How does the political system work in the UK?

Lessons (6), what is the difference between government and parliament, how do elections work, what do political parties do, what do mps do, how is the uk government organised, how does devolved government work.

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BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM

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Government & Law

Government and politics in the UK

What are the key features of the British government and political system? Find out how UK politics work and which parties you can vote for.

British government

By Gary Buswell

Updated 20-5-2024

Politics in the UK can seem confusing at first glance. Although there is a British government that holds centralized executive power, there are also devolved governments in the constituent nations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. They determine policy in many areas including healthcare , education , and transport .

This guide takes you through the key features of politics and government in the UK to help give you a better understanding of things if you relocate to any part of the UK . Sections include:

Government and political system in the UK

The british prime minister: who is currently in power in the uk, conservative party, labour party, scottish national party (snp), liberal democrat party, democratic unionist party (dup), plaid cymru, social democratic and labour party (sdlp), alliance party, green party, the electoral system in the uk, voting in the uk, political representation in the uk, the political history of the uk, judiciary system in the uk, political tensions in the uk, the uk and the european union/eea, the state of the economy in the uk, grassroots politics and political activism in the uk, useful resources.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy, similar to countries such as Spain, the Netherlands, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates. This means that a monarch acts as Head of State. Since of the passing of Queen Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022, the current monarch is King Charles III . The UK is a parliamentary democracy where the elected British Government, the head of which is the Prime Minister, holds executive power.

Two chambers exercise legislative power: the lower chamber – the House of Commons – made up of 650 elected regional Members of Parliament (MP) ; and the upper chamber – the House of Lords – made up of a mixture of appointed and hereditary peers. Unlike with elected MPs, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. Currently there around 800 members from across the parties, as well as non-affiliated members.

British government, UK Parliament building

Although the British government has central power, a certain amount of political power has been devolved to the regional governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Both Scotland and Wales established their own devolved parliaments in 1999. Northern Ireland has had its own devolved assembly since 1972.

The UK runs a first-past-the-post ( FPTP ) electoral system with elections every five years. It ranks 18 th in the 2021 Economist Democracy Index .

The leader of the Conservative party, Rishi Sunak , is Prime Minister of the UK. Sunak has held this position since October 2022 when he won the party leadership contest after the previous Prime Minister, Liz Truss, resigned.

Before becoming prime minister, Rishi Sunak was Chancellor of the Exchequer from February 2020 to July 2022, as well as an MP for Richmond (Yorks) since 2015.

Rishi Sunak

Although the UK Prime Minister is the head of central government, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have their own heads of government called First Ministers. These are leaders or representatives of the parties with the most seats in government. Nicola Sturgeon, leader of the Scottish National Party, has been First Minister of Scotland since 2014. Mark Drakeford, leader of Welsh Labour, has been First Minister of Wales since 2018.

Northern Ireland has joint heads of government under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement . Paul Givan of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) has been First Minister since June 2021. Michelle O’Neill of Sinn Fein has been Deputy First Minister since 2020.

The next UK General Election is due to take place in January 2025. Current opinion polls put Labour ahead of the Conservatives, at 53% and 21% respectively.

Main political parties in the UK

There are currently 11 political parties with seats in the House of Commons. Below is a brief overview of each one.

Also known as the Tory Party, the Conservative Party was founded in 1834. It has been one of the dominant forces in British politics since the 19th century. The party has been in power since 2010 and currently holds 363 parliamentary seats in Westminster. The Conservatives won the UK’s most recent General Election in December 2019, winning 365 parliamentary seats (and 43.6% of the vote). This was the biggest election victory since Tony Blair’s Labour Party win in 2001 and the biggest Conservative win since Margaret Thatcher triumphed in 1987.

The party has historically been similar in ideology to conservative parties in many other countries. Since the late 1970s, it has favored small government and liberal free-market economic policies . Traditionally socially conservative, in recent years it has become more socially liberal in certain areas such as LGBT rights , legalizing same-sex marriage in 2014. There are some tensions within the party between socially liberal and socially conservative elements. Additionally, there are ongoing divisions over Europe and Brexit .

The party primarily holds support among middle-class voters, especially in rural and suburban areas. However, its 2019 election victory was notable for its success among traditionally Labour-supporting working-class voters in northern England.

The current leader of the Conservative party is the Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak.

The Labour Party is the current Official Opposition party in the UK with 198 seats in parliament. It has had five periods in power since 1923, the most recent being 1997–2010. The party was founded in 1900 out of a coalition between trade unionists and socialists.

Until the 1980s, Labour’s ideology was along traditional democratic socialist lines. Its periods in power were characterized by Keynesian economics , high taxation, and a strong publicly-owned welfare state. Since the mid-1980s it has become more centrist, culminating in the rebranding of the party as New Labour and the embracing of Third Way politics in the 1990s. Under Jeremy Corbyn , the party returned to a more traditional socialist approach between 2015 and 2020. In the 2019 election, the party won 202 seats and 32.1% of the vote. Keir Starmer , leader since April 2020, has attempted to shift the party back towards the center ground.

Labour has traditionally been more socially progressive in areas such as worker rights , LGBT rights, gender equality, and immigration policies . It has also been mostly pro-Europe, with the majority of its MPs voting against Brexit. Traditionally it has held support among working-class and socially liberal voters, although its working-class base has diminished recently. The party’s performance in the 2019 election was its worst since 1935.

The SNP is a Scottish political party that campaigns on a platform of Scottish independence. Although the SNP lost the 2014 Scottish Referendum on independence, it is the party with the most support in Scotland. It holds 45 of the 59 parliamentary seats. This makes it the third-biggest party in the UK in terms of parliamentary seats.

The SNP was founded in 1934. It is socially democratic in its ideological outlook as well as being socially liberal, supporting policies such as LGBT rights, multiculturalism, and gender equality. The party is also pro-Europe and campaigned against Brexit. In the 2016 Scottish parliamentary elections, the SNP won 69 out of 129 seats, two short of a majority.

The current party leader is the First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon.

Commonly referred to as the Lib Dems, the Liberal Democrats were founded in 1988 out of a merger between the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party – two parties that had been in an alliance since 1981.

The party’s ideology is a mix of traditional liberalism and social democracy. It favors a market-based economy, supported by a strong welfare state. It also supports civil liberties, LGBT rights, European integration, and a shift to proportional representation voting.

Although the Liberals were a strong force in UK politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the party formed a coalition government with the Conservatives between 2010 and 2015, the popularity of the Lib Dems has waned dramatically since. They currently have 12 MPs, down from 62 in 2005. Their support tends to be among university-educated voters in southwest England and parts of London and Scotland. Ed Davey has been the party’s leader since August 2020.

The DUP is an Irish political party that is the biggest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly in terms of seats (27 out of 90). It shares assembly leadership with Sinn Fein. Founded in 1971, the party is unionist , loyalist , and socially conservative, opposing things such as abortion and same-sex marriage. It also supports Brexit.

The DUP formed a coalition government with Theresa May’s Conservatives from 2017 to 2019. It currently holds eight out of 18 available seats in Westminster.

Sinn Féin (meaning “We Ourselves” in Irish) is an Irish political party founded in 1905 when the whole of Ireland was under British rule. It is active in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, with the current form of the party in operation since 1970.

Whereas the DUP is loyalist, Sinn Féin is Irish Republican and supports the reunification of an independent Irish state. It is also broadly democratic socialist, socially progressive, and supported the UK remaining part of the EU. It holds seven seats in the UK parliament and 26 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Mary Lou McDonald is the current President of the party.

Plaid Cymru , also known as the Party of Wales, is a Welsh nationalist, social democratic, and pro-European party that advocates a Welsh independent state. Formed in 1925, it currently holds three out of 40 Welsh seats in the UK Parliament as well as 13 out of 60 seats in the Welsh Assembly (the Senedd). Adam Price has been the party leader since 2018.

The Alba Party is a Scottish nationalist party founded in February 2021 and led by former SNP leader and First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond. It has yet to contest any elections but has two seats in Westminster on account of two SNP MPs defecting to the party. The party positions itself as an alternative Scottish independence party with the objective of building a “socially just and environmentally responsible” Scotland. The Alba Party is in favor of an independent Scotland joining the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

The SDLP is an Irish Republican party in Northern Ireland advocating Irish nationalism , social democracy, and pro-European politics. It was founded in 1970 and currently holds two seats in Westminster and 12 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. The party leader is Colum Eastwood.

The Alliance Party is a liberal party in Northern Ireland affiliated with the Liberal Democrats in Great Britain. It was founded in 1970 and currently has one MP in the UK parliament and seven MPs in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Its leader is Naomi Long.

The Green Party is a political party in England and Wales. Similar to green political movements elsewhere, the party is associated with environmentalism and sustainability. In the UK, the party also supports social-democratic economic policies, civil liberties, animal rights, grassroots democratic participation, and EU membership. The Green Party supports more radical progressive policies than most other mainstream parties, such as a universal basic income for all.

The Green Party was founded in 1990. It has joint leaders, Sian Berry and Jonathan Bartley, and one MP in Westminster, former leader Caroline Lucas. Its support is strongest among university-educated people in metropolitan areas.

The UK uses different electoral systems for different types of elections. For general elections, where MPs representing 650 regional constituencies across the UK are elected to the House of Commons, the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system is used. Each party can put one candidate forward in each constituency (independents can also stand).

The party with the most winning candidates forms a majority government if they win over 50% of the seats, otherwise, they can form a coalition government with other parties to take them over 50% or form a minority government. The leader of the winning party becomes Prime Minister and appoints a Cabinet of Ministers to head the different government departments ( health , education , defense, etc.). There are currently 23 ministerial departments and 20 non-ministerial departments.

General elections in the UK take place every five years, although the British government can call an early election if they get a two-thirds majority vote on doing so in the House of Commons.

In addition to UK general elections, there are:

  • Scottish and Welsh parliamentary elections, held every five years, where voters choose MPs using the Additional Member System ( AMS ) form of proportional representation.
  • Northern Ireland Assembly elections, held every five years, where voters elect assembly members using the Single Transferable Vote ( STV ) form of proportional representation.
  • Local elections , held every four years, where voters elect local councilors. England and Wales use the FPTP system, while Scotland and Northern Ireland use STV.
  • Mayoral elections , held in London and some parts of England, where voters elect a local mayor using the Supplementary Vote system.

The legal voting age in the UK is 18, apart from in Scottish and Welsh parliamentary elections where it is 16. For the UK general election, you must also be a British, Irish, or Commonwealth citizen and have a registered UK address (or be a British citizen living abroad who has been registered to vote in the UK in the last 15 years).

Other UK residents, such as EU citizens or foreigners with a right to reside in the UK, can vote in local elections and Scottish elections. Prisoners and anyone found guilty of electoral fraud in the last five years cannot vote.

British government, UK polling station

To be able to vote in any UK election, you must register to vote. This means that your name will be on the electoral register. On voting day, you just need to turn up at your local polling station (usually a public space such as a community center or primary school) and give your name. You can find out how to register to vote here .

To stand as a candidate in a UK general election, you must be at least 18 years old and a citizen of either the UK, Ireland, or a Commonwealth country that has a right to reside in the UK. Certain groups are disqualified from standing, including members of the police or armed forces, civil servants, and people with bankruptcy restrictions.

EU citizens cannot become MPs unless they also have UK citizenship, however, they can stand to become a local councilor in local elections.

According to a 2020 report on political and public representation in the UK, residents from ethnic minorities are slightly underrepresented in parliament, although things are improving. The report found that 10% of MPs and 6.3% of members of the House of Lords are from minority backgrounds, compared to 14.4% in the overall UK population. The situation is similar in the constituent parliaments and assemblies, as well as in the London Assembly.

Another report from March 2021 found that women are also still underrepresented. Thirty-four percent of MPs and 28% of Lords are female. Elsewhere, the situation ranges from 47% female members in the Welsh Parliament to 26% in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Concerning senior-level positions, only 23% of cabinet ministers are women.

The Parliament of Great Britain formed in 1707 following the Acts of the Union , which brought together the three countries of Great Britain – England, Scotland, and Wales. Following the British colonization of Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed in 1801. Britain ceded control of Southern Ireland (the Republic of Ireland) in 1922, and the UK became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which remains its full title today.

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An introduction to the United Kingdom

Since its creation, the UK has had a functioning democracy. Only two parties formed governments until 1923 – the Conservatives and the Liberals (who were the Whigs until the mid-19th century). Since 1923, only the Conservatives and Labour have been in power. Universal suffrage was in 1918 for men and 1928 for women.

Other than devolution in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, the key events that have impacted the UK’s political system since World War Two have been:

  • The development of the modern welfare state, including the NHS , in the years immediately following 1945. This gave the government a far greater role in areas such as healthcare, education, and social security.
  • Decolonization and the decline of the British Empire after 1945. The UK had established colonial rule in many overseas countries during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. By the 1970s, most of these countries had won independence. Over 50 of these countries are today members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
  • Joining the European Communities (now the EU) in 1973 and then subsequently voting to leave in the 2016 Brexit referendum vote.

The UK has three separate legal systems: one for England and Wales, one for Scotland, and one for Northern Ireland. However, judges in some of the highest level courts such as the Supreme Court have UK-wide jurisdiction.

London magistrates court, British government

Similar to many other countries, the UK justice system is one of three branches of the state. The other two are the executive (the British government) and the legislative (the two Parliamentary chambers). Where the UK differs from most other countries is that it doesn’t have a written constitution. Therefore, its laws have grown out of centuries of statutes passed by Parliament and the common law of court decisions.

Until the end of the 19th century, there wasn’t a clear separation between the judicial branch and other state branches in the UK. In other words, judges could become MPs or even Cabinet members.

#

Crime and the legal system in the UK

The courts system in the UK is complex but essentially there are three main types of court:

  • Magistrates’ courts, which deal with most civil cases and less serious cases
  • Senior Courts, which include the Crown Court, the High Court and the Court of Appeal. These deal with more serious criminal cases, any cases referred by magistrates’ courts, and (in the case of the Court of Appeal) appeals from other courts
  • Supreme Court, which is the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases

The tribunals system has its own structure for dealing with administrative cases and appeals. Decisions can escalate to the Court of Appeal.

The one issue that has dominated British politics in recent years has been Brexit . There has always been a Eurosceptic wing of the Conservative Party that disagreed with the original decision of the British government to join Europe in 1973. This escalated in recent decades with the formation of political parties such as the Referendum Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) whose main objective was to take the UK out of the EU.

However, it has only been in the last decade that this has become a core issue in British politics. UKIP won the European elections in 2014 , despite never having won a UK parliamentary seat. Following this, the Conservative Party won an outright majority in the 2015 UK General Election, having pledged to hold an EU referendum if they did so.

Brexit leave protesters

Although the UK was predicted to vote to remain in the EU, and the Conservatives campaigned on a remain platform , the country voted to leave the union by 52% to 48% on 23 June 2016. The UK finally left the EU on 31 December 2020 after a short transition period. The Brexit issue has stoked up tensions among the British public and has also inflamed anti-immigrant sentiments in the UK. Just one week before the referendum vote, Labour MP Jo Cox was murdered on the streets of Yorkshire by a far-right terrorist shouting “keep Britain independent”.

Recent major scandals in UK politics include the 2009 political expenses scandal , the Westminster sexual misconduct allegations , and various controversies surrounding the government’s handling of the COVID-19 crisis. These include the response to the pandemic itself, the unlawful awarding of contracts , and senior government ministers failing to adhere to Covid rules .

The UK narrowly voted to leave the EU in a 2016 referendum. It was the first member country to do so and is now one of only a handful of countries worldwide not to belong to a regional trading bloc. The UK officially left the EU on 31 December 2020 with a withdrawal agreement in place.

The UK is now treated as a non-member country by EU/EFTA countries, thus UK citizens are now subject to the same visa restrictions and barriers to accessing many public services in member states as many other third-country nationals. Similarly, EU/EFTA citizens no longer have freedom of movement or equal rights to access many services in the UK. Citizens from the EU/EFTA who have been living long-term in the UK and want to stay need to apply to the EU Settlement Scheme .

Although the UK voted to leave the EU, both Scotland and Northern Ireland had majority votes for remain. Some political parties, such as the SNP, have pledged to rejoin the EU if their country wins independence from the UK.

The UK has a highly developed social market economy. It had a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$3.3 trillion in 2021, which works out to a GDP per capita of US$49,675 when adjusted for purchasing power parity. Service sector businesses account for around 79% of GDP, with financial services being particularly strong.

As with many economies across the world, the UK economy has been hit hard by the COVID-19 crisis. However, the OECD Economic Forecast Summary ( May 2021 ) predicts that GDP growth will return to its pre-pandemic level by early 2022 as the government eases restrictions on economic activity.

UK restaurant during COVID19 pandemic

The OECD also predicts that Brexit will continue to have a negative impact on trade. Unemployment, currently at 4.7% , should peak at the end of 2021 as the Furlough Scheme ends.

The UK probably doesn’t have the same culture of direct action politics as you see in countries such as Spain and France. However, there have been movements throughout history that have left their mark, from the Chartists in the 1830s to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) in the 1980s. More recently, grassroots movement UK Uncut staged a series of nationwide protests against austerity and public sector cuts.

Extinction Rebellion UK , part of the wider global environmental movement, has been the most well-known activist group in the past few years. The group has staged non-violent protests to draw attention to the climate emergency. This led to MPs declaring a climate emergency in parliament in 2019.

Anyone can get involved in local politics or a political/social cause important to them in the UK. One way is to volunteer for a UK-based charity. You can search for active organizations in the charity directory . Another way is to engage with what’s going on in your local area. This could be anything from attending neighborhood meetings to becoming a councilor. Check for different ways of getting involved on the government website .

  • gov.uk – UK government website with information on services, departments, and more
  • UK Parliament – information on parliament and MPs
  • Scottish Government
  • Northern Ireland Government
  • Electoral Commission – information on UK politics and how to vote

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The Three Parts of Parliament The House of Commons The House of Lords The Monarch The Role of Parliament The Government Law Making

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In the UK, dissatisfaction with economy, democracy is widespread ahead of election

Labour Party placards reminding UK voters about the upcoming July 4 elections. (John Keeble/Getty Images)

Voters in the United Kingdom head to the polls on July 4 for the country’s first general election since 2019. Ahead of the election, Britons see the state of the UK in relatively bleak terms.

No major political party receives a favorable rating from a majority of the British public. Few think the nation’s economy is in good shape. And people are more dissatisfied than satisfied with the state of democracy in their country, according to a Pew Research Center survey of 1,o17 British adults, conducted Jan. 11-March 9, 2024. (The survey was conducted before British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak officially called for an election .)

This Pew Research Center analysis examines how people in the United Kingdom view the country’s major political parties, its economic situation and the way democracy is functioning.

Data comes from a survey of 1,017 adults in the UK conducted by random-digit dial from Jan. 11-March 9, 2024. The survey is weighted to be representative of the adult population in the UK with the following variables: gender, age, education, region and probability of selection of respondent.

Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

Views of several major political parties have become more negative in recent years

None of the four major British political parties we asked about in our survey – the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats, the Conservative Party and Reform UK – receive net positive ratings from the British public.

A line chart showing that views of major UK political parties have become more negative in recent years.

  • The Labour Party is seen most favorably at 47%, though this is down somewhat from 54% favorable last year.
  • The Liberal Democrats get positive ratings from around four-in-ten Britons (38%). Again, this is down from 48% last year.
  • The Conservative Party, which has governed the UK since 2010, is broadly unpopular. Only around three-in-ten British adults (29%) have a favorable view of the governing party. While largely unchanged since last year, views of the Tories are less positive than in 2021 and 2020, when about four-in-ten Britons saw them favorably.
  • The only party that enjoys more favorable ratings now than in the recent past is Reform UK, formerly the Brexit Party. While only 31% have a favorable view of the party led by Nigel Farage , this is up 8 percentage points since 2022. It also marks the first time in our surveys that about equal shares have a favorable view of Reform UK and the Conservative Party (31% vs. 29%).

Growing share have unfavorable views of both the Labour and Conservative parties

A line chart showing that a growing share of UK adults see Labour and Conservative parties negatively.

This year, 35% of Britons have unfavorable views of both the Labour and Conservative parties. This is up 7 points since last year and has nearly doubled since the fall of 2020, when 19% had unfavorable views of both of the country’s dominant parties.

By way of comparison, this is also higher than the 28% of Americans who had unfavorable views of both the Republican and Democratic parties in 2023.

Most who identify with Conservative or Labour parties see their own party favorably

In the UK, people who identify with the Conservative Party are, unsurprisingly, more likely to have a favorable view of the party (74%) than those who identify with Labour (13%) or who say they do not feel close to any party (25%). But even among people who identify as Conservatives, the share who have a favorable view of their party has fallen in recent years. In 2020, 89% had a positive view.

Labour Party supporters, for their part, are more likely than Conservatives to have a positive view of their own party: 87% do. And the share who feel this way has been largely consistent in recent years.

Only about 1 in 5 say the UK’s economic situation is good

Few in the UK (22%) think their country’s economy is in good shape. With 78% saying it’s in poor shape, Britons are more negative about their country’s economy than people in most of the other countries we surveyed this year .

Conservative Party supporters (27%) are more likely than Labour Party supporters (18%) to think the economy is in good shape – as is often the case with members of a country’s governing party or coalition, according to our research. But even among Conservatives, positive views of the economy have fallen sharply in the last three years.

A line chart showing that few Britons think their country’s economy is in good shape.

Fewer than half are satisfied with the way UK democracy is working

A line chart showing that satisfaction with democracy has fallen in the UK recently, particularly among Conservatives.

Today, more in the UK are dissatisfied than satisfied with the state of their country’s democracy (60% vs. 39%). As recently as 2021, 60% of British adults were satisfied with their democracy.

Conservative Party supporters are more likely than Labour Party supporters to be satisfied with democracy in their country (55% vs. 40%). Once again, we’ve found this is common for supporters of a country’s governing party .

But Conservative Party supporters are much less satisfied today than they were a few years ago, when around three-quarters or more were happy with the way democracy was working in the UK.

Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

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  • Election 2024

General Election 2024: Manifesto Analysis Presentations

  • Carl Emmerson
  • Christine Farquharson
  • Paul Johnson
  • Helen Miller

Published on 24 June 2024

IFS researchers presented their analysis of the manifestos ahead of the 2024 general election.

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Ten days before polling day, IFS researchers and Director Paul Johnson gave their verdict on the parties' manifestos - in particular comparing the offering from the Conservative Party with that from the Labour Party - at a press briefing in Westminster. At this event, which was live-streamed for the general public, we presented new analysis on how manifesto policies could impact the public finances and what they might mean for household incomes, public services and taxation.

Carl Emmerson

Deputy Director

Carl, a Deputy Director, is an editor of the IFS Green Budget, is expert on the UK pension system and sits on the Social Security Advisory Committee.

Chrsitine Farquharson

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Suggested citation.

Emmerson, C et al. (2024). 'General Election 2024: Manifesto Analysis Presentations' [Presentation]. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Available at: https://ifs.org.uk/publications/general-election-2024-manifesto-analysis-presentations (accessed: 25 June 2024).

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One of the biggest problems this election? Faith in politics and media is at rock bottom

In the UK, years of political turmoil have fuelled not just a dearth of trust in politicians and the media, but striking levels of voter apathy

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As the founder of Shout Out UK, a social enterprise that runs political and media literacy programmes, it would be easy to feel discouraged by the results of the latest UK social attitudes survey . Sadly, these show that Britons’ faith in our politicians and media has fallen to an all-time low. For me though, this growing disillusionment with mainstream politics, which can too often be exploited by those holding extremist views, only highlights the importance of our mission at Shout Out UK.

Since 2015, we’ve been working in the UK and around the world to increase young people’s engagement with democracy and to increase their resilience to disinformation. Our educational programmes teach practical media literacy techniques, arming today’s digital citizens with the tools they need to seek out quality information and make informed decisions, a topic that is  imperative to a functioning democracy .

  • ‘Democracy is stronger when more people take part’: Voter ID may stop millions from voting in 2024
  • Are we headed for a low-turnout general election? Why poverty and mistrust mean voters staying home

Our current short-term goal is to encourage participation in the UK general election, particularly among historically underrepresented groups such as members of poorer households and the 18-24 age group. Our biggest ever digital campaign,  #BallotBound  delivered hundreds of thousands of young people to the government’s voter registration web page, prior to the 18 June deadline. We’re working flat out with partners such as Big Issue and the WWF to spread the word and give young voters the crucial info they need to vote for their local representative this summer.

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Many voters feel overwhelmed by the seriousness of the issues facing the country: the cost of living crisis, climate change, a faltering NHS, rising international crises – it’s a scary list. Who can blame people if they prefer to spend an hour scrolling cat clips on the internet rather than diving into those lengthy party manifestos? For those facing structural barriers to voting such as lack of internet access or voter ID, or homelessness, the desire to switch off from politics may be particularly strong.

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This general election marks a turning point for the UK – do we seriously address a democratic deficit fuelled by misinformation, or ensure our next generation of citizens is the most politically well-informed ever? I’m staying hopeful.

Matteo Bergamini MBE is the founder of Shout Out UK .

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the british political system

THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM

Jan 07, 2020

100 likes | 333 Views

THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM. What do we mean by Britain (the UK)? Not just England, of course? Why study Britain? (63m in the size of Oregon) What can it tell us about democracy and empire? About the loss of empire? What can it tell us about formal and informal institutions in democracies?

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Presentation Transcript

THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM What do we mean by Britain (the UK)? Not just England, of course? Why study Britain? (63m in the size of Oregon) What can it tell us about democracy and empire? About the loss of empire? What can it tell us about formal and informal institutions in democracies? What can it tell us about the EU and sovereignty om the modern age? What can the PM’s question hour tell us about some of the differences between American and British democracy?:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-piEGTEYC4 (start at about 2:30; go to 6:00)

WHY DOES BRITAIN’S DEMOCRACY LOOK LIKE IT DOES? How will we talk about political history in this class?... Not comprehensively! We’ll be hacks of a certain sort focusing on critical junctures The Norman invasion (1066): Why is geography so important in the devel of UK and US democ? Today the UK = 60 million folks living on an island the size of Oregon King John and the Magna Carta (1215): Why isn’t the separation of powers or checks and balances, taxation only with input, or even the supremacy of law no enough to create a democracy? On the other hand, why is limiting the Crown’s power an important start even if no people’s body was involved the process? The Reformation (1530s): Why was the separation of state and church so important to the growth of liberalism (vs. conservatism)? Civil War (1640s), Oliver Cromwell, & The Glorious Revolution (1688-89): Why are the masses to be feared if political change happens too quickly? Can a checked monarchy or institutionalized (versus a personalist) authoritarian system be better than democracy?

How did economic modernity, war, & decline change the British political system? The Industrial Revolution (1760s-1860s) --> The “Great” Reform Act of 1832 (Oh, goody, some regular men get to vote)… And change keeps slowly coming (1867=most men), and coming (1928, women) Abroad, the zenith of the UK empire is the 1870s…Lessons about empires and rising/declining hegemons? Domination by the Commons (1911): Labour and the Conservatives/Tories consolidate their power… What, no constitutional convention? What would Madison think? How much can a democratic empire take and still survive? End of colonial rule (20th Century); WW2 and the collectivist consensus (1945-1970s); The Era of Decline (1970s-1990s) Britain’s resurgence under Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) Two big catch-all parties and Labour’s (Tony Blair) Third Way? (1997-2010) A parliament that blends Thatcher and Blair: David Cameron pursues austerity from the center right coalition (Tories + Liberal Dems, 2010-2015) 2016: No parliamentary elections, but out goes Cameron with Brexit vote; enter Theresa May (55% approval rate going in vs. 28% for exiting Cameron). She goes for a super majority 2017, and now rules in a weak coalition.

HOW DOES THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION SET UP DEMOCRACY?HOW ARE THINGS CHANGING? No written document (yet)… So what do they use?: Common law guides, but parliamentary laws are supreme My goodness, aren’t you glad we “don’t” do this? What about the now mostly appointed House of Lords and the Monarchy? Why not just toss these undemocratic actors… Or at least start electing them? Actually, that might be a bad idea No judicial review in most cases, but finally (2009) a Supreme Court of sorts…appellate powers, but no judicial review except for.... No Bill of “Rights” in the American sense (but the European Convention on Human Rights applies… at least for now) The creation of a Federal Reserve-like board for monetary policy Not much federalism (except… Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, London, London and more cities over time) Will the crisis over Scotland change the UK permenelty? Maybe… Hard for England to have it both ways. Brexit… Does leaving the EU change everything or does it change just a little (Norway)?

HOW DOES THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION SET UP POWER? In many ways, Britain has your typical PM system: The Prime minister selected by the Commons… All 650 members of it (How many is too many reps?) All decisive Legislative and executive powers are fused into one: The Cabinet selected from the legislature Separate heads of state (the monarch) & government (the PM) Unfixed terms for legislature and the government (early elections vs. votes of no confidence) Is this governmental system … Which is what Madison, Washington, and Hamilton had in mind for the US, better? What has Britain emphasized with respect to it’s democratic tradeoffs?

WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE COMMONS? A multi-country legislature…with national and regional (SNP) parties Why is the PM so strong?: The two-party system, the organization of power in the parliament, and the UK’s unique electoral laws…. Does question hour really weaken and humiliate the PM? What kind of leaders would the US have if we had this process? How do the shadow cabinets work? The size of the commons, its weak committees, its cabinet structure, and its unique cabinet rules (collective responsibility) Where is the UK like us and unlike many parliamentary system? How do its elections work? Plurality SMD (aka first-past the post, FPTP using Gerrymandered districts) every 5 yrs or 6 weeks after a called election Why did the British reject ranked voting when they got to vote on it in 2011? What you know is what there is… Why only 2-3 big parties in every region? Duverger’s law (and having strong national parties rigging the system…. Just like here) How do the UK’s nationalparties control their candidates so much more than in the US? How ideological are their parties (how do you measure this?) vs ours (cadre vs. catch-all parties)? Is there any democratic check?

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND BRITISH POLITICAL DISATISFACTION? Tony Blair and Labour’s Third Way: Can you have Thatcherism (heavy privatization, austerity, and free trade) with “equity”? Where do Cameron/May’s Tories fall on the continuum between Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair? How are the Brexiters different? What relationship will the UK have with the EU? Will Brexit make any difference? What key political reforms have been pursued over the last two decades? If you add them up, how radical has the change been? Why hasn’t the US gone through change like this? What was Labour’s overall record? Thatherism with equity worked… so why’d they lose? (Was it the war in Iraq, Gordon Brown, and the younger, smarter Tory, or have the British come to recognize the new econ. rules?) Why is going on with Labour under Jeremy Corbyn? How did David Cameron do, and why did he get the boot? Austerity in ‘10; riots in ‘11; and then a surprise majority in ‘12; and then the Scotland Crisis in’14; and then Brexit in ‘16? The big question for the UK? Can Britain become more American and still deal with the pressures of globalization?

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Education Policy Institute

Home / Publications & Research / General Election manifesto analysis / General Election 2024: An analysis of manifesto pledges for education

General Election 2024: An analysis of manifesto pledges for education

Ahead of the general election on 4 th July, the Education Policy Institute (EPI), funded by the Nuffield Foundation, has published an analysis of the plans for education set out in the manifestos of the main political parties in England.

This report provides an independent, evidence-based assessment of the extent to which each of the main parties have committed to addressing the biggest challenges facing education in England.

This is the second report published by EPI on education in the general election, following our report last July in which we set out the challenges facing the education system in England and made a number of calls on any incoming government.

Overall, our analysis finds that:

  • There have been proposals put forward by all the main parties that address some of the challenges facing the education system. In particular, pledges by Labour and the Liberal Democrats to reform school accountability and tackle the rising issue of children’s mental health are welcome, as are pledges by the Liberal Democrats to target funding to disadvantaged children in the early years and between the ages of 16-19. A greater focus from all parties on boosting vocational education and skills is also a positive step.
  • However, there is a striking lack of clear commitments to school and college funding, with neither of the two main parties committing to increasing school funding over the next Parliament. Coupled with an absence of specific pledges to better target funding towards disadvantaged children and young people, this could lead to rising inequalities.
  • Commitments in the early years and in post-16 education also lack a focus on improving quality and targeting support to the most disadvantaged children and young people. All parties have committed to rolling out free early years entitlements (and Labour’s pledge to create 3,000 nurseries in schools could help to raise quality), but there is little focus on improving access for the most disadvantaged and rebuilding early intervention services.
  • Overall, the manifesto commitments do not go far enough towards addressing the key challenges facing the education system. All parties should have been clearer on how they would: tackle the soaring costs of provision for children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND), recruit and retain the education workforce our system needs (beyond headline pledges of commitments to new teachers) and address the widening disadvantage gaps across all phases, through targeted interventions and funding.

We have considered each party’s offer as a whole. We conclude that:

  • The Conservative party have few commitments that seek to address the key challenges facing education and have included a number of commitments that are largely unnecessary distractions and unlikely to have any real impact on improving outcomes or tackling inequalities.
  • The Labour manifesto seeks to tackle more of the immediate challenges facing the system, including through a more whole-child approach by introducing a child poverty strategy and new Young Futures Hubs. But there are still key omissions from Labour, particularly around school and college funding.
  • The Liberal Democrats have the most number of commitments that are rooted in evidence, but lack detailed plans on how these commitments will be funded and delivered.
  • The Green Party have made substantial commitments to additional school funding, but their proposals for ending formal assessments and abolishing Ofsted are not supported by research evidence and may lead to falling standards overall and widening attainment gaps.
  • The education related commitments from Reform are somewhat limited in nature. They do not address the challenges in the education system today in any substantial way.

You can read the report in full here.

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This research has been kindly funded by the Nuffield Foundation. 

The Nuffield Foundation  is an independent charitable trust with a mission to advance social well-being. It funds research that informs social policy, primarily in Education, Welfare, and Justice. The Nuffield Foundation is the founder and co-founder of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, the Ada Lovelace Institute and the Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. The Foundation has funded this project, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily the Foundation. Website:  www.nuffieldfoundation.org  Twitter:  @NuffieldFound

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Jon Andrews

Robbie Cruikshanks

Robbie Cruikshanks

Shruti Khandekar

Shruti Khandekar

Who should I vote for in the general election?

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New PlayStation Portal remote player system software update releases tomorrow

New PlayStation Portal remote player system software update releases tomorrow

Sign-in screen support for select public Wi-Fi networks and other enhancements added; popular games on PS Portal also revealed.

political system of uk presentation

When we developed the PlayStation Portal remote player, our goal was to bring high-quality console gaming experiences to the palm of your hands, even when you aren’t in front of the TV. We continue to evolve the experience on PS Portal, and we are happy to announce that the latest system software update for our first dedicated remote play device will start rolling out tomorrow – adding a few new user enhancements.

Sign-in screen support for select public Wi-Fi networks

While we recommend PS Portal to be used in your home as you have control over the quality of the Wi-Fi, it can also be used outside of the home in places where a fast and stable Wi-Fi connection is available – and we’ve seen many players take advantage of this. With this new update, PS Portal will also connect to a range of public Wi-Fi networks* that may require additional validation steps beyond entering the network password. This includes Wi-Fi networks with sign-in screens that can often be found in hotels, cafes, and airports. To connect to these public Wi-Fi networks, PS Portal will display a QR code for you to scan with your smartphone or tablet. Once scanned, you’ll be able to use your mobile device’s web browser to complete the additional validation steps on behalf of your PS Portal. As a reminder, PS Portal requires a Wi-Fi connection with at least 5Mbps, and for a better play experience a high-speed connection of at least 15Mbps is recommended.

PS Portal UI screenshot showing a QR code for network authentication

New visual feedback for touchpad areas

The emulated touch pad on PS Portal’s vibrant 8-inch screen is getting an update. We’ve added new visual feedback to the touch pad areas. The new effects will be displayed when using the touch pad areas during remote play.

Display battery level in percentage

You now have the option to display the remaining battery level percentage on the status bar at the top right corner of your screen. To use this feature, open the quick menu, go to [Settings] > [System] > [Battery], and then turn on [Show Battery Percentage].

PS Portal UI screenshot showing remaining battery level in percentage

Since the initial launch of PS Portal last November, we’ve been overwhelmed with the enthusiastic reactions and the variety of ways our community has been enjoying gaming on PS Portal. While Remote Play for PlayStation has been available since the PlayStation 3 generation, we’ve built upon this technology with PS Portal to elevate the Remote Play experience to another level by integrating key features of the DualSense wireless controller with a vibrant 8-inch LCD screen. We’re excited to see that PS Portal has introduced many more gamers to the Remote Play feature on PS5, with over 60 percent of PS Portal owners using the feature for the first time**. What’s more, PS Portal is making it easier for many players to access their games, with the average PS Portal owner’s engagement on PS5 going up within the first 8 weeks of using their PS Portal. We’ve also seen a wide range of games proven to be popular on PS Portal, from single player adventures including God of War Ragnarök, Marvel’s Spider-Man 2 and Astro’s Playroom to multiplayer titles including Fortnite, Rocket League and EA Sports FC 24 – all being some of the most played games on PS Portal within the first 3 months of its launch***.  We’re always grateful to the PlayStation community for embracing our journey as we continue to explore different ways to bring new player experience. Check out the official website to learn more about PS Portal and let us know what you think in the comments!

*To connect to public networks, make sure that the initial setup for your PS Portal is completed. Authentication requires use of another device that can connect to the public network, such as a smartphone. Public networks that operate at 5GHz are not supported. **Internal Data from Nov 2020 – April 2024 ***Internal Data from Nov 15 2023 – Feb 15 2024

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  1. Political system of The United Kingdom

    Political system of The United Kingdom. Sep 29, 2016 • Download as PPT, PDF •. 11 likes • 16,743 views. B. bkukuckova. The presentation gives the description of political system in the UK, there are named all the partial countries of The UK, with many pictures. Government & Nonprofit. 1 of 12. Download now.

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    Jan 31, 2012 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. The United Kingdom has a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. The Prime Minister is the head of government and executive power is exercised through the monarch and devolved governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Legislative power is held by the bicameral UK ...

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    Oct 31, 2013 • Download as PPT, PDF •. 16 likes • 14,733 views. AI-enhanced description. Vi Yên. The document provides an overview of the British political system, including: 1. It describes the key elements of the British political system including the monarchy, government, parliament, and elections. 2. It explains some of the core ...

  4. THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM

    3 How did economic modernity, war, & decline change the British political system? The Industrial Revolution (1760s-1860s) --> The "Great" Reform Act of 1832 (Oh, goody, some regular men get to vote)… And change keeps slowly coming (1867=most men), and coming (1928, women) Abroad, the zenith of the UK empire is the 1870s…Lessons about empires and rising/declining hegemons?

  5. PDF The Political System of the United Kingdom

    The United Kingdom • One country, made up of four nations • England • Scotland • Wales • Northern Ireland • Constitutional monarchy - with limited federalism • Some of the nations have their own national assemblies • Parliament handles matters that pertain to England or whole UK

  6. Politics of the United Kingdom

    Organisational chart of the UK political system. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy where executive power is delegated by legislation and social conventions to a unitary parliamentary democracy.From this a hereditary monarch, currently King Charles III, serves as head of state while the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, currently Rishi Sunak since 2022, serves as the elected ...

  7. How does the political system work in the UK?

    How is the UK government organised? In this lesson, we will explore the organisation of the UK Government. It will look at the roles of the Monarch, the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and other ministers. It will introduce the different UK Government departments and focus on the work of the Treasury. 1 Slide deck.

  8. PPT

    British Political System. An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Download presentation by click this link.

  9. BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM

    Presentation on theme: "BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM"— Presentation transcript: 1 BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM. 1The history of British politics 2The governmental model 3 The branches of government 4 The English monarchy 5The Privy Council 6 British Parliament 7 Political parties. 2 1The history of British politics. Situation over the last 800 years ...

  10. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

    Hynek Gerlich 4. A POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. INTRODUCTION • Country name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland • UK is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system • In fact, it is a parliamentary monarchy. THE UK PARLIAMENT • Thesupreme body oflegislatures • Bicameral, consistingofthe House ofCommonsandthe House ...

  11. The British government and political system

    Government and political system in the UK. The UK is a constitutional monarchy, similar to countries such as Spain, the Netherlands, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates. This means that a monarch acts as Head of State. Since of the passing of Queen Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022, the current monarch is King Charles III. The UK is a ...

  12. Political System of The UK

    Political System of the UK - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The document provides an overview of the British political system, outlining its key components and characteristics. It discusses 1) the public's lack of trust in politicians but respect for democracy and privacy, 2) the informal and ...

  13. British Political System

    BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM.ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The British political system can be summarized as follows: 1. The system is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy where the monarch serves as head of state but holds limited formal political power.

  14. Political system of the UK by Moritz Platte on Prezi

    The political system of the UK Structure 1: Overview 2: Political System - UK vs. Germany 3: Electoral system 4: Explantation video 5: Sources Overview Political System - UK vs. Germany Germany United Kingdom Government type federal republic constitutional monarchy The head of ... How to create and deliver a winning team presentation; May 24 ...

  15. The political system of the united kingdom

    The political system in the UK has evolved from an absolute monarchy to a parliamentary democracy over centuries. Key developments include Magna Carta in 1215 limiting royal power, the creation of the Model Parliament in 1295 establishing the House of Lords and Commons, and the English Civil War in 1642 that abolished the monarchy temporarily.

  16. Political System of Uk

    POLITICAL SYSTEM OF UK.pptx - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The United Kingdom has a parliamentary democracy where the government is elected by the people and has universal suffrage. It also has a constitutional monarchy. The prime minister is chosen by the ruling political party and stays in power ...

  17. PPT

    The Present Political System of the UK EnglishSpeaking World 1A Lecture 1 . The Present Political System of the UK • Is a multi-party system • The twolargestparties in the UK: • Leftwing > Labour Party • Right wing> Conservative Party . Monarchy • The British political system is headed by a monarchy. • Queen Elisabeth - Ceremonialfunction. • The most important practical power ...

  18. Political system of the UK by Till Groß on Prezi

    YOUR LOGO GOES HERE Political System United Kingdom Structure Introduction The Political system of the UK Today's Schedule Today's Schedule 01. Structure 02. Political system in General short Movie 03. 04. Time for Questions General PS in general > UK is a constitutional monarchy

  19. UK Government and Parliament

    pdf, 296.85 KB. pdf, 286.71 KB. pdf, 243.61 KB. zip, 4.46 MB. This resource contains a short presentation on the UK Parliament and Government. You may also be interested in: The UK Parliament and Government - 80 Slide PowerPoint Presentation. The PowerPoint focuses on: The Three Parts of Parliament.

  20. Ahead of UK election, dissatisfaction with economy and democracy

    Voters in the United Kingdom head to the polls on July 4 for the country's first general election since 2019. Ahead of the election, Britons see the state of the UK in relatively bleak terms. No major political party receives a favorable rating from a majority of the British public. Few think the nation's economy is in good shape.

  21. how the United Kingdom is governed

    British Democracy & Parliament - how the United Kingdom is governed. Updated introduction to UK democracy and how Britain is governed. Covers the devolution process the in Wales and Scotland, the Legislature, Judiciary, Europe, the Executive, and Monarchy.It also includes a brief history of the 'mother of all parliaments', and how European ...

  22. General Election 2024: Manifesto Analysis Presentations

    Ten days before polling day, IFS researchers and Director Paul Johnson gave their verdict on the parties' manifestos - in particular comparing the offering from the Conservative Party with that from the Labour Party - at a press briefing in Westminster. At this event, which was live-streamed for the ...

  23. Political System in UK

    Political System in UK - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Political system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy - official head of the State is the monarch(a king or a queen) but his or her powers are limited by the constitution.

  24. The biggest problem this election? Faith in politics is at rock bottom

    In the UK, years of political turmoil have fuelled not just a dearth of trust in politicians and the media, but striking levels of voter apathy. A recent YouGov poll found 'lack of trust in politicians' was the top reason behind the decision not to vote. A depressing state of affairs as we near a crucial election which will determine the ...

  25. PPT

    The Political System. The Political System. A government by the people American Government Unit 2. Chapter 5: Political Parties. Political Party: a group of persons who control government through elections and holding office Incumbent: already in power Challenger: seeking or challenging for power. 539 views • 24 slides

  26. General Election 2024: An analysis of manifesto pledges for education

    Ahead of the general election on 4 th July, the Education Policy Institute (EPI), funded by the Nuffield Foundation, has published an analysis of the plans for education set out in the manifestos of the main political parties in England.. This report provides an independent, evidence-based assessment of the extent to which each of the main parties have committed to addressing the biggest ...

  27. News Review with Helen, & Michael ||Tuesday, 25th June 2024

    News Review with Helen, & Michael ||Tuesday, 25th June 2024

  28. The history and political system of the United Kingdom

    My presentation includes the British Empire and its role throughout the world, starting with its geography, where it is situated, then language, religion and population. I'll rebound the history of the Great Britain, how it has arised and developed. The UK has the most powerful political system with the head of constitutional monarch.

  29. Quiz: Who should I vote for in the general election?

    Play our manifesto knockout game to find out where you really lean on four of the biggest election issues

  30. New PlayStation Portal remote player system software update releases

    To use this feature, open the quick menu, go to [Settings] > [System] > [Battery], and then turn on [Show Battery Percentage]. Since the initial launch of PS Portal last November, we've been overwhelmed with the enthusiastic reactions and the variety of ways our community has been enjoying gaming on PS Portal. While Remote Play for ...