geotropism experiment pdf

• Biology Article

Observation of Geotropism Activity in Gram Seeds

What is geotropism.

The tropic movement in response to the earth’s gravity is called geotropism or gravitropism.

Plant gravitropism can either be a positive or a negative response.

Unilateral gravity causes curvature in the region of elongation of stem and root. The tip of the stem grows away from the gravity (negative geotropism), and the root tips grow towards it (positive geotropism). Geotropism is also referred to as gravitropism.

Charles Darwin was the first scientist to scientifically prove that roots show positive gravitropism and stems show negative gravitropism.

Explore more: Geotropism

Geotropism Activity in Gram Seeds

Here is an experiment to observe the geotropism activity in gram seeds.

Experiment – No – 1

To observe the geotropism activity in gram seeds.

Materials required:

Soaked gram seeds, beaker, water, water spray gun, garden soil, wooden or stone slabs and black paper.

• Collect some good quality seeds of gram or moong.
• Wash and soak the selected seeds in warm water for a day.
• Take a clean and dried plastic beaker of medium size.
• With the help of a sharp-pointed object, make big holes of 2 mm diameter at the bottom of the beaker.
• Now fill the beaker with a 1 cm thick layer of garden soil.
• Spread soaked seeds (moong/gram) over the soil.
• Now gently spray water on the soaked seeds with the help of a water spray gun.
• Place the beaker on two pieces of wooden slabs or stone slabs without disturbing them.
• Make sure that there is enough gap between the table and the bottom of the beaker.
• Cover the lower part of the set-up with black paper.
• Keep spraying water on the soaked seeds regularly.

Observation and Result:

After some days, we can observe small tender roots coming out from the holes of the beaker and growing towards the earth. This experiment demonstrates positive geotropism.

Experiment – No – 2

Soaked gram seeds, four Petri dishes, cotton, stand, water, and marker.

• Collect some good quality gram seeds
• Wash and soak the selected seeds in warm water for one day.
• Take clean and dried Petri dishes.
• Spread the cotton in the Petri dishes.
• Now add soaked seeds in between the cotton and close the Petri dishes.
• With the help of a marker, label the Petri dishes as north, south, east and west.
• Fix the labelled Petri dishes on a stand and allow the seeds to grow.

Observation:

After some days, we can observe the changes in the position of the Petri dishes.

The stem and root show curvature. It is found that:

• The stem always moves upwards. Hence, it shows negative geotropism.
• The root always bends downwards. Hence, it shows positive geotropism.

It is considered that the root cap receives the stimulus of gravity.

In case the root tips were removed from the roots of the plant. They would not respond to gravity.

Hence, it is considered that the root cap delivers an inhibitor on the lower side of the roots. Thus, it prevents growth, and the root bends down.

This was a brief introduction to the geotropism activity in gram seeds.

To know more about geotropism, geotropism in roots and shoots, types of tropic movements in plants and important questions on geotropism, keep visiting our website, at BYJU’S Biology.

Frequently Asked Questions on Observation of Geotropism Activity in Gram Seeds

List out the different types of tropic movements in plants..

In plants, six known types of tropic movement are observed. They are as follows:

• Gravitropism
• Phototropism
• Hydrotropism
• Chemotropism
• Thermotropism
• Thigmotropism

Do Auxin Affect Gravitropism?

Yes. Variations in the auxin plant hormone concentration mediate growth due to gravitropism.

What is Positive and Negative geotropism?

The plant’s tendency to grow in a downwards direction is defined as positive geotropism. Roots are an example of positive geotropism.

The plant’s tendency to grow in an upwards direction is defined as negative geotropism. Stems are an example of negative geotropism.

Related Links:

Tropic Movements In Plants

Movement Due To Growth in Plants

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Interactions of Plants and Gravity -Geotropism Lab

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Research advances in plant root geotropism

• Published: 30 March 2023
• Volume 102 , pages 237–250, ( 2024 )

Cite this article

• Ruonan Wei 1 ,
• Ling Xu 1 ,
• Xiaojie Feng 1 ,
• Yantong Ma 1 ,
• Sheng Li   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-9578 4 ,
• Shaoying Ma 5 ,
• Qiang Chai 6 ,
• Xucheng Zhang 7 &
• Xiaoming Yang 8  

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Plants cannot grow or develop properly without the support of their roots. Gravity plays an essential role in the formation of the root structure, but it is not clear how roots respond to gravity signals or how downward growth occurs. The two best-known models for root gravity sensing affirm the importance of starch. After the hyper-sensitive root crown perceives a gravity signal, starch granules within the rootlet cells settle to the endoplasmic reticulum in the direction of the signal, where they bind to specific receptors or open ion channels and release downstream signaling molecules. This triggers a series of signal transduction mechanisms, and this process involves signaling molecules such as indole-3‐acetic acid (IAA), reactive oxygen species, and calcium signaling, which ultimately induce groundward root growth. This review summarizes the mechanism of action underlying, and a research overview of, how plant roots sense and respond to gravity. The role of key signals such as starch, IAA, and calcium ions in root gravitropism is analyzed by integrating available information. The results provide a more complete theoretical basis for how roots grow toward gravity, which will contribute to our understanding of gravitropism and lay the foundation for discovering new directions of scientific research.

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This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Fund Project of Gansu Province (21JR7RA822), Major special project in Gansu Province, (20ZD7NA007), National Green Fertilizer Industry Technology System (CARS-22-G-12), National Science Fund (31460382), China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA-Food Legumes (CARS-08), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32260483).

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Ruonan Wei, Ling Xu, Xiaojie Feng & Yantong Ma

Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China

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SL, SM, QC and RW provided the study idea. RW completed the original draft of this paper. RW, LM, XL, LX, XF and YM performed the data collection. XZ and XY provided the idea reference. SL, SM, QC, LM and XL made the final revisions to the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sheng Li , Shaoying Ma or Qiang Chai .

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Wei, R., Ma, L., Lu, X. et al. Research advances in plant root geotropism. Plant Growth Regul 102 , 237–250 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-00992-4

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What is Geotropism

Geotropism, also known as gravitropism, is a type of tropic movement in which plant plants grow in response to gravity. It is mainly observed in the growing parts of the plant, such as root and shoot.

In the terms ‘geotropism’ or ‘gravitropism’, the words ‘geo’ and ‘gravi’ correspond to ‘earth’ and ‘ gravitational force ’ respectively. The other word ‘tropism’ refers to the ‘tropic movement’, i.e., directional growth of plant parts in response to any external stimulus, such as light, water, touch, chemical, or gravity.

Charles Darwin first documented this tropic movement.

Based on whether the plant part moves towards or away from gravity, geotropism can be of two types:

1. Positive geotropism: Here, the plant part grows towards the direction of gravitational pull, i.e., downwards. Example: Growth of roots into the soil towards gravity.

2. Negative geotropism: On the other hand, in this type, the plant part tends to grow away from the gravitational force, i.e., growing upwards. Example: Growth of stem in the opposite direction of gravity.

How Does It Work in Plants

Plants respond to gravity due to amyloplasts or statoliths in them. Statoliths are modified amyloplast, specialized starch-filled plastids that settle at the bottom of cells in roots and shoots. These are gravity-sensing organelles, which pull the plant part towards or away from the gravitational force.

As statoliths are dense particles, the gravitational pull is strong on them. As a result, they settle at the bottom of cells in both roots and shoots.

When the statoliths settle at the bottom in the roots and shoots of plants, they come in contact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As a consequence, calcium ions release from the ER lumen. This calcium signaling in the cells sets off a chain of reactions, ultimately leading to the release of the growth hormone indole acetic acid (IAA), a type of auxin , to the bottom of the cell.

In roots, this IAA restricts growth on the extremities of the root and increases growth on the top part, sending it downward. On the other hand, in shoots, a higher concentration of IAA stimulates the apical cell expansion and causes the shoot to grow up.

After the shoot or root begin to grow vertically, the amyloplasts return to their normal position.

Importance of Geotropism

As seen, geotropism is a natural phenomenon in a plant. So, if the habitual growth pattern of the plant is disturbed anyway, it will reorient its parts in the right direction. For instance, if a potted plant is flipped on its side, it can be observed that the plant has directed its root and shoot system accordingly.

Let us discuss another example. A tree in the forest that sprouts on a hill may begin to grow horizontally, but over time its cellular mechanisms will lead its parts to grow in the right direction as well.

Geotropism in root directs its growth into soil, thus enabling it to collect water and minerals as required. It also helps the plant to stand upright, as the root penetrates deep into the soil.

Geotropism orients the shoot away from gravity to maximize its contact with sunlight. This helps the plant to photosynthesize, bloom, and fruit .

Ans . The combination of phototropism and geotropism allows plants to grow in the correct direction.

Ans . The fundamental difference between phototropism and geotropism is their respective stimulus. In phototropism, the growth of plants occurs towards or away from light, whereas, in geotropism, the plants grow towards or away from gravity.

• Geotropism: Definition, Examples & Experiments – Study.com
• Geotropism – Extension.uga.edu
• Auxin and geotropism – Bbc.co.uk
• Geotropism – Sciencedirect.com

Article was last reviewed on Monday, January 31, 2022

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Phototropism and Geotropism

To study the phenomenon of phototropism and geotropism in plants

The experiment on phototropism and geotropism focuses on understanding how plants respond to external stimuli, specifically light and gravity, and how these responses impact their growth and orientation. Phototropism investigates how plants bend or grow towards a source of light, emphasising their ability to optimise photosynthesis for energy production. Geotropism, on the other hand, explores how plants respond to gravity by either growing downward (positive geotropism) or upward (negative geotropism), which is crucial for proper root development and nutrient absorption.

This experiment sheds light on the remarkable adaptive mechanisms of plants, demonstrating their capacity to sense and react to their environment, ultimately influencing their overall growth and orientation. 

Here are the steps of the experiment on phototropism and geotropism:

• Take two test tubes and fill them up to about two-thirds of their height with water. Label one as “Test Tube A” and the other as “Test Tube B.”
• Insert one plant into each test tube, ensuring that the roots are submerged in the water, while the stems and leaves extend out of the test tubes. Secure the openings of the test tubes with cotton balls to hold the plants in place.
• Seal the mouth of both test tubes tightly using additional cotton and adhesive tape to prevent any water leakage, even when the test tubes are turned upside down.
• Set up Test Tube A in an upright position using a laboratory stand, and fix Test Tube B upside down in another laboratory stand, ensuring that no water spills out.
• Place the laboratory stands near a window to expose the plants to direct sunlight.
• Over the course of the experiment, which includes days 2, 3, and 4, carefully observe both plants. Record your observations, paying attention to the direction in which the stems and primary roots are growing. Note any features that exhibit positive or negative phototropism and positive or negative geotropism.

In summary, this experiment revealed how plants adapt to their surroundings. We observed how they respond to light and gravity. Stems showed positive phototropism by leaning towards light for better photosynthesis, while roots exhibited positive geotropism by growing downward for stability and nutrient uptake. Stems also displayed negative geotropism, growing away from gravity to find optimal light. Overall, this experiment highlighted plant’s remarkable ability to sense and adapt to their environment, shedding light on their intricate growth mechanisms.

FAQs on Phototropism and Geotropism

Q.1 what is phototropism.

Ans. Phototropism is a plant’s growth response to light. It involves plants bending or growing towards a source of light to optimise photosynthesis.

Q.2 What is geotropism?

Ans. Geotropism, also known as gravitropism, is a plant’s growth response to gravity. It involves the orientation of plant roots downward (positive geotropism) and stems upwards (negative geotropism) due to the influence of gravity.

Q.3 What is the role of auxin in phototropism?

Ans. Auxin is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in phototropism by promoting cell elongation on the shaded side of a plant, causing it to bend towards the light source.

Q.4 What are the practical applications of studying phototropism and geotropism?

Ans. Understanding these plant responses is essential for agriculture, as it helps optimise plant growth and crop yield. It also aids in designing controlled environments for plant cultivation.

Q.5 Can phototropism and geotropism occur simultaneously in the same plant?

Ans. Yes, phototropism and geotropism can occur simultaneously in a plant. For instance, the stem may bend towards the light source (phototropism), while the roots grow downward into the soil (geotropism).

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