powerpoint presentation on quality

Total Quality Management

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Total quality management is the continual process of detecting and reducing or eliminating errors in manufacturing, streamlining supply chain management, improving the customer experience, and ensuring that employees are up to speed with training. Total quality management aims to hold all parties involved in the production process accountable for the overall quality of the final product or service.

Total quality management was developed by William Deming, a management consultant whose work had a great impact on Japanese manufacturing. While Total quality management shares much in common with the Six Sigma improvement process, it is not the same as Six Sigma. Total quality management focuses on ensuring that internal guidelines and process standards reduce errors, while Six Sigma looks to reduce defects.

The focus of the process is to improve the quality of an organization’s outputs, including goods and services, through continual improvement of internal practices. The standards set as part of the Total quality management approach can reflect both internal priorities and any industry standards currently in place.

Industry standards can be defined at multiple levels and may include adherence to various laws and regulations governing the operation of the particular business. Industry standards can also include the production of items to an understood norm, even if the norm is not backed by official regulations.

Total quality management is considered a customer-focused process and aims for continual improvement of business operations. It strives to ensure all associated employees work toward the common goals of improving product or service quality, as well as improving the procedures that are in place for production.

Inspire your company’s staff to be committed to high standards. Total Quality Management is a management framework based on the belief that a company can build long-term success by having all its members, from low-level workers to its highest-ranking executives. It focuses on quality improvement and thus delivering customer satisfaction.  This Total Quality Management template models all the facets of Total Quality Management.

The infographics in the first and second slides can be used to highlight different aspects of Total Quality management. Show hierarchy of the components of Total Quality Management with the pyramid in the third slide. The user can come to a good presentation close with the last slide as it summarizes what each alphabet in the TQM acronym really means. It is a fully editable and customizable TQM template for PowerPoint presentations. Users can change colors, texts, and icons to meet requirements.

This template can be used by quality managers when preparing instructions for improving product quality. You can describe in detail what actions need to be taken to improve quality control and what resources and time frame you will need for this.

Product managers can use this template when preparing a report on necessary changes to improve product quality. Marketers and salespeople can use the slides in this template to discuss the competitive advantages of your product and plan actions to improve the quality of the products they produce. Manufacturing managers can use the slides in this template when preparing guidelines for quality control and continuous improvement of work processes in the company.

Extensively used across all industries.  The Total Quality Template is great for presentation on management. Ideal for use by management professionals, quality auditors, quality assurance teams, quality controllers, strategic planners, business analysts,  project managers, etc… Give the best Total Quality Management presentation and impress your audiences on end with our Total Quality Management template for PowerPoint template.

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Kaizen, Quality Management Method

It seems that you like this template, kaizen, quality management method presentation, free google slides theme, powerpoint template, and canva presentation template.

The Kaizen method is a philosophy of continuous improvement that has gained popularity in the business world. The concept is simple yet powerful: small, incremental changes lead to significant progress over time. Slidesgo wasn't built in one day—it's been a journey of small steps until we got to the top! We have prepared this template, with some Japanese inspiration, to make it easy for you to explain the Kaizen method and, possibly, propose it in your own business. It includes a calligraphic font for the titles and completely editable slides.

Features of this template

• 100% editable and easy to modify
• 35 different slides to impress your audience
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• Includes 500+ icons and Flaticon’s extension for customizing your slides
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• 16:9 widescreen format suitable for all types of screens
• Includes information about fonts, colors, and credits of the resources used

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Quality Management PowerPoint Presentations & Google Slides

Seven Noded Quality Management PPT Slide

Download this Quality Management PowerPoint Presentations Template to present your quality management system. It is an excellent way to introduce the concept of total quality management in an easy-to-use format. The fully customizable slide and design structure help convey the concept to the audience. Using this slide, you can clearly outline the various aspects of the total quality management process.

The Quality Management PowerPoint Presentations Template is designed with eight circles, which are beautifully placed like a flower. Using this slide, you can visualize the quality management principles, including leadership, process approach, improvement, relationship management, customer focus, etc. This template is ideal for any quality management project. 

Features of this template:

1. 100% customizable slides and easy to download.

2. Slides available in different nodes & colors.

3. The slide contained 16:9 and 4:3 format.

4. Easy to change the slide colors quickly.

5. Well-crafted template with instant download facility.

6. It is very colorful and attractive.

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Quality control PowerPoint Presentation Templates and Google Slides

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Agile Quality Control Framework IT Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete With Slides

Induce strategic thinking by presenting this complete deck. Enthrall your audience by deploying this thought provoking PPT deck. It can be downloaded in both standard and widescreen aspect ratios, thus making it a complete package to use and deploy. Convey your thoughts and actions using the sixty slides presented in this complete deck. Additionally, feel free to alter its components like color, graphics, design, etc, to create a great first impression. Grab it now by clicking on the download button below.

Agile Methodology To Quality Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

This complete deck acts as a great communication tool. It helps you in conveying your business message with personalized sets of graphics, icons etc. Comprising a set of fifty nine slides, this complete deck can help you persuade your audience. It also induces strategic thinking as it has been thoroughly researched and put together by our experts. Not only is it easily downloadable but also editable. The color, graphics, theme any component can be altered to fit your individual needs. So grab it now.

ISO 9001 Standard For Quality Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete With Slides

Induce strategic thinking by presenting this complete deck. Enthrall your audience by deploying this thought provoking PPT deck. It can be downloaded in both standard and widescreen aspect ratios, thus making it a complete package to use and deploy. Convey your thoughts and actions using the fifty six slides presented in this complete deck. Additionally, feel free to alter its components like color, graphics, design, etc, to create a great first impression. Grab it now by clicking on the download button below.

Quality Control Plan Templates Set 3 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

This Quality Control Plan Templates Set 3 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides is designed to help you retain your audiences attention. This content-ready PowerPoint Template enables you to take your audience on a journey and share information in a way that is easier to recall. It helps you highlight the crucial parts of your work so that the audience does not get saddled with information download. This fifty six slide PPT Deck comes prepared with the graphs and charts you could need to showcase your information through visuals. You only need to enter your own data in them. Download this editable PowerPoint Theme and walk into that meeting with confidence.

Manufacturing Quality Assurance And Control Measures Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Incorporate this Manufacturing Quality Assurance And Control Measures Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides to define the objectives of business performance and how to drive results. List goals and outline a plan to achieve all your enterprise targets using this well crafted complete deck in fity five slides. Walk your audience through the key objectives of your business set-up, especially for customers and inspire them to work with diligence using this predesigned presentation template. Download now with the added assurance of a 100 percent customizable and editable product.

Quality Control Planning Templates Set 1 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

In the rainbow of business colours of any PPT Presentation, it is important to realise that structure and framework is the real pain point that the customer wants to resolve through a presentation. Our products are the answer, as illustrated through this Quality Control Planning Templates Set 1 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides. Learn how the structure of a business presentation is to be fleshed out using this fivty four slide complete deck. Examine the relevance of concepts like business planning, market strategies and customer pain points etc to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the needs of all stakeholders. This can serve as the master blueprint to help you analyze any business scenario you may face. The presentation template is also equipped to do this with its 100 Precent editable and customizable capability. Download now.

Project Quality Planning And Controlling Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Presenting this set of slides with name project quality planning and controlling ppt powerpoint presentation complete deck with slides. The topics discussed in these slides are developing, planning, processes, improvement, plan. This is a completely editable PowerPoint presentation and is available for immediate download. Download now and impress your audience.

Quality Control Framework For Agile Software Development IT Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Pitch yourself both in house and outside by utilizing this complete deck. This quality control framework for agile software development it ppt powerpoint presentation complete deck with slides focuses on key fundamentals of the topic, displayed using different slides. With a total of fifty one slides, this template is the best tool you can use to persuade your audience. It will not only help you create great presentations but also induce strategic thinking because of its well researched content and graphics. You can easily personalize any of the elements to suit your unique business setting. Additionally, it can be saved in PNG, JPG, and PDF formats to save your time and resources.

Development And Operations Model Reevaluating Quality Control Role IT Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

This complete deck acts as a great communication tool. It helps you in conveying your business message with personalized sets of graphics, icons etc. Comprising a set of fifty one slides, this complete deck can help you persuade your audience. It also induces strategic thinking as it has been thoroughly researched and put together by our experts. Not only is it easily downloadable but also editable. The color, graphics, theme any component can be altered to fit your individual needs. So grab it now.

Quality Control Budgeting Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

This is a quality control budgeting ppt powerpoint presentation complete deck with slides. This is a one stage process. The stages in this process are quality control budgeting, business, marketing, management, finance.

Tools Of Quality Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

This is a tools of quality control ppt powerpoint presentation complete deck with slides. This is a one stage process. The stages in this process are tools of quality control, analysis, strategy, business, management.

Quality Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

This is a quality control ppt powerpoint presentation complete deck with slides. This is a one stage process. The stages in this process are quality control, business, management, communication, planning.

Project Quality Monitoring And Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Improve your presentation delivery using this Project Quality Monitoring And Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides. Support your business vision and objectives using this well-structured PPT deck. This template offers a great starting point for delivering beautifully designed presentations on the topic of your choice. Comprising twenty four this professionally designed template is all you need to host discussion and meetings with collaborators. Each slide is self-explanatory and equipped with high-quality graphics that can be adjusted to your needs. Therefore, you will face no difficulty in portraying your desired content using this PPT slideshow. This PowerPoint slideshow contains every important element that you need for a great pitch. It is not only editable but also available for immediate download and utilization. The color, font size, background, shapes everything can be modified to create your unique presentation layout. Therefore, download it now.

Quality Control Process Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete With Slides

If designing a presentation takes a lot of your time and resources and you are looking for a better alternative, then this quality control process ppt powerpoint presentation complete with slides is the right fit for you. This is a prefabricated set that can help you deliver a great presentation on the topic. All the sixteen slides included in this sample template can be used to present a birds-eye view of the topic. These slides are also fully editable, giving you enough freedom to add specific details to make this layout more suited to your business setting. Apart from the content, all other elements like color, design, theme are also replaceable and editable. This helps in designing a variety of presentations with a single layout. Not only this, you can use this PPT design in formats like PDF, PNG, and JPG once downloaded. Therefore, without any further ado, download and utilize this sample presentation as per your liking.

Quality Control Icon Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Improve your presentation delivery using this Quality Control Icon Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides. Support your business vision and objectives using this well-structured PPT deck. This template offers a great starting point for delivering beautifully designed presentations on the topic of your choice. Comprising sixteen this professionally designed template is all you need to host discussion and meetings with collaborators. Each slide is self-explanatory and equipped with high-quality graphics that can be adjusted to your needs. Therefore, you will face no difficulty in portraying your desired content using this PPT slideshow. This PowerPoint slideshow contains every important element that you need for a great pitch. It is not only editable but also available for immediate download and utilization. The color, font size, background, shapes everything can be modified to create your unique presentation layout. Therefore, download it now.

Quality Control Problems Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Boost your confidence and team morale with this well-structured quality control problems ppt powerpoint presentation complete deck with slides. This prefabricated set gives a voice to your presentation because of its well-researched content and graphics. Our experts have added all the components very carefully, thus helping you deliver great presentations with a single click. Not only that, it contains a set of twelve slides that are designed using the right visuals, graphics, etc. Various topics can be discussed, and effective brainstorming sessions can be conducted using the wide variety of slides added in this complete deck. Apart from this, our PPT design contains clear instructions to help you restructure your presentations and create multiple variations. The color, format, design anything can be modified as deemed fit by the user. Not only this, it is available for immediate download. So, grab it now

Automated Quality Control In Manufacturing Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides

Set the stage right for an effective investment partnership by deploying this pre-made, customizable PPT design where the Automated Quality Control In Manufacturing Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Complete Deck With Slides is the real star. It will allow you to highlight the long-term commitment and dedication across the eleven slides of the complete deck, as it encompasses aspects like project context, objectives, agreement policies, feasibility, and more. This gives you an edge in effectiveness of messaging and building a successful partnership. The presentation template is also equipped to do this with its 100 percent editable and customizable capability. Download it right away.

Incoming Quality Control Presentation Backgrounds

This is an incoming quality control presentation backgrounds. This is a five stage process. The stages in this process are incoming quality control, receiving center, defective material, inform purchasing, conditional accept.

Quality Control Measures Ppt Slides

This is a quality control measures ppt slides. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are quality policy, quality assurance regulations, quality assurance standard.

Control Quality Management Template Powerpoint Guide

This is a control quality management template powerpoint guide. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are methods for managing quality control, statistical sampling, quality tools flowcharts scatter diagram histograms, inspection, approved change requests review.

Quality Control Operations Management Ppt Slide

This is a quality control operations management ppt slide. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are policy, reporting, directive, standard operating procedure.

Components Of Quality Control System Ppt Presentation

This is a components of quality control system ppt presentation. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are quality planning, quality assurance, quality control.

Quality Control Kpi Sample Ppt Slide Design

This is a quality control kpi sample ppt slide design. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are marketing, distribution, product development, sourcing.

Quality Control Management Diagram Powerpoint Images

This is a quality control management diagram powerpoint images. This is a seven stage process. The stages in this process are track improvements required, understanding client requirements, receive feedback, two level verification, define procedures, prepare checklist, prepare sample documents.

Quality Management System Document Control Example Powerpoint Ideas

This is a quality management system document control example powerpoint ideas. This is a six stage process. The stages in this process are document control, corrective and preventive action capa, customer complaints, audit management, iso document management, karomi smart platform.

Quality Control And Adding Value Sample Powerpoint Layout

This is a quality control and adding value sample powerpoint layout. This is a five stage process. The stages in this process are quality assurance, quality control, employee training, quality circle, quality.

Quality Control Tools Diagram Powerpoint Slide Introduction

This is a quality control tools diagram powerpoint slide introduction. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are quality assurance, method, testing, machine.

Statistical Quality Control Tools Presentation Background Images

This is a statistical quality control tools presentation background images. This is a five stage process. The stages in this process are statistical quality control, acceptance sampling, variables charts, process control, attributes charts.

Statistical Quality Control Framework Powerpoint Show

This is a statistical quality control framework powerpoint show. This is a six stage process. The stages in this process are statistical, produce good provide service, inspect sample, acceptance, process control, create control chart.

Layout For Quality Management And Control Diagram Powerpoint Ideas

This is a layout for quality management and control diagram powerpoint ideas. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are quality, quality assurance, quality control, employee training, quality circle.

Quality Management And Quality Control Diagram Ppt Slides

This is a quality management and quality control diagram ppt slides. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are methods for managing quality control, statistical sampling, quality tools, inspection, approved change requests review, flowcharts, histograms, pareto, scatter, cause and effect diagrams, checksheets, control charts.

Quality Management Control Process Ppt Powerpoint Guide

This is a quality management control process ppt powerpoint guide. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are quality control, product safety, certification, quality assurance, quality control.

Quality Management Vs Quality Control Diagram Powerpoint Layout

This is a quality management vs quality control diagram powerpoint layout. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are quality management, quality planning qp, quality assurance qa, quality control qc, criteria driven, prevention driven, inspection driven.

Management And Control Of Quality Diagram Presentation Examples

This is a management and control of quality diagram presentation examples. This is a five stage process. The stages in this process are implement, financial services, smartphone applications, mortage services, health care.

Quality Control Kpi Dashboard Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Show Portrait

This is a quality control kpi dashboard ppt powerpoint presentation show portrait. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are finance, marketing, management, investment, analysis.

Quality Control Kpi Metrics Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Summary Gallery

This is a quality control kpi metrics ppt powerpoint presentation summary gallery. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are finance, marketing, management, investment, analysis.

Quality Control Kpi Dashboard Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Slides Topics

This is a quality control kpi dashboard ppt powerpoint presentation slides topics. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are finance, marketing, management, investment, analysis.

Quality Control Kpi Metrics Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Slides Guidelines

This is a quality control kpi metrics ppt powerpoint presentation slides guidelines. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are finance, marketing, management, investment, analysis.

Woman Holding Quality Control Image Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Gallery Deck

Presenting this set of slides with name woman holding quality control image ppt powerpoint presentation gallery deck. This is a one stage process. The stages in this process are quality, excellent quality, quality control checklist. This is a completely editable PowerPoint presentation and is available for immediate download. Download now and impress your audience.

Quality Control Chart Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Infographic Template Slide Portrait

This is a quality control chart ppt powerpoint presentation infographic template slide portrait. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are upper control limit, center line, unstable trend, process change, process improvement, lower control limit.

Quality Control Check Sheet Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Pictures Themes

This is a quality control check sheet ppt powerpoint presentation pictures themes. This is a seven stage process. The stages in this process are business, management, analysis, strategy, marketing.

Quality Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Infographic Template Deck

This is a quality control ppt powerpoint presentation infographic template deck. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are control chart, quality maintenance check sheet, quality maintenance check list.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template 1 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Infographics Slides

This is a quality control check sheet template 1 ppt powerpoint presentation infographics slides. This is a ten stage process. The stages in this process are defect types event occurrence, business, marketing, table, planning.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template 2 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Visual Aids Pictures

This is a quality control check sheet template 2 ppt powerpoint presentation visual aids pictures. This is a five stage process. The stages in this process are business, marketing, subtotal, count check, error type reason.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template 1 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Model Guide

This is a quality control check sheet template 1 ppt powerpoint presentation model guide. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are product, stage, count, description, sub total.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template 2 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Inspiration Icon

This is a quality control check sheet template 2 ppt powerpoint presentation inspiration icon. This is a seven stage process. The stages in this process are description, dates, data collection, location, total.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template 1 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Show Background

This is a quality control check sheet template 1 ppt powerpoint presentation show background. This is a two stage process. The stages in this process are quality control check sheet, management, strategy, analysis, business.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template 2 Ppt PowerPoint Presentation File Gridlines

This is a quality control check sheet template 2 ppt powerpoint presentation file gridlines. This is a two stage process. The stages in this process are quality control check sheet, management, strategy, analysis, business.

Quality Control Check Sheet Template Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Layouts Background Image

This is a quality control check sheet template ppt powerpoint presentation layouts background image. This is a six stage process. The stages in this process are table, quality control, marketing, analysis, management.

Quality Control Check Sheet Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Icon Vector

This is a quality control check sheet ppt powerpoint presentation icon vector. This is a seven stage process. The stages in this process are table, quality control, marketing, analysis, management.

Quality Control Chart Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Summary Sample

This is a quality control chart ppt powerpoint presentation summary sample. This is a one stage process. The stages in this process are anatomy of a control chart, defect rate, upper control limit, center line, lower control limit.

Quality Control Review Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Icon Template Cpb

This is a quality control review ppt powerpoint presentation icon template cpb. This is a six stage process. The stages in this process are quality control review.

Stock Control Production Quality Check And Shipping Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Visual Aids Layouts

This is a stock control production quality check and shipping ppt powerpoint presentation visual aids layouts. This is a six stage process. The stages in this process are inventory tracking, inventory control management, inventory management software.

Quality Control System Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Pictures Show Cpb

This is a quality control system ppt powerpoint presentation pictures show cpb. This is a four stage process. The stages in this process are quality control system.

Auditing Quality Control Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Model Example Introduction Cpb

This is a auditing quality control ppt powerpoint presentation model example introduction cpb. This is a five stage process. The stages in this process are auditing quality control.

Quality Control Auditing Ppt Powerpoint Presentation Ideas Slides Cpb

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Introduction to Quality

Nov 30, 2014

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Introduction to Quality. What does quality mean to you? When you are choosing what to buy, which of the following matter to you?: Performance (how a product or service performs) Reliability (is it dependable) Durability (how long will it last) Aesthetics (how it looks)

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Presentation Transcript

Introduction to Quality • What does quality mean to you? • When you are choosing what to buy, which of the following matter to you?: • Performance (how a product or service performs) • Reliability (is it dependable) • Durability (how long will it last) • Aesthetics (how it looks) • Perceived Quality (customer’s impression of the product or service) • Cost • What factors make a “quality” restaurant? What do you look for when you choose a restaurant?

What is Quality? • Quality means different things to different people • To some, quality means paying a high price. To others it means a better product. • To most people, it means receiving a “fair return” for the money paid for a product.

Who determines quality? • The customer determines quality. • DISCUSS! • The customer is the ultimate judge of quality. He or she expects a product or service to do what it is supposed to do. • When we determine a product to be a quality product, we have confidence in buying it again.

Definition of Quality • To define quality you must consider these 3 elements: • The customer who is the ultimate judge of quality • A supplier who provides the goods or services • The supplier expects that if he/she meets the expectations of the customer, the customer will become a repeat buyer, thus enhancing his/her position in the marketplace. • A product (the goods or services)

Definition of Quality • Quality has two technical meanings: • The ability to satisfy needs • A product or service free of defects • Other definitions: • “Doing the right things right the first time, on time, all the time, and always to the customer’s satisfaction” H.G. Brown • “Quality is fitness for use”- Juran • “Quality is conformance to requirement”- H.G Brown

Why is quality important? • Quality is important for suppliers because: • Satisfied customers are loyal if the supplier meets their needs • Loyal customers mean repeat purchases and will recommend to others • Without quality there are costs to be paid. Products made with no concern for quality are often unsellable and wasted. Also, a bad reputation for poor quality can spread quickly.

How do suppliers assure quality? • Customers must be aware that quality control systems are in place and that these systems are being strictly adhered to. • there must be a sense of assurance that the product or service they receive is one that will satisfy their needs and will be error-free. • Quality Assurance is provided by the supplier by using quality control systems

Quality Assurance • QA is a broad concept that focuses on the entire quality system. • it includes suppliers and consumers of the product or service • it includes all activities designed to produce products and services of appropriate quality. • it includes all planned or systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given needs 8

Quality Control • QC has a narrower focus than quality assurance • QC focuses on the process of producing the product or service with the intent of eliminating problems that might result in defects. • QC includes the operational techniques and the activities which sustain a quality product or service that will satisfy given needs. • it includes the use of such techniques and activities 9

The relationship between QA & QC • If customers feel assured about the quality of the products they buy, it is because the company has implemented a QC system • When organizations create QC systems, but do not implement them, assurance cannot be provided. • YOU CANNOT HAVE QUALITY ASSURANCE WITHOUT QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEMS

QUESTION: • How do you, the customer, know that the technician who is changing the brakes on your vehicle is doing quality work? • As a customer, you don’t know for sure. However, you feel assured, based on your personal knowledge of the shop’s reputation and your knowledge that the shop follows a set of accepted standards as part of their QC system. • You are assured that the technician has a certain level of training and expertise, and the parts being used are of an acceptable standard 11

Is the Concept of Quality New? • The concept has been around for a very long time- as long as people have been making goods for other people. • 1800s- prior to the Industrial Revolution- products were build by craftsmen in workshops or in their homes. • Craftsmen controlled the production processes and hence, the outcomes. • They were responsible for ensuring quality without input from any outside resource. • Does this mean they were not concerned about the quality of their products? No! • They knew if they did not deliver high quality, they would risk their reputation and hence, their livelihood

Craftsmen & Quality • Eventually, the individual craftsmen formed guilds. • to become part of this guild, craftsmen had to adhere to a set of trade standards which ensured they produced the highest quality product. • A product stamped by the guild meant a quality product.

Industrial Revolution • Once the Industrial Revolution began, work moved out of homes and workshops and into massive factories. • Now the workers were no longer responsible for every step in the production process, but worked on a specific part of the whole process. • Workers were concerned about the speed of the process (mass production meant getting as many goods into the marketplace, not quality products) and not the quality of the finished product. 14

The Industrial Revolution & The 1920s • This method of production was created by Frederick Taylor who envisioned the “scientific management system” which was also called “command and control management.” • Concern was with sorting the good from the bad, not controlling the processes. • In the 1920s, a new methodology began called Statistical Process Control (SPC) that was developed by Walter Shewart of Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey. • This method allowed workers to monitor and reduce the variation in virtually any step of a production process. • Instead of just sorting the good from the bad, processes could be developed to prevent the production of defective products.

The Japanese • After WWII, with the rise of Japan as an economic superpower, quality became the main approach. • Initiatives were implemented allowing workers to learn from their customers (understand what customers wanted), solve problems (to help customers get what they need), and to manage processes (as part of the whole team process)

Today’s Global Marketplace • Today, it is quality, or the customer’s perception of quality, that determines a successful business from one that eventually fails. • The customer has the mentality of “if I cant get what I want from you, I’ll get it somewhere else”. • Because of today’s technology, the customer has the whole world as a shopping mall. • Any supplier who does not realize the importance of quality will surely fail.

Why do we need Quality Assurance and Quality Plans? • Why Quality in Manufacturing? • thanks to globalization and rapid advances in technology, today’s manufacturing environment is very competitive. • manufacturers must find new ways to design, produce, sell, and deliver products. • If you know a company has a reputation for poor quality products, are you likely to avoid business with them?

Why Quality in Service? • Service industries have the challenge of meeting customer needs while remaining economically competitive. • While automated processes can make an impact, service industries are still labour-intensive. • This means that there can be no substitute for high-quality personal interaction between service employees and customers.

Why Quality? • Competitive advantage rests with those organizations that successfully provide customer value through the most efficient use of technology and people. • The increase in quality has been initiated by the following: • growing concern about damage to the environment • action by the courts to impose strict liabilities • the occurrence and fear of major disasters in substantial loss of life and property (The oil industry and losses at sea). • growing public awareness of the role of quality in international competition. • Ask yourself, if things were done right 99% of the time, would this make good quality?

Answer: Unlikely! • A goal of zero errors or defects may be the only way to ensure quality. Jeff Dewar of QCI International (a company that offers products and services to promote quality management) once said: If we accept 99.9% as our goal, we'd have to accept the following conditions: • 2 unsafe plane landings per day at O'Hare airport, Chicago • 16,000 pieces of mail lost by the USPS every hour • 22,000 checks deducted from the wrong account      every hour • 20,000 incorrect drug prescriptions each year • 32,000 missed heartbeats person per year That puts the goal of quality in perspective. Thus perfection should be the aim every way every day...

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How to Make a Beautiful PowerPoint Presentation: A Simple Guide

Ready to craft a beautiful and attention-grabbing powerpoint presentation we’ll walk you through slideshow design tips, show you some tricks to maximize your powerpoint skills, and give you everything you need to look really good next time you’re up in front of a crowd..

In this post, we’ll cover:

Key Elements of Winning PowerPoints

Illustrative, not generic, supportive, not distracting, inspiring and engaging, other considerations when creating a slideshow.

How many times have you sat through a poorly designed business presentation that was dull, cluttered, and distracting? Probably way too many. Even though we all loathe a boring presentation, when it comes time to make our own, do we really do any better?

The good news is you don’t have to be a professional designer to make professional presentations. We’ve put together a few simple guidelines you can follow to create a beautifully assembled deck.

We’ll walk you through some slide design tips, show you tricks to maximize your PowerPoint skills, and give you everything you need to look really good next time you’re up in front of a crowd.

And, while PowerPoint remains one of the biggest names in presentation software, many of these design elements and principles work in Google Slides, as well.

Let’s dive right in.

1. Use Layout to Your Advantage

Layout is one of the most powerful visual elements in design, and it’s a simple, effective way to control the flow and visual hierarchy of information. It’s also one of the most important elements to consider when thinking about how to make your PowerPoint look better.

For example, most Western languages read left to right, top to bottom. Knowing this natural reading order, you can direct people’s eyes in a deliberate way to certain key parts of a slide that you want to emphasize.

You can also guide your audience with simple tweaks to the layout. Use text size and alternating fonts or colors to distinguish headlines from body text.

Placement also matters. There are many unorthodox ways to structure a slide, but most audience members will have to take a few beats to organize the information in their head—that’s precious time better spent listening to your delivery and retaining information.

Try to structure your slides more like this:

And not like this:

Layout is one of the trickier PowerPoint design concepts to master, which is why we have these free PowerPoint templates already laid out for you. Use them as a jumping off point for your own presentation, or use them wholesale!

Presentation templates can give you a huge leg up as you start working on your design.

2. No Sentences

This is one of the most critical slide design tips. Slides are simplified, visual notecards that capture and reinforce main ideas, not complete thoughts.

As the speaker, you should be delivering most of the content and information, not putting it all on the slides for everyone to read (and probably ignore). If your audience is reading your presentation instead of listening to you deliver it, your message has lost its effectiveness.

Pare down your core message and use keywords to convey it. Try to avoid complete sentences unless you’re quoting someone or something.

Stick with this:

And avoid this:

3. Follow the 6×6 Rule

One of the cardinal sins of a bad PowerPoint is cramming too many details and ideas on one slide, which makes it difficult for people to retain information. Leaving lots of “white space” on a slide helps people focus on your key points.

Try using the 6×6 rule to keep your content concise and clean looking. The 6×6 rule means a maximum of six bullet points per slide and six words per bullet. In fact, some people even say you should never have more than six words per slide!

Just watch out for “orphans” (when the last word of a sentence/phrase spills over to the next line). This looks cluttered. Either fit it onto one line or add another word to the second line.

Slides should never have this much information:

4. Keep the Colors Simple

Stick to simple light and dark colors and a defined color palette for visual consistency. Exceptionally bright text can cause eye fatigue, so use those colors sparingly. Dark text on a light background or light text on a dark background will work well. Also avoid intense gradients, which can make text hard to read.

If you’re presenting on behalf of your brand, check what your company’s brand guidelines are. Companies often have a primary brand color and a secondary brand color , and it’s a good idea to use them in your presentation to align with your company’s brand identity and style.

If you’re looking for color inspiration for your next presentation, check out our 101 Color Combinations , where you can browse tons of eye-catching color palettes curated by a pro. When you find the one you like, just type the corresponding color code into your presentation formatting tools.

Here are more of our favorite free color palettes for presentations:

• 10 Color Palettes to Nail Your Next Presentation
• 10 Energizing Sports Color Palettes for Branding and Marketing
• 10 Vintage Color Palettes Inspired by the Decades

No matter what color palette or combination you choose, you want to keep the colors of your PowerPoint presentation simple and easy to read, like this:

Stay away from color combinations like this:

5. Use Sans-Serif Fonts

Traditionally, serif fonts (Times New Roman, Garamond, Bookman) are best for printed pages, and sans-serif fonts (Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana) are easier to read on screens.

These are always safe choices, but if you’d like to add some more typographic personality , try exploring our roundup of the internet’s best free fonts . You’ll find everything from classic serifs and sans serifs to sophisticated modern fonts and splashy display fonts. Just keep legibility top of mind when you’re making your pick.

Try to stick with one font, or choose two at the most. Fonts have very different personalities and emotional impacts, so make sure your font matches the tone, purpose, and content of your presentation.

6. Stick to 30pt Font or Larger

Many experts agree that your font size for a PowerPoint presentation should be at least 30pt. Sticking to this guideline ensures your text is readable. It also forces you, due to space limitations, to explain your message efficiently and include only the most important points. .

7. Avoid Overstyling the Text

Three of the easiest and most effective ways to draw attention to text are:

• A change in color

Our eyes are naturally drawn to things that stand out, but use these changes sparingly. Overstyling can make the slide look busy and distracting.

8. Choose the Right Images

The images you choose for your presentation are perhaps as important as the message. You want images that not only support the message, but also elevate it—a rare accomplishment in the often dry world of PowerPoint.

But, what is the right image? We’ll be honest. There’s no direct answer to this conceptual, almost mystical subject, but we can break down some strategies for approaching image selection that will help you curate your next presentation.

The ideal presentation images are:

• Inspirational

These may seem like vague qualities, but the general idea is to go beyond the literal. Think about the symbols in an image and the story they tell. Think about the colors and composition in an image and the distinct mood they set for your presentation.

With this approach, you can get creative in your hunt for relatable, authentic, and inspirational images. Here are some more handy guidelines for choosing great images.

Tips on Making Beautiful PowerPoint Presentations

So, the slide in question is about collaborating as a team. Naturally, you look for images of people meeting in a boardroom, right?

While it’s perfectly fine to go super literal, sometimes these images fall flat—what’s literal doesn’t necessarily connect to your audience emotionally. Will they really respond to generic images of people who aren’t them meeting in a boardroom?

In the absence of a photo of your actual team—or any other image that directly illustrates the subject at hand—look for images of convincing realism and humanity that capture the idea of your message.

Doing so connects with viewers, allowing them to connect with your message. This is one way to learn how to make your PowerPoint stand out and ensure a dynamic presentation PowerPoint.

The image above can be interpreted in many ways. But, when we apply it to slide layout ideas about collaboration, the meaning is clear.

It doesn’t hurt that there’s a nice setting and good photography, to boot.

Now that we’ve told you to get creative with your image selection, the next lesson is to rein that in. While there are infinite choices of imagery out there, there’s a limit to what makes sense in your presentation.

Let’s say you’re giving an IT presentation to new employees. You might think that image of two dogs snuggling by a fire is relatable, authentic, and inspirational, but does it really say “data management” to your audience?

To find the best supporting images, try searching terms on the periphery of your actual message. You’ll find images that complement your message rather than distract from it.

In the IT presentation example, instead of “data connections” or another literal term, try the closely related “traffic” or “connectivity.” This will bring up images outside of tech, but relative to the idea of how things move.

There’s a widespread misconception that business presentations are just about delivering information. Well, they’re not. In fact, a great presentation is inspirational. We don’t mean that your audience should be itching to paint a masterpiece when they’re done. In this case, inspiration is about engagement.

Is your audience asking themselves questions? Are they coming up with new ideas? Are they remembering key information to tap into later? You’ll drive a lot of this engagement with your actual delivery, but unexpected images can play a role, as well.

When you use more abstract or aspirational images, your audience will have room to make their own connections. This not only means they’re paying attention, but they’re also engaging with and retaining your message.

To find the right abstract or unconventional imagery, search terms related to the tone of the presentation. This may include images with different perspectives like overhead shots and aerials, long exposures taken over a period of time, nature photos , colorful markets , and so on.

The big idea here is akin to including an image of your adorable dog making a goofy face at the end of an earnings meeting. It leaves an audience with a good, human feeling after you just packed their brains with data.

Use that concept of pleasant surprise when you’re selecting images for your presentation.

Setting Appropriate Image Resolution in PowerPoint

Want to learn how to make a PowerPoint look good? Though you can drag-and-drop images into PowerPoint, you can control the resolution displayed within the file.

All of your PowerPoint slide layout ideas should get the same treatment to be equal in size.

Simply click File > Compress Pictures in the main application menu.

If your presentation file is big and will only be viewed online, you can take it down to On-screen , then check the Apply to: All pictures in this file , and rest assured the quality will be uniform.

This resolution is probably fine for proofing over email, but too low for your presentation layout ideas. For higher res in printed form, try the Print setting, which at 220 PPI is extremely good quality.

For large-screens such as projection, use the HD setting, since enlarging to that scale will show any deficiencies in resolution. Low resolution can not only distract from the message, but it looks low-quality and that reflects on the presenter.

If size is no issue for you, use High Fidelity (maximum PPI), and only reduce if the file size gives your computer problems.

The image quality really begins when you add the images to the presentation file. Use the highest quality images you can, then let PowerPoint scale the resolution down for you, reducing the excess when set to HD or lower.

Resizing, Editing, and Adding Effects to Images in PowerPoint

PowerPoint comes with an arsenal of tools to work with your images. When a picture is selected, the confusingly named Picture Format menu is activated in the top menu bar, and Format Picture is opened on the right side of the app window.

In the Format Picture menu (on the right) are four sections, and each of these sections expand to show their options by clicking the arrows by the name:

• Fill & Line (paint bucket icon): Contains options for the box’s colors, patterns, gradients, and background fills, along with options for its outline.
• Effects (pentagon icon): Contains Shadow, Reflection, Glow, Soft Edges, 3-D Format and Rotation, and Artistic Effects.
• Size & Properties (dimensional icon): Size, Position, and Text Box allow you to control the physical size and placement of the picture or text boxes.
• Picture (mountain icon): Picture Corrections, Colors, and Transparency give you control over how the image looks. Under Crop, you can change the size of the box containing the picture, instead of the entire picture itself as in Size & Properties above.

The menu at the top is more expansive, containing menu presets for Corrections, Color, Effects, Animation, and a lot more. This section is where you can crop more precisely than just choosing the dimensions from the Picture pane on the right.

Cropping Images in PowerPoint

The simple way to crop an image is to use the Picture pane under the Format Picture menu on the right side of the window. Use the Picture Position controls to move the picture inside its box, or use the Crop position controls to manipulate the box’s dimensions.

To exert more advanced control, or use special shapes, select the picture you want to crop, then click the Picture Format in the top menu to activate it.

Hit the Crop button, then use the controls on the picture’s box to size by eye. Or, click the arrow to show more options, including changing the shape of the box (for more creative looks) and using preset aspect ratios for a more uniform presentation of images.

The next time you design a PowerPoint presentation, remember that simplicity is key and less is more. By adopting these simple slide design tips, you’ll deliver a clear, powerful visual message to your audience.

If you want to go with a PowerPoint alternative instead, you can use Shutterstock Create to easily craft convincing, engaging, and informative presentations.

With many presentation template designs, you’ll be sure to find something that is a perfect fit for your next corporate presentation. You can download your designs as a .pdf file and import them into both PowerPoint and Google Slides presentation decks.

PowerPoint Presentations FAQs

What is the 5 5 5 rule in powerpoint.

The 5 5 5 rule in PowerPoint is fairly simple: 5 lines per slide, each line with no more than 5 words, and make sure your presentation is no longer than 5 minutes.

How long should your PowerPoint be?

A PowerPoint can be as long as it needs to be, but some people—and the 5 5 5 rule—advise you to keep five minutes or shorter.

What is the easiest way to make a PowerPoint prettier?

Beyond using eye-catching imagery and colors, a pretty PowerPoint should also follow good design principles. You want the information to be organized, balanced, and easy to digest. It doesn’t matter how many appealing images you include are if the information is hard to internalize. Use appropriate fonts and shorts sentences to make sure the words are legible and don’t crowd the slides with too many elements.

License this cover image via F8 studio and Ryan DeBerardinis .

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Microsoft Office vs. Google Docs, Sheets, Slides: Which Is Best?

You should test new apps and files in windows sandbox, 7 tips for fixing unusual word document printing, quick links, table of contents, start with a goal, less is more, consider your typeface, make bullet points count, limit the use of transitions, skip text where possible, think in color, take a look from the top down, bonus: start with templates.

Slideshows are an intuitive way to share complex ideas with an audience, although they're dull and frustrating when poorly executed. Here are some tips to make your Microsoft PowerPoint presentations sing while avoiding common pitfalls.

It all starts with identifying what we're trying to achieve with the presentation. Is it informative, a showcase of data in an easy-to-understand medium? Or is it more of a pitch, something meant to persuade and convince an audience and lead them to a particular outcome?

It's here where the majority of these presentations go wrong with the inability to identify the talking points that best support our goal. Always start with a goal in mind: to entertain, to inform, or to share data in a way that's easy to understand. Use facts, figures, and images to support your conclusion while keeping structure in mind (Where are we now and where are we going?).

I've found that it's helpful to start with the ending. Once I know how to end a presentation, I know how best to get to that point. I start by identifying the takeaway---that one nugget that I want to implant before thanking everyone for their time---and I work in reverse to figure out how best to get there.

Your mileage, of course, may vary. But it's always going to be a good idea to put in the time in the beginning stages so that you aren't reworking large portions of the presentation later. And that starts with a defined goal.

A slideshow isn't supposed to include everything. It's an introduction to a topic, one that we can elaborate on with speech. Anything unnecessary is a distraction. It makes the presentation less visually appealing and less interesting, and it makes you look bad as a presenter.

This goes for text as well as images. There's nothing worse, in fact, than a series of slides where the presenter just reads them as they appear. Your audience is capable of reading, and chances are they'll be done with the slide, and browsing Reddit, long before you finish. Avoid putting the literal text on the screen, and your audience will thank you.

Related: How to Burn Your PowerPoint to DVD

Right off the bat, we're just going to come out and say that Papyrus and Comic Sans should be banned from all PowerPoint presentations, permanently. Beyond that, it's worth considering the typeface you're using and what it's saying about you, the presenter, and the presentation itself.

Consider choosing readability over aesthetics, and avoid fancy fonts that could prove to be more of a distraction than anything else. A good presentation needs two fonts: a serif and sans-serif. Use one for the headlines and one for body text, lists, and the like. Keep it simple. Veranda, Helvetica, Arial, and even Times New Roman are safe choices. Stick with the classics and it's hard to botch this one too badly.

There reaches a point where bullet points become less of a visual aid and more of a visual examination.

Bullet points should support the speaker, not overwhelm his audience. The best slides have little or no text at all, in fact. As a presenter, it's our job to talk through complex issues, but that doesn't mean that we need to highlight every talking point.

Instead, think about how you can break up large lists into three or four bullet points. Carefully consider whether you need to use more bullet points, or if you can combine multiple topics into a single point instead. And if you can't, remember that there's no one limiting the number of slides you can have in a presentation. It's always possible to break a list of 12 points down into three pages of four points each.

Animation, when used correctly, is a good idea. It breaks up slow-moving parts of a presentation and adds action to elements that require it. But it should be used judiciously.

Adding a transition that wipes left to right between every slide or that animates each bullet point in a list, for example, starts to grow taxing on those forced to endure the presentation. Viewers get bored quickly, and animations that are meant to highlight specific elements quickly become taxing.

That's not to say that you can't use animations and transitions, just that you need to pick your spots. Aim for no more than a handful of these transitions for each presentation. And use them in spots where they'll add to the demonstration, not detract from it.

Sometimes images tell a better story than text can. And as a presenter, your goal is to describe points in detail without making users do a lot of reading. In these cases, a well-designed visual, like a chart, might better convey the information you're trying to share.

The right image adds visual appeal and serves to break up longer, text-heavy sections of the presentation---but only if you're using the right images. A single high-quality image can make all the difference between a success and a dud when you're driving a specific point home.

When considering text, don't think solely in terms of bullet points and paragraphs. Tables, for example, are often unnecessary. Ask yourself whether you could present the same data in a bar or line chart instead.

Color is interesting. It evokes certain feelings and adds visual appeal to your presentation as a whole. Studies show that color also improves interest, comprehension, and retention. It should be a careful consideration, not an afterthought.

You don't have to be a graphic designer to use color well in a presentation. What I do is look for palettes I like, and then find ways to use them in the presentation. There are a number of tools for this, like Adobe Color , Coolors , and ColorHunt , just to name a few. After finding a palette you enjoy, consider how it works with the presentation you're about to give. Pastels, for example, evoke feelings of freedom and light, so they probably aren't the best choice when you're presenting quarterly earnings that missed the mark.

It's also worth mentioning that you don't need to use every color in the palette. Often, you can get by with just two or three, though you should really think through how they all work together and how readable they'll be when layered. A simple rule of thumb here is that contrast is your friend. Dark colors work well on light backgrounds, and light colors work best on dark backgrounds.

Spend some time in the Slide Sorter before you finish your presentation. By clicking the four squares at the bottom left of the presentation, you can take a look at multiple slides at once and consider how each works together. Alternatively, you can click "View" on the ribbon and select "Slide Sorter."

Are you presenting too much text at once? Move an image in. Could a series of slides benefit from a chart or summary before you move on to another point?

It's here that we have the opportunity to view the presentation from beyond the single-slide viewpoint and think in terms of how each slide fits, or if it fits at all. From this view, you can rearrange slides, add additional ones, or delete them entirely if you find that they don't advance the presentation.

The difference between a good presentation and a bad one is really all about preparation and execution. Those that respect the process and plan carefully---not only the presentation as a whole, but each slide within it---are the ones who will succeed.

This brings me to my last (half) point: When in doubt, just buy a template and use it. You can find these all over the web, though Creative Market and GraphicRiver are probably the two most popular marketplaces for this kind of thing. Not all of us are blessed with the skills needed to design and deliver an effective presentation. And while a pre-made PowerPoint template isn't going to make you a better presenter, it will ease the anxiety of creating a visually appealing slide deck.

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Evaluating panel discussions in ESP classes: an exploration of international medical students’ and ESP instructors’ perspectives through qualitative research

• Elham Nasiri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0644-1646 1 &
• Laleh Khojasteh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-2759 1  

BMC Medical Education volume  24 , Article number:  925 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

This study investigates the effectiveness of panel discussions, a specific interactive teaching technique where a group of students leads a pre-planned, topic-focused discussion with audience participation, in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses for international medical students. This approach aims to simulate professional conference discussions, preparing students for future academic and clinical environments where such skills are crucial. While traditional group presentations foster critical thinking and communication, a gap exists in understanding how medical students perceive the complexities of preparing for and participating in panel discussions within an ESP setting. This qualitative study investigates the perceived advantages and disadvantages of these discussions from the perspectives of both panelists (medical students) and the audience (peers). Additionally, the study explores potential improvements based on insights from ESP instructors. Utilizing a two-phase design involving reflection papers and focus group discussions, data were collected from 46 medical students and three ESP instructors. Thematic analysis revealed that panel discussions offer unique benefits compared to traditional presentations, including enhanced engagement and more dynamic skill development for both panelists and the audience. Panelists reported gains in personal and professional development, including honing critical thinking, communication, and presentation skills. The audience perceived these discussions as engaging learning experiences that fostered critical analysis and information synthesis. However, challenges such as academic workload and concerns about discussion quality were also identified. The study concludes that panel discussions, when implemented effectively, can be a valuable tool for enhancing critical thinking, communication skills, and subject matter knowledge in ESP courses for medical students. These skills are transferable and can benefit students in various academic and professional settings, including future participation in medical conferences. This research provides valuable insights for ESP instructors seeking to integrate panel discussions into their curriculum, ultimately improving student learning outcomes and preparing them for future success in professional communication.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

In the field of medical education, the acquisition and application of effective communication skills are crucial for medical students in today’s global healthcare environment [ 1 ]. This necessitates not only strong English language proficiency but also the ability to present complex medical information clearly and concisely to diverse audiences.

Language courses, especially English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses for medical students, are highly relevant in today’s globalized healthcare environment [ 2 ]. In non-English speaking countries like Iran, these courses are particularly important as they go beyond mere language instruction to include the development of critical thinking, cultural competence, and professional communication skills [ 3 ]. Proficiency in English is crucial for accessing up-to-date research, participating in international conferences, and communicating with patients and colleagues from diverse backgrounds [ 4 ]. Additionally, ESP courses help medical students understand and use medical terminologies accurately, which is essential for reading technical articles, listening to audio presentations, and giving spoken presentations [ 5 ]. In countries where English is not the primary language, ESP courses ensure that medical professionals can stay current with global advancements and collaborate effectively on an international scale [ 6 ]. Furthermore, these courses support students who may seek to practice medicine abroad, enhancing their career opportunities and professional growth [ 7 ].

Moreover, ESP courses enable medical professionals to communicate effectively with international patients, which is crucial in multicultural societies and for medical tourism, ensuring that patient care is not compromised due to language barriers [ 8 ]. Many medical textbooks, journals, and online resources are available primarily in English, and ESP courses equip medical students with the necessary language skills to access and comprehend these resources, ensuring they are well-informed about the latest medical research and practices [ 9 ].

Additionally, many medical professionals from non-English speaking countries aim to take international certification exams, such as the USMLE or PLAB, which are conducted in English, and ESP courses prepare students for these exams by familiarizing them with the medical terminology and language used in these assessments [ 10 ]. ESP courses also contribute to the professional development of medical students by improving their ability to write research papers, case reports, and other academic documents in English, which is essential for publishing in international journals and contributing to global medical knowledge [ 11 ]. In the increasingly interdisciplinary field of healthcare, collaboration with professionals from other countries is common, and ESP courses facilitate effective communication and collaboration with international colleagues, fostering innovation and the exchange of ideas [ 12 ].

With the rise of telemedicine and online medical consultations, proficiency in English is essential for non-English speaking medical professionals to provide remote healthcare services to international patients, and ESP courses prepare students for these modern medical practices [ 13 ].

Finally, ESP courses often include training on cultural competence, which is crucial for understanding and respecting the cultural backgrounds of patients and colleagues, leading to more empathetic and effective patient care and professional interactions [ 14 ]. Many ESP programs for medical students incorporate group presentations as a vital component of their curriculum, recognizing the positive impact on developing these essential skills [ 15 ].

Group projects in language courses, particularly in ESP for medical students, are highly relevant for several reasons. They provide a collaborative environment that mimics real-world professional settings, where healthcare professionals often work in multidisciplinary teams [ 16 ]. These group activities foster not only language skills but also crucial soft skills such as teamwork, leadership, and interpersonal communication, which are essential in medical practice [ 17 ].

The benefits of group projects over individual projects in language learning are significant. Hartono, Mujiyanto [ 18 ] found that group presentation tasks in ESP courses led to higher self-efficacy development compared to individual tasks. Group projects encourage peer learning, where students can learn from each other’s strengths and compensate for individual weaknesses [ 19 ]. They also provide a supportive environment that can reduce anxiety and increase willingness to communicate in the target language [ 20 ]. However, it is important to note that group projects also come with challenges, such as social loafing and unequal contribution, which need to be managed effectively [ 21 ].

Traditional lecture-based teaching methods, while valuable for knowledge acquisition, may not effectively prepare medical students for the interactive and collaborative nature of real-world healthcare settings [ 22 ]. Panel discussions (hereafter PDs), an interactive teaching technique where a group of students leads a pre-planned, topic-focused discussion with audience participation, are particularly relevant in this context. They simulate professional conference discussions and interdisciplinary team meetings, preparing students for future academic and clinical environments where such skills are crucial [ 23 ].

PDs, also known as moderated discussions or moderated panels, are a specific type of interactive format where a group of experts or stakeholders engage in a facilitated conversation on a particular topic or issue [ 22 ]. In this format, a moderator guides the discussion, encourages active participation from all panelists, and fosters a collaborative environment that promotes constructive dialogue and critical thinking [ 24 ]. The goal is to encourage audience engagement and participation, which can be achieved through various strategies such as asking open-ended questions, encouraging counterpoints and counterarguments, and providing opportunities for audience members to pose questions or share their own experiences [ 25 ]. These discussions can take place in-person or online, and can be designed to accommodate diverse audiences and settings [ 26 ].

In this study, PD is considered a speaking activity where medical students are assigned specific roles to play during the simulation, such as a physician, quality improvement specialist, policymaker, or patient advocate. By taking on these roles, students can gain a better understanding of the diverse perspectives and considerations that come into play in real-world healthcare discussions [ 23 ]. Simulating PDs within ESP courses can be a powerful tool for enhancing medical students’ learning outcomes in multiple areas. This approach improves language proficiency, academic skills, and critical thinking abilities, while also enabling students to communicate effectively with diverse stakeholders in the medical field [ 27 , 28 ].

Theoretical framework

The panel discussions in our study are grounded in the concept of authentic assessment (outlined by Villarroel, Bloxham [ 29 ]), which involves designing tasks that mirror real-life situations and problems. In the context of medical education, this approach is particularly relevant as it prepares students for the complex, multidisciplinary nature of healthcare communication. Realism can be achieved through two means: providing a realistic context that describes and delivers a frame for the problem to be solved and creating tasks that are similar to those faced in real and/or professional life [ 30 ]. In our study, the PDs provide a realistic context by simulating scenarios where medical students are required to discuss and present complex medical topics in a professional setting, mirroring the types of interactions they will encounter in their future careers.

The task of participating in PDs also involves cognitive challenge, as students are required to think critically about complex medical topics, analyze information, and communicate their findings effectively. This type of task aims to generate processes of problem-solving, application of knowledge, and decision-making that correspond to the development of cognitive and metacognitive skills [ 23 ]. For medical students, these skills are crucial in developing clinical reasoning and effective patient communication. The PDs encourage students to go beyond the textual reproduction of fragmented and low-order content and move towards understanding, establishing relationships between new ideas and previous knowledge, linking theoretical concepts with everyday experience, deriving conclusions from the analysis of data, and examining both the logic of the arguments present in the theory and its practical scope [ 24 , 25 , 27 ].

Furthermore, the evaluative judgment aspect of our study is critical in helping students develop criteria and standards about what a good performance means in medical communication. This involves students judging their own performance and regulating their own learning [ 31 ]. In the context of panel discussions, students reflect on their own work, compare it with desired standards, and seek feedback from peers and instructors. By doing so, students can develop a sense of what constitutes good performance in medical communication and what areas need improvement [ 32 ]. Boud, Lawson and Thompson [ 33 ] argue that students need to build a precise judgment about the quality of their work and calibrate these judgments in the light of evidence. This skill is particularly important for future medical professionals who will need to continually assess and improve their communication skills throughout their careers.

The theoretical framework presented above highlights the importance of authentic learning experiences in medical education. By drawing on the benefits of group work and panel discussions, university instructor-researchers aimed to provide medical students with a unique opportunity to engage with complex cases and develop their communication and collaboration skills. As noted by Suryanarayana [ 34 ], authentic learning experiences can lead to deeper learning and improved retention. Considering the advantages of group work in promoting collaborative problem-solving and language development, the instructor-researchers designed a panel discussion task that simulates real-world scenarios, where students can work together to analyze complex cases, share knowledge, and present their findings to a simulated audience.

While previous studies have highlighted the benefits of interactive learning experiences and critical thinking skills in medical education, a research gap remains in understanding how medical students perceive the relevance of PDs in ESP courses. This study aims to address this gap by investigating medical students’ perceptions of PD tasks in ESP courses and how these perceptions relate to their language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and ability to communicate effectively with diverse stakeholders in the medical field. This understanding can inform best practices in medical education, contributing to the development of more effective communication skills for future healthcare professionals worldwide [ 23 ]. The research questions guiding this study are:

What are the perceived advantages of PDs from the perspectives of panelists and the audience?

What are the perceived disadvantages of PDs from the perspectives of panelists and the audience?

How can PDs be improved for panelists and the audience based on the insights of ESP instructors?

Methodology

Aim and design.

For this study, a two-phase qualitative design was employed to gain an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of PDs from the perspectives of both student panelists and the audience (Phase 1) and to acquire an in-depth understanding of the suggested strategies provided by experts to enhance PPs for future students (Phase 2).

Participants and context of the study

This study was conducted in two phases (Fig.  1 ) at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran.

Participants of the study in two phases

In the first phase, the student participants were 46 non-native speakers of English and international students who studied medicine at SUMS. Their demographic characteristics can be seen in Table  1 .

These students were purposefully selected because they were the only SUMS international students who had taken the ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course. The number of international students attending SUMS is indeed limited. Each year, a different batch of international students joins the university. They progress through a sequence of English courses, starting with General English 1 and 2, followed by the ESP course, and concluding with academic writing. At the time of data collection, the students included in the study were the only international students enrolled in the ESP course. This mandatory 3-unit course is designed to enhance their language and communication skills specifically tailored to their profession. As a part of the Medicine major curriculum, this course aims to improve their English language proficiency in areas relevant to medicine, such as understanding medical terminology, comprehending original medicine texts, discussing clinical cases, and communicating with patients, colleagues, and other healthcare professionals.

Throughout the course, students engage in various interactive activities, such as group discussions, role-playing exercises, and case studies, to develop their practical communication skills. In this course, medical students receive four marks out of 20 for their oral presentations, while the remaining marks are allocated to their written midterm and final exams. From the beginning of the course, they are briefed about PDs, and they are shown two YouTube-downloaded videos about PDs at medical conferences, a popular format for discussing and sharing knowledge, research findings, and expert opinions on various medical topics.

For the second phase of the study, a specific group of participants was purposefully selected. This group consisted of three faculty members from SUMS English department who had extensive experience attending numerous conferences at national and international levels, particularly in the medical field, as well as working as translators and interpreters in medical congresses. Over the course of ten years, they also gained considerable experience in PDs. They were invited to discuss strategies helpful for medical students with PDs.

Panel discussion activity design and implementation

When preparing for a PD session, medical students received comprehensive guidance on understanding the roles and responsibilities of each panel member. This guidance was aimed at ensuring that each participant was well-prepared and understood their specific role in the discussion.

Moderators should play a crucial role in steering the conversation. They are responsible for ensuring that all panelists have an opportunity to contribute and that the audience is engaged effectively. Specific tasks include preparing opening remarks, introducing panelists, and crafting transition questions to facilitate smooth topic transitions. The moderators should also manage the time to ensure balanced participation and encourage active audience involvement.

Panelists are expected to be subject matter experts who bring valuable insights and opinions to the discussion. They are advised to conduct thorough research on the topic and prepare concise talking points. Panelists are encouraged to draw from their medical knowledge and relevant experiences, share evidence-based information, and engage with other panelists’ points through active listening and thoughtful responses.

The audience plays an active role in the PDs. They are encouraged to participate by asking questions, sharing relevant experiences, and contributing to the dialogue. To facilitate this, students are advised to take notes during the discussion and think of questions or comments they can contribute during the Q&A segment.

For this special course, medical students were advised to choose topics either from their ESP textbook or consider current medical trends, emerging research, and pressing issues in their field. Examples included breast cancer, COVID-19, and controversies in gene therapy. The selection process involved brainstorming sessions and consultation with the course instructor to ensure relevance and appropriateness.

To accommodate the PD sessions within the course structure, students were allowed to start their PD sessions voluntarily from the second week. However, to maintain a balance between peer-led discussions and regular course content, only one PD was held weekly. This approach enabled the ESP lecturer to deliver comprehensive content while also allowing students to engage in these interactive sessions.

A basic time structure was suggested for each PD (Fig.  2 ):

Time allocation for panel discussion stages in minutes

To ensure the smooth running of the course and maintain momentum, students were informed that they could cancel their PD session only once. In such cases, they were required to notify the lecturer and other students via the class Telegram channel to facilitate rescheduling and minimize disruptions. This provision was essential in promoting a sense of community among students and maintaining the course’s continuity.

Research tools and data collection

The study utilized various tools to gather and analyze data from participants and experts, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the research topic.

Reflection papers

In Phase 1 of the study, 46 medical students detailed their perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of panel discussions from dual perspectives: as panelists (presenters) and as audience members (peers).

Participants were given clear instructions and a 45-minute time frame to complete the reflection task. With approximately 80% of the international language students being native English speakers and the rest fluent in English, the researchers deemed this time allocation reasonable. The questions and instructions were straightforward, facilitating quick comprehension. It was estimated that native English speakers would need about 30 min to complete the task, while non-native speakers might require an extra 15 min for clarity and expression. This time frame aimed to allow students to respond thoughtfully without feeling rushed. Additionally, students could request more time if needed.

Focus group discussion

In phase 2 of the study, a focus group discussion was conducted with three expert participants. The purpose of the focus group was to gather insights from expert participants, specifically ESP (English for Specific Purposes) instructors, on how presentation dynamics can be improved for both panelists and the audience.

According to Colton and Covert [ 35 ], focus groups are useful for obtaining detailed input from experts. The appropriate size of a focus group is determined by the study’s scope and available resources [ 36 ]. Morgan [ 37 ] suggests that small focus groups are suitable for complex topics where specialist participants might feel frustrated if not allowed to express themselves fully.

The choice of a focus group over individual interviews was based on several factors. First, the exploratory nature of the study made focus groups ideal for interactive discussions, generating new ideas and in-depth insights [ 36 ]. Second, while focus groups usually involve larger groups, they can effectively accommodate a limited number of experts with extensive knowledge [ 37 ]. Third, the focus group format fostered a more open environment for idea exchange, allowing participants to engage dynamically [ 36 ]. Lastly, conducting a focus group was more time- and resource-efficient than scheduling three separate interviews [ 36 ].

Data analysis

The first phase of the study involved a thorough examination of the data related to the research inquiries using thematic analysis. This method was chosen for its effectiveness in uncovering latent patterns from a bottom-up perspective, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of complex educational phenomena [ 38 ]. The researchers first familiarized themselves with the data by repeatedly reviewing the reflection papers written by the medical students. Next, an initial round of coding was independently conducted to identify significant data segments and generate preliminary codes that reflected the students’ perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of presentation dynamics PDs from both the presenter and audience viewpoints [ 38 ].

The analysis of the reflection papers began with the two researchers coding a subset of five papers independently, adhering to a structured qualitative coding protocol [ 39 ]. They convened afterward to compare their initial codes and address any discrepancies. Through discussion, they reached an agreement on the codes, which were then analyzed, organized into categories and themes, and the frequency of each code was recorded [ 38 ].

After coding the initial five papers, the researchers continued to code the remaining 41 reflection paper transcripts in batches of ten, meeting after each batch to review their coding, resolve any inconsistencies, and refine the coding framework as needed. This iterative process, characterized by independent coding, joint reviews, and consensus-building, helped the researchers establish a robust and reliable coding approach consistently applied to the complete dataset [ 40 ]. Once all 46 reflection paper transcripts were coded, the researchers conducted a final review and discussion to ensure accurate analysis. They extracted relevant excerpts corresponding to the identified themes and sub-themes from the transcripts to provide detailed explanations and support for their findings [ 38 ]. This multi-step approach of separate initial coding, collaborative review, and frequency analysis enhanced the credibility and transparency of the qualitative data analysis.

To ensure the trustworthiness of the data collected in this study, the researchers adhered to the Guba and Lincoln standards of scientific accuracy in qualitative research, which encompass credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability [ 41 ] (Table  2 ).

The analysis of the focus group data obtained from experts followed the same rigorous procedure applied to the student participants’ data. Thematic analysis was employed to examine the experts’ perspectives, maintaining consistency in the analytical approach across both phases of the study. The researchers familiarized themselves with the focus group transcript, conducted independent preliminary coding, and then collaboratively refined the codes. These codes were subsequently organized into categories and themes, with the frequency of each code recorded. The researchers engaged in thorough discussions to ensure agreement on the final themes and sub-themes. Relevant excerpts from the focus group transcript were extracted to provide rich, detailed explanations of each theme, thereby ensuring a comprehensive and accurate analysis of the experts’ insights.

1. What are the advantages of PDs from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

The analysis of the advantages of PDs from the perspectives of both panelists and audience members revealed several key themes and categories. Tables  2 and 3 present the frequency and percentage of responses for each code within these categories.

From the panelists’ perspective (Table  3 ), the overarching theme was “Personal and Professional Development.” The most frequently reported advantage was knowledge sharing (93.5%), followed closely by increased confidence (91.3%) and the importance of interaction in presentations (91.3%).

Notably, all categories within this theme had at least one code mentioned by over 80% of participants, indicating a broad range of perceived benefits. The category of “Effective teamwork and communication” was particularly prominent, with collaboration (89.1%) and knowledge sharing (93.5%) being among the most frequently cited advantages. This suggests that PDs are perceived as valuable tools for fostering interpersonal skills and collective learning. In the “Language mastery” category, increased confidence (91.3%) and better retention of key concepts (87.0%) were highlighted, indicating that PDs are seen as effective for both language and content learning.

The audience perspective (Table  4 ), encapsulated under the theme “Enriching Learning Experience,” showed similarly high frequencies across all categories.

The most frequently mentioned advantage was exposure to diverse speakers (93.5%), closely followed by the range of topics covered (91.3%) and increased audience interest (91.3%). The “Broadening perspectives” category was particularly rich, with all codes mentioned by over 70% of participants. This suggests that audience members perceive PDs as valuable opportunities for expanding their knowledge and viewpoints. In the “Language practice” category, the opportunity to practice language skills (89.1%) was the most frequently cited advantage, indicating that even as audience members, students perceive significant language learning benefits.

Comparing the two perspectives reveals several interesting patterns:

High overall engagement: Both panelists and audience members reported high frequencies across all categories, suggesting that PDs are perceived as beneficial regardless of the role played.

Language benefits: While panelists emphasized increased confidence (91.3%) and better retention of concepts (87.0%), audience members highlighted opportunities for language practice (89.1%). This indicates that PDs offer complementary language learning benefits for both roles.

Interactive learning: The importance of interaction was highly rated by panelists (91.3%), while increased audience interest was similarly valued by the audience (91.3%). This suggests that PDs are perceived as an engaging, interactive learning method from both perspectives.

Professional development: Panelists uniquely emphasized professional growth aspects such as experiential learning (84.8%) and real-world application (80.4%). These were not directly mirrored in the audience perspective, suggesting that active participation in PDs may offer additional professional development benefits.

Broadening horizons: Both groups highly valued the diversity aspect of PDs. Panelists appreciated diversity and open-mindedness (80.4%), while audience members valued diverse speakers (93.5%) and a range of topics (91.3%).

2. What are the disadvantages of PDs from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

The analysis of the disadvantages of panel discussions (PDs) from the perspectives of both panelists and audience members revealed several key themes and categories. Tables  4 and 5 present the frequency and percentage of responses for each code within these categories.

From the panelists’ perspective (Table  5 ), the theme “Drawbacks of PDs” was divided into two main categories: “Academic Workload Challenges” and “Coordination Challenges.” The most frequently reported disadvantage was long preparation (87.0%), followed by significant practice needed (82.6%) and the time-consuming nature of PDs (80.4%). These findings suggest that the primary concern for panelists is the additional workload that PDs impose on their already demanding academic schedules. The “Coordination Challenges” category, while less prominent than workload issues, still presented significant concerns. Diverse panel skills (78.3%) and finding suitable panelists (73.9%) were the most frequently cited issues in this category, indicating that team dynamics and composition are notable challenges for panelists.

The audience perspective (Table  6 ), encapsulated under the theme “Drawbacks of PDs,” was divided into two main categories: “Time-related Issues” and “Interaction and Engagement Issues.” In the “Time-related Issues” category, the most frequently mentioned disadvantage was the inefficient use of time (65.2%), followed by the perception of PDs as too long and boring (60.9%). Notably, 56.5% of respondents found PDs stressful due to overwhelming workload from other studies, and 52.2% considered them not very useful during exam time. The “Interaction and Engagement Issues” category revealed more diverse concerns. The most frequently mentioned disadvantage was the repetitive format (82.6%), followed by limited engagement with the audience (78.3%) and the perception of PDs as boring (73.9%). The audience also noted issues related to the panelists’ preparation and coordination, such as “Not practiced and natural” (67.4%) and “Coordination and Interaction Issues” (71.7%), suggesting that the challenges faced by panelists directly impact the audience’s experience.

Workload concerns: Both panelists and audience members highlighted time-related issues. For panelists, this manifested as long preparation times (87.0%) and difficulty balancing with other studies (76.1%). For the audience, it appeared as perceptions of inefficient use of time (65.2%) and stress due to overwhelming workload from other studies (56.5%).

Engagement issues: While panelists focused on preparation and coordination challenges, the audience emphasized the quality of the discussion and engagement. This suggests a potential mismatch between the efforts of panelists and the expectations of the audience.

Boredom and repetition: The audience frequently mentioned boredom (73.9%) and repetitive format (82.6%) as issues, which weren’t directly mirrored in the panelists’ responses. This indicates that while panelists may be focused on content preparation, the audience is more concerned with the delivery and variety of the presentation format.

Coordination challenges: Both groups noted coordination issues, but from different perspectives. Panelists struggled with team dynamics and finding suitable co-presenters, while the audience observed these challenges manifesting as unnatural or unpracticed presentations.

Academic pressure: Both groups acknowledged the strain PDs put on their academic lives, with panelists viewing it as a burden (65.2%) and the audience finding it less useful during exam times (52.2%).

3. How can PDs be improved for panelists and the audience from the experts’ point of view?

The presentation of data for this research question differs from the previous two due to the unique nature of the information gathered. Unlike the quantifiable student responses in earlier questions, this data stems from expert opinions and a reflection discussion session, focusing on qualitative recommendations for improvement rather than frequency of responses (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The complexity and interconnectedness of expert suggestions, coupled with the integration of supporting literature, necessitate a more narrative approach (Creswell & Poth, 2018). This format allows for a richer exploration of the context behind each recommendation and its potential implications (Patton, 2015). Furthermore, the exploratory nature of this question, aimed at generating ideas for improvement rather than measuring prevalence of opinions, is better served by a detailed, descriptive presentation (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). This approach enables a more nuanced understanding of how PDs can be enhanced, aligning closely with the “how” nature of the research question and providing valuable insights for potential implementation (Yin, 2018).

The experts provided several suggestions to address the challenges faced by students in panel discussions (PDs) and improve the experience for both panelists and the audience. Their recommendations focused on six key areas: time management and workload, preparation and skill development, engagement and interactivity, technological integration, collaboration and communication, and institutional support.

To address the issue of time management and heavy workload, one expert suggested teaching students to “ break down the task to tackle the time-consuming nature of panel discussions and balance it with other studies .” This approach aims to help students manage the extensive preparation time required for PDs without compromising their other academic responsibilities. Another expert emphasized “ enhancing medical students’ abilities to prioritize tasks , allocate resources efficiently , and optimize their workflow to achieve their goals effectively .” These skills were seen as crucial not only for PD preparation but also for overall academic success and future professional practice.

Recognizing the challenges of long preparation times and the perception of PDs being burdensome, an expert proposed “ the implementation of interactive training sessions for panelists .” These sessions were suggested to enhance coordination skills and improve the ability of group presenters to engage with the audience effectively. The expert emphasized that such training could help students view PDs as valuable learning experiences rather than additional burdens, potentially increasing their motivation and engagement in the process.

To combat issues of limited engagement and perceived boredom, experts recommended increasing engagement opportunities for the audience through interactive elements like audience participation and group discussions. They suggested that this could transform PDs from passive listening experiences to active learning opportunities. One expert suggested “ optimizing time management and restructuring the format of panel discussions ” to address inefficiency during sessions. This restructuring could involve shorter presentation segments interspersed with interactive elements to maintain audience attention and engagement.

An innovative solution proposed by one expert was “ using ChatGPT to prepare for PDs by streamlining scenario presentation preparation and role allocation. ” The experts collectively discussed the potential of AI to assist medical students in reducing their workload and saving time in preparing scenario presentations and allocating roles in panel discussions. They noted that AI could help generate initial content drafts, suggest role distributions based on individual strengths, and even provide practice questions for panelists, significantly reducing preparation time while maintaining quality.

Two experts emphasized the importance of enhancing collaboration and communication among panelists to address issues related to diverse panel skills and coordination challenges. They suggested establishing clear communication channels and guidelines to improve coordination and ensure a cohesive presentation. This could involve creating structured team roles, setting clear expectations for each panelist, and implementing regular check-ins during the preparation process to ensure all team members are aligned and progressing.

All experts were in agreement that improving PDs would not be possible “ if nothing is done by the university administration to reduce the ESP class size for international students .” They believed that large class sizes in ESP or EFL classes could negatively influence group oral presentations, hindering language development and leading to uneven participation. The experts suggested that smaller class sizes would allow for more individualized attention, increased speaking opportunities for each student, and more effective feedback mechanisms, all of which are crucial for developing strong presentation skills in a second language.

Research question 1: what are the advantages of PDs from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

The results of this study reveal significant advantages of PDs for both panelists and audience members in the context of medical education. These findings align with and expand upon previous research in the field of educational presentations and language learning.

Personal and professional development for panelists

The high frequency of reported benefits in the “Personal and Professional Development” theme for panelists aligns with several previous studies. The emphasis on language mastery, particularly increased confidence (91.3%) and better retention of key concepts (87.0%), supports the findings of Hartono, Mujiyanto [ 42 ], Gedamu and Gezahegn [ 15 ], Li [ 43 ], who all highlighted the importance of language practice in English oral presentations. However, our results show a more comprehensive range of benefits, including professional growth aspects like experiential learning (84.8%) and real-world application (80.4%), which were not as prominently featured in these earlier studies.

Interestingly, our findings partially contrast with Chou [ 44 ] study, which found that while group oral presentations had the greatest influence on improving students’ speaking ability, individual presentations led to more frequent use of metacognitive, retrieval, and rehearsal strategies. Our results suggest that PDs, despite being group activities, still provide significant benefits in these areas, possibly due to the collaborative nature of preparation and the individual responsibility each panelist bears. The high frequency of knowledge sharing (93.5%) and collaboration (89.1%) in our study supports Harris, Jones and Huffman [ 45 ] emphasis on the importance of group dynamics and varied perspectives in educational settings. However, our study provides more quantitative evidence for these benefits in the specific context of PDs.

Enriching learning experience for the audience

The audience perspective in our study reveals a rich learning experience, with high frequencies across all categories. This aligns with Agustina [ 46 ] findings in business English classes, where presentations led to improvements in all four language skills. However, our study extends these findings by demonstrating that even passive participation as an audience member can lead to significant perceived benefits in language practice (89.1%) and broadening perspectives (93.5% for diverse speakers). The high value placed on diverse speakers (93.5%) and range of topics (91.3%) by the audience supports the notion of PDs as a tool for expanding knowledge and viewpoints. This aligns with the concept of situated learning experiences leading to deeper understanding in EFL classes, as suggested by Li [ 43 ] and others [ 18 , 31 ]. However, our study provides more specific evidence for how this occurs in the context of PDs.

Interactive learning and engagement

Both panelists and audience members in our study highly valued the interactive aspects of PDs, with the importance of interaction rated at 91.3% by panelists and increased audience interest at 91.3% by the audience. This strong emphasis on interactivity aligns with Azizi and Farid Khafaga [ 19 ] study on the benefits of dynamic assessment and dialogic learning contexts. However, our study provides more detailed insights into how this interactivity is perceived and valued by both presenters and audience members in PDs.

Professional growth and real-world application

The emphasis on professional growth through PDs, particularly for panelists, supports Li’s [ 43 ] assertion about the power of oral presentations as situated learning experiences. Our findings provide more specific evidence for how PDs contribute to professional development, with high frequencies reported for experiential learning (84.8%) and real-world application (80.4%). This suggests that PDs may be particularly effective in bridging the gap between academic learning and professional practice in medical education.

Research question 2: what are the disadvantages of pds from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

Academic workload challenges for panelists.

The high frequency of reported challenges in the “Academic Workload Challenges” category for panelists aligns with several previous studies in medical education [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The emphasis on long preparation (87.0%), significant practice needed (82.6%), and the time-consuming nature of PDs (80.4%) supports the findings of Johnson et al. [ 24 ], who noted that while learners appreciate debate-style journal clubs in health professional education, they require additional time commitment. This is further corroborated by Nowak, Speed and Vuk [ 50 ], who found that intensive learning activities in medical education, while beneficial, can be time-consuming for students.

Perceived value of pds relative to time investment

While a significant portion of the audience (65.2%) perceived PDs as an inefficient use of time, the high frequency of engagement-related concerns (82.6% for repetitive format, 78.3% for limited engagement) suggests that the perceived lack of value may be more closely tied to the quality of the experience rather than just the time investment. This aligns with Dyhrberg O’Neill [ 27 ] findings on debate-based oral exams, where students perceived value despite the time-intensive nature of the activity. However, our results indicate a more pronounced concern about the return on time investment in PDs. This discrepancy might be addressed through innovative approaches to PD design and implementation, such as those proposed by Almazyad et al. [ 22 ], who suggested using AI tools to enhance expert panel discussions and potentially improve efficiency.

Coordination challenges for panelists

The challenges related to coordination in medical education, such as diverse panel skills (78.3%) and finding suitable panelists (73.9%), align with previous research on teamwork in higher education [ 21 ]. Our findings support the concept of the free-rider effect discussed by Hall and Buzwell [ 21 ], who explored reasons for non-contribution in group projects beyond social loafing. This is further elaborated by Mehmood, Memon and Ali [ 51 ], who proposed that individuals may not contribute their fair share due to various factors including poor communication skills or language barriers, which is particularly relevant in medical education where clear communication is crucial [ 52 ]. Comparing our results to other collaborative learning contexts in medical education, Rodríguez-Sedano, Conde and Fernández-Llamas [ 53 ] measured teamwork competence development in a multidisciplinary project-based learning environment. They found that while teamwork skills improved over time, initial coordination challenges were significant. This aligns with our findings on the difficulties of coordinating diverse panel skills and opinions in medical education settings.

Our results also resonate with Chou’s [ 44 ] study comparing group and individual oral presentations, which found that group presenters often had a limited understanding of the overall content. This is supported by Wilson, Ho and Brookes [ 54 ], who examined student perceptions of teamwork in undergraduate science degrees, highlighting the challenges and benefits of collaborative work, which are equally applicable in medical education [ 52 ].

Quality of discussions and perception for the audience

The audience perspective in our study reveals significant concerns about the quality and engagement of PDs in medical education. The high frequency of issues such as repetitive format (82.6%) and limited engagement with the audience (78.3%) aligns with Parmar and Bickmore [ 55 ] findings on the importance of addressing individual audience members and gathering feedback. This is further supported by Nurakhir et al. [ 25 ], who explored students’ views on classroom debates as a strategy to enhance critical thinking and oral communication skills in nursing education, which shares similarities with medical education. Comparing our results to other interactive learning methods in medical education, Jones et al. [ 26 ] reviewed the use of journal clubs and book clubs in pharmacy education. They found that while these methods enhanced engagement, they also faced challenges in maintaining student interest over time, similar to the boredom issues reported in our study of PDs in medical education. The perception of PDs as boring (73.9%) and not very useful during exam time (52.2%) supports previous research on the stress and pressure experienced by medical students [ 48 , 49 ]. Grieve et al. [ 20 ] specifically examined student fears of oral presentations and public speaking in higher education, which provides context for the anxiety and disengagement observed in our study of medical education. Interestingly, Bhuvaneshwari et al. [ 23 ] found positive impacts of panel discussions in educating medical students on specific modules. This contrasts with our findings and suggests that the effectiveness of PDs in medical education may vary depending on the specific context and implementation.

Comparative analysis and future directions

Our study provides a unique comparative analysis of the challenges faced by both panelists and audience members in medical education. The alignment of concerns around workload and time management between the two groups suggests that these are overarching issues in the implementation of PDs in medical curricula. This is consistent with the findings of Pasandín et al. [ 56 ], who examined cooperative oral presentations in higher education and their impact on both technical and soft skills, which are crucial in medical education [ 52 ]. The mismatch between panelist efforts and audience expectations revealed in our study is a novel finding that warrants further investigation in medical education. This disparity could be related to the self-efficacy beliefs of presenters, as explored by Gedamu and Gezahegn [ 15 ] in their study of TEFL trainees’ attitudes towards academic oral presentations, which may have parallels in medical education. Looking forward, innovative approaches could address some of the challenges identified in medical education. Almazyad et al. [ 22 ] proposed using AI tools like ChatGPT to enhance expert panel discussions in pediatric palliative care, which could potentially address some of the preparation and engagement issues identified in our study of medical education. Additionally, Ragupathi and Lee [ 57 ] discussed the role of rubrics in higher education, which could provide clearer expectations and feedback for both panelists and audience members in PDs within medical education.

Research question 3: how can PDs be improved for panelists and the audience from the experts’ point of view?

The expert suggestions for improving PDs address several key challenges identified in previous research on academic presentations and student workload management. These recommendations align with current trends in educational technology and pedagogical approaches, while also considering the unique needs of medical students.

The emphasis on time management and workload reduction strategies echoes findings from previous studies on medical student stress and academic performance. Nowak, Speed and Vuk [ 50 ] found that medical students often struggle with the fast-paced nature of their courses, which can lead to reduced motivation and superficial learning approaches. The experts’ suggestions for task breakdown and prioritization align with Rabbi and Islam [ 58 ] recommendations for reducing workload stress through effective assignment prioritization. Additionally, Popa et al. [ 59 ] highlight the importance of acceptance and planning in stress management for medical students, supporting the experts’ focus on these areas.

The proposed implementation of interactive training sessions for panelists addresses the need for enhanced presentation skills in professional contexts, a concern highlighted by several researchers [ 17 , 60 ]. This aligns with Grieve et al. [ 20 ] findings on student fears of oral presentations and public speaking in higher education, emphasizing the need for targeted training. The focus on interactive elements and audience engagement also reflects current trends in active learning pedagogies, as demonstrated by Pasandín et al. [ 56 ] in their study on cooperative oral presentations in engineering education.

The innovative suggestion to use AI tools like ChatGPT for PD preparation represents a novel approach to leveraging technology in education. This aligns with recent research on the potential of AI in scientific research, such as the study by Almazyad et al. [ 22 ], which highlighted the benefits of AI in supporting various educational tasks. However, it is important to consider potential ethical implications and ensure that AI use complements rather than replaces critical thinking and creativity.

The experts’ emphasis on enhancing collaboration and communication among panelists addresses issues identified in previous research on teamwork in higher education. Rodríguez-Sedano, Conde and Fernández-Llamas [ 53 ] noted the importance of measuring teamwork competence development in project-based learning environments. The suggested strategies for improving coordination align with best practices in collaborative learning, as demonstrated by Romero-Yesa et al. [ 61 ] in their qualitative assessment of challenge-based learning and teamwork in electronics programs.

The unanimous agreement on the need to reduce ESP class sizes for international students reflects ongoing concerns about the impact of large classes on language learning and student engagement. This aligns with research by Li [ 3 ] on issues in developing EFL learners’ oral English communication skills. Bosco et al. [ 62 ] further highlight the challenges of teaching and learning ESP in mixed classes, supporting the experts’ recommendation for smaller class sizes. Qiao, Xu and bin Ahmad [ 63 ] also emphasize the implementation challenges for ESP formative assessment in large classes, further justifying the need for reduced class sizes.

These expert recommendations provide a comprehensive approach to improving PDs, addressing not only the immediate challenges of preparation and delivery but also broader issues of student engagement, workload management, and institutional support. By implementing these suggestions, universities could potentially transform PDs from perceived burdens into valuable learning experiences that enhance both academic and professional skills. This aligns with Kho and Ting [ 64 ] systematic review on overcoming oral presentation anxiety among tertiary ESL/EFL students, which emphasizes the importance of addressing both challenges and strategies in improving presentation skills.

This study has shed light on the complex challenges associated with PDs in medical education, revealing a nuanced interplay between the experiences of panelists and audience members. The findings underscore the need for a holistic approach to implementing PDs that addresses both the academic workload concerns and the quality of engagement.

Our findings both support and extend previous research on the challenges of oral presentations and group work in medical education settings. The high frequencies of perceived challenges across multiple categories for both panelists and audience members suggest that while PDs may offer benefits, they also present significant obstacles that need to be addressed in medical education. These results highlight the need for careful consideration in the implementation of PDs in medical education, with particular attention to workload management, coordination strategies, and audience engagement techniques. Future research could focus on developing and testing interventions to mitigate these challenges while preserving the potential benefits of PDs in medical education.

Moving forward, medical educators should consider innovative approaches to mitigate these challenges. This may include:

Integrating time management and stress coping strategies into the PD preparation process [ 59 ].

Exploring the use of AI tools to streamline preparation and enhance engagement [ 22 ].

Developing clear rubrics and expectations for both panelists and audience members [ 57 ].

Incorporating interactive elements to maintain audience interest and participation [ 25 ].

Limitations and future research

One limitation of this study is that it focused on a specific population of medical students, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other student populations. Additionally, the study relied on self-report data from panelists and audience members, which may introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Future research could explore the effectiveness of PDs in different educational contexts and student populations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the benefits and challenges of panel discussions.

Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions and exploring how PDs can be tailored to the unique demands of medical education. By addressing the identified challenges, PDs have the potential to become a more valuable and engaging component of medical curricula, fostering both academic and professional development. Ultimately, the goal should be to transform PDs from perceived burdens into opportunities for meaningful learning and skill development, aligning with the evolving needs of medical education in the 21st century.

Future research could also examine the long-term impact of PDs on panelists’ language skills, teamwork, and communication abilities. Additionally, exploring the effectiveness of different training methods and tools, such as AI technology, in improving coordination skills and reducing workload stress for panelists could provide valuable insights for educators and administrators. Further research could also investigate the role of class size and audience engagement in enhancing the overall effectiveness of PDs in higher education settings. By addressing these gaps in the literature, future research can contribute to the ongoing development and improvement of PDs as a valuable learning tool for students in higher education.

However, it is important to note that implementing these changes may require significant institutional resources and a shift in pedagogical approaches. Future research could focus on piloting these recommendations and evaluating their effectiveness in improving student outcomes and experiences with PDs.

Data availability

We confirm that the data supporting the findings are available within this article. Raw data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author, upon request.

Abbreviations

Artificial Intelligence

English as a Foreign Language

English for Specific Purposes

Panel Discussion

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

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L.KH was involved in writing the proposal, reviewing the text, analyzing the data, and writing the manuscript. E. N was involvedin designing the research and collecting and analyzing the data. Both authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Our study, entitled “Evaluating Panel Discussions in ESP Classes: An Exploration of International Medical Students’ and ESP Instructors’ Perspectives through Qualitative Research,” was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). The IRB reviewed the study on August 14th, 2024, and determined that formal ethics approval or a reference number was not required. This decision was based on the fact that the research posed minimal risk to participants and focused solely on their educational experiences without involving any intervention or the collection of sensitive personal data.

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Nasiri, E., Khojasteh, L. Evaluating panel discussions in ESP classes: an exploration of international medical students’ and ESP instructors’ perspectives through qualitative research. BMC Med Educ 24 , 925 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05911-3

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Received : 08 May 2024

Accepted : 14 August 2024

Published : 26 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05911-3

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