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INFOGRAPHIC

Water distribution on earth.

Availability of freshwater is vital to live on Earth, yet freshwater makes up a tiny fraction of all the water available on the planet.

Ecology, Geology, Oceanography, Conservation

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Although water covers about 70 percent of Earth's surface, only a small percentage of that water is freshwater, and even less of that is easily accessible to the billions of organisms that depend on freshwater for survival.

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October 19, 2023

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Earth: The Water Planet

Published by Kendall Brewton Modified over 10 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Earth: The Water Planet"— Presentation transcript:

Where is the Water Found on Earth?

In this presentation you will: explore the stages of the water cycle

 Water on Earth is naturally recycled through the water cycle.  The sun is the source of energy that drives the water cycle.

Earth’s surface is covered mainly by water.

Active Reading Workbook pg Turn in. Then open book to page 290.

THE WATER CYCLE AND WATER TYPES Geography / Chapter 2 7 th Red Team- DTurner.

THE WATER CYCLE Water moves from the oceans to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and from the land back to the oceans.

Ch. 13: The Water Cycle Vocabulary:

Water on Earth!!! Ms. Coulter.

Water, water everywhere?

Earth is the only planet with liquid water at its surface.

The Water Cycle.

Earth’s Waters Water Continually Cycles – 1.1  Water is a solid, liquid, & gas.  71% of earth’s surface is water.  Our body is two-thirds water.  Fresh.

The Water Cycle It’s role in weather. What is a cycle? A series of events that happens over and over. A series of events that happens over and over.

7 th Grade Science - Weather.  Water is constantly cycled through ecosystems  Oceans contain about 97% of the world’s water  The remainder is freshwater.

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The Water Cycle By Mrs. C. Cook water cycle- water is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land. -is driven by energy from the.

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Global peak water limit of future groundwater withdrawals

Over the past 50 years, humans have extracted the Earth’s groundwater stocks at a steep rate, largely to fuel global agro-economic development. Given society’s growing reliance on groundwater, we explore ‘peak water limits’ to investigate whether, when and where humanity might reach peak groundwater extraction. Using an integrated global model of the coupled human–Earth system, we simulate groundwater withdrawals across 235 water basins under 900 future scenarios of global change over the twenty-first century. Here we find that global non-renewable groundwater withdrawals exhibit a distinct peak-and-decline signature, comparable to historical observations of other depletable resources (for example, minerals), in nearly all (98%) scenarios, peaking on average at 625 km3 yr−1 around mid-century, followed by a decline through 2100. The peak and decline occur in about one-third (82) of basins, including 21 that may have already peaked, exposing about half (44%) of the global population to groundwater stress. Most of these basins are in countries with the highest current extraction rates, including the United States, Mexico, Pakistan, India, China, Saudi Arabia and Iran. These groundwater-dependent basins will probably face increasing costs of groundwater and food production, suggesting important implications for global agricultural trade and a diminished role for groundwater in meeting global water demands during the twenty-first century.

Researchers

Organizations

• DOI: 10.2138/gselements.20.4.229
• Corpus ID: 271779136

The Subduction of Hydrogen: Deep Water Cycling, Induced Seismicity, and Plate Tectonics

• H. Keppler , Eiji Ohtani , Xiaozhi Yang
• Published in Elements 1 August 2024
• Geology, Environmental Science

2 Citations

Deep hydrogen reservoirs and longevity, hydrous melting and its seismic signature, 30 references, amphibole stability, water storage in the mantle, and the nature of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, superhydrous aluminous silica phases as major water hosts in high-temperature lower mantle, elasticity of hydrated al‐bearing stishovite and post‐stishovite: implications for understanding regional seismic vs anomalies along subducting slabs in the lower mantle, dry metastable olivine and slab deformation in a wet subducting slab, water transfer to the deep mantle through hydrous, al-rich silicates in subduction zones, hydration and dehydration in earth's interior, limited mantle hydration by bending faults at the middle america trench, molecular hydrogen in minerals as a clue to interpret ∂d variations in the mantle, variable water input controls evolution of the lesser antilles volcanic arc, large h2o solubility in dense silica and its implications for the interiors of water-rich planets, related papers.

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A guide to fire, water, earth and air signs: Understanding the Zodiac elements

There's a lot more to astrology than someone's primary Zodiac sign. Beyond your " sun sign ," there are other intricacies that can help determine your personality, disposition and approach to relationships.

The 12  Zodiac signs are split into four elements: fire, water, earth and air. Each element houses three signs, outlining additional characteristics that define those born under them. The elements work in tandem with your birth chart to provide further context and nuance to your astrological profile.

No matter if you're an astrological novice or a veteran, this guide can be useful.

How to understand the Zodiac signs, by element

• Sagittarius

"Fire is by far the most energetic element,"  astrologer Narayana Montúfar previously shared in an email to USA TODAY. She describes fire signs as "enthusiastic, sexy, exciting, and fun to be around."

Fire signs bring the heat and won't shy away from initiating things. They can also be impulsive and need to be reminded to pace themselves. 

Water signs

"Water is the strongest of elements in the natural world," Montúfar wrote. Because of this, water signs have an unparalleled emotional depth. "They are highly sensitive, nurturing, and incredibly resilient," she wrote. 

Air signs tend to be intelligent and are seen as dreamers with their heads eternally in the clouds. "Air is the element that connects us to the intellect and anything that involves thinking, writing or speaking," Montúfar wrote.

It is common for an air sign to pursue a career as a journalist or writer, spurred by their desire to process everything and to see situations from different angles.

Astrology's 'Big Three': What your sun, moon and rising sign say about you.

Earth signs 

"Earth is the most mellow element," Montúfar wrote. They have a stable energy and are good at generating wealth.

"They are careful, slow and strategic," she wrote. "People like being around them because they bring a calm and collected energy to those who need it."

Learn more about each Zodiac sign

Aries  |  Taurus  |  Gemini  |  Cancer  |  Leo  |  Virgo  |  Libra  |  Scorpio  |  Sagittarius  |  Capricorn  |  Aquarius  |  Pisces

Just Curious for more? We've got you covered

USA TODAY is exploring the questions you and others ask every day. From " Is manifestation real? " to " What are angel numbers? " to " What is my birthstone? " − we're striving to find answers to the most common questions you ask every day. Head to our  Just Curious section  to see what else we can answer.

American Grant Holloway has claimed his first Olympic gold medal, hurdling to an emphatic win in the Paris Olympic men’s 110m hurdles final on Thursday in a scorching 12.99 seconds.

For years, Holloway’s status has been clear as day: He’s the top men’s 110m hurdler on Earth — and it hasn’t been close.

But a bold label like that isn’t official these days without Olympic gold to back it up. And after three years of stewing over his Tokyo Olympic shortcoming (a stunning silver medal at the hands of Jamaican Hansle Parchment ), Holloway has prevailed in Paris.

“It means the world, to officially have it," Holloway said. "I’m beside myself right now, so happy about everything going on. I knew I was in shape, I knew I was capable of completing this feat, and I officially did it. 

The future is so bright. Everything else that I can do, I know it’s going to be great.

Holloway has not lost a single race or heat since last September.

“I’m a sore loser,” Holloway told NBC Olympics in May. “And I know it."

Good thing he didn't lose Thursday night. His streak lives on, and as he has in virtually every single competition since, Holloway crossed the line with no one even close to beating him.

Behind Holloway, U.S. teammate Daniel Roberts took silver in 13.09 seconds, edging bronze medalist Rasheed Broadbell of Jamaica in a photo finish for second. Roberts, 26, is an Olympic medalist for the first time.

RACE RESULTS

Holloway's gold medal is the first for the U.S. in this event since 2012, when world record holder Aries Merritt took home gold from London.

When Holloway fell in Tokyo, he was a wide-eyed 23-year-old soaking in his first Olympic experience. In finishing .05 seconds behind Parchment, he cited "nerves" and "the atmosphere" getting the best of him.

"But I’ve seen a lot of moons and a lot of sunshine since then," Holloway said in the spring.

Those moons and sunshine — Holloway's blossoming maturity and on-track dominance — came together in picturesque fashion at these Paris Games. He owned his Round 1 heat by 0.21 seconds, scorched his semi by 0.19 and reigned supreme in Thursday's final by an impressive 0.10.

The best hurdler on Earth now has a gold medal around his neck. There's no questioning him now.

Note: Some components of NBCOlympics.com may not be optimized for users browsing with Internet Explorer 11, 10 or older browsers or systems.

WATER ON EARTH

Jan 02, 2020

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WATER ON EARTH. Alessandro Morbidelli CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur, Nice. HOW MUCH WATER IS ON EARTH?. Hydrosphere:2.8x10 -4 Earth masses – fairly well constrained Mantle: 0.8-8x10 -4 Earth masses (Lecuyer et al. 1998) –poorly constrained. New estimate from Marty (2011):

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• late veneer
• type asteroids
• grand tack scenario
• 1x10 3 earth masses

Presentation Transcript

WATER ON EARTH Alessandro Morbidelli CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur, Nice

HOW MUCH WATER IS ON EARTH? • Hydrosphere:2.8x10-4 Earth masses – fairly well constrained • Mantle: 0.8-8x10-4 Earth masses (Lecuyer et al. 1998) –poorly constrained • New estimate from Marty (2011): • new K abundances (Arevalo et al., 2009) and 40K->40Ar suggests that 75% of 40Ar is trapped at depth • From N/ 40Ar (Marty and Dauphas, 2003), C/N (Marty and Zimmermann, 1999), H/C (Hirschmann and Dasgupta, 2009) derives H2O/40Ar • Obtains 2.7(+/-1.3)x10-3 Earth massesof water

Could the Earth have lost most of its volatiles? NO! Albarede, 2009

Water content in Earth and other bodies

Isotopic composition of Earth water ?

SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF EARTH WATER (from the most unlikely to the most likely) • Local planetesimals were water-rich, because water could be absorbed by grains even inside the snowline (Muralidharan, Drake et al., 2008) • Would water be lost when grains accrete into planetesimals? • Why are the parent bodies of enstatite and ordinary chondrites so dry?

SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF EARTH WATER (from the most unlikely to the most likely) • Dust & small icy/hydrated planetesimals drifting inwards from beyond the snowline due to gas drag could have brought water to the terrestrial planet region (Lauretta and Ciesla, 2005) • This mechanism was invoked by Cyr et al. (1999) to explain the hydration of C-type asteroids • The deficiency of water in S/E type asteroids suggests that this mechanism was not effective inside 2.5-3 AU Local condensation of volatile-rich grains as the temperature was dropping in the disk suffers the same problem: why didn’t S/E asteroids accrete such grains?

SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF EARTH WATER (from the most unlikely to the most likely) • Primitive atmospheres of H could have been captured by planetary embryos from the solar nebula; the reaction of H with the silicate could have hydrated the embryos (Genda and Ikoma, 2008) • This could explain why embryos were hydrated even if planetesimals were not • The water produced by this mechanism would have a solar D/H composition. • Necessity for a fractionation mechanism. Similarity with D/H ratio in carbonaceous chondrites would be a coincidence.

SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF EARTH WATER (from the most unlikely to the most likely) Cometary bombardment (Delsemme) • We do expect a cometary bombardment in the Nice model • Not enough to supply all the water to Earth (not Nice-model dependent): • Earth-collision probability per comet: 10-6 • Fraction of water in comet: ~0.5 • Total mass in the cometary disk: ~50 ME • Water supplied: 2.5x10-5 ME~10% Ocean mass Water on Earth predates the LHB (see zircons)

SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF EARTH WATER (from the most unlikely to the most likely) Water from the asteroid belt (Morbidelli et al., 2000; O’brien et al., 2006; Raymond et al., 2006) It works best if the giant planets are on circular orbits However, Mars is always too big in this scenario.

SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF EARTH WATER (from the most unlikely to the most likely) The Grand Tack scenario (Walsh et al., 2011)

Water delivery in GT Planets > 0.5 Earth mass accrete median value of ~1% Earth mass of C-type material (2-3% is not rare) Assuming 10% water by mass (consistent with carbonaceous chondrites), this gives ~1x10-3 Earth masses of water Earth has ~5-20x10-4 Earth masses of water‏ Murchison (CV meteorite)‏ • Additional water may be delivered through more massive embryos that were not included in the simulations

Timing of water/volatile accretion Water arrived kind of late…. Rubie et al., 2011; see also Wood et al., 2008

Timing of water/volatile accretion Run 152 Planet 6 …this is consistent with the Grand Tack scenario Run 151 Planet 4

Timing of water/volatile accretion Calibration of Late Veneer

Timing of water/volatile accretion Late but not in a late veneer (Mann et al., 2009) Ga & Mn are moderately volatile elements, in chondritic proportion in the mantle, depleted relative to CI but much more abundant than HSE. So, they must have “seen” the core formation at large pressures, i.e. in the late stages.

Timing of water/volatile accretion Late but not in a late veneer (Wood et al., 2010) The abundance of elements with same condensation temperature is clearly dependent on affinity with iron (red=HSE, black=MSE, white=lithophile)

Timing of water/volatile accretion Late Veneer Marty, 2011 A Late Veneer of 3x10-3 ME would give 1.5-3 x 10-4 ME of water… a bit short (Drake and Righter, 2002)

Timing of water/volatile accretion The Earth and the Moon have indistinguishable oxygen isotope composition. All carbonaceous meteorites (with the exception of CI) have clearly different Oxygen isotope composition The delivery of water AFTER the Moon forming event would have made the Earth and the Moon distinguishable!

CONCLUSIONS • Water (and volatile elements) argue for an heterogeneous accretion of the Earth • They have been delivered towards the end of the Earth accretion, but not in a Late Veneer fashion • All this is consistent with the latest dynamical models, provided that the Moon-forming event is fortuitously late.

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Extreme heat continues throughout July with devastating impacts

Extreme heat hit hundreds of millions of people throughout July, with a domino effect felt right across society. The world’s hottest day on recent record was registered – yet another unwelcome indication of the extent that greenhouse gases from human activities are changing our climate.

Global average temperatures for 13 consecutive months (from June 2023 to June 2024) set new monthly records.

July 2024 was the second warmest month globally and the second warmest July in the ERA5 data record of the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service . It was just 0.04°C lower than the previous high set in July 2023.

It underlines the urgency of the Call to Action on Extreme Heat issued by UN Secretary-General António Guterres, who said that “Earth is becoming hotter and more dangerous for everyone, everywhere.”

“Widespread, intense and extended heatwaves have hit every continent in the past year. At least ten countries have recorded daily temperatures of more than 50° C in more than one location. This is becoming too hot to handle,” said WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo. 

“Death Valley in California registered a record average monthly temperature of 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) – possibly a new record observed for anywhere in the world. Even the remote frozen ice sheets of Antarctica have been feeling the heat,” she said.

“The WMO community is committed to responding to the UN Secretary-General’s Call to Action with better heat-health early warnings and action plans. Recent estimates produced by WMO and the World Health Organization indicate that the global scale-up of heat health-warning systems for 57 countries alone has the potential to save an estimated 98,000 lives per year. This is one of the priorities of the Early Warnings For All initiative,” said Celeste Saulo. 

“Climate adaptation alone is not enough. We need to tackle the root cause and get serious about reducing record levels of greenhouse gas emissions ,” said Celeste Saulo.

Globally, 22 July was the hottest day, and 23 July was a virtual tie, in the reanalysis dataset (ERA5) from the  Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) , which is implemented by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF). 

The daily global-average temperature reached 17.16°C and 17.15°C in ERA5 on 22 and 23 July. Given the small difference, similar to the level of uncertainty in the ERA5 data, it is not possible to say which of the two days was the hottest with complete certainty, said C3S.

The ERA5 reanalysis dataset uses billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft and weather stations around the world. It is one of six international  datasets used by WMO for its climate monitoring and annual State of the Climate reporting. 

C3S compared ERA5 with other reanalyses, the uncertainty for day-to-day or year-to-year temperature changes is  estimated to be well below the 0.07°C difference found between 6 July 2023 (previous hottest day) and 22/23 July 2024, and multiple datasets are in agreement on the periods of the record temperatures in 2016, 2023 and 2024. 

The reasons for the spike in high temperatures is being analysed. 

According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service, one of the contributing factors was much above-average temperatures over large parts of Antarctica, with anomalies of more than 10°C above average in some areas, and above average temperatures in parts of the Southern Ocean. 

Although natural climate variability can play a role, such big temperature anomalies are unusual. It is the second such heatwave to hit the continent in the last two years and a similar heatwave contributed to the record global temperatures in early July 2023. The Antarctic daily sea ice extent in June 2024 was the second lowest on record, after 2023, according to the US National Snow and Ice Data Center. 

At a Glance

Detailed below are some selected noteworthy observed extreme temperatures in July. Note that details of all the impacts are not included since this necessitates a more extensive analysis, and the impacts of heat on human health, in particular, are widely underreported.   

Japan's monthly average temperature in July was the highest in the instrumental record back to 1898 (2.16 °C warmer than Japan’s July 1991-2020 average), beating the record set last year. Severe heat is expected to continue across the country for August. In recent days maximum daily temperatures climbed to  above 38 °C in many weather stations, and monthly average temperature at 62 of the 153 meteorological stations nationwide was the highest ever recorded for July, according to the  Japan Meteorological Agency.    It advised people to pay attention to temperature forecasts and heatstroke alerts, and take appropriate steps to prevent heatstroke.

China - July was the warmest month on record (comprehensive data since 1961).

The heat continues in August, with maximum daily temperatures above 40 °C in many places of eastern China, according to the China Meteorological Administration.

India had its second warmest July on record, with minimum overnight temperatures being the warmest on record (since 1901), according to  the India Meteorological Department.

Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran both suffered repeated heatwaves, with the latter forced to close schools because of the heat.

Bahrain recorded its hottest July on record (since 1902), with a mean monthly temperature of 37.4°C, or 2.3°C above the long-term normal for July.

During July, Morocco experienced two consecutive heatwaves with record temperatures. The second heatwave, from 22 to 25 July, was particularly intense, reaching 41.7°C in Nouasseur and 47.6°C in Marrakech. Chefchaouen broke its July temperature record with 43.4°C on 19 July 2024.

This followed an unusually cool start to the month. The sudden contrast between cool temperatures and extreme heat intensified the heat stress on residents.

Many areas of the Mediterranean and Balkans were gripped by extended heatwaves in July, causing casualties and impacting public health.  A rapid attribution study by scientists in World Weather Attribution said that the Mediterranean heatwave - Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and Morocco - would not have occurred without human induced climate change

Several countries including Greece , Hungary ,  Slovenia ,  Croatia and  Bulgaria reported the warmest July on record. The last 4 years have recorded 3 of the 4 warmest July months for Greece in at least 80 years.

In Spain,  Barcelona’s Fabra Observatory , officially recognized as a  centennial long-term observation station by the WMO, registered a new record maximum temperature of 40.0 ºC.

France did not experience an exceptional month overall , but did see its first heatwave of the year at the end of the month, impacting the well-being of athletes and spectators at the Paris Olympics. 

North America

In the United States of America, about 165 million people (half the US population) were under heat alerts on 1 August,  according to the heat.gov website . During the past 30 days,  more than 80 temperature records were set , according to the US National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration. 

An average monthly temperature of 42.5 °C was measured at Furnace Creek/Death Valley which is a record for the site and possibly the world.  WMO does not make systematic formal evaluation of in situ monthly average temperature , such as for the daily extreme temperatures. However, WMO Weather and Climate Extremes rapporteur Randall Cerveny, said that the record appeared to be reasonable and legitimate. 

Death Valley is considered the  hottest place on earth , the highest daily temperature 56.7 °C (134 °F) was observed there on 10 July 1913, according to the WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. 

On 1 August, Las  Vegas set a new record of 43 consecutive days with maximum temperature of 105 °F (40.5 °C) or higher (the previous record was 25 days back in 2017).

On 2 August,  there were 94 large active wildfires nationwide in the USA . Year-to-date wildfires have burned 4 489 028 acres (1 816 645 hectares), about 800 thousand acres more area than the 10-year average in 2014-2023 period.

Hot and dry conditions, coupled with lightning, contributed to the fires. As of 3 August, 829 fires actively burned in Canada, including more than 250 out of control. British Columbia and Alberta were especially affected, according to the  Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre . In British Columbia more than 800 thousand hectares already burned in 2024, amost double the 20-year average.  The top years all occurred since 2017 in this province . 

South America

In the South American winter, some countries recorded temperatures more typical of summer. Temperatures above 30 °C, and even above 35 °C, in parts of Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina are unusual for this time of the year, with anomalies up to 10 °C, and sometimes even higher.  Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service said that Bolivia and Brazil’s Amazon face  unprecedented fire activity .

By contrast, during first half of July, unusual cold affected  some parts of the continent . In southern Peru, heavy snow collapsed many houses and buildings. The cold weather also led to deaths reported in Argentina and Chile. Cold temperatures, down to -6 °C on 9 July, also affected southern Brazil and Uruguay. 

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