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paper tiger

Definition of paper tiger

Examples of paper tiger in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'paper tiger.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1836, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near paper tiger

paper towel

Cite this Entry

“Paper tiger.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paper%20tiger. Accessed 5 Sep. 2024.

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Paper tiger

What's the meaning of the phrase 'paper tiger'.

A person who appears to have power but is in reality ineffectual.

What's the origin of the phrase 'Paper tiger'?

This expression became known in the West as a slogan that Mao’s Chinese communist state used against their opponents, particularly the US government. It appears as one of the quotations, or as he preferred to call them ‘supreme directives’ in the Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong – better known as The Little Red Book , first published in 1964:

“Imperialism and All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers”

“A blustering, harmless fellow they [the Chinese] call ‘a paper tiger’.”

Mao is credited with making many quotations. Here are a few:

Women hold up half the sky. Political power grows out of the barrel of the gun. Let a hundred flowers bloom. To read too many books is harmful.

The history of “Paper tiger” in printed materials

Related phrases and meanings, browse more phrases, about the author, gary martin.

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Understanding the Idiom: "paper tiger" - Meaning, Origins, and Usage

The idiom “paper tiger” is a common expression used in English to describe something or someone that appears powerful or threatening, but is actually weak and ineffectual. This phrase is often used to describe individuals, organizations, or nations that have a reputation for being formidable, but are ultimately unable to back up their claims with action.

Origins and Historical Context of the Idiom “paper tiger”

The idiom “paper tiger” is commonly used to describe something that appears powerful or threatening, but is actually weak or ineffective. The origins of this phrase can be traced back to ancient Chinese culture, where tigers were revered as symbols of strength and power. However, in modern times, the term has taken on a more metaphorical meaning.

During the Cold War era, the United States often referred to the Soviet Union as a “paper tiger,” suggesting that while it appeared formidable on the surface, its military might was largely exaggerated. This usage of the term gained popularity in Western media during the 1960s and 1970s.

In addition to its political connotations, “paper tiger” has also been used in popular culture. For example, it was famously referenced in Bruce Lee’s film Enter the Dragon (1973), where he warns his opponent not to mistake him for a mere paper tiger.

The Cultural Significance of Tigers in China

In traditional Chinese culture, tigers were seen as powerful and awe-inspiring creatures. They were often associated with bravery, strength, and protection. Tigers also held a special place in Chinese mythology and folklore.

The Cold War Era

During the Cold War era, tensions between the United States and Soviet Union were high. The term “paper tiger” was used by American politicians and media to suggest that the Soviet Union’s military power was largely exaggerated. This usage of the term reflected broader anxieties about nuclear war and global conflict during this time period.

Usage and Variations of the Idiom “paper tiger”

Variations of the idiom.

• “Paper dragon” – a variation commonly used in China, where dragons are seen as powerful creatures.
• “Toothless tiger” – a variation that emphasizes the lack of power or threat posed by something or someone.
• “Tiger on paper” – another way to express that something appears strong or threatening only on paper, but not in reality.

Usage in Different Contexts

In politics:

• The term “paper tiger” has been used to describe countries that appear powerful but lack real military strength.
• It has also been used to criticize politicians who make empty threats without following through with action.

In business:

• The phrase can be applied to companies that have a lot of hype surrounding them but do not actually produce results.
• It can also refer to products or services that seem impressive on paper but fail to deliver when put into practice.

In personal relationships:

• The idiom can be used to describe individuals who talk tough but do not back up their words with actions.
• It may also refer to situations where someone seems intimidating at first glance, but is actually harmless once you get to know them better.

Synonyms, Antonyms, and Cultural Insights for the Idiom “paper tiger”

When it comes to synonyms for “paper tiger” , one might consider expressions such as “false alarm”, “empty threat”, or even “bluff”. These terms all suggest a lack of substance or credibility behind someone’s claims or actions. On the other hand, antonyms for this phrase could include words like “formidable”, “powerful”, or “intimidating”.

In Chinese culture, where the term originated from, a paper tiger represents something that appears threatening but is ultimately harmless. This concept can be applied in various situations where someone or something seems formidable on the surface but lacks real power or influence.

Similarly, in Western cultures, people may use phrases like “all bark and no bite” to describe someone who talks tough but doesn’t follow through with action. Understanding these cultural nuances can help individuals better comprehend how and when to use idiomatic expressions like “paper tiger”.

Practical Exercises for the Idiom “paper tiger”

Exercise 1: identifying paper tigers.

In this exercise, you will read several scenarios and identify whether they involve a paper tiger or not. A paper tiger is something that appears to be strong and threatening but is actually weak and ineffective. This exercise will help you understand how to recognize when someone or something is just a paper tiger.

Exercise 2: Creating Your Own Paper Tiger

In this exercise, you will create your own paper tiger by writing a short story or description of something that seems powerful but is actually weak. Be creative and think outside the box! This exercise will help you develop your understanding of the idiom “paper tiger” by applying it in a new context.

By completing these practical exercises, you will gain a deeper understanding of the idiom “paper tiger” and how it can be used in everyday conversation. These exercises are designed to challenge your critical thinking skills while also being fun and engaging!

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using the Idiom “Paper Tiger”

When it comes to using idioms, it’s important to understand their meaning and context. The idiom “paper tiger” is no exception. However, even if you know what this phrase means, there are still some common mistakes that people make when using it.

Using It Too Literally

The first mistake to avoid is taking the idiom too literally. A paper tiger refers to something that appears threatening but is actually harmless. If you use this phrase to describe a situation or person that is truly dangerous, you risk sounding ignorant or insensitive.

Misusing It in Conversation

The second mistake is misusing the idiom in conversation. For example, saying “That company may be struggling now, but they’re not a paper tiger” doesn’t make sense because a struggling company isn’t threatening at all. Instead, use the idiom in situations where something seems intimidating but ultimately turns out to be weak or ineffective.

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Paper tiger.

A paper tiger is someone who at first glance seems to be in charge but who, on closer examination, is completely powerless.

A paper tiger gives the impression of being powerful — perhaps he is a king or a high school principal — but lacks any real power. This phrase comes from an old Chinese idiom, which describes a paper tiger as a "blustering, harmless fellow," and which was popularized when Mao Zedong was quoted in 1956 calling the United States a paper tiger. The idiom makes sense when you think of how terrifying a real tiger is — and how harmless a paper version would be.

• noun the nature of a person or organization that appears powerful but is actually powerless and ineffectual “he reminded Mao that the paper tiger had nuclear teeth” see more see less type of: impotence , impotency , powerlessness the quality of lacking strength or power; being weak and feeble

Vocabulary lists containing paper tiger

This list focuses on idioms and expressions that relate to animals.

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Paper Tiger – Idiom, Origin & Meaning

| Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond studied Advanced Writing & Editing Essentials at MHC. She’s been an International and USA TODAY Bestselling Author for over a decade. And she’s worked as an Editor for several mid-sized publications. Candace has a keen eye for content editing and a high degree of expertise in Fiction.

As non-threatening as it sounds, the expression paper tiger is an ancient metaphor related to threats and war. But does it hold the same meaning today? Let’s unfold the details surrounding this idiom and discover how you can use it in conversation and in your writing.

Paper Tiger Meaning Explained

The phrase paper tiger paints a rather peculiar picture—a carnivorous feline crafted from flimsy material. But, of course, language isn’t always literal, and there are no real tigers here. The term is meant to describe something or someone that appears threatening or powerful but is ineffectual and weak when challenged.

It’s all in the presentation, like a meticulously folded origami tiger, but the substance might not match the intimidating exterior.

A great example that anyone can understand is legal jargon. Whenever you sign an agreement or buy something that involves a lawyer, there’s always a hefty stack of papers filled with confusing legal terms and intimidating parameters. But underneath it all, it’s just a basic legal contract that states a simple fact.

Origin and Etymology of Paper Tiger

The phrase paper tiger comes from the world of Chinese proverbs . The specific Chinese phrase zhilaohu  directly translates to paper tiger , and Chairman Mao Zedong popularized it during the mid-20th century.

Mao used the term as a metaphor for imperialism, suggesting that Western powers might appear fierce but was fundamentally weak and could be defeated. But he didn’t actually coin the expression. It was used earlier, in 1836, by Sir John F. Davis:

“A blustering, harmless fellow they [the Chinese] call ‘a paper tiger’.”

Synonyms for Paper Tiger

Just as a single tiger can have many stripes, a single phrase can have many synonyms. Let’s explore some alternative phrases you can use.

• Hollow threat
• Toothless tiger
• Bark worse than one’s bite

Paper Tiger Examples in a Sentence

Sometimes it’s just easier to see a word or phrase in action, like in a full sentence. So here is a handful to get you started.

• My company’s strict dress code is a paper tiger—it’s hardly ever enforced, so don’t worry about it.
• Despite his loud boasting, their new boss turned out to be a paper tiger with hardly any real authority.
• The threats of the dictator turned out to be nothing more than the roar of a toothless paper tiger when the international community stepped in.
• The policy designed to address climate change was criticized as a paper tiger, lacking concrete measures and sufficient funding.
• The other soccer team’s star player talks a big game, but on the field, he is just a paper tiger.
• The qualifications are impossible to meet, but I know now that they’re just a financial paper tiger. 
• I know my parents’ rules seem harsh, but they’re just a type of paper tiger because Mom and Dad never really enforce anything.

How would the West have conducted itself during the Cold War had it known in 1945, 1970 or even 1985 what we know now—that the Soviet Union was a paper tiger that disguised internal weakness and defense shortcomings with extravagant expenditures on the arms race, aggressive posturing and obsessive focus on propaganda abroad? ( The Jerusalem Post )

Roaring Off

Remember, it’s always about more than appearances. So next time you encounter something seemingly fearsome, consider whether it might just be a paper tiger . Keep adding more idioms and cool expressions like this to your vocabulary, and check out my other helpful guides!

Grammarist is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. When you buy via the links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you.

2024 © Grammarist, a Found First Marketing company. All rights reserved.

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paper tiger

• a person, group, nation, or thing that has the appearance of strength or power but is actually weak or ineffectual.
• a nation, institution, etc, that appears powerful but is in fact weak or insignificant

Word History and Origins

Origin of paper tiger 1

word histories

“ad fontes!”

‘paper tiger’: meaning and origin

The phrase paper tiger denotes a person, country, etc., that appears powerful or threatening but is actually weak or ineffective .

This phrase is modelled on Chinese zhǐlǎohǔ , from zhǐ , paper , and lǎohǔ , tiger .

These are the earliest occurrences of the phrase paper tiger that I have found, in chronological order:

1 -: From The Chinese: A General Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants , published in The Library of Entertaining Knowledge (London: Charles Knight & Co., 1836), by the British colonial governor and sinologist John Francis Davis (1795-1890)—many British and U.S. newspapers reprinted this paragraph, thus popularising the phrase paper tiger :

Some of the ordinary expressions of the Chinese are pointed and sarcastic enough. A blustering, harmless fellow they call “a paper tiger.” When a man values himself overmuch, they compare him to “a rat falling into a scale, and weighing itself.”—Overdoing a thing, they call “a hunchback making a bow.”—A spendthrift they compare to “a rocket,” which goes off at once.—Those who expend their charity on remote objects, but neglect their family, are said to “hang a lantern on a pole, which is seen afar, but gives no light below.”

2 -: From the address of the Birmingham Church of England Lay Association, published in The Manchester Courier, and Lancashire General Advertiser (Manchester, Lancashire , England) of Saturday 5 th September 1840:

The weakness of our adversaries has been more and more manifest, and churchmen begin to find, to use a Chinese proverb, that they “have been frightened at a paper tiger.”

3 -: From the account of an agrarian insurrection in the state of New York , published in The Morning Chronicle (London, England) of Wednesday 29 th January 1845:

Several men, who were disguised as Indians, are in custody for murder; arms have been seized, and the braggart chief, who adopted the soubriquet of “Big Thunder,” now that he is in prison, shows a pusillanimity and a craven spirit that ill accords with his tremendous threats and name. He has confessed the nature of the conspiracy, impeached accomplices, begs for mercy, and is a complete impersonation of what the Chinese call a “paper-tiger.”

4 -: From the Saturday Courier ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, USA) of Saturday 30 th August 1845—several U.S. newspapers reprinted this essay:

PAPER TIGERS. “Guns, trumpets, blunderbusses, drums and thunder!” The Chinese have a very expressive way of describing a mighty blusterer. They call him a “paper tiger.” Nothing could be more significant.—Every neighborhood has its paper tiger; its hero of the hour, an individual who is constantly describing the feats he has performed, or that he would have performed, had he been in such and such a situation. One of the most celebrated poets of our language, has said: “—the loud laugh betrays the vacant mind.” […] […] There are “paper tigers” in almost every department of life. “Big Thunder,” the counterfeit Indian Chief , who was recently arrested in New York, charged with murder, may be adverted to as a case in point. While flourishing at the head of his colleagues, and the hundreds of misguided tenantry, he made a most formidable display. He was armed to the teeth, delivered pompous harangues, and threatened terrible things in the way of devastation and death, should any attempts be made to resist him. The Sheriff and one or two men of nerve undertook the awful responsibility, nevertheless,—“Big Thunder” was caught, caged, and in the course of a few days, he was as mild as a sucking dove. We have some “paper tigers” among the members of Congress. It will not be difficult for our readers to single out a member who has made himself notorious for sound and fury, signifying—nothing! who occasionally makes most terrible predictions, threatens to sever the Union, to declare war, and many other wonderful feats; but whose soaring flights excite no attention whatever, comparatively speaking. The truth is, the member spouts for Bunkum: for his constituents at home, and with little hope of producing effect upon the few Congressional hearers who may at the time be around him. In general terms, “paper tigers” may be described as that class of persons who are characterised by more sound than substance, who boast of many virtues and attainments, and possess but few—[…] Far better, far nobler, far wiser is the policy—to say less and do more. Deeds, not words—should be the great characteristics of men!

5 -: From The Morning Chronicle (London, England) of Tuesday 30 th September 1845:

Philadelphia, Sept. 14. [From our Correspondent.] The question of peace or war still hangs in the balance. We have had several arrivals from Mexico, but nothing of a decided character has transpired. I hardly think, however, that the Mexicans can seriously intend war, as time enough has now elapsed to enable the United States government to concentrate a sufficient force by sea and land, on the Mexican coast and frontier, to set all opposition on the part of Mexico at defiance. And perhaps, under the circumstances, this policy will prove to be the very best mode of keeping the peace. True, we have a proclamation by General Arista, in which immediate war is threatened and spoken of as about to be commenced, that the defeat of the Americans is certain, &c. But looking coolly at the matter, this is clearly a brutum fulmen 1 , and Arista appears, in this particular, very much like what the Chinese call a “paper tiger.”

1 The Latin phrase brutum fulmen (i.e., senseless thunderbolt ) designates an ineffective act or empty threat .

The phrase paper tiger gained new currency in the post-war years from its use by the Chinese Communist Party of the USA and other ‘reactionaries’. The following is from an August 1946 interview of Mao Zedong 2 with the U.S. journalist Anna Louise Strong (1885-1970), published in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung —source Marxists Internet Archive :

Strong: Suppose the United States uses the atom bomb? Suppose the United States bombs the Soviet Union from its bases in Iceland, Okinawa and China? Mao: The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the U.S. reactionaries use to scare people. It looks terrible, but in fact it isn’t. Of course, the atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter, but the outcome of a war is decided by the people, not by one or two new types of weapon. All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful. From a long-term point of view, it is not the reactionaries but the people who are really powerful. In Russia, before the February Revolution in 1917, which side was really strong? On the surface the tsar was strong but he was swept away by a single gust of wind in the February Revolution. In the final analysis, the strength in Russia was on the side of the Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers. The tsar was just a paper tiger. Wasn’t Hitler once considered very strong? But history proved that he was a paper tiger. So was Mussolini, so was Japanese imperialism. On the contrary, the strength of the Soviet Union and of the people in all countries who loved democracy and freedom proved much greater than had been foreseen. Chiang Kai-shek 3 and his supporters, the U.S. reactionaries, are all paper tigers too. Speaking of U.S. imperialism, people seem to feel that it is terrifically strong. Chinese reactionaries are using the “strength” of the United States to frighten the Chinese people. But it will be proved that the U.S. reactionaries, like all the reactionaries in history, do not have much strength. In the United States there are others who are really strong—the American people.

2 The Chinese statesman Mao Zedong (1893-1976) was the Chairman of the Communist Party of the Chinese People’s Republic from 1949 to 1976, and head of state from 1949 to 1959. 3 The Chinese statesman and general Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) was the President of China from 1928 to 1931 and from 1943 to 1949, and of Taiwan from 1950 to 1975. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s, but was defeated by the Communists after the end of the Second World War. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, he set up a separate Nationalist Chinese State in Taiwan.

Likewise, the following is from What the World Is Saying About Us , published in The Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) of Sunday 16 th November 1947:

CHINA Communist-controlled North Shensi radio, in English Morse to North America, Nov. 7: “The New China News Agency editorial, entitled ‘A Spark Can Kindle a Wild Fire,’ issued today, commemorates the 30 th anniversary of the Soviet October revolution. The editorial emphasizes that all imperialism and reactionary cliques are nothing but ‘paper tigers ,’ only fearful in aspect but actually not to be feared at all. The October revolution proved this point, the editorial states, and the 30 years history following it proves it even more clearly. “The Chinese people have complete certainty of striking down Chiang Kai-shek’s reactionary clique, despite the aid of American imperialism. The next numbers of years will prove, the editorial concludes, that the Chinese people can create the same mighty achievements as those of the Soviet people in conquering imperialism and domestic reactionaries.”

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Paper tiger

Origin of: paper tiger.

This expression became popular after WWII when it was used by the then Communist Chinese regime to describe their opponents, in particular the USA. Paper tiger is an ancient Chinese expression for an empty threat or an opponent who acts tough but is essentially weak. As ancient as the Chinese expression may be, it only first appeared in English during the 19th century c. 1830.

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paper tiger

• paper tiger (noun)
• The new laws are just paper tigers without any method of enforcement.

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Paper Tiger Idiom Definition

Marcus Froland

August 12, 2024

Paper Tiger may sound fierce, but it’s not what you think! This phrase tells us about things that seem threatening but actually have no power. It’s like a big cat made only of paper—scary in appearance but harmless when faced.

Today, we’re going to look at what makes something a Paper Tiger. We often meet challenges that look difficult. But are they really as tough as they seem? By understanding this idiom, you’ll be able to handle these situations better.

A paper tiger is an idiom used to describe something or someone that seems very strong or threatening but is actually weak and ineffectual when challenged. The phrase highlights the contrast between the appearance and the reality of power.

For example, a company might look very large and influential because it has many offices or advertises a lot, but it could be a paper tiger if it’s actually not profitable or effective in its operations. Similarly, a person may appear tough or fearsome but can be a paper tiger if they do not stand up well to opposition.

Exploring the Historical Origins of “Paper Tiger”

Let’s dive into the journey of “paper tiger” from its start in Chinese idioms to its worldwide fame. This journey highlights how cultural expressions evolve and gain global importance.

The Chinese Roots and Global Recognition

The phrase “paper tiger” comes from the Chinese “zhǐlǎohǔ,” meaning a tiger made of paper. It looks scary but can’t actually do harm. This phrase shows the deep meanings in Chinese language and philosophy. It proves language can hold vast societal insights.

By the early 19th century, the term reached the English language, starting its global spread. The idea behind “paper tiger” crossed cultural boundaries easily, showing the power of idioms to question apparent strength.

Mao Zedong’s Influence on the Idiom’s Popularity

Mao Zedong , a key figure in China, made “paper tiger” famous. He used it to label the United States and others as weak threats, during high-stakes political times. His use of “paper threat” showed that seeming strong can be misleading.

Thanks to Mao Zedong , “paper tiger” became a way to critique pretended power globally. This backstory is vital for seeing how idioms can express political and cultural ideas.

The story of “paper tiger,” from its start to its use by Mao Zedong, shows how idioms cross cultures and times. They gather new meanings and reflect the eras and leaders who use them, showing how lively language is.

Understanding the Meanings Behind “Paper Tiger”

The phrase “paper tiger” unfolds with figurative language that makes it a compelling idiom. It comes from a traditional Chinese expression, now filled with deep metaphorical meaning across many situations.

From Literal Translations to Figurative Implications

The evolution from literal words to a symbolic tool shows how idiomatic expressions can connect cultures and languages. A “paper tiger” seems dangerous but has no power when faced. It shows a mismatch between how things look and their true nature. This idea is often used to talk about those who cannot follow through on threats.

Comparative Analysis with Similar Idioms and Metaphors

“Paper tiger,” “all bark and no bite,” and “straw dog” highlight how outward appearances can deceive. Here’s a simple comparison:

• All bark and no bite: Loud and threatening but unable to act.
• Straw dog: Something fake set up to be easily knocked down.

These phrases deepen your grasp of

figurative language

by showing the tricky nature of appearances.

Noticing such idiomatic expressions and their metaphorical meanings enriches your communication. Whether in books, daily chats, or analyzing speeches, understanding these expressions lets you see deeper meanings.

“Paper Tiger” in Modern Geopolitical Context

The term “paper tiger” is a key phrase in current geopolitical talks. It symbolizes the overrated ideas of strength in world politics. It was first used to describe threats that seem scary but have no real effect. Now, it has made a comeback globally.

Usage in International Relations and Political Discourse

In global politics, “paper tiger” is often used to describe countries thought to be powerful but lack real strength. This is usually the case in military or economic discussions among world powers. It comes up during tense diplomatic talks or discussions about trade.

The Resurgence of the Term in Digital and Social Media

Social media has made “paper tiger” popular again. People and experts use it to analyze and make fun of countries’ actions and policies. Through tweets, memes, and posts, it critiques events like trade conflicts or military tensions that get worldwide attention.

• International politics: Challenging the true capabilities of global leaders and nations.
• Geopolitics: Analyzing the power dynamics and strategic moves on the world stage.
• Social media trends: Amplifying public discourse about national and international power plays.

Knowing about these uses helps you better understand the world’s geopolitical stories. It makes you more insightful in discussions about our changing world.

The Cultural Impact of “Paper Tiger” Across Different Languages

The phrase “paper tiger” started in China, but talks to people all over. It shows us how cultural exchange means more than just translating words. It’s about making them fit different cultures and their unique views.

Adaptations of the Idiom in Non-English Languages

Each language turns the “paper tiger” idea in its own way. Yet, they all speak about someone who seems strong but is not. For example, Spanish speakers use “tigre de papel” to talk about weak politicians with big reputations. This shows how adapting the phrase keeps its meaning but makes it hit home for more people.

Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Power and Threats

The “paper tiger” phrase tells us how the world views power and threats. People all over doubt the true power behind big shows of strength. This doubt connects us, letting us share views on power’s true face versus what it seems to be.

This look at the “paper tiger” idiom’s path through languages paints a detailed picture. It shows how phrases change and grow to fit new cultures. This helps us all share a wider, more connected conversation.

Examples of “Paper Tiger” in American Media and Literature

In American culture , “paper tiger” is not just a saying. It shows how the U.S. views power and vulnerability. Through media representation and literary examples , this phrase critiques perceived strength versus real weakness.

When you read opinion pieces, watch movies, or read American novels, a common theme emerges. Many seem strong but are actually weak. This contrast not only makes stories interesting but also helps us understand society and politics better.

• Journalism: Political writers and reporters often call big parties or powerful people “paper tigers” if they don’t keep their big promises.
• Literature: Famous American writers have portrayed characters and groups as “paper tigers.” They show the gap between how things seem and how they really are.
• Popular Media: TV and movies usually have bad guys who seem tough but aren’t. It’s dramatic when they’re shown as just “paper tigers.”

The term “paper tiger” is widely used, showing a critical view of power in the U.S. Its common use in media and books shows its strong effect on conversations. It deeply connects with American culture .

Conclusion: The Enduring Relevance of “Paper Tiger”

Exploring idioms like “paper tiger” shows their importance over time. They remain significant in conversations. The phrase “paper tiger” shows the difference between appearance and reality. It helps us find the truth behind the facade.

“Paper tiger” serves as a powerful rhetorical tool. It is used to challenge and critique in debates. Its adaptability across languages shows how dynamic it is. This showcases the phrase’s ability to express the difference between seeming strong and being weak.

Understanding “paper tiger” deepens our language engagement. It helps us see past superficial appearances to find real strength. This idiom has stayed meaningful over time. It shows the human struggle to find truth in a complex world.

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paper tiger

• 1.1 Etymology
• 1.2 Pronunciation
• 1.3.1 Translations
• 1.3.2 See also

Calque from Chinese 紙老虎 ／ 纸老虎 ( zhǐlǎohǔ ), a phrase made famous by Mao Zedong , but with ancient origins. An English translation first appeared in a 1828 book by British missionary and lexicographer Robert Morrison.

Pronunciation

paper tiger ( plural paper tigers )

• 2008 August 23, Ian Kershaw, “The twisted road to war”, in The Guardian ‎ [1] : The League of Nations was by this time scarcely even a paper tiger , devoid of credibility since its divisions and pusillanimity had been so clearly laid bare following Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia in the autumn of 1935.
• 2010 October 11, Roger Cohen, “Iran, the Paper Tiger”, in The New York Times ‎ [2] , →ISSN : Iran is a paper tiger , a postmodern threat: It has many uses but a third Western war against a Muslim country is a bridge too far.

Translations

• all bark and no bite , one's bark is worse than one's bite

• English terms calqued from Chinese
• English terms derived from Chinese
• English terms with audio links
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Definition of paper tiger noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

paper tiger

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Paper Tiger

Quick links : Meaning | Origin | Spread & Usage

What does Paper Tiger mean?

Paper Tiger is the direct translation of the Canton Chinese word “Zhilaohu” and is used to refer to something that projects power and danger, but is, in fact, harmless and ineffective.

The expression has a long history in China, and has gained worldwide attention following a series of remarks, made by Mao Zedong in the 1950s.

“Paper Tiger” has been a popular rhetorical device in global politics since then, as a way of dismissing a commonly perceived danger.

Paper tiger

What's the origin of Paper Tiger ?

The phrase is an old Cantonese idiom, which has been around in oral tradition for centuries.

It was first translated by Robert Morrison in his Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect , published in 1828.

Another definition of “Paper Tiger” comes from John Francis Davis ‘ 1836 book, titled The Chinese: A General Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants. In it, a paragraph states that “A blustering, harmless fellow they call “a paper tiger.”

This excerpt was soon published in several contemporary newspapers in Great Britain.

Despite these publications, “Paper Tiger” didn’t become a globally used expression until more than a century later.

Spread & Usage

How did Paper Tiger spread?

“Paper Tiger” was made popular globally by Mao Zedong in the middle of the 20th century, in several interviews and remarks made upon American imperialism and the atom bomb. It was notably included in Mao Zedong ‘s The Little Red Book , where he associated reactionaries with a “Paper Tiger.”

In 1973, during a meeting with Henry Kissinger , Mao even claimed to have coined the English version of the phrase, which was received with an explosion of laughter by everyone present.

Since Mao , “Paper Tiger” has been a widely embraced expression, used to dismiss a political opponent or a perceived threat, with notable uses being tied to figures like Osama bin Laden and Joe Biden. It was also used in scholarly circles, in particular, by Paul de Man , who reflected upon the threat of literary theory upon the traditional school in America.

Overall, “Paper Tiger” is an expression that came far from the southern provinces of China, to dominate global politics, used for easing tension and dismissing the threat posed by opposing political forces.

External resources

Word Histories – ‘PAPER TIGER’: MEANING AND ORIGIN

Grammarist – Paper tiger

The Wall Street Journal – The Chinese Origins of ‘Paper Tiger’

More interesting stuff

DigitalCultures » Slang » Paper Tiger

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paper tiger noun

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What does the noun paper tiger mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun paper tiger . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

How common is the noun paper tiger ?

How is the noun paper tiger pronounced?

British english, u.s. english, where does the noun paper tiger come from.

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun paper tiger is in the 1830s.

OED's earliest evidence for paper tiger is from 1836, in the writing of John Francis Davis, colonial governor and Chinese scholar.

paper tiger is formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a Chinese lexical item.

Etymons: paper n. , tiger n.

Nearby entries

• paper spar, n. 1885–
• paper-spiller, n. 1691
• paper-stainer, n. 1596–
• paper-stealth, n. 1647
• paper stock, n. 1862–
• paper streamer, n. 1868–
• paper-table, n. 1605
• paper taffeta, n. 1957–
• paper tape, n. 1890–
• paper-thin, adj. 1929–
• paper tiger, n. 1836–
• paper tissue, n. 1888–
• paper towel, n. 1916–
• paper tower, n. 1916–
• paper town, n. 1819–
• paper trail, n. 1868–
• paper tree, n. 1727–
• paper war, n. 1650–
• paperware, n. 1885–
• paper warfare, n. 1718–
• paper-washing, n. 1890

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, entry history for paper tiger, n..

Originally published as part of the entry for paper, n. & adj.

paper tiger, n. was revised in March 2005.

paper tiger, n. was last modified in July 2023.

oed.com is a living text, updated every three months. Modifications may include:

• further revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
• new senses, phrases, and quotations.

Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into paper tiger, n. in July 2023.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

A Supplement to the OED, Volume III (1982)

• Find out more

OED Second Edition (1989)

• View paper, n. in OED Second Edition

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Paper tiger meaning

What does the saying 'paper tiger' mean, idiom: paper tiger, similar idioms.

• Cigarette paper
• Paper over the cracks
• Busy as a one-armed paper hanger

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What is a Paper Tiger?

The term paper tiger is thought to have been introduced to the English language in the 1950s. It is a translation from the Chinese term zhi laohu , which was in use long before the 50s. Chairman Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese government and communist party from 1949-1976, described the imperialistic actions of certain nations, and most specifically the US as a paper tiger. The paper tiger is something that looks threatening, but in actuality is merely made of paper; thus it can be destroyed or combated.

Phrases in English that predate the term include storm in a teacup , and the Shakespeare quote from Macbeth , “full of sound and fury; signifying nothing.” These aren’t specifically applied to imperialism. However, they do appear to suggest that some molehills appear as mountains, and are not as daunting as might be supposed.

Imperialism of the type Chairman Mao referred to meant two things, first, the attitude and attempt by larger, stronger nations to establish political domination over smaller nations, and also an attitude of larger, stronger nations that their way of life was better, and their governance was superior to smaller nations. By calling the US a paper tiger, Chairman Mao was establishing a Chinese propagandist philosophy that would dominate China for many years to come, and to a certain degree still exists.

It’s important to understand specifically what Chairman Mao meant when he used the term, since this is often glossed over and not given fullest definition. Paper tiger frequently referred to not only the policies of the US but the beliefs about imperialist policies (if they can be called such) of the US by its citizens and the rest of the world. Chairman Mao stated that the US runs up debts attempting to combat communism, and that its imperialistic policies are despised by other countries, and its own citizens. Because the policy of “oppression” as Mao saw it, was so disliked, it would collapse upon itself. This is what makes the tiger paper.

Chairman Mao did not claim that the paper tiger of the US was without any power, but merely that that power was transient and would be: “unable to withstand the wind and the rain.” Furthermore, even though the tiger was paper, it had to be fought, and Mao suggested all countries “oppressed” by US imperialism would probably continue to have to keep fighting and despising this tendency for the US to regard itself as somehow superior to other countries under different political organization.

Mao said strategically this tiger must be “despised,” but that, “Tactically, we must take it seriously.” This became a call, then, to all nations of communist persuasion to strengthen themselves and engage in battle with imperialism, standing strong in communist beliefs. This process would be time consuming, perhaps a battle existing until imperialism completely vanished, “battered by the wind and the rain.” Mao used the wind and rain as metaphor for the fight communist nations must put up to completely destroy the paper tiger.

In modern usage, the paper tiger can refer to anything that appears threatening but is really not so. We are back to Shakespeare’s idea of a thing being “full of sound and fury; signifying nothing.” The way the term is used now deviates from its purpose as used by Mao. It can apply to any large force that seems to pose a threat, or to the actual process of creating a threat where none exists in order to create fear and possibly influence people’s process of decision-making, or the political process.

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Meaning of paper tiger in English

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• Achilles heel
• at a low ebb idiom
• sitting duck
• sitting target
• soft target

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to do something or go somewhere very slowly, taking more time than is necessary

Like a bull in a china shop: talking about people who are clumsy

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What does paper tiger mean?

Definitions for paper tiger pa·per ti·ger, this dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word paper tiger ., princeton's wordnet rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes.

• paper tiger noun

the nature of a person or organization that appears powerful but is actually powerless and ineffectual

"he reminded Mao that the paper tiger had nuclear teeth"

Wiktionary Rate this definition: 1.0 / 1 vote

A seemingly fierce person or thing without the ability to back up their words.

Etymology: Translating 纸老虎 (simplified) / 紙老虎 (traditional) / zhǐ lǎohǔ (pinyin)

ChatGPT Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Paper tiger.

A paper tiger is a term used to describe something or someone that appears threatening, powerful, or influential, but is actually weak, ineffective, or incapable when challenged. The phrase comes from Chinese culture and is often applied to political or military entities, referring to their lack of substance or power behind a seemingly strong facade.

Wikidata Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Paper tiger

Paper tiger is a literal English translation of the Chinese phrase zhǐlǎohǔ, meaning something that seems as threatening as a tiger, but does not withstand challenge. The phrase is an ancient one in Chinese culture, but sources differ as to when it entered the English vocabulary. It is found translated to English as early as 1836, in a work by John Francis Davis. In a 1956 interview with the American journalist Anna Louise Strong, Mao Zedong used the phrase to describe American imperialism: In Mao Zedong's view, "all reactionaries are paper tigers" — superficially powerful but prone to overextension leading to sudden collapse. When Mao criticized Soviet "appeasement" of the United States during the Sino-Soviet split, Premier Nikita Khrushchev reportedly pointed out, "the paper tiger has nuclear teeth." Osama bin Laden used the phrase describing the American soldier: Amelia Earhart used the phrase in this famous quotation: In The Resistance to Theory, Paul de Man uses the phrase to reflect upon the initial threat of literary theory towards traditional literary scholarship in American academia. His pun runs as follows:

Suggested Resources Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Song lyrics by paper tiger -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by paper tiger on the Lyrics.com website.

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• Powerlessness

How to pronounce paper tiger?

Alex US English David US English Mark US English Daniel British Libby British Mia British Karen Australian Hayley Australian Natasha Australian Veena Indian Priya Indian Neerja Indian Zira US English Oliver British Wendy British Fred US English Tessa South African

How to say paper tiger in sign language?

Chaldean Numerology

The numerical value of paper tiger in Chaldean Numerology is: 3

Pythagorean Numerology

The numerical value of paper tiger in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7

Examples of paper tiger in a Sentence

Eldridge Cleaver :

The paper tiger hero, James Bond, offering the whites a triumphant image of themselves, is saying what many whites want desperately to hear reaffirmed: I am still the White Man, lord of the land, licensed to kill, and the world is still an empire at my feet.

Seiya Nakajima :

It's getting clearer that Abenomics is a paper tiger , the impact of monetary easing is similar to currency intervention. The first time they do it, there's a huge impact. But as they repeat it, the impact will wane.

Michael Hewson :

It's a glimmer, and for now we're consolidating above $40 per barrel. But OPEC showed last week it's a paper tiger in that it won't do anything to prevent supply growth.

Chen Lijing :

A new law can't become a paper tiger , we want to let it become a weapon with steel teeth.

• ^  Princeton's WordNet http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=paper tiger
• ^  Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paper_Tiger
• ^  ChatGPT https://chat.openai.com
• ^  Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=paper tiger

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