various activities. These facilities are missing in public schools so parents prefer to send their children to nearby private schools.

17- Politics in education

Different political parties prepare their representatives amongst students. Different teachers also involve them in this exercise as party members. These teacher in exchange of this get favors and benefits from parties by helping their students in getting admissions, provision of question papers, awarding of good grades as per list provided by the party.

18- Compulsion to purchase stationery, syllabus, uniforms and other items from school shop

School management compels parents to purchase the required stationery, syllabus, uniforms and all other required study material from their own school’s shop where the rates are too high as compared to the open market. This puts burden on the finances of the family and parents have to change the school or leave the school. The school charge fess for 3 moths and invest this amount in different profit schemes to earn interest on it.

During COVID-19 pandemic when due lock down schools were closed and even online classes were not in practice, school charged full fee from the students and parents had no option except listening to the management and doing as they demand to keep admission of their child locked and secured.

19- Entry tests, coaching and paper out

All the admissions have been linked with admission test in more or less all institutions making the credibility of different schools, boards, colleges and universities doubtful just to give benefits to the students who are non-deserving and not coming on merit with their results. Every year we hear about MCAT test, usually tests are postponed or test paper is out and re-exam is arranged and many of the students with good grades are pushed out of the admission list. The private colleges have their own test criteria and select students as per their own policies and even charge fees as per their own policies. Most of the deserving, hard working students due to the demand of heavy fees are forced to move towards some other institution. Every year PMDC is dissolved. For these entry tests students join academies, tuition centres and coaching centre and pay high charges to prepare for admission in all these high ranked Engineering and Medical institutes.

These admission tests are introduced to favor their own families, relatives, friends or workers of the political parties to strengthen their vote bank in their constituency.

These tests are fake, their results are fake, the merit lists displayed are fake. In this way many deserving students do not get chance to pursue education of their own choice.

20- Theoretical knowledge inplace of practical learning

Students are given only bookish theoretical knowledge instead of practical knowledge. Most of the students even after getting degrees do not meet the requirement of jobs and are unable to be absorbed in the working population. Students should be sent at least for one semester in organizations before their graduation so that they may become acquainted with the office environment and familiar with the working of different reputable organizations. Activities, Role plays, Case Studies, Worksheets, Research Projects, Seminars, Symposiums, Lecture Series, Events should be organized for the students with their hundred percent involvement so the students not only own the activity but get an opportunity to meet influential people from big companies of reputable brands.

21- Lack of liaison between industry and educational institutions

Mostly universities have no liaison with industries and therefore their students face problems at the time of induction. Universities should invite industrialists to teach courses especially in the last two semester of their studies so that students can learn about the ins and outs of the industrial workings and may get a chance of absorption in the industry as employees.

22- Non-participatory in nation building

Education Sector is not playing any role in Nation Building. Our Education System is producing students with mindset that only foreign countries are providing good education and to get good job it is necessary to become foreign graduates. Mostly Students lack patriotism, civic sense, loyalty and love for their homeland and people living here and treat them as inferior to the foreign world. So being Status conscious and due ostentatious effect our crème has moved abroad for higher education. On the other hand, students who get them enrolled here in Pakistan after getting degrees and job search find it best to move abroad for higher studies, job and career growth. Once they get job, they prefer to stay there on permanent basis and become citizens of that country with dual nationality status. Our best youth has settled in European Countries, USA, UK, Canada, Germany, Spain, Italy, Australia, Malaysia, South Africa and Gulf Region and rendering their best services and earning handsome salaries and maintaining luxury life styles in those countries without any fear of security, terrorist attacks, bomb blasts, sectarian riots, traffic congestions, pollution, Smog, energy Shortage etc. By being there they feel satisfied and happy. They do not send any remittances here instead they are calling up their families, relatives and friends to come and transfer their assets to those countries making Pakistan’s economy weaker with this outflow of resources. Our Doctors, Engineers, Architects, Retired Army Officers, Bankers, health workers paramedical staff, skilled labor, business graduates, pilots, Air men, Air Technicians, Aircraft Engineers, Educationists, Insurance Agents, Scientists and Researcher have moved to Western countries and are not willing to come back or serve the Nation.

23- Pupil teacher, pupil school and teacher school ratio

These ratios are very important. If there are more peoples in one class then teacher cannot give individual attention to students. Weak students are neglected and gap between strong and weak students widens. If pupil school ratio increases then infrastructure does not accommodate the increased number of students and in place of two students, three or four students are asked to sit. Other facilities like availability of labs, computers, access to canteens, sports items, playgrounds, washrooms etc. become less for the large number of people. If schools have low number of teachers hirings then work load for one teacher is overburdened and individual attention, mood, behavior, marking of copies/assignments or imparting of quality education is disturbed. The ideal class size is 30 students at most for one teacher but in our universities sometimes more than 100 students are accommodated in one class.

24- Non-availability of electricity

Load shedding and energy crisis in the country has devastatingly ruined the quality of education. In summer when the weather is hot and humid, then in the class of 68-70 students when teacher has very limited space to move, then there is suffocation, lack of oxygen, smell of sweat and loss of student’s attention in studies. This is a source of big demotivation for students and teachers and they want to leave.

25- Non-availability of drinking and washing water in toilets

In most of the schools clean drinking water is not available. Mostly the washrooms are not cleaned on regular basis so health hazards are faced by the students and teachers especially female students suffer a lot because of this. Mostly, schools’ students suffer from cholera, diarrhea, typhoid etc.

26- Non-availability of boundary wall

There are many schools in villages, towns and even cities where schools are working without boundary walls, which has become a security hazard.

27- Terrorist attacks and child killing

Terrorist attacks in schools like APS, Peshawar where a large number of students were killed. Schools are force to provide security to students. Attacks on students, teachers, on school buses, entrance of school buildings have decreased enrollment in schools.

28- Female students and female teachers’ harassment

Female students and female teachers are sexually harassed by male teachers. Many students are threatened not to speak against the culprit. In universities many male teachers award good grades to female students after their sexual assault. In jobs, females involved in such type of illicit activities and involved with the management get all kind of benefits of increments; increase in salaries, courses abroad, promotions and in some cases female faculty was awarded PhD degrees even when their research work was not up to the mark and rejected by external supervisors.

29- Parent’s input for improvement of education system at all levels

Parents should be involved at all education levels to maintain the high standards of education and learning.

30- Cost of education

The economic cost is higher in private schools and they are located in rich localities only though they provide better quality of education. Public schools ensure equitable access but low-quality education.

31- Cultural constraints and traditional taboos

Due to cultural constraints and traditional taboos parents prefer early marriages of their girls instead of sending them to schools. Similarly, mothers feel comfortable when girls stay home and help mothers in baby sitting and finishing household chores. In some of the areas only boys are sent to schools considering them as head of the future families and girls are asked to learn some family skills like embroidery, weaving, pottery or for cattle care.

32- Illiteracy of parents and parental concerns

Due to non – availability of Education and lack of awareness poor parents have number of children in the hope that they will become their earning hands and instead of sending them to school their mothers working in different houses as domestic help take them along for the baby sitting of the children of theses houses and demand money for that. They think that investing girls will be of benefit to the in laws or her husband since they will not get any return from it so its better as long as girls are staying in their homes they should earn and bring money for the family.

33- Learning crisis:

The education system is not producing students who are learning from education as per the requirement of the standard in which they are studying. Maybe a student studying in class five does have the knowledge of class two or three only. This Learning Crisis has become the biggest issue of our current education system. It means there is wide gap between school input and school output.

34- Distance:

There are many schools which are far from some of villages and there are no means of transportation and children have to walk on foot to reach schools miles away from their homes which is not possible for girl students to do as parents do not want to send their girls unattended and do not accompany them since they have to work to meet both ends.

Recommendations:

  • Budget allocation should be increased as per international standards of education.
  • Schools should be shifted on solar system to handle the issue of load shedding.
  • Pupil teacher, pupil school and teacher school ratios should be balanced and class strength, teacher’s number and number of classrooms should be in accordance to the international education standards.
  • Boundary walls should be made. Security staff should be hired, CCTV cameras should be installed, student teacher and staff should be issued identity cards.
  • For teacher training and development quality professional institutes with sufficient funds should be set up.
  • Political and bureaucratic influence should be minimized at all educational levels.
  • The system of accountability should be strengthened and all associated in education system are trained to own responsibilities both at individual and collective basis.
  • Curriculum should be revised on annual basis and new strategies and methods should be incorporated to align our education system with other countries.
  • Examination system should be made free of unfair means, Mafia culture and illegal gratification. Supervision and monitoring should be strong to subside this element.
  • Policies should be implemented with delay and in continuity to get their outcomes.
  • The culture of research should be promoted in the educational institutions.
  • There should be Academia industrial linkage programs to make our education practical and our students capable of absorption in the job market.
  • Introduction of technical and vocational trainings at secondary schools.
  • Increasing public expenditure on education and skill generation from 2.7% of GDP to 5% of GDP and then to 7% of GDP.
  • Reduce polarization and try to introduce uniform standards at all types of schools.
  • Enhance the scale and quality of education in general and the scale and quality of scientific/technical education in Pakistan in particular.

Conclusion:

Sense education is developing not only mind but it also cleans and grooms our body and soul. We not only get education for economic reason but to handle social, political, psychological, ethical, legal and spiritual issues of our life. Education turns a raw human into a polished human being which becomes human capital of any nation and key to the development of that country. With education many countries are ruling the world and have become leaders in the comity of nations. The current system has made our younger generation direction directionless and uncertain about their future so they are leaving Pakistan and settling down in developed countries. The lawlessness, fear of loss of life, terrorist attacks, unemployment, inflation, exchange rate fluctuation, overpopulation, poverty, taxes and IMF loans are producing forces of degree holders without any vision, mission, critical thinking, reflection, analysis, research and creativity. Our outdated curriculum is pushing our youth towards stone age instead of directing them towards the fast-changing technology driven world. Traditional teaching is giving theoretical knowledge to students but practical learning is missing.

Finally, education reforms are the only solution to change the existing education system so following recommendations are suggested for the policy makers, thinkers, researchers, educationists and common people. Hope it will add value in the research and development of both student and teachers.

References:

  • http://library.aepam.edu.pk/Books/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%202017-18.pdf
  • https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED570671.pdf
  • https://contentgenerate.com/problems-of-education-sector-solutions-pakistan-content-generate/
  • https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_22/PES10-EDUCATION.pdf
  • https://ipripak.org/education-system-of-pakistan-issues-problems-and-solutions/
  • https://www.morenews.pk/real-issues-education-system-pakistan/
  • Zaki W. M., “Evaluation of Education Plans and Projects”, Islamabad, National Book Foundation, 1989.
  • Save the Children & UNICEF “Disciplining The Child Practices and Impacts”, NWFP: School & Lietarcy Department, 2005.
  • Rehman H. and Khan N., “The flaws in Pakistan’s Education System”, Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, vol/issue: 4(1), 2011.
  • Louis D. H., “The crises of Education in Pakistan”, Lahore, Vanguard Book Ltd., 1987.
  • Iqbal M., “Education in Pakistan”, Lahore, Aziz publishers, 1981.
  • Qurashi I. H., “Education in Pakistan”, Karachi, Ma,aref LTD, 1975.
  • Sayan, Fida, and Hussain, “Pakistan existing education system”, 2008. Retrieved from Retrieved from www.eric.articles/pak/edu on dated 2012, July 18.
  • Naseem J. Q., “Problem of Education in Pakistan”, Karachi, Royal Book Company, 1990.
  • Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education. “National Assessment Findings”, Islamabad, National Education System, 2006.
  • Ahmed, Iqbal.,” Critical Analysis of the Problems of Education in Pakistan: Possible Solutions”, . International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) Vol.3, No.2, June 2014, pp. 79~84 ISSN: 2252-8822.

Type above and press Enter to search. Press Esc to cancel.

Nonpartisan Education Review / Essays: Volume 4, Number 2 Access this essay in .pdf format

Challenges in Higher Education: Special reference to Pakistan and South Asian Developing Countries

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Higher education has great importance in the development of a country. But unfortunately, its importance is yet to be realized in South Asian developing countries. For over a decade, countries have been working to uplift their educational standard by providing quality higher education to their citizens but there are many obstacles and hurdles that are emerging. These challenges (quantity, equity, quality, etc) are very common in nature but require proper procedure to address in the best manner.

Introduction

Education is a basic need of every society. A better education system can enhance the social, scientific, and technological improvement of a country. The human resource development of a country depends upon the quality of education imparted in country (Mohanthy, 2000). Higher education caters to the education in the colleges and universities. Allen (1988) observed “It is academically consider suitable to present distinctive feature of two stages for the purpose of clarity of concepts and avoiding duplication” Higher education is admittedly a separate stage quite distinct from primary, secondary, elementary, and higher secondary stage. (Best, 1994)

Higher education is recognized today as a capital investment and is of paramount importance for economic and social development of the country (Barnet, 1990). Institutions of higher education have the primary responsibility for equipping individuals with advanced knowledge and skills required for positions of responsibility in government, business, and other professions (Mughal & Manzoor, 1999). Quality higher education is a source of great potential for the socio economic and cultural development of the country. Stone, Horejs, & Lomas (1997) found “The nation can be transformed into a developed nation within the life time of a single generation.” Factors such as the distinctive nature of higher education institutions, international mobility of students, and teachers accessibility of computer based learning pursuit of research and scholarship, globalization of economy, and emerging challenges of the 21st century have a direct impact on the future development of higher education. (Mughal & Manzoor, 1999).

The purpose of higher education is not simply to impart knowledge in certain branches of knowledge; it has deeper meaning and objectives. The purpose may be multidimensional and may be termed as personal, social, economical, and cultural (Moore & Farris, 1991). Education and particularly higher education cannot be divorced from its milieu and social context. Religious, moral, historical, and cultural ethos permeates through the fabric of the educational system of a country (Best, 1994). Allen (1988) found “In the time of rapid international, political, and economical changes, the universities in South Asia and in developing countries are being transformed. Public expectations about access to higher education direct concern about role that universities can play in innovation and economic development” The applications of principles of market economies to the university systems of all countries have created a new context for higher education (Rao, 2003).

The people in Pakistan and South Asia are neither deficient in talent nor in moral qualities in comparison to any other nation of the world, but about two centuries of foreign rule and blind imitation of western attitudes and methods, unsuited to the genius and spiritual conditions of its people, have spoiled some of the virtues and have brought a bad name to their intellectual capacities (Siddiq, 1978). Hassan (1990) observed “Pakistan is unfortunately really backward in education as in certain other spheres of intellectual activities but luckily people are not inherently incompetent or morally incurable.” It is however necessary that the diagnosis about maladies should be correct and the measures for curing these maladies should be appropriate in the light of that diagnosis (Abdullah, 1992).

Challenges in Higher Education

South Asian countries are facing a critical period in their history, and on that account, everybody concerned with education has a responsibility for knowing what he is trying to do in bring up the next generation and why he is trying to do it (Mohanthy, 2000). Higher education is faced with very severe challenges in the shape of various economic, social, political, and moral changes, and its future depends on the response made by its people to these challenges (Rao, 2003).

Hayes (1987) found “The problems plaguing the educational system of Pakistan and South Asian countries are multidimensional like population explosion, lack of resources, non participation of the private sector, scarcity of qualified man power, inconsistency in the policies of various regimes, political instability, inefficient educational management system, wastage of resources, and poor implementation of policies and programme etc.”

The major challenges in higher education include:

Despite the constraints of resources, the quantitative expansion has been highly spectacular in the post independence period. The institutions have not only been multiplied, the student enrollments at colleges and universities have registered exceptionally high rate of growth (Aeth, 1975). “The numbers of new entrants is now more than the total number of students in higher education prior to independence” (Iqbal, 1981). “The demand of higher education has thus increased by leaps and bonds. In spite of quality control as well as consolidation, it will continue to grow constantly for a long time to come” (Adeeb, 1996).

“The quantitative expansion is evident due to increasing aspiration of the people and social, economical, and political forces influencing the development of higher education. In the post independence period, the role of higher education has been very well recognized in the development of science and technology, as well as various arenas of human advancement” (Mohanthy, 2000).

Equity  

The major break through was evident in the democratic countries of the world where franchise was given to all adults irrespective of caste, creed, sex, and economic or social status (Barnet, 1990). Qureshi (1997) stated “The ideal of equity was severely constrained by exiting in qualities in the distribution of property and productive resources, low level of education and awareness among the people, and strong influences exercised by individual and group to further their own sectional interest rather than total social interest.”

“The philosophy of social justice is very much akin to the principle of equity. It is a welcome development over the concept of inherent inequality which was sought to be explained by biological differences among individuals” (Bayli, 1987).

1.     The philosophy of equality of men being applied to political process, distribution of property, and productive resources is viewed as the source of inequities in society. This approach helped the development of capabilities among men through equal distribution of higher educational opportunities both in quality and quantity.

2.     There is the philosophy of inequality as a natural hereditary, biological phenomena, without any scientific rational evidence. This concept is rooted in sectional interest rather than in societal interest.

The growing numbers of colleges and universities have provided access to higher education to the people in various parts and sections of developing countries in South Asia. “But the enrollments of students especially female students is relatively very small” (Varghese, 1980).

Development of society not only depends upon quantity of goods and services produced, but also on their quality. “It again leads to quality of life of the people and the quality of the society in general” (Hayes, 1987). It is rightly said that the philosophical basis of quality is the innate characteristics of a human being to attain a higher standard and the need of excellence for attaining a higher stage in the development (Quddus, 1990).

The scope of the idea of quality is severely limited by two widely prevailing views.

1.   Quality is a selective phenomenon and only few can attain it.

2.   Quality for quality sake or with regards to specific area rather than quality as mutually exclusive and emphasize selectively at the expense of equity.

Attempts to realize specific objectives of quality tend to narrow down the scope and discourage efforts to attain quality in various walks of life. Allen (1988) determined that “Various programs have been developed and are being implemented for the last two decades for improving the quality of teachers and their proficiency in discharging their duties and responsibilities.”

“The higher education commission has been providing financial assistance for these programs of faculty improvement which enable teachers to keep abreast with the latest development in their subject and conduct research studies as well as interact with experts in their own subject’s area and related field” (Hassan, 1990). “These programs aim at improving the professional competence of teachers so that they can impart high quality instructions and contribute significantly to raising the standard of higher education in developing countries” (Quddus, 1990).

Student Unrest

Among the challenges of higher education is the vital role of addressing students unrest. Bayli (1987) studied that “The condition of higher education in universities and colleges is not satisfactory in the eyes of students. Lack of physical and educational facilities is bringing much hindrance in the way of development”. Iqbal (1981) states “Teachers are less motivated to do certain research work. Most teachers are not competent, and they are teaching in higher education institutions.” They have limited knowledge about subject matter they taught and many of them have no clear idea about the subject. “Even in Pakistani universities, the teacher at M.Phil. and Ph.D. level, are not competent” (Rao, 2003). “They feel it difficult to indulge in research work due to lack of knowledge about research methodologies” (Mughal & Manzoor, 1999).

“Most students with backgrounds in arts, humanities, and management rather than in engineering technology, science, and medicine get involved in political activities. Therefore social or academic background is an important factor in determining the attitude of the students toward social economic and political issues” (Allen, 1988). Barnet (1990) found that “Therefore studies are necessary to fulfill the hope of the government and the aspirations of the youth as well as to cope with the changes which are the demands of all students of today”. The university students should learn to think about possible solutions to this fast changing world. “So in order to achieve this, the students at the university level need to get much deeper knowledge about the citizenship role in society and the new opportunities that open to the student due to economic development and technological advancement” (Qureshi, 1999).

Emotional Integration

Education can play a vital role in strengthening emotional integration. It is felt that education should not aim at imparting knowledge but should develop all aspects of a student’s personality. Allen (1988) found that “It should broaden the outlook, foster the feeling of oneness, nationalism, a spirit of sacrifice, and tolerance so that narrow group interests are submerged in the largest interest of country.”

“Students, the future citizens of the country, should be trained in democracy, its value and ideals so that they will have sense of justice which is conducive for the development of national integration especially in the particular situation of developing countries which are striving to build up a structure of democratic living” (Rao, 2003).

Administrative Reform

In the last fifteen years or so, Pakistan and countries in South Asia have been giving increasing attention to the problems of university administration (Adeeb, 1996). Abdullah (1992) observed “They have noticed that despite the resources available for university expansion, they have not been able to obtain the best possible results.” “Further they have also begun to realize that much of this is due to lack of proper administration and what the outcome is on the development of higher education” (Aeth, 1975).

Social and cultural factors, which are often ignored, are as significant as any of the purely technical factors in the formulation and implementation of administration policy. Barnet (1990) states that “The linkages between the policy and these factors are neither casual nor limited to the contemporary period so the university administration clearly demonstrates that the success or failure of university administrative reforms hinges on the presence and absence of certain variables given below.”

1.   Strong commitment and determined leadership

2.   Appropriate political environment

3.   Supportive social environment

4.   Types of reform agents

5.   Nature of reforms

6.   Favourable bureaucratic attitude towards change

However bureaucratic resistance to reform is a phenomenon which can be found both in the advanced and the third world countries (Mohanthy, 2000). “Resistance to reform within a bureaucracy usually manifests itself in the behavioural patterns and attitudes of its members” (Hayes, 1987). “These responses may be grouped in two broad categories, those that seek to project the university administration service as an institution, and the individual responses to various threats, perceived from within and outside the bureaucracy. In both cases changes in the status quo are regarded as a potential threat to survival” (Varghese, 1980).

The current size of present faculty is very small according to the general international standard. Mughal & Manzoor (1999) found that “The teacher/student ratio is very small even according to many third world countries standards. The quality of university education at the college has decreased because of the exiting faculty”. “Many present faculty members are teaching courses which are not their own specialization” (Bayli, 1987). “Many faculty members in most of universities are just master degree holders with little or no practical knowledge and higher education experiences” (Iqbal, 1981).

“The salary, financial rewards and benefits for the faculty is very low according to the rising cost of living in Pakistan. The higher education commission is making an effort to provide facilities to their teachers and hiring foreign faculty for the uplift of educational standards in Pakistan” (Rao, 2003). Still the staff and technical support of the teaching professor are not present. Adeeb (1996) found that “There is no real plan or set of rules for teaching evaluation or teaching effectiveness. The above problem is a great challenge for higher education in Pakistani and South Asian developing countries.”

“Studies include: an examination of the present supply and future prospects for attracting competent faculty members in sufficient number to meet requirements in various areas; appropriate action should be taken to provide an attractive and competitive faculty salary; reasonable teaching and research assignments; and fringe benefits to attract top ranking educators” (Allen, 1988).

Educational Policies

The faculty should have primary responsibilities for determining the educational policies of the institution. Barnet (1990) found “If this responsibility is not conferred and defined by the character of the institution, it should be expressed in legislation of the governing board.” “Educational polices include such fundamental matters as the subject matter and methods of instruction, facilities and support for the research work of faculty members and students, standards for admission of students, etc” (Aeth, 1975).

Hayes (1987) identify that “They also include those aspects of student life that relate directly to the educational process.” Mohanthy (2000) observed that “The faculty should also actively participate in decisions made on other matters that may directly affect the educational policies for which it is primarily responsible.” “These matters include major changes in the size of the student body, significant alteration in the academic calendar, establishment of new colleges and universities or division, the provision of extension services to the community, and assumption by the institution of research or service obligations to private or public agencies” (Allen, 1988).

Academic Freedom

The right of academic freedom must be recognized in order to enable the faculty members, researchers, and students to carry on their roles. Gibbons (1998) studied “The freedom of universities in making professional appointments, tenure research, salary scales, and all academic decision.” “Academic freedom and university autonomy are sometimes regarded as synonymous, but they are two quite different concepts, although they overlap at many points” (Taylor & Tashakkori, 1997).

Rao (2003) found that “These two functions are the essence of the progress and development of the higher education and administrative endeavours.” Quddus (1990) studied that “The basic function of a college or university is to preserve, augment, criticize, and transmit knowledge and to foster creative capacities.” “These functions are performed by a community of scholars who must be free to exercise independent judgment in the planning and execution of their educational responsibilities” (Varghese, 1980).

“Unfortunately a university may find it difficult to earn the academic freedom or autonomy and retain it in a new state where most, if not all, the cost of university education is a direct charge on the government” (Siddiq, 1978). Qureshi (1997) identified that “The board of trustees should be more concerned with matters affecting the relations of the university with the outside bodies and general policy than with the routine administration work which is dealt with by the university council.”

Courses and Curricula

The courses and curricula are not designed in accordance with the standard of higher education of the present day. Iqbal (1981) observed that “There is no continuity of some of the important courses: there is also no relationship between the related courses of common or similar knowledge.” Bayli (1987) studied that “So many important and modern courses required for higher education are not taught at all.” “The curricula are not written in detail and are left to the professors personal likes, dislikes, interests or experience” (Adeeb, 1996).

Quddus (1990) observed that “The basic science courses are not designed well to fit the need of the students, and they are not well organized, or correctly supervised by the department.” “Generally speaking, there are not enough well equipped faculty and administration offices, classrooms, or engineering, science, and other laboratories for the growing student body and faculty members” (Hassan, 1990).

Taylor & Tashakkori (1997) studied that “The workshops at the higher level are not suitable for training, because necessary materials, equipment, space, and techniques are not up to the mark according to the required standard.” “Equipment is old and not fit for some of the more specialize laboratory experiments” (Quddus, 1990). Varghese (1980) identify that “There has been constant change in and lowering of the standard of syllabi and courses leading to lazy mindedness resulting in lack of urge for higher achievements.” “Frequent change of study material and difficulties in availability is another contributory factor” (Quddus, 1990).

Unemployment

“While education cannot directly reduce unemployment, except by requiring more teachers, a reform of the educational system could help alleviate its impact especially on young people” (Mohanthy, 2000). Hayes (1987) found that “There is a marked mismatch in terms of the field and specialization of graduates and the absorptive capacity of the labour market.” “In the sense of employment, the planners of higher education are handicapped in the assessment of the actual labour market needs for skills in various sectors of the economy” (Aeth, 1975).

Barnet (1990) studied “Even though empirical evidence justified investment in higher education for economic growth, except for direct self-consumption, higher education failed to create additional employment since the type of education offered restricted the entrepreneurial spirit and initiative and discourages self employment.”

Budgeting and Financing

Central to all the foregoing is a new concept of budgeting and financing at the higher level. Bayli (1987) observed “The conventional system of an annual budget is probably the most confusing and least understood.” “The budget of course, performs a number of essential functions which even the most frustrated will acknowledge” (Rao, 2003). Allen (1988) identify “The concern here is with the budget as an instrument of academic planning which may promote the special aims of each college and constitute a practical means by which all university purpose may be realized ideally it must not only insure financial solvency of the university, but should also place responsibility and commensurate authority where it may be exercised most.”

Gibbons (1998) observed “Concerning other elements of the budget and the allocations made by officers or governing boards among competing demands, the faculty should be informed of important developments in administrative planning including proposed capital expenditures, and the faculty should also be consulted on major issues of policy involved in such development.” Taylor & Tashakkori (1997) says “Obviously any viable plan must be designed as to capitalize as fully as may be consistent with academic standards upon all of these, and hopefully to forestall periodic crises.”

Rao (2003) studied “In fact realistic planning and decisive action are the only way to prevent educational strategies from degenerating into spasmodic reactions to unforeseen exigencies.” “The university’s aim should be to fashion a system which in its year to year operation may provide for its own continuing renewal” (Adeeb, 1996).

Population Explosion

“The fast growing population in Pakistan and South Asian developing countries is another problem by causing over crowding in the higher educational institution because the number of higher level institutions is deficient” (Hayes, 1987). Mohanthy (2000) observed “The demand for the quantitative expansion of education at all levels remains one of the primary concerns because of the continuous population expansion.” Adeeb (2000) stated “The developing countries will account for nearly 50% of the total world population compared with 66% in 1950.” “The population of Asia as a proportion of the world’s total population (a reduction of 29.4% to 18.4%) is in a much weaker position than some ten to fifteen years ago” (Allen, 1988).

Suggestions to meet the Challenges

1.     Stress is laid on the need for improving the quality of education at every stage so that a proper foundation can be laid for advanced study in science, engineering, agriculture, and those other areas which are most closely allied to the national economic development and reconstruction of the nation as a whole.

2.     To begin from the top without reforming the lower stages is against the law of nature; it is against the law of evolutionary progress. Before any restrictions are imposed on the higher education, the earlier stages should be improved so as to produce better students for the higher stage.

3.     A critical point to be considered by educational planner is the adaptation of a multidimensional, flexible, and dynamic education system, which serves people according to their ability and aptitude and is responsive to their economic, social political and cultural needs.

4.     The new system of higher education should be flexible enough to offer a variety of courses, formal and non formal, full time and part time, correspondence and media based to fit every individual as well as the economic needs of the country

5.     Economic conditions of the people cannot be ignored in all matters in which the question of equal opportunities to all is involved. In an atmosphere of economic depression as it is today in Pakistan how could one expect from our youth to be able to develop their potential qualities in desired way.

6.     The test of qualities must be made reliable upon examination and more effective; the teaching method must be made more rational and natural; and last of all, the teachers must be kept fully satisfied. It is well known, that a foreign medium of instruction and examination is seriously hampering the progress of education. Pakistan will have to determine its policy with regards to this question also.

7.     There is great question of availability of qualified university teachers, suitably equipped libraries, and fully developed plants and laboratories. It is a matter of common knowledge that our resources in all these areas are very merger. Any unnecessary addition to the number of the universities at present would therefore mean nothing, but more ill-fed and ill-equipped institutions with no specially or individuality of purpose.

Higher education institutions must be responsive to the challenges of the rapidly changing and challenging new world: expectation of society and growing demands of the rising student population. This policy therefore looks forward to a new beginning in higher education in South Asian developing countries.

Citation: Haider, S. Z., (2008). Challenges in Higher Education: Special Reference to Pakistan and South Asian Developing Countries. Nonpartisan Education Review / Essays, 4(2) . Retrieved [date] from http://www.nonpartisaneducation.org/Review/Essays/v4n2.pdf

Access this essay in .pdf format

Abdullah, S. M (1992). Stray thoughts on education in Pakistan . Lahore, Pakistan: Aziz.

Adeeb, M. A. (1996). Comparative study of developed & developing countries . Multan: Beacon Books.

Aeth, R. (1975). Education & development in Third World . Hants, UK: Saxon House Lamington.

Allen, M. (1988). The goal of universities. Philadelphia, USA: The Society for Research into Higher Education.

Barnet, R. (1990). The idea of higher education . Philadelphia, USA: The Society for Research into Higher Education.

Bayli, J. (1987). Problems of higher education in the Third World. New Delhi, India: Uppal.

Best, J. W. (1994). Research in education . New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall

Gibbons, M. (1998). Higher education relevance in the 21st century . Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.

Hassan, A. H. (1990). Higher education in Third World. New Delhi, India: Indian Bibliographies Bureau.

Hayes, I. D. (1987). The crisis of education in Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books.

Iqbal, M. A (1981). Education in Pakistan . Lahore, Pakistan: Aziz.

Mohanthy, J. (2000). Current trends in higher education . New Delhi, India: Deep & Deep.

Moore, M. K., & Farris, P. (1991, Fall). Combining a school university partnership with a career incentive program. Catalyst for Change, 21(1) .

Mughal, N. A, & Manzoor. (1999). Issues in higher education: Problems and prospects of the Pakistani university . Jamhsoro, Pakistan: University of Sindh.

Quddus, N. J. (1990). Problems of education in Pakistan . Karachi, Pakistan: Royal Book Company.

Qureshi, N. A. (1997). Education as a change agent. Journal of Elementary Education , 1(7) .

Rao, V. K. (2003). Higher education. New Delhi, India: A. P. H. Public Corporation.

Siddiq, M. K. (1978). Pakistan: An educational spectrum . Lahore, Pakistan: Arsalan.

Stone, M., Horejs, J., & Lomas, A. (1997). Commonalities and differences in teacher leadership at the elementary, middle and high school levels. Action in Teacher Education, 19(3) , 49–64.

Taylor, D., & Tashakkori, A. (1997, November). Toward an understanding of teachers desire for participation in decision making. Journal of School Leadership .

Varghese, A. V. (1980). Higher education and management . New Delhi, India: S. B. Nangia.

World Bank/UNESCO. (2000). Higher education in developing countries: Peril and promise . Report of the Independent World Bank/UNESCO Task Force. Washington, D.C., USA: Authors.

Schoolvisor

Educational inequality in Pakistan: Causes and Solutions

  • Economic factors: Poverty is one of the biggest barriers to education in Pakistan. Children from low-income families often lack access to basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare, which makes it difficult for them to attend school regularly. Families may also need their children to work to support the household, which further limits their ability to attend school.
  • Gender inequality: In Pakistan, girls face significant barriers to education. They are often discouraged from attending school due to cultural norms that prioritize marriage and household responsibilities over education. Girls also face safety concerns while travelling to and from school, as well as while at school.
  • Inadequate infrastructure: Many schools in Pakistan lack basic infrastructure like safe and clean classrooms, toilets, and drinking water facilities. The lack of infrastructure makes it difficult for students to attend school regularly and affects their ability to learn.
  • Poor quality of education: The quality of education in Pakistan is generally poor, particularly in rural areas. Schools may lack qualified teachers, appropriate teaching materials, and a suitable learning environment. This can affect student learning outcomes and contribute to the high dropout rate.
  • Regional disparities: Education inequality is more pronounced in certain regions of Pakistan, particularly in rural and remote areas. These regions often lack basic infrastructure, qualified teachers, and adequate funding for schools, which makes it difficult for students to attend school regularly and achieve good learning outcomes.
  • Lack of government funding: Pakistan’s education sector is underfunded, with limited investment in improving educational infrastructure, providing teacher training, and promoting access to education for all. The lack of funding limits the government’s ability to improve the education system and reduce educational inequality.

Solutions to Educational inequality in Pakistan

Increase funding for education:, improve quality of education:, provide scholarships and financial assistance:, address gender inequality:, develop vocational education:, improve access to technology:, provide safe learning environments:.

quality of education in pakistan essay

Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

  • Kalsoom Begum
  • December 15, 2023
  • CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays

CSS and PMS Solved Essays | Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

Kalsoom Begum, a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, has attempted the CSS essay “ Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards ” on the given pattern, which Sir  Syed Kazim Ali  teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper.

Howfiv Official WhatsApp Channel

1-Introduction 

2-Debunking the term education 

3-Significance of education for a nation’s progress

4-Current situation of Pakistan’s education system

5-What issues are facing Pakistan’s education system? 

  • Case in Point : Even after the adoption of more than 25 policies, still the education system is failing to raise the nation socially and economically
  • Case in Point:  Clear difference between the attitudes of students coming out from the public educational institutions, deeni madaris and the few private elite institutions
  • Case in Point : According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is amongst the 12 countries in the world that spent less than 2 per cent of their GDP on the education sector
  • Case in Point : According to a UNESCO report, there are no proper training standards in the available training institutes in the remote areas of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
  • Case in Point : According to the International Association of Universities, Pakistan is the world’s 20th-largest country in terms of the number of universities. Nonetheless, the country contributes only 0.49 per cent to the world’s research documents.
  • Case in Point : According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan, less than six per cent of the youth population acquires technical skills, and only two per cent implemented
  • Case in Point : Kalimullah, head of the sociology department at Peshawar University, depicts the education system as a source of ongoing deep polarization in the country

6- Recommendations to overcome educational challenges 

  • ✓ To allocate a sufficient budget for education, the education system of Pakistan takes a fresh breath with resources  
  • ✓ To strengthen accountability so that everyone owns their responsibilities
  • ✓ To own their responsibilities, accountability must be strengthened
  • ✓ To introduce an updated and relevant curriculum catering to the modern world’s psyche and needs.
  • ✓ To work smoothly without any discrimination, there must be less political interference in the education sector
  • ✓ To provide solid political will on policy implementation and less interference of politics in the education sector

7- Conclusion 

Extensive English Essay and Precis Course for CSS & PMS Aspirants

Education, the kindling of the flame, is the permanent character of human history from darkness to light and the evolution of thoughts from ashes to the phoenix. It has remained the most powerful tool for securing growth and progress in the socio-economic and political realm. Thus, education lays the foundation for a country’s political, social, and economic development. However, being a developing country, Pakistan has been facing critical issues in education since its inception; therefore, the education system has failed to deliver according to the nation’s aspirations. This is because there is a shortage of techno-vocational institutions, policy implementation, uniformity, budget, training and research institutions, and moral development in the country’s institutions. As a result, the state has failed to develop innovative mindsets to contribute to the socio-economic and political upliftment of the country. Although multiple education policies have been designed to improve Pakistan’s education system, none have ever been implemented successfully. Therefore, it is high time for the government to look into the matter meticulously to help the coming generation have a better education system and progress. This essay discusses the issues of Pakistan’s education system and suggests ways forward for overcoming these issues.

      Debunking the term, education is a process that begins at birth and continues until the end of life. The primary focus and function of education is to prepare children for their roles as workers and members of a larger society and identify the purpose of education, shaping of the social being. Generally, there are two main types of education: formal education, which takes place in proper education and training institutions, and non-formal education, which does not occur in formally structured schools. The differences between traditional and non-formal education can be seen in terms of the purpose, timing, content, delivery system and level of control.

      In a broader context, it plays a significant role in people’s physical, mental, psychological and social growth and is the pillar of national progress. Countries with constructive education systems are considered the world’s socio-economic leaders.  The founders of Pakistan realized early that the future of this nation depended on a productive pursuit of knowledge through education. In his message to the first Education Conference in November 1947, the Quaid-e-Azam said: “If we are to make real, speedy and substantial progress, we must bring our educational policy and program on the lines suited to the genius of our people, consonant with our history and culture and having regard to the modern conditions and vast developments that have taken place all over the world. The future of our State will and must accordingly depend upon the education we give our children and how we bring them up as future citizens of Pakistan. Through sound education, we should try to instill in them a high sense of honour, integrity, responsibility and selfless service to the nation. There is an immediate and urgent need to give scientific and technical education to our people to build up our future economic life and to see that our people take to science, commerce, trade, and particularly well-planned industries. We should not forget that we must compete with the world, which is moving quickly in this direction.”  Every nation crops its generations according to its society and provides teachings to play a significant role in developing its country. Thus, education has played an essential role in the development of Norway , as their highest literacy rate leads them to be amongst the most prosperous nations.  

       Since its inception, Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promoting education and literacy in the country through education policies at the domestic level and getting involved in international commitment, for instance, ‘Education for All’, Vision 2030, and Millennium Development Goals. A review suggests that progress has been observed in the education system. But still, there is a dire need for research and training institutions, policy implementation, trained and professional teachers, uniformity and direction, and updated and relevant syllabi, delineating the current outlook of the country’s education system.

      Talking about the issues that Pakistan’s education system facing today, the first is several education policies have been created, but none have been implemented in an authentic and genuine spirit. It is because there has been a lack of political will on the part of successive governments to enforce the policies vigorously due to the problems of corruption, lack of funds and gross inconsistency in straight planning on the part of various political regimes in Pakistan. Moreover, in the overall policy formulation, teachers have been ignored. They are regarded as unimportant elements, which has led to alienation between the teachers and the education system.

     Moreover, different systems of education are simultaneously working in the country. The curriculum is also not uniform, giving birth to other schools of thought . For example, there is a difference between students’ attitudes toward public educational institutions, deeni madaris, and the few private elite institutions.  This trend has accelerated the pace of polarization in society, created a massive gap in the nation, and even deeply penetrated its cultural veins. The recent wave of terrorism and the increasing sectarian division are the logical consequences of this divided system of education. As a result, in the current polarized system of education, there has occurred a tremendous social division in society on political, social, and economic grounds rather than unity among the people, which is cutting knee deep the ideological and social foundation of the nation leading towards further divisions on linguistic and regional grounds, which has potentially damage the social cohesion and fabric of the society.

      Besides, finance is considered the engine of a system. The education system of Pakistan has been crippled mainly due to the scarcity of finance.  The successive governments have been giving less than 2.5 per cent of their budget to the education sector, which is not sufficient for the growing educational needs of the nation in the present changing times.   Academic budgetary allocation has increased in many developing regional countries, such as Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.   But in Pakistan, it is declining day by day.   According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is among the 12 countries that spend less than 2% of their GDP on education.  With this insufficient budgetary allocation, the country has hardly meet the targets of universalizing primary education as a signatory to the SDG goals by 2015 and onward.

      In addition to this, training is essential for quality performance of teachers, as teaching is a challenging job. And there is a lack of training opportunities for teachers in Pakistan. However, there are various teacher training institutes in the country. These institutes are either not well-resourced or are poorly run due to a lack of funds and trained human resources, such as trainers and administrators.  According to the UNESCO report, “There are no proper training standards in the available training institutes in the remote areas of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.”  Most training institutes have been closed down due to lack of funds. The courses being run in the teacher education intuitions are outdated and very traditional, which does not enhance teachers’ skills, motivation, and quality.

      Adding more to it, quality research in Pakistan’s education system is still a distant dream.  According to the International Association of Universities, “Pakistan is the world’s 20th-largest country in the number of universities.   Nonetheless, the country contributes only 0.49 per cent to the world’s research documents.”  As a result, even the highly qualified youth could do nothing to resolve the prevailing socio-economic problems of the country.

Furthermore, technical education is considered the most practical form, potentially developing countries’ social and economic aspects by producing trained labour. Contrarily, Pakistan’s education system is unable to have skilled labour . According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan, “Less than six per cent of the youth population acquires technical skills, and only two per cent implement them.”  This indicated that Pakistan’s techno-vocational institutes lack efficiency and productivity. Thus compromising the country’s employment and economic output.

       Lastly, the education system’s negligence in children’s moral development promotes intolerance and polarization among the young masses. So, it impacts their thoughts and actions. Kalimullah, the head of the Sociology Department at Peshawar University, depicts, “The education system as a source of ongoing deep polarization in the country. As a result, they failed to serve the country for good.” Thus, neglected morality in the education sector buries the talent of the land of the pure even before the bloom.

      Nonetheless, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. Pakistan’s youth can be turned into diamonds of talent and virtuosity if educated how they deserve to be. For this purpose, the following steps must be taken. First, there should be sufficient educational budgetary allocation in the national GDP. This will provide the system with resources to take fresh breaths of life. Thus, if the country’s fiscal allocation exceeds the low percentage to the optimum demanded one, its education system will eventually boom at large like all other developing countries: Sri Lanka and Finland.

      Second, the accountability system must be strengthened, and all the professionals associated with the education system should be educated to take responsibility individually and collectively. This helps create a sense of ownership of the system and its functions. To accomplish this, free and fair accountability benches must be allocated in all institutions to ensure their transparency, especially the country’s education sector’s officials. In this way, the government will overcome the predicament of the poor education system.

      Third, the government should introduce a uniform curriculum to provide equal opportunities for rural students to compete with urban students in the job market. The curriculum should be evaluated on an annual basis. In this regard, a vast survey could be conducted to seek the opinions of teachers, parents and the community regarding their expectations and observations. In this light, the expert recommendations of the education researchers are that the curriculum goals should be redefined, and such curriculum should be prepared, which caters to the psyche and needs of the society and the country without any discrimination of cast, colour and creed.

      Fourth, the education sector should have as little political interference as possible. This will allow the system to function smoothly and without any discrimination. Frequent political intervention creates gaps and trust deficits on the part of public and government agencies; solid political will on the part of government is required in policy implementation in the education sector. Thus, policies should be implemented without any delay in time and resources.

      Last but not least, there is a need to implement national education policy and Vision 2030 education goals. An analysis of education policy suggests that at the policy level, there are several admirable ideas, but practically, there are some shortcomings. Also, policies should be implemented without any delay of time and resources. There should be a strong political will on the part of the government to implement policies without any delay. Poor policy implementation has created gaps and trust deficits for the public and government agencies.

      To conclude, a nation’s efficiency depends on its education system; only a viable education system can enable it to achieve its national goals. Unfortunately, Pakistan, as a developing country, has faced critical problems in education: unequipped teachers, lack of political will, irrelevant and outdated curricula, and a non-uniform education trajectory since its inception. Therefore, the education system has failed to play its part in achieving human resources. The raw potential of the country’s youth can be polished through pragmatic education policies and raising education indicators to help strengthen the country’s position in global and International politics.

Free Test for CSS and PMS English

CSS Solved Past Papers’ Essays

Looking for the last ten years of CSS and PMS Solved Essays and want to know how Sir Kazim’s students write and score the highest marks in the essays’ papers? Then, click on the CSS Solved Essays to start reading them. CSS Solved Essays

CSS 2022 Solved Essays

Are you searching for CSS 2022 solved essays by Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s students? Click on any of the topics to start reading the solved essays.

1-
4- “Imagination is more important than knowledge”.
7-World food systems: the economics of agriculture.
8-Is there such a thing as ethical consumerism?
9-Human development and economic sustainability.

CSS Solved General Science & Ability Past Papers

Want to read the last ten years’ General Science & Ability Solved Past Papers to learn how to attempt them and to score high? Let’s click on the link below to read them all freely. All past papers have been solved by  Miss Iqra Ali  &  Dr Nishat Baloch , Pakistan’s top CSS GSA coach having the highest score of their students. General Science & Ability Solved Past Papers

Articles Might Interest You!

The following are some of the most important articles for CSS and PMS aspirants. Click on any to start reading.

 

Recent Posts

What is Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance Discuss in the Perspective of Pakistan to Promote Social Harmony.

Top Categories

Cssprepforum, education company.

Cssprepforum

cssprepforum.com

Welcome to Cssprepforum, Pakistan’s largest learning management system (LMS) with millions of questions along with their logical explanations educating millions of learners, students, aspirants, teachers, professors, and parents preparing for a successful future. 

Founder:   Syed Kazim Ali Founded:  2020 Phone: +92-332-6105-842 +92-300-6322-446 Email:  [email protected] Students Served:  10 Million Daily Learners:  50,000 Offered Courses: Visit Courses  

More Courses

Cssprepforum

Basic English Grammar and Writing Course

CPF

Extensive English Essay & Precis Course for CSS and PMS

DSC_1766-1-scaled_11zon

CSS English Essay and Precis Crash Course for 2023

Subscribe to our mailing list to receives daily updates direct to your inbox.

quality of education in pakistan essay

  • CSS Solved Essays
  • CSS Solved GSA
  • CSS Solved PA
  • CSS Solved Islamiat
  • Current Affairs
  • All Courses
  • Writers Club
  • All Authors
  • All Members
  • All Teachers
  • Become an Author
  • Who is Sir Syed Kazim Ali?
  • Privacy Policy

CssPrepForum is Pakistan’s largest and greatest platform for CSS, PMS, FPSC, PPSC, SPSC, KPPSC, AJKPSC, BPSC, GBPSC, NTS, and other One Paper 100 Marks MCQs exams’ students. It has become Pakistan’s most trusted website among CSS, PMS students for their exams’ preparation because of its high-quality preparation material.

@ 2023 Cssprepforum. All RightsReserved.

Causes Of The Decline Of Education In Pakistan And Its Remedies

  • November 2010
  • Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) 7(8)

S. R. Ghazi

  • Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan

Muhammad Saeed Khan at Hamdard University Islamabad Campus

  • Hamdard University Islamabad Campus
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.

Discover the world's research

  • 25+ million members
  • 160+ million publication pages
  • 2.3+ billion citations
  • Arqam Tariq

Muhammad Waseem Iqbal

  • Hinna Hafeez

Munwar Bagum

  • Waseem Sajjad

Dr Bushra Naz

  • Yar Muhammad Khan

Manzoor H. Shah

  • Maja Lena Lopatny

Ahsan Tameez-ud-din

  • Ishaque Kalhoro
  • Of Pakistan
  • Recruit researchers
  • Join for free
  • Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up

quality of education in pakistan essay

quality of education in pakistan essay

(File photo)

Minister for Planning Ahsan Iqbal has urged for comprehensive reforms in Pakistan's education sector to meet needs of 21st century.

He stated this during a meeting with senior officials of the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training in Islamabad today.

Addressing the critical issues surrounding the outdated curriculum, the Minister underscored the necessity for a modern, forward-thinking approach to ensure the educational system meets the needs of the 21st century.

Ahsan Iqbal said the education sector must implement all necessary reforms without delay.

He said our educational curriculum remains a significant pain point for many parents, as they are acutely aware of how outdated and disconnected it is from the real-world demands of contemporary Pakistan.

The Minister highlighted that the Vision 2025 initiative originally proposed four key areas of reform: curriculum revision, teacher training, overhaul of the examination system, and madrassah reforms.

He said the current curriculum fails to align with the realistic needs of today's Pakistan. He shared his vision of equipping madrassahs with basic science education so that they can be given high school or secondary school equivalence. He said no country can achieve long-term success without a literacy rate of at least 90%. It is imperative that we invest in our education system now to ensure a prosperous future for all Pakistanis.

Highlighting the alarming number of out of school children, the Minister stressed that immediate action is required to address these gaps. He said the current state of our education system is a crisis that demands urgent intervention.

Ahsan said we have over 26 million children who are out of school, and our literacy rate stands at a troubling 61%. This is not just a statistic; it represents a significant barrier to our nation's progress.

Secretary Ministry of Education Mohyeddin Wani briefed the Minister on the progress of several fast-track educational reform initiatives, highlighting significant advancements aimed at modernizing and enhancing Pakistan’s education system in the last one year.

During the briefing, it was announced that the new Financial Literacy curriculum, developed with the expertise of industry leaders, is set to launch on Monday.

This curriculum is a key part of the government's commitment to equipping students with essential financial skills for the 21st century. In addition to Financial Literacy, the Ministry of Education is actively working on curricula for Entrepreneurship, Coding, Artificial Intelligence, and Climate Change. These programs are designed to address emerging global trends and prepare students for future challenges and opportunities.

Another major development is the end-to-end encryption of the Federal Board exam system. This enhancement is aimed at ensuring digital transparency and efficiency in the examination process, reflecting the Ministry's dedication to maintaining the integrity of the educational assessment system.

The Minister praised these advancements as critical steps towards improving the quality and relevance of education in Pakistan.  He said these initiatives represent a significant leap forward in our efforts to modernize the education system and prepare our students for a rapidly evolving world.

quality of education in pakistan essay

Generation AI: Navigating the opportunities and risks of artificial intelligence in education

Stefania Giannini

Artificial intelligence is a technology whose rise has rightly been compared to the discovery of fire. Being here in Athens, this city of ancient wisdom, I am reminded of the myth of Prometheus, who is said to have brought humanity the gift of fire from the gods. Like fire, AI holds disruptive potential to transform our lives in remarkable ways, at both individual and societal levels—from schools to healthcare, work, and transportation. But, as with fire, AI has two sides – it represents warmth and progress, but also great danger if mishandled.

This morning, I will outline some of the challenges, risks, and opportunities that AI, and generative AI in particular, presents for education. I’ll then describe UNESCO’s recent contributions in research, pedagogical tools, and normative instruments. These tools aim to answer some of the many open questions and envision future scenarios for today’s students and tomorrow’s adult citizens—whom I propose to call "Generation AI."

We are all "Generation AI"

Over the course of my career, I have witnessed at least four digital revolutions:

  • From the advent of personal computers
  • To the expansion of the Internet
  • To the emergence of mobile devices and social media
  • To the rapid and unexpected arrival of generative artificial intelligence like ChatGPT.

Each technological revolution has had broad social and educational implications, radically changing the way we live and how we learn. Although not all people and not all countries have felt these technological revolutions in the same way, everywhere the new worlds they create have been sources of both hope and concern.

To understand the risks and opportunities of generative AI systems and tools, we can look back to a chapter in our recent history: COVID-19 and its dramatic impact on education. Within three weeks of the pandemic’s onset, in March and April 2020, 1.6 billion students were deprived of regular school attendance and had to rely on technology to access formal education. In our publication " An Ed-tech Tragedy? ", we documented and analyzed the role of technology during this period of school closures. This unprecedented global disruption revealed the unintended consequences of shifting to technology-first solutions.

The lessons learned from the pandemic show that our choices for integrating technology must be guided by the four principles of inclusion, equity, quality, and accessibility. This is the main message of UNESCO’s 2023 Global Education Monitoring Report , which emphasizes that technology is never ideologically neutral, and new AI models and applications are no exception. Applications like ChatGPT generate new data—both linguistic and otherwise—from the vast amount of input available online. These applications raise fundamental questions for human knowledge, education, and learning.

To summarize, here are some distinctive features of the AI universe that are not always known to the user:

  • Most AI applications come from one of the two leading countries in AI research and investment. This means certain worldviews are favored in content processing and production.
  • The entire executive team of OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT, is under 40 years old. This means that its language models reflect the specific ways of thinking and knowing of one generation.
  • Major chatbots have been trained on only about 100 of the world’s 7,000 natural languages, with English as the primary source, given its predominance online. This means that 99% of the world's languages are currently excluded from the giant virtual library that underlies the most popular generative AI applications.
  • 90% of online higher education materials come from the European Union or North America. This means, finally, that content production is developed mainly by just two regions, both made up of Western countries.

Clearly, these problems are linguistic, cultural, generational, and geopolitical. Therefore, it’s equally clear that, despite AI’s promise to diversify and enrich our knowledge commons, instead the universal encyclopedia may become homogenized and thus drastically impoverished. As the linguist Ludwig Wittgenstein noted: “the limits of my language mean the limits of my world.” We might extend this to say that the limits of large language models mean the limits of the worlds of knowledge they produce.

The epistemological and existential challenges

The first challenge posed by generative AI is epistemological, based on an entirely new relationship between human intelligence and intelligent machines. For the first time in human history, technology has made us both "consumers" and "producers," users and creators. We are both recipients of the information and new data we demand, and, crucially, the unique source and matrix of processing and production. In other words, generative AI applications work because they have devoured centuries of human knowledge stored in the digital encyclopedia we call the Web.

The scale of training data is hard to fathom: GPT-4 was trained on 10 trillion words. To put that in perspective, 10 trillion is the number of seconds separating us from our earliest Homo sapiens ancestors. It is a number that is possible only with computers and can be manipulated only with cutting-edge technology.

They are built from our collective intelligence, which continues to feed and shape them. By adding new content on the web, we give AI more information, greatly expanding its potential. Even as AI continues to mine our collective intelligence and may soon outpace human capabilities, as experts now argue, we will still have the tools to control and steer technology to benefit humanity. Some of the risks are obvious. The spread of hate speech, Holocaust distortion, disinformation on climate change, and election interference are just some of the challenges AI poses. Generation AI’s mission will be to ensure the dual goals of protecting ourselves and our planet from AI’s potential dangers while developing its potential to serve the public good.

To accomplish this mission, we need immediate action on three levels:

  • First, we need strong normative frameworks developed by governments and international bodies. These frameworks must protect transparency, fairness, and ethics in fields such as governance, data protection, research, education, health, and the environment. In 2021, UNESCO led the way by adopting a Recommendation on the Ethics of AI , the first global instrument of its kind. Today, seven Member States are using it to shape their national AI strategies and policies, and more are following their lead.
  • Second, our educational systems need to be transformed. They should be inspired by these principles and reimagined to train a new generation of digital citizens.
  • Third, the private sector must step up. It needs to invest in the safety of AI systems and in technical skills for teachers, as well as the physical and social infrastructure for students. As societies, we must ensure that investments in smarter AI do not come at the expense of investments in educational systems and the people within them.

The impact of artificial intelligence on learning and teaching

At UNESCO, we are considering the many implications that AI presents for the future of education, with a clear universal goal: to develop AI technologies in a way that protects and expands our diverse knowledge systems and that equips learners with the skills and competencies they need to thrive in a digital age. To do this, we must address some difficult questions, which touch upon all dimensions of education, and which don’t always have clear answers.

First, what content and curriculum are appropriate for the digital age? For example, will we still need to learn foreign languages, and will we still need to train interpreters and translators? Intuitively, we may think it is no longer necessary. Why invest in human translation skills when a machine can do it faster and cheaper, with quality that is already similar and quickly improving? However, we know that learning and translating a language is more than just finding the right words and syntax. The cultural richness each language conveys is worth the educational investment and cannot be replaced by any chatbot. We must also reflect on how we develop and validate curriculum.

When I was the Minister of Education in Italy, textbooks and other educational resources were usually validated on four main criteria: (1) accuracy of content, (2) age appropriateness, (3) pedagogical relevance, and (4) cultural and social appropriateness. This typically required a year, or longer.

Do you know how long it takes to validate AI tools? Currently, and in most contexts, AI utilities require no validation at all. They have been released into the public space without discussion or review. Should we continue to tolerate this asymmetry?

A second pressing issue concerns assessment systems. How will we assess learning outcomes? Exams that were once "unhackable" are now easily hackable with AI applications. One example is the qualification of lawyers. In March 2023, GPT-4 passed the bar exam in the United States, scoring in the top 10% of all test takers. Earlier this year, the same programme passed the legal ethics exam. This raises tricky ethical questions, which have increased along with heated debate about the future of assessment, as students worldwide use AI for assignments. Should schools and universities try to block its use? Or rather, should we transform assessments to focus on presenting and supporting ideas and arguments with evidence?

Finally, the mother of all questions: will we still need teachers in the school of the future? Or, more cautiously and plausibly: how will AI tutors change the work of teachers? Of course, we do not have a crystal ball, so we must base our projections on objective data, not just desires. Let us start with teachers. I know we have many teachers in the room today. The recent Global Report on Teachers shows alarming data: A global shortage of 44 million teachers to meet Sustainable Development Goal 4 of the 2030 Agenda. We know there is a clear positive correlation between the qualifications of teachers and the quality of students' learning outcomes, which calls for investment in transforming and improving the teaching profession, starting with digital skills training.

Some argue that the use of generative AI can fill this gap, especially in disadvantaged settings where teachers are in short supply or work in such extreme conditions that they do not regularly show up for work. In fact, from observing diverse geographic and geopolitical contexts, we know what is needed: Well-run, well-equipped schools with well-trained adequately paid teachers motivated in their mission. These are key to finding the right balance between humans and machines, and emotional intelligence and technology, which must characterize the school of the future.

Steering technology for the improvement of educational systems

So far, we have asked how AI will change educational systems. But the opposite question is equally relevant: how will educational systems shape AI and its role in society? At UNESCO, we are helping Member States chart an ethical and responsible course.

In 2023, we published the first Guidance to Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education and Research , proposing key actions for government agencies to regulate GenAI based on safety and appropriateness for teaching and learning. These actions include:

The obligation to protect data privacy, especially for children. Young children need the same protections in the digital and online spheres as they have in the analog world.

Updating copyright laws for the age of artificial intelligence. We have seen many lawsuits against AI companies from writers, newspaper publishers, musicians, filmmakers, and voice actors. Countries need to determine how copyright applies to the datasets used to develop AI.

Setting age limits for using generative AI. We argue that untested and under-researched tools are not appropriate for primary education and should not be available in the classroom to children under 13. Similarly, there is strong evidence for banning smartphones in schools, given their clear negative impacts on mental health and well-being, as well as learning outcomes. A notification on a phone can result in children taking 20 minutes to re-concentrate on their class, affecting their retention and memory.

UNESCO’s guidelines for policy-makers and regulators are certainly important for defining the system of rules. But the real agents of transformation are students and teachers. It is for them that UNESCO is developing competency frameworks for using generative AI, which will be presented at the next Digital Learning Week in September at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. The framework outlines the system of knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to understand AI’s role in education and to use it ethically, effectively, safely, and meaningfully. It fits into the broader programme on global citizenship education and is now an integral component of it.

This leads to the question: What competencies are needed in the digital age? At first glance, the digital revolution seems to require widespread technical skills in computer programming, data science, and software engineering. Indeed, such skills are and will remain relevant. However, paradoxically, as artificial intelligence becomes more sophisticated and easier to use, the need for specialized technical skills may instead diminish. With generative AI, anyone can write a Shakespearean sonnet, program software, compose a violin concerto, or edit a photo. The quality of the result will depend on one’s ability to interact with technology. In this context, technical skills may no longer be essential, while the cognitive and socio-emotional abilities to interrogate the machine by asking the right questions will be critical.

This brings us to the crux of the educational transformation needed in the age of generative AI. To ask the right questions, one needs independent judgment, critical thinking, and emotional intelligence. In this sense, being part of Generation AI does not necessarily mean being a digital native, but rather becoming a digital citizen.

Choosing which technologies to adopt and which to reject

I would like to close by returning to our friend Prometheus, whose story reminds us of both the promise and perils of artificial intelligence—the fire of our times. As members of Generation AI, it is our responsibility to illuminate the path forward with this new fire. In doing so, we must embody the name Prometheus, which is to say, we need to exercise foresight. We must also exercise our agency and our ability to choose which technologies to adopt and which to reject – at individual, community, and government levels – through what author and computer scientist Cal Newport calls techno-selectionism. Our task as Generation AI is to make that selection. To steer AI so that it lights the way to more peaceful, just, and sustainable futures – and does not burn us along the way.

Related items

  • Artificial intelligence
  • Educational trends
  • Educational technology

More on this subject

Global Media and Information Literacy Week Feature Conference 2024

Other recent idea

Rebuilding our relationships with each other, the planet and technology

IMAGES

  1. Essay on Education System of Pakistan 2023 (200 & 500 words) For

    quality of education in pakistan essay

  2. The Importance of Education in Pakistan

    quality of education in pakistan essay

  3. Essay On Education In Pakistan (200 & 500 Words)

    quality of education in pakistan essay

  4. (PDF) QUALITY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES, SUCCESSES AND

    quality of education in pakistan essay

  5. ⚡ Importance of education in pakistan essay. Importance of technical

    quality of education in pakistan essay

  6. (DOC) Critical analysis of education system of pakistan essay

    quality of education in pakistan essay

VIDEO

  1. Definition, concept and scope of elementary education in Pakistan

  2. Dark Reality Of Pakistan Education System

  3. Quotations for Essay Education System of Pakistan || 12th Class Essay Quotations ||

  4. Pakistan's Education System: Current Status and Future Challenges

  5. Education System in Pakistan || Important MCQ’S Questions || TGT, EST, TGST & Lecturership test

  6. Critical Analysis of the Problems of Education in Pakistan

COMMENTS

  1. PDF Review of Pakistan Educaiton Quality and System

    For Pakistan, estimated information reveals that of all the children entering primary school, 70% reach Grade 5 (Table 8 on page 08). For boys this rate (71%) is slightly above than that for girls (68%). Among the provinces and areas, the highest rate of survival is for ICT (91%) while Glt.B (32%) is lowest.

  2. Essay On Education In Pakistan (200 & 500 Words)

    Essay On Education In Pakistan 500 words. Education is one of the fundamental rights of every individual, and it plays a crucial role in the development and progress of any nation. ... The quality of education in Pakistan is also a significant concern. The curriculum followed in schools is outdated, and it does not cater to the changing needs ...

  3. Education System of Pakistan: Issues, Problems and Solutions

    Education system of Pakistan: The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903 institutions and is facilitating 41,018,384 students with the help of 1,535,461 teachers. The system includes 180,846 public institutions and 80,057 private institutions. Hence 31% educational institutes are run by private sector while 69% are public institutes.

  4. PDF An Overview of Educational Policies of Pakistan (1947-2020)

    The quality of education depends upon country's educational policy. Countries with a better educational policies and a continued funding can better attain the socio-economic development with ... promotion of quality education in Pakistan. This particular study aims at finding the answers to the posed questions ... papers as well, since the ...

  5. Pakistan's Education System: An Analysis of Education Policies and

    There exists an inherent promise and intensive potential in educational policies of Pakistan for revolutionizing socio-economic change in the country through education. Pakistan since its independence in 1947 has faced the insufficient educational institutions and lack of qualified teachers which resulted in challenges of access and quality.

  6. Education in Pakistan

    Education in Pakistan is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, while the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and the financing of research and development.Article 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years.

  7. Pakistan's Education System: An Analysis of Education Policies and

    Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Human ities Vol 2: Issue I. ISSN: 2706 - 8242 www.eresearchjournal.com Jan - Mar 2020. 2. Pakistan's Education System: An Analysis of ...

  8. The Failing Education System in Pakistan: Challenges and ...

    Quality of Education Even for those who manage to enroll in schools, the quality of education is a major concern. Outdated curricula, poorly trained teachers, and overcrowded classrooms contribute ...

  9. PDF MinimumStandards forQuality Education

    Provision of quality education is a key to National integration and the Inter Provincial Education Ministers Conference (IPEMC) has approved the Minimum Standards for Quality Education in Pakistan. The document has been developed after through deliberations with all stakeholders from the Federating Units.

  10. PDF Critical Analysis of the Problems of Education in Pakistan: Possible

    Education has been treated like a step child. The lowest budget has been awarded to the system of education since the establishment of Pakistan which has weakened the foundation of the quality in the education system. The education system, hence, has failed to raise the nation economically, politically and socially.

  11. Welcome to Pakistan Research Repository: Essays on Education in Pakistan

    The education system in Pakistan lacks uniformity, accessibility and quality. The current study is aimed to compare some of basic and important educational statistics of Pakistan with a group of 10 better performing countries and then to define a road map for the educational sector in Pakistan for the next two decades.

  12. Essay On Education System in Pakistan With Outlines

    This document outlines issues with Pakistan's education system and proposes solutions. It discusses flaws like theoretical rather than practical education, outdated 20-year-old syllabus, lack of teaching quality, and different curriculums. Drawbacks include many children not enrolled in school due to poverty, lack of access, and child labor. The system also suffers from lack of respect for ...

  13. (PDF) Education in Pakistan: The key issues, problems and the new

    Education in Pakistan Qualitative Dimension: Education provides the bedrock for reducing poverty and enhancing social development. An educational system of poor quality may be one of the most important reasons why poor countries do not grow. In Pakistan, the quality of education has a declining trend.

  14. (PDF) Education and Development of Pakistan: A Study of Current

    The (2015-16, Economic Survey of Pakistan) highlights plan to achieve 100 percent primary school attendance rates, enhance education quality, and rise public funding up to 4.0 percent of GDP by ...

  15. Education

    An encouraging increase in education budgets has been observed though at 2.8 percent of the total GDP, it is still well short of the 4 percent target. Young girls and boys attend their class in UNICEF supported Government primary school Kalpani dagger, Buner district Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

  16. (PDF) QUALITY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES ...

    The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges to quality education in. Pakistan, strate gies for ensure quality edu cation and step s taken by the govern ment for qual ity education ...

  17. Education in Pakistan: problems, challenges and perspectives

    The education section of the executive summary of the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2021-22 notes: "Pakistan is committed to transform its education system into a high-quality global-market demand-driven system in accordance with Goal 4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)." However, the reality is vastly different.

  18. Challenges in Higher Education: Special reference to Pakistan and South

    Nonpartisan Education Review / Essays: Volume 4, Number 2 Access this essay in .pdf format. Challenges in Higher Education: Special reference to Pakistan and South Asian Developing Countries. Syed Zubair Haider. The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Abstract. Higher education has great importance in the development of a country.

  19. Quality Of Education In Pakistan

    Quality Of Education In Pakistan. 878 Words4 Pages. Education is the only process through which we can bring change in behaviors, open the doors to development, rich and poor can be equal. Living standards can be improved through education. By providing a way for progress and development and avoiding the inequalities in different classes it ...

  20. Educational inequality in Pakistan: Causes and Solutions

    Pakistan is facing significant challenges in achieving educational equality due to various factors. Some of the main causes of educational inequality in Pakistan are: Economic factors: Poverty is one of the biggest barriers to education in Pakistan. Children from low-income families often lack access to basic necessities like food, shelter, and ...

  21. Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

    CSS and PMS Solved Essays | Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards. Kalsoom Begum, a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, ... Adding more to it, quality research in Pakistan's education system is still a distant dream. According to the International Association of Universities, "Pakistan is the world's 20th-largest country in the ...

  22. Causes Of The Decline Of Education In Pakistan And Its Remedies

    Abstract. Low literacy rate and poor quality of education are the major drawbacks of the educational system in Pakistan. Our education is influenced by a number of factors that cause this downfall ...

  23. Essay: Higher education in Pakistan:ills and remedies

    04: How to improve the quality of the higher education system in Pakistan: Remedies. a: Practical approach to making university education cost-effective. b: public-private partnership in higher-education. c: entailing a strong commitment to research and knowledge. Creating the ability of faculty members to advance this agenda.

  24. Ahsan calls for comprehensive reforms in education sector

    Minister for Planning Ahsan Iqbal has urged for comprehensive reforms in Pakistan's education sector to meet needs of 21st century. ... The Minister praised these advancements as critical steps towards improving the quality and relevance of education in Pakistan. He said these initiatives represent a significant leap forward in our efforts to ...

  25. Generation AI: Navigating the opportunities and risks of ...

    The lessons learned from the pandemic show that our choices for integrating technology must be guided by the four principles of inclusion, equity, quality, and accessibility. This is the main message of UNESCO's 2023 Global Education Monitoring Report , which emphasizes that technology is never ideologically neutral, and new AI models and ...