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Referencing styles

Author-date citations (Harvard) Numbered notes Numbered reference citations (Vancouver) OSCOLA

Introduction

Source references are vital to academic works (both print and digital) and so it is essential that they are clear, complete, and consistently formatted. Online bibliographical material is hyperlinked to provide readers with instant access to relevant sources or additional information.

Reference styles vary greatly across disciplines. This section details the main reference styles supported by OUP (Harvard, Vancouver, and OSCOLA) and provides examples that you can follow. If you are in doubt, your OUP editorial contact will be able to advise you on the best citation system for your text.

Author-date citations (Harvard)

The author-date style is an efficient and clear method of providing citations to published sources, which appear in a reference list at the end of the chapter or book. No superscripts are used, which means that reordering of the text does not require renumbering of notes. Instead of superscript numbers, a parenthetical citation (consisting of author name and date of publication) appears in the text and leads the reader to a full entry in a reference list that appears at the end of the chapter or book.

The method works particularly well when most of your citations are to published books or journal articles. It works less well if you are citing a lot of unauthored material or untraditional sources. Unlike numbered notes, author-date citations cannot accommodate translations or commentary outside the main text, although it is possible to combine author-date citations (for bibliographic citations) with numbered notes (for explanatory text).

In-text citation

References are cited within the text by including the author’s last name and a date parenthetically. A page number can be added if needed. If the author’s name appears in the sentence containing the citation, you need only use the date. Complete bibliographical reference information is listed at the end of the chapter or text.

Up to two author names can be used in the in-text citation. When citing a work with three or more authors, use the first author’s last name plus ‘et al.’

If you cite multiple references by the same author that were published in the same year, distinguish between them by adding labels (e.g. ‘a’ and ‘b’) to the year, in both the citation and the reference list.

Structure of the reference list

The reference list appears at the end of the chapter or text in alphabetical order. The name of the first author is inverted. In science literature, initials are often used in place of author first names.

The bibliographic elements listed below are required for the most common types of reference citations. Additional elements are mentioned that may be optional or to be used in only certain instances (e.g. a page number or other locator that is required if you are quoting a precise part of a large work, but not if the reference is to the work as a whole). Consistency in application is important.

Do not use long dashes (“—") to substitute for the name of an author who is identified in the bibliography due to how that entry will be linked in digital versions. Because the entry may not appear immediately following the entry with the full name, repeat the name in full.

Examples of author-date references in British style

Authored book.

Required elements

Lastname, Firstname/initials. Year of Publication. Title of Work .

With optional elements

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. Title of Work , 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.

Chapter in an edited book

Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname.

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname, page number(s) [or alternative locator info]. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.

Journal article

Lastname, Firstname/initials,Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number: start page.

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number (issue number) (Month or Season): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Magazine article

Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Day and Month of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Magazine , Day and Month of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Required elements if a magazine article has no stated author

‘Title of Article’. Year of Publication. Name of Magazine , Month of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Website or other source

Include as much of the following as possible in your bibliographic entry: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; month and/or day of publication, most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. The year of publication should be the second element in the entry.

Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, particularly online.

Website names are usually set in roman type, but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).

As you write ...

Example: author–date citation with a reference list and further reading —british style.

Psychoanalytic studies, along with other literary and cultural texts, not only contribute to the new discourse of the jungle but also reflect the imperialist history that brings West Europeans and Americans into contact with the geographic jungles of India, Africa, and other parts of the world (Rogers et al. 2010, 1). This colonial context needs to be sketched here as well in order to reveal how the birth of the jungle eventually produces new constructions of sexuality in the United States. Billops (1999a) notes that the word ‘jungle’ comes from the Hindi and Marathi word jangal, meaning ‘desert’, ‘waste’, ‘forest’; as well as from the Sanskrit jangala, meaning ‘dry’, ‘dry ground’, or ‘desert’. Its first appearance in English is in 1776, with its meaning already shifted towards what might be more recognizable today: ‘Land overgrown with underwood, long grass, or tangled vegetation; also, the luxuriant and often almost impenetrable growth of vegetation covering such a tract’ (Dreft and Smithers 1978, 87). Brought into English as a result of an imperialist presence in India, ‘jungle’ is intimately related to the larger rise of Western imperialism around the world, particularly in the nineteenth century (Billops 1999b). Western powers such as Britain and France went from controlling 35 per cent of the earth’s surface in 1800 to, by 1914, ‘a grand total of roughly 85 per cent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions, and commonwealths’ (Said 1993, ch.2, ‘Colonial impacts’).

Reference list

Billops, Camille. 1999a. ‘Indo-European Loan Words’. Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): pp. 38–44.

Billops, Camille. 1999b. ‘Indo-European Vowel Shift: Evidence and Interpretation’. Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): p. 45.

Dreft, Edward, and Susan Smithers. 1978. ‘Words Working’. International Journal of American Linguistics 62 (3): pp. 227–263. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb25475.x.

Rogers, Jason, Millicent Eng, and Rene Woo. 2010. ‘English-Based African Creoles’. In Spreading the People: Colonizing Languages in the Raj , edited by Jason Rogers, pp. 310–330. 2nd ed. London: Verso.

Said, Eleanor. 1993. The European Dream of Africa . New York: Random House.

Examples of author-date references in US style

Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. Title of Work .

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. Title of Work , 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.

Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname.

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname, page number(s) [or alternative locator info]. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.

Lastname, Firstname/initials,Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number, start page.

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number (issue number) (Month or Season Year): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine , Month of Pub.

Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine , Month and Day of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Required elements If a magazine article has no stated author:

“Title of Article.” Year of Publication. Name of Magazine , Month of Pub.

“Title of Article.” Year of Publication. Name of Magazine , Month and Day of Pub, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

The names of websites are usually set in roman type, but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).

Reference list vs. bibliography

Note that a reference list in the author-date system can contain only items that are actually cited in the work. The reference list must contain all of those items. This differs from a bibliography in the numbered-note system, which can contain both cited items and items of interest that have not been specifically cited. If there are uncited works that you would like to draw to the reader’s attention, these can be placed after the references in a separate listed titled ‘Further reading’.

Example: author–date citation with a reference list and further reading—US style

Psychoanalytic studies, along with other literary and cultural texts, not only contribute to the new discourse of the jungle but also reflect the imperialist history that brings West Europeans and Americans into contact with the geographic jungles of India, Africa, and other parts of the world (Rogers et al. 2010, 1). This colonial context needs to be sketched here as well in order to reveal how the birth of the jungle eventually produces new constructions of sexuality in the United States. Billops (1999a) notes that the word “jungle” comes from the Hindi and Marathi word jangal, meaning “desert,” “waste,” “forest”; as well as from the Sanskrit jangala, meaning “dry,” “dry ground,” or “desert.” Its first appearance in English is in 1776, with its meaning already shifted toward what might be more recognizable today: “Land overgrown with underwood, long grass, or tangled vegetation; also, the luxuriant and often almost impenetrable growth of vegetation covering such a tract” (Dreft and Smithers 1978, 87). Brought into English as a result of an imperialist presence in India, “jungle” is intimately related to the larger rise of Western imperialism around the world, particularly in the nineteenth century (Billops 1999b). Western powers such as Britain and France went from controlling 35 percent of the earth’s surface in 1800 to, by 1914, “a grand total of roughly 85 percent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions, and commonwealths” (Said 1993, ch.2, “Colonial impacts”).

Billops, Camille. 1999a. “Indo-European Loan Words.” Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): pp. 38–44.

Billops, Camille. 1999b. “Indo-European Vowel Shift: Evidence and Interpretation.” Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): p. 45.

Dreft, Edward, and Susan Smithers. 1978. “Words Working.” International Journal of American Linguistics 62 (3): pp. 227–263. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb25475.x.

Rogers, Jason, Millicent Eng, and Rene Woo. 2010. “English-Based African Creoles.” In Spreading the People: Colonizing Languages in the Raj , edited by Jason Rogers, pp. 310–330. 2nd ed. London: Verso.

“Evolutionary Linguistics.” 2012. Wikipedia. Updated November 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics.

Mfuti, Miriam. 2001. “Pidgin Town.” In The Oxford Handbook of Pidgins and Creoles , edited by Alain Smet, pp. 107–112. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rambow, John. 2007. “Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?” Bangalore Monkey blog. December 21. http://www.bangaloremonkey. com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.

Numbered notes

Using numbered notes is a common method of citing sources, particularly in the humanities. Sequential superscript numbers appear in the text to direct the reader to bibliographic or explanatory information that appears in a note.

This is a flexible style that allows authors to combine bibliographic information with annotation, translation, or other commentary. Scholars who frequently cite unpublished material will find numbered notes more useful than author-date citations.

Endnotes or footnotes?

In print publishing, notes can be placed at the bottom of the page as footnotes or at the end of a chapter or book in a separate section as endnotes.

Footnotes are preferred in cases where the information in the note is important enough that readers need it to fully engage with the material. Please note that in a digital context, footnotes in the traditional sense are not possible. Depending on the format, footnotes can appear at the end of a section or chapter, or they may be viewed by clicking or hovering over the superscript numbers in the text to display individual footnotes.

Endnotes are a better choice in print if the material in the notes does not need immediate engagement by the reader. For digital publications where individual chapters may be made available to readers, the notes should appear with the chapter, rather than separately at the end of the work. This varies according to discipline, so please consult your OUP editorial contact if you are unsure.

The formatting of bibliographic information is identical for footnotes and endnotes.

Please use the following guidance:

Numbered notes appear sequentially in the text as superscripts, ideally at the end of a sentence, following the closing punctuation.
Use Arabic numerals.
Numbers should restart at 1 at the beginning of each chapter and run consecutively to the end of each chapter. Do not start renumbering within a chapter (e.g. per page or per double-page spread) or use asterisks, as this will cause confusion in a digital environment.
Do not number the notes continuously throughout a book, because a later change would necessitate extensive renumbering.

Note structure and format

Required bibliographic elements are given below for the most common types of reference citations, along with optional elements that if used, must be consistent.

Page numbers are useful locators when referencing in print publications.
Give page ranges using the fewest number of figures as possible (e.g. pp. 126–27, not pp. 126–127).
When referencing a digital publication, you may not have access to a print page number. Cite a specific locator (e.g. chapter titles and sub-headings). Do not use location numbers from a proprietary e-reader (e.g. Kindle location numbers).
Edition numbers are not required when citing a first edition but are necessary for subsequent editions.

Numbered notes in British style

Firstname Lastname, Title of Work (Year of Publication).

Firstname Lastname, Title of Work , 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Michael Murray, Climate Change at the Poles (New York: Scribner, 2007), p. 9.
Darian Ibrahim and Carol Marche, Financing the Next Silicon Valley , 3rd ed. (San Francisco: Upbeat Press, 2010).

Edited book

Firstname Lastname, ed., Title of Work (Year of Publication).

Firstname Lastname, eds., Title of Work , 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Anton Smirov, ed., Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012).

Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume’, in Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).

Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume’, in Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Hanna Growiszc, ‘Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature’, in Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain , edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.

Authored book with an editor or translator

Firstname Lastname, Title of Work , ed./trans. Firstname Lastname, (Year of Publication).

Firstname Lastname, Title of Work , ed./trans. Firstname Lastname, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Günter Grass, The Tin Drum , trans. Breon Mitchell (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2009).

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , ed. and trans. Terence Irwin (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1999).

Multi-volume work

References to multi-volume book citations can take a variety of forms, depending on whether an individual volume or the entire work is being cited, and the authorship of the work.

Citing one volume of a multi-volume work

Robert Caro, The Path to Power , vol. 1, The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1982), p. 267.

Citing a multi-volume work as a whole

Robert Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson , 4 vols (New York: Knopf, 1982–2012).

Allison Wyste, ed. Indian and Tibetan Cooking , vol. 6, Cuisines of Asia, ed. Robert Trautmann (London: Brill Books, 2007).

Multi-volume work with series editor and individual author/editors

Whenever possible, include a DOI (preferred) or a stable URL for citations to journal articles. However, a URL or DOI is not sufficient to stand alone as a reference.

Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Article’, Name of Journal vol. number, (Year): start page.

Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Article’, Name of Journal vol. number, issue number (Month or Season Year): start page–end page, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Barbara Eckstein, ‘The Body, the Word, and the State: J. M. Coetzee’s “Waiting for the Barbarians”’, Novel: A Forum on Fiction 22, no. 2 (Winter 1989): pp. 175–198, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1345802.

David Hyun-Su Kim, ‘The Brahmsian Hairpin’, 19th Century Music 36, no. 1 (Summer 2012): pp. 46–47, doi:10.1525/ncm.2012.36.1.046.

A DOI or URL can be included for articles that you consulted online. The citations for online-only magazines follow the same pattern as print-based magazines, with the addition of URLs. If an online journal or magazine has a stable home page that allows a user to search for articles by title or author, it is acceptable to include the URL for that page (rather than the longer, more specific URL).

‘Title of Article’, Name of Magazine , Month of Pub, Year.

Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Article’, Name of Magazine , Month and Day of Pub, Year, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Mary Rose Himler, ‘Religious Books as Best Sellers’, Publishers Weekly , 19 February 1927.

‘Amazon Best Books 2012 Revealed’, Publishers Weekly , 13 November 2012, http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/54738-amazon-best-books-2012-revealed.html.

Fritz Allhoff, ‘The Paradox of Nonlethal Weapons’, Slate , 13 November 2012, http://www.slate.com.

Law citation styles vary widely depending on jurisdiction. The following examples are for citing law cases in a non-specialist academic context. If you are writing specialist legal content, see ‘Citing of Legal Materials’ for detailed citation information.

Case Number Name of Case [Year] Report VolNo-FirstPageNo

Case C-34/89 P Smith v EC Commission [1993] ECR I-454

Name of Case [Year] VolNo Report, PageNo

Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40, 78

Name of Case , VolNo Reporter SeriesNo (Year)

Name of Case , VolNo Reporter SeriesNo (Name of Court Year)

Bowers v Hardwick 478 US 186 (1986).

Unpublished or informally published content

The titles of unpublished works are set in quotation marks rather than italics. In place of a publisher, location or institutional information can be given.

Troy Thibodeaux, ‘Modernism in Greenwich Village, 1908–1929’ (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1999), p. 59.

Mary Koo, ‘Prakriti and Purusha: Dualism in the Yoga of Patanjali’ (lecture, Theosophical Society, Chennai, India, 17 May 2008).

To cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order) in your citation: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.

The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).

‘The Board of Directors of the Coca-Cola Company Authorizes New Share Repurchase Program’, Coca- Cola Company, 18 October 2012, http://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/press-releases/the-board-of-directors-of-the-coca-cola-company-authorizes-new-share-repurchase-program.
John Rambow, ‘Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?’, Bangalore Monkey blog, 21 December 2007, http://www.bangaloremonkey.com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.
Wikimedia privacy policy, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 26 November 2010, http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/ Privacy policy.

Numbered notes in US style

Firstname Lastname, Title of Work , (Year of Publication).

Firstname Lastname, eds., Title of Work , (Year of Publication).

Hanna Growiszc, “Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature,” in Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain , edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , ed. and trans. Terence Irwin (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1999).

Multi-volume book citations can take a variety of forms, depending on whether an individual volume or the work as a whole is being cited, and on how the multi-volume work was authored or edited.

Robert Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson , 4 vols. (New York: Knopf, 1982–2012).
Allison Wyste, Indian and Tibetan Cooking , vol. 6, Cuisines of Asia, ed. Robert Trautmann (London: Brill Books, 2007).

Firstname Lastname, “Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume,” in Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).

Firstname Lastname, “Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume,” in Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Firstname Lastname, “Title of Article,” Name of Journal vol. number, (Year): start page.

Firstname Lastname, “Title of Article,” Name of Journal vol. number, issue number (Month or Season Year): start page–end page, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Barbara Eckstein, “The Body, the Word, and the State: J. M. Coetzee’s ‘Waiting for the Barbarians,’” Novel: A Forum on Fiction 22, no. 2 (Winter 1989): pp. 175–198, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1345802.
David Hyun-Su Kim, “The Brahmsian Hairpin,” 19th Century Music 36, no. 1 (Summer 2012): pp. 46–47, doi:10.1525/ncm.2012.36.1.046.

A DOI or URL can be included for articles that you consulted online. Online-only magazines follow the same pattern as print-based magazines, with the addition of URLs. If an online journal or magazine has a stable home page that allows a user to search for articles by title or author, it is acceptable to cite that page rather than a longer, more specific URL.

“Title of Article,” Name of Magazine , Month of Pub, Year.

Firstname Lastname, “Title of Article,” Name of Magazine, Month and Day of Pub, Year, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Mary Rose Himler, “Religious Books as Best Sellers,” Publishers Weekly , February 19, 1927.
“Amazon Best Books 2012 Revealed,” Publishers Weekly , November 13, 2012, http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/54738-amazon-best-books-2012-revealed.html.
Fritz Allhoff, “The Paradox of Nonlethal Weapons,” Slate , November 13, 2012, http://www.slate.com.

Law - case law

Law citation styles can vary widely depending on jurisdiction. These examples are for citing legal case law in a non-specialist academic context. If you are writing specialist legal content, see ‘Citing of legal materials’ for detailed information on law citation.

Name of Case [Year] VolNo Report PageNo

Ridge v. Baldwin [1964] AC 40, 78

Name of Case , Vol No. Reporter Series No. (Year)

Bowers v Hardwick , 478 U.S. 186 (1986)

Name of Case , Vol No. Reporter Series No. (Name of Court Year)

Bowers v. Hardwick 478 U.S. 186 (1986)

The titles of unpublished works are set in quotation marks rather than italics. Since there is no publisher, location or institutional information can be cited.

Troy Thibodeaux, “Modernism in Greenwich Village, 1908–1929” (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1999), p. 59.
Mary Koo, “Prakriti and Purusha: Dualism in the Yoga of Patanjali’ (lecture, Theosophical Society, Chennai, India, May 17, 2008).

If you need to cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.

“The Board of Directors of the Coca-Cola Company Authorizes New Share Repurchase Program,” Coca-Cola Company, October 18, 2012, http://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/press-releases/the-board-of-directors-of-the-coca-cola-company-authorizes-new-share-repurchase-program.
John Rambow, “Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?,” Bangalore Monkey blog, December 21, 2007, http://www.bangaloremonkey. com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.
Wikimedia privacy policy, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed November 26, 2010, http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/ Privacy_policy.

Short citations

When a work is cited for the first time in a chapter, full bibliographic information should be given (for an alternative, see ‘Numbered notes in combination with a bibliography’). Subsequent citations should be shortened as in the following examples.

Legal short citations

Give the first mention of legal cases in full. Subsequent mentions within the same article or chapter can be shortened to the case name alone, given in italics (even if italics are not used in the original citation)

Case C–34/89 P Smith v EC Commission [1993] ECR I–454
P Smith v EC Commission.

Example: short citations in US style

See, for example, Alan Hess, Googie: Fifties Coffee Shop Architecture (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1985) and Noah Sheldon, Ranch House (New York: Harry S. Abrams, 2004).
Sheldon, Ranch House , p. 207.
Ashraf Salama, “Evolutionary Paradigms in Mosque Architecture,” Faith & Form 40, no. 1 (2007): pp. 16–17.
Salama, “Evolutionary Paradigms.”
Hess, Googie , p. 21.
Wikimedia privacy policy, para. 16.

Numbered notes in combination with a bibliography

It is possible to combine notes and bibliography so that all the notes, including the first reference, are short citations that lead the reader to a full citation in the bibliography. This system results in shorter notes and less work for the reader, since complete information is easily available in the alphabetical bibliography and need not be hunted for through all the chapter notes. This requires that all cited sources appear in a bibliography, which can also contain works that are not cited but are germane to the topic.

Structure of a bibliography entry

Bibliographies are structured similarly to notes, but there are some important differences. The first author name (and only the first) is inverted for alphabetization. Punctuation format also varies slightly between notes and bibliographic entries.

Do not use long dashes (e.g. “—") to substitute for an author’s name if it is repeated in the bibliography. Repeat the name in full because in a digital version, the shortened entry may not follow the complete one immediately.

Bibliography entries in British Style

Lastname, Firstname, Title of Work , (Year of Publication).

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. Title of Work , 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication).

Lastname, Firstname. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Lastname, Firstname,‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Year): start page.

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Month or Season Year): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

‘Title of Article’. Name of Magazine , Month Year of Pub.

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Magazine , Day Month Year of Pub, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

If you need to cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication, most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.

Sample bibliography

Growiszc, Hanna. ‘Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature’. In Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain , edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.

Himler, Mary Rose. ‘Religious Books as Best Sellers’. Publishers Weekly , 19 February 1927.

Khan, Imran, and Richard Collins. ‘True Belief: Hindu Metanarratives in Bollywood’. Journal of Cinema Studies 7, no. 4 (2009): pp. 104–115. doi:10.1086/jcs113.3.752.

Murray, Michael. ‘The Antarctic Summer Lengthens’. Journal of Climate Studies 20, no. 9 (2011): p. 203.

Murray, Michael. Climate Change at the Poles (New York: Scribner, 2007).

Rambow, John. ‘Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?’ Bangalore Monkey blog. 21 December 2007. http://www.bangaloremonkey.com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.

Bibliography entries in US style

Lastname, Firstname, “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume , edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].

Lastname, Firstname,“Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Year): start page.

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Month or Season Year): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

“Title of Article.” Name of Magazine , Month of Pub, Year.

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine , Month and Day of Pub, Year, doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Growiszc, Hanna. “Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature.” In Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain, edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.

Himler, Mary Rose. “Religious Books as Best Sellers.” Publishers Weekly, February 19, 1927.

Khan, Imran, and Richard Collins. “True Belief: Hindu Metanarratives in Bollywood.” Journal of Cinema Studies 7, no. 4 (2009): pp. 104–115. doi:10.1086/jcs113.3.752.

Murray, Michael. “The Antarctic Summer Lengthens.” Journal of Climate Studies 20, no. 9 (2011): p. 203.

Rambow, John. “Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?” Bangalore Monkey blog. December 21, 2007. http://www.bangaloremonkey.com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.

Numbered reference citations (Vancouver)

Numbered reference citations (also known as author–number or Vancouver references) are used in scientific and medical texts. In this system, each reference used is assigned a number. When that reference is cited in the text, its number appears, either in parentheses or brackets or as a superscript. All cited references appear in a numbered reference list at the end of the chapter or book.

An advantage of numbered references over the author–date style is that less space in the main text is required for in-text citations. The system also avoids ambiguity in the case of two works by the same author published the same year, an occasional issue in author–date citations. A disadvantage is that late addition or removal of references usually requires renumbering of both the reference list and the citations. Numbered reference citations cannot be used to provide commentary or other explanatory material to the text.

References are cited within the text by using a number in a superscript, in parentheses, or in square brackets. Although each of these variants is acceptable, only one can be used in a single text. The examples in this guide will enclose citation numbers in parentheses. Note that although citations are numbered in the order of their first appearance in the text, non-consecutive note numbers are possible, to allow references to be cited more than once. Citations can take the form of a range: for example (4–7) would cite references 4, 5, 6, and 7 simultaneously. If it is necessary to cite specific page numbers that are not present in the reference list, page numbers can be inserted into the citation: for example (4p6, 5pp1–11).

Please note the following:

Author first names are usually given as initials only, with no full stops (e.g. “AN” not “A.N.”) between initials. In the case of multiple authors, you can list up to six full names; for more than six authors, list the first three plus ‘et al’. All author names are inverted (i.e. last name, first name).
Names of journals can be abbreviated, as in the examples in this section, but must follow the standard abbreviations used by PubMed. Journal article titles are given without quotation marks and in sentence-style capitalization.
Do not use long dashes (e.g. “—") to substitute for the name of an author whose name is repeated in the bibliography. Repeat the name in full because linking in a digital publication may not immediately follow the entry with the full name.
Citations are numbered in the order in which they first appear in the text.

Required bibliographic elements are given below for the most common types of reference citations, along with optional elements (if used, be consistent). Other elements below are required if applicable (for example, you need a page number or other locator if you are quoting a precise part of a large work, but you can skip it if the reference is to the work as a whole).

Numbered reference citations in British style

Lastname FI, Title of Work , Year of Publication.

Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of Work , 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].

Unauthored book (books published by committee, agency, or group)

Title of Work . Year of Publication.

Title of Work . 16th ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].

Lastname FI. Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, eds. Title of Work. Year of Publication.

Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, eds. Title of Work . 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].

Lastname FI, Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title . Year of Publication; Volume No.

Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, et al. Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title . Year of Publication; Volume No. (Issue No.) (Supplement No.): startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info]. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Magazine or newspaper article

Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title . Month and Year of Publication.

Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title . Day Month and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

If the article has no stated author:

Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title . Month and Year of Publication.

Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title . Day Month and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Include of the following (in this order) in your bibliographic entry: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available online and in non-traditional formats. Follow the capitalization and italicization patterns of the examples here as much as possible.

If the nature of the material you are citing is not clear from the bibliographic information, you can provide a descriptor in brackets after the first element of the reference.

Example: Numbered reference citations and reference list—British style

Colorectal cancer (cRc) is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of death from cancer in Europe and North America (1). While early stage cRc is associated with an excellent 5-year survival rate (90% for localized disease), approximately 20% of patients present with metastatic disease, and many patients diagnosed with stage ii or iii cancer will experience a recurrence and develop distant metastases (2). At present, established clinico-pathological criteria are used to estimate risks of recurrence in stage ii and iii disease, and this is routinely used in the selection of patients or adjuvant systemic therapy following surgical resection. The clinical outcome of patients who receive such adjuvant treatment can, however, vary widely, when additional molecular factors are taken into consideration. Identification of novel prognostic markers is, therefore, vital in improving the prognosis of this disease (3). One of the recently described substances important for angiogenesis is endoglin. Endoglin, also known as cD105, is a receptor for transforming growth factor-ÃƒÅ¸1 molecule, which binds preferentially to the activated endothelial cells that participate in tumour angiogenesis, with weak or negative expression in vascular endothelium of normal tissues. Endoglin is induced by hypoxia. Therefore, it is very useful for assessment of neo-angiogenesis of malignant neoplasms (4–6). Many reports indicate that endoglin assessed immunohistochemically in colorectal cancer correlates not only with tumour microvessel density, but also with survival. It has also been reported as a valuable parameter predicting patients having an increased risk of developing metastatic disease. Endoglin is expressed not only on cell surfaces since its soluble form (sol-end) can be detected also in blood (4–7). A few studies evaluated the clinical significance of elevated sol-end levels in colorectal cancer patients (7).

1. Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol . 2007; 18: pp. 581–592.

2. Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. In: Boniol M, Smith J, eds. Oncological Research Reviews . 16th ed. New York, NY: Dekker; 2005; pp. 476–487.

3. Allegra CJ, Paik S, Colangelo LH, et al. Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and p53 in patients with Dukes’ B and C colon cancer: a National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project collaborative study. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: pp. 241–250.

4. Drug Topics Red Book . Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare, 2009: p. 232.

5. FDA approves new treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. 2012. US Food and Drug Administration website. 27 September. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm321271.htm.

6. Stivarga [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, 2012.

7. Mysliwiec P, Pawlak K, Kuklinski A, Kedra B. Combined perioperative plasma endoglin and vegF-a assessment in colorectal cancer patients. Folia Histochem Cytobiol . 2008; 46(2)(suppl. 1): pp. 487–49.

Numbered reference citations and reference list in US style

Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of Work , 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication.

Title of Work. Year of Publication.

Title of Work. 16th ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].

Lastname FI, Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, ed. Title of Work. Year of Publication.

Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, eds. Title of Work. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].

Lastname FI, Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication; Volume No. (Issue No.)

Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, et al. Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication; Volume No. (Issue No.)(SupplementNo): startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info]. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication.

Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication.

Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].

Include as much of the following as possible in your bibliographic entry (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision, or, failing that, date accessed; and URL if available. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available online and in non-traditional formats. Follow the capitalization and italicization patterns of these examples.

Example: Numbered reference citations and reference list—US style

Colorectal cancer (cRc) is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of death from cancer in Europe and North America (1). While early stage cRc is associated with an excellent 5-year survival rate (90% for localized disease), approximately 20% of patients present with metastatic disease, and many patients diagnosed with stage ii or iii cancer will experience a recurrence and develop distant metastases (2). At present, established clinico-pathological criteria are used to estimate risks of recurrence in stage ii and iii disease, and this is routinely used in the selection of patients or adjuvant systemic therapy following surgical resection. The clinical outcome of patients who receive such adjuvant treatment can, however, vary widely, when additional molecular factors are taken into consideration. Identification of novel prognostic markers is, therefore, vital in improving the prognosis of this disease (3). One of the recently described substances important for angiogenesis is endoglin. Endoglin, also known as cD105, is a receptor for transforming growth factor-ÃƒÅ¸1 molecule, which binds preferentially to the activated endothelial cells that participate in tumor angiogenesis, with weak or negative expression in vascular endothelium of normal tissues. Endoglin is induced by hypoxia. Therefore it is very useful for assessment of neo-angiogenesis of malignant neoplasms (4–6). Many reports indicate that endoglin assessed immunohistochemically in colorectal cancer correlates not only with tumor microvessel density, but also with survival. It has also been reported as a valuable parameter predicting patients having an increased risk of developing metastatic disease. Endoglin is expressed not only on cell surfaces, since its soluble form (sol-end) can be detected also in blood (4–7). A few studies evaluated the clinical significance of elevated sol-end levels in colorectal cancer patients (7).

1. Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol. 2007; 18: pp. 581–592.

2. Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. In: Boniol M, Smith J, eds. Oncological Research Reviews. 16th ed. New York, NY: Dekker; 2005; pp. 476–487.

3. Allegra CJ, Paik S, Colangelo LH, et al. Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and p. 53 in patients with Dukes’ B and C colon cancer: a National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project collaborative study. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: pp. 241–250.

4. Drug Topics Red Book. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare, 2009: p. 232.

5. FDA approves new treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. US Food and Drug Administration website. September 27, 2012. http://www.fda. gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm321271.htm.

For legal works, we recommend that you follow The Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA). The fourth edition (published in 2012) covers International Law. The full set of guidance can be found at https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/migrated/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf

Information on how to apply OSCOLA style in EndNote, Latex, Refworks and Zotero can be found at https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola-styles-endnote-latek-refworks-and-zotero

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Academic Writing

How to Reference in Oxford Style

Last Updated: July 25, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner and by wikiHow staff writer, Danielle Blinka, MA, MPA . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 98,765 times.

Oxford style is a way of referencing sources used in a text by incorporating footnotes into the text. To use Oxford style, a writer cites their sources using footnotes that direct the reader to a list of citations at the bottom of the page for more details about the reference source. [1] X Research source While Oxford style might seem confusing, it can make reading a text a lot easier. Once you get used to using this reference style, you'll be able to easily use it in your papers.

Creating Your Footnotes

Journal or print article with author: 1 T. Rock. This Smells Delicious. Journal of Cooking, vol. 40, no. 6, 2005: pp. 272-273.
Journal or print article without author: 1 Cooking Makes People Happy. Journal of Cooking, vol. 40, no. 6, 2005: pp. 250-254.
Book with one author: 2 T. Rock. Cooking is Fun, New York: Great Books Press, 2008, p. 22.
Book with multiple authors: 2 T. Rock, J. Cena, and R. Flair. This is Cooking, New York: Great Books Press, 2009, p. 55.
Book with no authors: 2 They Keep Cooking, New York: Great Books Press, 2008, pp. 46-47.
Chapter in a book: 3 T. Rock. Get a Spatula. In Cooking is Fun, 46-58. New York: Great Books Press, 2008.
Internet article: 4 T. Rock. I Love to Cook. Fun Cooking. 08-24-08. http:www.funcookingmag.com/I-love-to-cook/2008 (Accessed 2009-08-24). [3] X Research source

Step 2 Include the superscript numbers on that page.

For example, the superscript number is bold: 1 T. Rock. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273.
Put a space after the superscript number.

Step 3 Start with the author's first initial and last name.

If there is no author name, begin the entry with the title, starting with the first word that is not an article, meaning not “A,” “An,” or “The.” [4] X Research source
If there are more than two authors, list them all in the same manner. If there are two authors, use "and" between them. If there are more than two authors, separate the names using commas, with "and" before the last author.
For example, the author's name is bold: 1 T. Rock . This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273.

For example, the title of the article is bold: 1 T. Rock. This smells delicious . Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273.
For example, the title of the journal is bold: 1 T. Rock. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273.

Step 5 Add the volume and issue number if you have one.

For example, the volume and issue number are bold: 1 T. Rock. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6 , 2005, pp. 272-273.

Step 6 Use the publishing city and publisher if it's a book.

For example, the city and publisher are bold: 2 T. Rock. Cooking is Fun , New York: Great Books Press , 2008, p. 22.

For example, the year in a journal article is bold: 1 T. Rock. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005 , pp. 272-273.

For example, the page number for a journal article is bold: 1 T. Rock. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273 .
For example, the page number for a book is bold: 2 T. Rock. Cooking is Fun , New York: Great Books Press, 2008, p. 22 .

Making Your Reference Page

Step 1 Create a separate page at the end of your document.

Title your page "Reference List." [6] X Research source
On your reference page, you will list author surname first, rather than the author's first name.

Step 2 List all of your references in alphabetical order by surname.

If there is no author, use the first word in the title. [8] X Research source
A typical journal entry will look like this: Rock, T. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273.
A typical book footnote will look like this: Rock, T. Cooking is Fun , New York: Great Books Press, 2008, p. 22.
A book chapter entry will look like this: Rock, T. Get a Spatula. In Cooking is Fun , New York: Great Books Press, 2008, pp. 46-58.
An internet article looks like this: Rock, T. I love to cook. Fun Cooking . 08-24-08. http:www.funcookingmag.com/I-love-to-cook/2008 (Accessed 2009-08-24). [9] X Research source
If there are two authors, alphabetize it by the first author's last name, then list the remaining authors. [10] X Research source

Step 3 Arrange pieces by the same author according to date.

For example, the page range is in bold: Rock, T. This smells delicious. Journal of Cooking , vol. 40, no. 6, 2005, pp. 272-273 .
Use a p. for one page or a pp. for multiple pages.

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UniSQ Oxford Referencing Guide

About UniSQ Oxford
Bibliography
Short references, ibid, opcit
How to use quotes
Abbreviations
Sample bibliography
Inclusive language
Translated book
Edited book, chapter in edited book
Online books
Journal articles, newspapers
Websites, webpages
Audiovisual
Images, Artwork
Royal Commissions, legislation
Personal communications
Archival manuscript
UniSQ teaching materials

Basic principles of Oxford style

Basic principles.

Oxford referencing style consists of:

A superscript (raised) number in the body of the text that refers to a footnote at the bottom of the page.
Footnotes provide the bibliographic details of a source and are numbered consecutively throughout a paper or chapter.
A bibliography which consists of bibliographic citations and lists all of the sources referenced in footnotes. The list is ordered alphabetically.

When to cite

Sources need to be cited in a footnote wherever ideas, words, statistics or images from those sources are discussed, summarised, paraphrased or quoted. Repeat mentions of a source can be cited using ibid or op. cit. See the section on Footnotes for examples.

Differences between footnotes and bibliographic citations

Referencing sources within an assignment requires both footnotes (at the base of each page) and a bibliography (at the end of the assignment).The order of elements and punctuation differs between the two.


Author format: First name Surname	Author format: Surname, First name
Uses commas between each of the details	Uses commas but also full-stops and colons (:) between some of the details
Adds specific page number(s) for articles, chapters in edited books and books	Adds the page range for journal articles and chapters in edited books

Use the full author name, first and last, in footnotes. Use the full author name, last and first, in the bibliography.

The author's name should be cited as it appears on the resource or the copyright page (inside page of books). Where only author initials are provided use those instead.

Multiple works by the same author(s)

If you use more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, list them in the bibliography first by the author’s surname, then alphabetically by the title of the book, article, etc.

For works by the same author with a different year, list by the author’s name and then by year of publication with the earliest year first. Only write the author’s name on the first entry; for subsequent items use an em-dash to indicate that it is the same author as the book above.

For example, two works by Richard Broome in a bibliography would look like this:

Broome, Richard, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800. Crows Nest: NSW, Allen & Unwin, 2005. — Aboriginal Australians: A History Since 1788. 4th edn., Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2010.

To create an em-dash in Microsoft Word hold down <Ctrl> <Alt> <minus key on numeric pad> or for Mac users <Shift> <Option> <minus key>.

Corporate author

An author can be also be an organisation. In those cases, use the name of the organisation or government department as author. List alphabetically in the bibliography using the first word including occasions when the first word is 'The'.

Use Anonymous where the author is unknown.

Footnotes and bibliographic citations italicise the titles of books, journals, works of art, websites and films/documentaries. All other details are non-italicised.

All words in the title have capital letters (title case) with the exception of articles such as 'a', 'the', 'and'.

Place of publication

Cite the first city listed in the publication details. If not a capital city, add the state details using an acronym (abbreviated version). For example, Crows Nest, NSW.

No place of publication

Place of publication can be found in the copyright page of most books and ebooks. On the rare occasion the resource has no place noted use use n.p. (for no place of publication).

For all book publications there is a difference between publishing houses (which are referenced) and what can be called umbrella or parent publishing companies.

The publisher’s name is usually found on the book cover but also in the copyright pages (between the book cover and the preface or table of contents), which also provides the city and year of publication. This includes eBooks.

Please note this information is not always correct in Library catalogue records or citation tools.

Many publishing houses are no longer independent and therefore the publishing company’s name will also be mentioned. Typical examples are:

Publishing house (should be referenced)	Publishing company (parent company, do not reference)
Routledge	Taylor & Francis
Palgrave Macmillan	Springer

Dates are formatted depending on what they refer to. For example year of publication (2024) or date of access [Accessed March 14 2024].

If no date can be found use n.d. (for no date).

Footnotes require a page number that corresponds to where the information cited was retrieved from. For example:

Craig Lockard, Societies, Networks and Transitions, Volume 1: To 1500: A Global History , 4th edn, Boston, MA, Wadsworth/Cengage, 2020, p. 20.

The bibliographic citation entries for journal articles and book chapters require a page range. For example:

Bennison, Amira K. ‘Universalism and Western Globalization’, in A. G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization in World History . London: Pimlico, 2002, pp. 74–97.

Footnotes for information from webpages where no PDF is available should use para. (for paragraph) instead of page. For example:

Christine Drewe, 45 Years on: Mervyn Moriarty and the Flying Arts School in Queensland, State Library Queensland, 2016, para. 5, <https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/45-years-mervyn-moriarty-and-flying-arts-school-queensland> [Accessed 24 March 2024].

URLs and DOIs

URLs are web addresses, for example, https://www.unisq.edu.au/library.

The Oxford referencing style does not use URLs for books or journal articles from library databases, library catalogues or online sites where items otherwise available in print are stored.

Where URLs are appropriate include an access date within square brackets, for example, [14 March 2024].

DOIs (digital object identifiers) are not used as part of Oxford referencing style.

Figures and Tables

Images reproduced in your work should be accompanied by a figure number and footnote number, corresponding to a footnote that outlines the source, for example, the book or website the image where the image is located. A full list of figures should be placed at the end of your work including figure number, artist name, artwork title, year, and medium.

Tables reproduced in your work or created by you should be accompanied by a table number and footnote number, corresponding to a footnote that outlines the source or sources of the information in the table.

Generative AI

T he use of artificial intelligence tools is strictly limited to circumstances that have been approved by your course coordinator. Unapproved use of AI tools in your assessment can result in a penalty for serious academic misconduct. Please check with your course coordinator for course specific guidelines regarding generative AI.

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Next: Footnotes >>
Last Updated: Aug 23, 2024 12:16 PM
URL: https://usq-qld.libguides.com/UniSQ_Oxford

Managing your references: Referencing Styles

Choosing a Reference Manager
Referencing Styles
LaTeX and BibTeX

Introduction

This page summarises the different referencing styles you may need to use in your written work: name-date, consecutive numbering and recurrent numbering. You will also find details of where to get further help.

Types of referencing style

All styles consist of two parts. The first is the in-text citation, which gives enough information for the reader to find the reference in the second part, the list of references at the end of the document.

Referencing styles fall into three main groups:

In-text citations consists of the author(s) name and date of publication
References listed in alphabetical order of authors surname in reference list
In-text citations consists of a number
A new number is used each time a reference is cited
References listed in numerial order in reference list
If a reference is cited more than once the number is re-used
References listed in numerical order in reference list

If you are uncertain which referencing style you should be using contact your department or ask your tutor for advice.

The University's guide to academic good practice discusses citing and referencing and how to use them to avoid plagiarism:

Oxford Study Skills Study guides covering referencing, plagiarism, revision and time management skills.

Name-Date Example

This is how a book (Carroll, 2009), book chapter (Shishkin et al., 2000), journal article (Nakajima & Schoch, 2011) and conference paper (Zajic, 2006) look in the Harvard name-date style.

Carroll, R.L. (2009) The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution . Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.

Shishkin, M.A., Novikov, I.V. and Gubin, Y.M. (2000) 'Permian and Triassic temnospondyls from Russia', in M. J. Benton et al. (eds) The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-59.

Nakajima, Y. and Schoch, R.R. (2011) 'The first temnospondyl amphibian from Japan', Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 31(5), pp.1154-1157.

Zajic, J. (2006) 'The main fish communities of the limnic Permian and Carboniferous basins of the Czech Republic' (from the 7th Paleontological Conference, Brno, Czech Republic, 19-20 October 2006), Geology , (33-34), pp. 99-101.

Numbered Example

This is how a book 1 , book chapter 2 , journal article 3 and conference paper 4 look in the citation style of the journal Nature, a recurrent numbering style.

1. Carroll, R.L. The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution . 360 (The John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 2009).

2. Shishkin, M.A., Novikov, I.V. & Gubin, Y.M. Permian and Triassic temnospondyls from Russia. The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia 35-59 (2000).

3. Nakajima, Y. & Schoch, R.R. The first temnospondyl amphibian from Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 , 1154-1157 (2011).

4. Zajic, J. The main fish communities of the limnic Permian and Carboniferous basins of the Czech Republic. 7th Paleontological Conference 33-34 , 99-101 (2006).

Need help with referencing?

For help with referencing, please email [email protected] .

Cite Them Right Cite Them Right allows you to test how to cite a variety of resources, such as books and websites, according to your preferred citation style. more... less... Alternative name: Cite Them Right Online An online referencing tools which gives examples and generates citations from a choice of 7 referencing systems for print and electronic formats. The citations can be copied into your work or emailed. The referencing systems are Harvard (author-date), APA, MLA, MHRA, OSCOLA, Vancouver and Chicago. Citations can be created for a very diverse range of sources, including books, journals, digital resources and websites, audiovisual material, unpublished material (theses, manuscripts, etc.), financial & scientific reports, genealogical sources (wills, censuses, etc.), legal material, government and other official publications, and other forms of communication sources (email, Twitter, graffiti, etc.). Note that “Manuscripts” are located in Book > More books.

Recommended ebook

We recommend this ebook as a guide to referencing.

Recommended print books at the Bodleian Libraries

The books below are available in print at a number of the Bodleian Libraries. The links will take you through to SOLO, the University's resource discovery tool, where you can find out which libraries hold these books.

Page cover for The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism

<< Previous: Choosing a Reference Manager
Next: LaTeX and BibTeX >>
Last Updated: Jul 1, 2024 4:35 PM
URL: https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/reference-management

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Oxford - writing a reference list

A reference list gathers all sources that have been used in an academic text. Here you will find examples of how to write references for different types of sources according to the Oxford style.

The examples on this page are based on Umeå University Library's version of the Oxford style.

Collect all sources in a reference list

According to the Oxford style, references to sources in the text are marked with footnotes. At the end of your document, you should have a reference list in which you collect all the sources you have used and referred to in your text. The reference list should be sorted alphabetically by the first author's surname or equivalent.

How to write references in footnotes

When writing references in the footnotes, you can also use the examples below, but remember to change the order of the authors' names. In the footnotes, the author's first name initials should precede the surname.

Read more about how to use Oxford-style footnotes:

Oxford - references in text

Examples for different types of sources

The reference list should include detailed information about the sources so that a reader can find the exact source you have referred to. Here you can see examples of how to write references for different types of sources in the Oxford style.

For each source type, we first show a template of how to write the reference and what information to include. Then we show a real example. Note that not all the information in the template is always available and, therefore, can’t be included.

Books and reports

Books with one author

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title . Edition (if not 1st). (Publisher, year of publication).

Bryman, A. Social research methods . 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2008).

Books with two or more authors

Author’s last name, initial(s)., Author’s last name, initial(s). & Author’s last name, initial(s). Title . Edition (if not 1st). (Publisher, year of publication).

Blocher, E., Stout, D.E., Juras, P.E. & Cokins, G. Cost management: a strategic emphasis . 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2013).

Books which are edited (anthologies)

Editor’s last name, initial(s). (ed.). Title . Edition (if not 1st). (Publisher, year of publication).

Allen, J. & Young, I.M. (eds.). The thinking muse: feminism and modern French philosophy . (Indiana University Press, 1989).

More information

For edited books, include (ed.) or (eds.) if multiple editors between the name of the editor/editors and the title of the publication.

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title . Edition (if not 1st). (Publisher, Year of publication). Complete permanent link or URL (Access date).

Example – book with a permanent link (DOI, URN, Handle or equivalent)

Swinnen, J.F.M. & Rozelle, S. From Marx and Mao to the market: the economics and politics of agricultural transition . (Oxford University Press, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1093/0199288917.001.0001

Example – book with a complete URL and access date

Strindberg, A. Three plays: Countess Julie; The Outlaw; The Stronger . (International pocket library, 1912). https://archive.org/details/threeplayscounte00striuoft (Accessed 2012-05-21).

The same information should be provided as for printed books. Provide the complete permanent link (DOI, Handle, URN or equivalent) if available, without a full stop at the end.
For books that are (legally and) freely available on the internet, include the same information as for printed books (see example above). In those cases, you should add the complete URL (http://....) or the link provided by the publisher, and the date you downloaded/read the book. Include a full stop at the end.

Book chapters

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of the book chapter. In Editor(s) last name, initial(s). (eds.). Title of book . Edition (if not 1:st). (Publisher, year of publication), page numbers of chapter.

Malmberg, A. Beyond the cluster: local milieus and global connections. In Peck, J. & Wai-chung Yeung, H. (eds.). Remaking the Global Economy . (Sage Publications, 2003), pp. 145-162.

Organisation or author. Title of report . (Publisher, year of publication). Complete permanent link or URL (Access date).

Example – report with a permanent link (DOI, URN, Handle or equivalent)

Aronsson, T. & Blomquist, S. Uncertain length of life, retirement age, and optimal pension design . (Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2018). http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-145736

Example – report with a complete URL and access date

Transparency International. Corruption perceptions index 2019 . (2020). https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2019_CPI_Report_EN.pdf (Accessed 2020-10-19).

The publisher can be excluded if it is the same as the organisation writing the report.

Journal articles (scholarly articles)

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of article. Journal name Volume: Issue (Year of publication): Page numbers of article. Complete permanent link or URL (Access date).

Example – article with a permanent link (DOI, URN, Handle or equivalent)

Lundmark, L. Economic restructuring into tourism in the Swedish mountain range. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 5: 1 (2005): pp. 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250510014273

Example – article with a complete URL and access date

Larsen, J.E. & Blair, J.P. The importance of police performance as a determinant of satisfaction with police. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 1: 1 (2009): pp. 1-10. http://scipub.org/ajeba/article/view/5217/5214 (Accessed 2019-12-10).

Example – article with an article number

Abramowicz, K., Sjöstedt de Luna, S. & Strandberg, J. Nonparametric bagging clustering methods to identify latent structures from a sequence of dependent categorical data. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 177 (2022): 107583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2022.107583

Articles in scholarly journals often have a permanent link (DOI, URN, Handle or equivalent) that you should use. You can use the URL if there is no permanent link.
For articles without a permanent link and articles freely available on the web, the access date should also be specified.

Newspaper articles

Template – article with a complete URL and access date

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of article. Title of newspaper. (Day month and year of the article). Complete URL (Access date).

Jowit, J. Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms, senior UN official warns. Guardian . (22 September 2010). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/22/food-firms-lobbying-samuel-jutzi (Accessed 2019-09-30).

Template – article in a printed newspaper or a database (such as PressReader)

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of article. Title of newspaper . (Day month and year of the article), page number(s).

Example – article in a printed newspaper or a database (such as PressReader)

Jowit, J. Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms, senior UN official warns. Guardian . (22 September 2010), pp. 8-9.

Internet sources

Author, organisation, authority or company. Title of document or page . (Year of web page update). Complete URL (Access date).

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Health: OECD says governments must fight fat . (2010). http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3343,en_21571361_44315115_46064099_1_1_1_1,00.html (Accessed 2010-10-10).

Use the web pages category only if no other reference category fits (e.g. book or journal article).
If you can’t find information on when the webpage was updated, you can write (n.d.). N.d. means no date.

Author, organisation, authority, or company. Title of blog post. Name of the blog. [Blog]. (Day, month and year of the blog post update). Complete URL (Access date).

Enever, J. A tentative view on primary language education policy in India. Forskarbloggen . [Blog]. (7 March 2015). http://blogg.umu.se/forskarbloggen/2015/03/a-tentative-view-on-primary-language-education-policy-in-india/ (Accessed 2015-08-14).

Author, organisation, authority or company. Title of tweet . [Twitter]. (Day, month and year of the tweet). Complete URL (Access date).

Fällström, A. Fewer topics in greater depth. #mathematics #Math Singapore math skills add up in the West http://cnb.cx/1M3BgPX . [Twitter]. (15 July 2015). https://twitter.com/hyperconvex/status/621212215006392320 (Accessed 2015-08-14).

Encyclopaedias, dictionaries or Wikipedia

Author of article. Title of article. Name of encyclopaedia . (Year of publication). Complete permanent link or URL (Access date).

Lovari, S. Chamois. Encyclopaedia Britannica . (2008). https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/chamois/22341 (Accessed 2023-07-25).

Example – no personal author

Encyclopaedia Britannica . Sestina. (2020) https://www.britannica.com/art/sestina-poetic-form (Accessed 2023-06-28).

Example – Wikipedia

Wikipedia . Zadie Smith. (2020). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zadie_Smith&oldid=981120030 (Accessed 2020-10-20).

If you can’t find the year of publication, you can write (n.d.). N.d. means no date.
If there is no personal author, write the name of the encyclopaedia as author.
Use Wikipedia's permanent link as URL, which is available under tools.

Organisation or creator. Title of dataset [Dataset]. (Organisation/database, Year of publication). Complete permanent link or URL (Access date).

Eurostat. Healthy life years at birth by sex [Dataset]. (2023). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TPS00150/default/table?lang=en (Accessed 2023-07-25).

Edlund, J. & Svallfors, S. ISSP 2004 - Citizenship I: Sweden (1.1) [Dataset, documentation:ISSP2004_questions]. (Umeå University, 2009). https://doi.org/10.5878/001613

If the organisation/creator is the same as the organisation/database, the latter can be excluded.
A dataset is often statistical data compiled by an authority or statistical provider.
Datasets can contain many files that you do not use. You can then add in square brackets the name of the specific folder and file that you have used. Separate the folder name from the file name with a comma.

Theses and conference proceedings

Doctoral thesis

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of thesis . Doctoral thesis. (University of graduation, year of publication). Complete permanent link (URN, Handle or DOI)

Abramowicz, K. Numerical analysis for random processes and fields and related design problems . Doctoral thesis. (Umeå University, 2011). http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-46156

Licentiate thesis

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of thesis . Licentiate thesis. (University of graduation, year of publication). Complete permanent link (URN, Handle or DOI)

Landström, M. Two essays on Central Bank independence reforms . Licentiate thesis. (Umeå University, 2009).

Conference proceedings

Author’s last name, initial(s). Title of conference paper. In: Title of conference publication (proceeding): name of the conference . City of conference, country. (Day, month and year of the conference), page numbers of the conference paper. Complete permanent link (DOI, URN or Handle) or URL (Access date).

Witkowski, E., Hutchins, B. & Carter, M. E-sports on the rise?: Critical considerations on the growth and erosion of organized digital gaming competitions. In: IE´13: Proceedings of The 9th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment: Matters of Life and Death . Melbourne, Australia. (30 September -1 October 2013), pp. 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1145/2513002.2513008

Papers from a conference can be published in a type of publication called conference proceedings (also known as symposiums or meetings).
If conference papers are published as journal articles or book chapters, use the corresponding reference category in this guide.

Sounds and images

Illustrations (photographs, figures, diagrams, tables etc.)

Last name and initial(s) of the creator. Title of illustration [Format, for instance, Photography]. (Year). Complete URL (Access date).

Lennver, A. Night against procrastination [Photography]. (2012). http://www.ub.umu.se/nightagainstprocrastion/ (Accessed 2016-04-05).

Example – photography in a book

State the illustrator's name if different from the book's author.

Hazel, E. Prague by day [Photography]. In Johnson, S. Czech photography in the twenty-first century . (Autumn Publishing, 2015).

Example – work of art on the internet

If you use an image of a work of art online, you should reference it as an online image, regardless of the original medium. If possible, state the name of the artist and the collection:

Turner, J. The Fighting Temeraire [Photography]. The National Gallery [online]. (1839). www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/josephmallord-william-turner-the-fightingtemeraire (Accessed 2016-04-05).

Illustrations created by others are often protected by copyright. In those cases, you will need permission from the copyright owner before using the illustrations in your text.

Podcasts, radio and TV programmes

Name of series . Title of episode [Podcast/Radio programme/TV programme]. Transmitting organisation/channel. (Day, month and year of transmission). Complete URL (Access date).

Example – podcast

Soul Music. Purple rain [Podcast]. BBC. (21 May 2022). https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0017k0j (Accessed 2023-07-24).

Example – radio programmes

Living planet . The world on fire: how to deal with wildfires [Radio programme]. Deutsche Welle. (29 May 2023). https://www.dw.com/en/the-world-on-fire-how-to-deal-with-wildfires/audio-66072858 (Accessed 2023-07-24).

Example – TV programmes

Blue lights . The code [TV programme]. BBC Player. (1 July 2023) https://player.bbc.com/en/brand/blue-lights/blue-lights-s1 (Accessed 2023-07-25).

For older programs, still accessible, some information (such as the date of transmission) might not be found. If so, there is no need to search for it. Create the reference with the help of the available information where you found the program.

Recorded lectures, presentations, speeches and interviews

Name of the speaker/equivalent. Title of lecture/speech . [Format]. Publisher/organisation. (Year). Complete URL (Access date).

Satyarthi, K. How to make peace? Get angry . [Video]. TED talks. (2015). http://www.ted.com/talks/kailash_satyarthi_how_to_make_peace_get_angry (Accessed 2015-05-03).

If the speaker/equivalent is the same as the publisher/organisation, exclude the latter.

Other sources

Personal communication

A reference to personal communication should include as much information as possible: Name, profession/position, (year), details of personal communication, and date.

Personal communication is sometimes not included in the reference list as the sources are usually untraceable. In those cases, information about personal communication is provided only in the footnotes. Check with your teacher/supervisor if you are uncertain.

Svensson, A., student at Umeå University. [Interview]. (11 May 2024).

Informant 1: Grammar school, Umeå. [Interview]. (9 May 2024)

Smith, V., Professor at the Department of Physics, Umeå University. Northern Lights, [Lecture]. (12 March 2024).

Lee, O. [E-mail to Geraldine Ford]. (13 May 2024).

Personal communication includes information received through, for example, emails, phone calls, interviews, or lectures. You should always get permission from the person in question before referring to them, and if anonymity has been promised, you must keep that promise. If possible, keep a copy of the communication. More information on ethical rules for research can be found at CODEX – the collection of rules and guidelines for research.

Secondary sources

To cite a source from a secondary source is generally to be avoided since you are expected to have read the works you cite. If a primary source (original source) is unavailable, you may use secondary sources. Only information about the secondary source should be included in the reference list.

If you are writing about Bob Smith's book "Democracy" (published in 1981), where he on page 72 cites Tom Small's book "Civil Rights" published in 1832, you should only include Smith’s book in the reference list:

Smith, B. Democracy . (Herbst Verlag, 1981).

See examples and explanations on writing references with Oxford-style footnotes.

Writing references

Are you up to speed on references? Find tips on guides and features that simplify your reference management.

Avoiding plagiarism

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Software for writing references

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A Quick and Complete Guide to Oxford Referencing

What is Referencing?

It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s work or ideas when writing; hence, the sources used in your work must be referenced. This is usually done via an in-text citation within the body of a text that refers to work or ideas by others. Also, a complete reference list is provided at the end of the written materials of works or ideas taken from others.

What is Oxford Referencing Style?

Oxford style is a referencing style that incorporates footnotes into texts to cite sources. It is also known as documentary note style and comprises of the Footnote Citation, and Reference list

A superscript that connects to an item in the footnote is placed at a pause point in your work. At the bottom of the page, the superscript number is repeated with full details of the article, book, journal or manuscript.

Inserting Footnote in Microsoft Word

Go to the References on the menu tab

Select insert footnote

Shortcut to Add a Reference:

Instead of going through the long route to add a reference to your work, you can use the shortcut Ctrl + Alt + F. You need to press these three keys together for the shortcut to work.

For example :

Nearly a quarter of Americans have trouble making online purchases because they don’t have a bank account or credit card, and Shader was proposing an innovative solution to this problem. 1

1 A. Grant, Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success New York, Pengium Group, 2013, p. 12

In the footnote, the Author’s name appears in the following format: First initial. | Surname, E.g

1 Author : S. Henning,
2 Authors : S. Henning and J. Zabini,
3 Authors : S. Henning, B. Zaid, and J. Zabini,
+ 3 Authors : S. Henning et al.

REFERENCE LIST

It contains all the resources cited in between the written text, and it is sorted in numerical order. Located in in a separate page, and titled accordingly, it is arranged alphabetically A-Z by authors’ surname. begins with the citation number, followed by the name(s) of the author(s) (or title, in a case, whereby there is no author).

In the list, the Author’s name appears in the following format: Surname, First initial. E.g

1 Author : Henning, S.,
2 Authors : Henning, S. and Zabini, J.,
3 Authors : Henning, S., Zaid, B., and Zabini, J.,
+3 Authors : Henning, S. et al.,

Also, if an author has multiple publications, the reference list should be arranged based on the year of publication and title, if the year of publication is the same e.g.

[1] Henning, S. (2017). Data warehouse design. New York: McGraw-Hill

[2] Henning, S. (2019). Data warehouse design and Principles. New York: McGraw-Hill

[3] Henning, S. (2019). Enhanced Data warehouse design for Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill

EBook, journal article, newspaper, etc accessed from the Library Search, or a Library Database cited using the same format as for a print book.
Use paragraph (para.) or section (sec.) numbers if there are no page numbers, as in the case of book gotten from a webpage
Footnote: Author(s), | Title, | Edition edn. (only if not 1st edition), | City, | Publisher, | Year, | page(s) . S. Henning and J. Zabini, Data warehouse design . 2nd ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, 2012, p. 65.
Reference: Author, | Title | Edition edn., (only if not 1st edition)| City, | Publisher, | Year. Henning, S. and Zabini, J., Data warehouse design . 2nd ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, 2012.
Footnote: Title, | Publisher, | Year, | page . Dictionary Plus History , Oxford University Press, 2016, p.1.
Reference: Title, | Publisher, | Year. Dictionary Plus History , Oxford University Press, 2016.
Footnote: Author(s) | ‘Title of the chapter’, | in Author(s)/Editor(s) of the book, (ed.), | Book Title , | Edition (displayed when it is not first edition), | Place, | Publisher, | Year, | Page(s). A. Henning, ‘Statistical designs for survey research’, in G. H. Stempel III and B. H. Westley, (ed.), Research methods in mass communication , Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 2015, p. 167.
References: Author(s) | ‘Title of the chapter’, | in Author(s)/Editor(s) of the book, (ed.), | Book Title , | Edition (displayed when it is not first edition), | Place, | Publisher, | Year, | Pages. Henning, S., ‘Statistical designs for survey research’, in G. H. Stempel III & B. H. Westley, (ed.), Research methods in mass communication , Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 2015, p. 160-200
Footnote: Author(s), | Title, | Website name, | particular information? | Year posted, | URL, | (accessed day month year). G. Orwell, 1984, George-orwell.org, 2005, part 2, ch. 9, para. 4, http://www.george-orwell.org/1984, (accessed 3 September 2018)
References: Author(s), | Title, | Website name, | Year posted, | URL, | (accessed day month year). Orwell, G.,1984, Georgeorwell.org, 2005, http://www.georgeorwell.org/1984, (accessed 3 September 2018)
Footnote: Author(s), | Title, | Edition, | City, | Publisher, | Year, | cited in Author(s), | Title, | Edition | City, | Publisher, | Year, | page(s) . R. Ago, Gusto for Things , Chicago, Chicago University Press, 2013, cited in D. Biow, On the Importance of Being an Individual in Renaissance Italy , Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 214.
Reference (only the book you read): Author, | Title | Edition | City, | Publisher, | Year. Biow, D., On the Importance of Being an Individual in Renaissance Italy, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Reference: Author(s) | ‘Title of article’, | Title of Journal , | Volume (issue details), | Year, Pages. Henning, S., ‘ESP 8266: a breakthrough in wireless sensor networks and internet of things’, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, vol. 6, no. 8, 2012, pp.07-11.
Reference: Author(s), | ’Title of article’, | Title of Journal , | Volume (issue details), | Year, | Pages, | URL (accessed day month year) . Giovagnorio, F., 'Dedications for the Hero Ptoios in Akraiphia, Boeotia', Rosetta, no. 22, 2018, pp. 18-39, http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk , (accessed 18 September 2018).

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

References: Author(s), | ‘Title of paper or proceedings’, | In: Title or Conference name , | Place, Publisher, | Year, | Page(s): Henning, S., Henry B. and Zabini, J., ‘The Importance of Data Warehousing Tools’, In: International Data Warehouse Conference , New York, McGraw-Hill, 2019, pp. 67-70.
References: Author(s), | ‘Title of paper or proceedings’, | In: Title or Conference name [online] | Place, | Publisher, | Year, | Page(s), | URL | (accessed day month year). Henning, S., Henry B. and Zabini, J., ‘The Importance of Data Warehouse’, In: International Data Warehouse Conference [online], London, McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 67-70, https://academicianhelp.co.uk/Free-Resources/secured-online-portal-for-file-storage (accessed 8 October 2019).

DISSERTATION/ THESES

References: Author(s), | Title of Dissertation, | Type of dissertation | City | Name of Institution, University or College, | Year. Zabini, J., Opensource Integration of Learning Tools , PhD. Dissertation, Oxford, University of Oxford, 2019.

MAGAZINE/ NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

References: Author(s) | ‘Title of article’ | Magazine/ Newspaper Name , | day month year, | page(s). Henning, S.., ‘How to improve academic standards’, The Guardian , 30 March 2019, p.1.
References: Author(s) | ‘Title of article’ | Magazine/ Newspaper Name , | day month year, | page(s), URL, (accessed day month year). Henning, S., ‘How to improve academic standards’, The Guardian , 12 May 2013, p.1-2, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news (accessed 8 Oct. 2019).
References: Author(s) | Title of article [website] | URL, (accessed day month year). Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Indigenous Community Stories [website], http://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-communitystories, (accessed 12 September 2018)
References: Author(s) | ‘Title of article’ [web blog], | Name of the blog, | URL, (accessed day month year) . Livius, 'Galle Chandelier restored sans goldfish', The History Blog [web blog], 22 April 2019, http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/category/museums (accessed 2 May 2019).
Author(s), | Description or Patent Title, | Patent Number, | Year . Richard, D., Adhesive Tapes. 1,760,820, 1930.

PRESENTATIONS AND LECTURES

Author(s), | Title of Presentation, | Year . Henning, S. How to improve academic standards, 2019.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE

Author(s), | ‘Title of Article’, | In: Title of Encyclopedia , | Edition, | Place, | Publisher, | Year, | Page(s). Henning, S., ‘The Plant Kingdom’ In: Internation Plant Encyclopedia , 5th ed., London, McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 67-70.
Author(s), Email Subject [email], Year. Henning, S., What is Academic Writing? [email], 2019

These are past event evidence that is collected by historical societies, universities, libraries or repositories.

Author(s), | Title of material [format], | Organization/Library/Collection/University Name, | Collection name, | number or code, | Place, | Year. Henning, S., Super Mario [program], Nintendo, NISUP01, California, 1970.

These are Artwork collections at museums or gallery

Author(s) | Title of art . [medium], | Place, | Museum/Gallery, | Year. Henning, S., Leanardo Da Vinci [ Paint Mural], London, London Museum, 2018. Or Henning, S., Leanardo Da Vinci [Oil on Canvas], London, London Library, 2019.

PRESS RELEASES

Not online : Corporate Author, | Title of Release , | Year . AcademicianHelp Solutions, How to improve your grades , 2019.
Online Press Releases : Corporate Author, | Title of Release , | Year, URL (accessed day month year) . AcademicianHelp Solutions, How to improve your grades , 2019, https://www.academicianhelp.com/blog (accessed 8 October 2019).

TV OR RADIO BROADCAST

Title of program/series [program type], | Channel: Broadcaster, | Year. EastEnders [TV programme], 101: Sky, 2019. OR Voice of Britain , [Radio programme] 1: Sky Radio, 2019.

FILM, DVD AND VIDEO, PODCAST AND IMAGES

Not online : Title of Film, DVD or Video , | [format], |Place of Origin, | Film, DVD or Video Maker, | Year. Titanic , [film] California: James Cameron, 1997. OR Titanic , [DVD] California: James Cameron, 1997.
Videos or Images that are online : Author(s), | Description or Title of Video or Image [format], | Year, URL | (accessed day month year). Dion, C., My Heart Will Go On [video], 1997, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhfhNzbGtAs [Accessed 8 Oct. 2019]. OR Dion, C., My Heart Will Go On Cover Picture [image], 1997, https://www.unsplash.com/myheartwillgoon (accessed 8 October 2019).
Podcast : Author(s), | ‘Title of Podcast Episode’ [podcast], | Podcast Title, | Year, | URL [accessed day month year) . Cruzeiro, N., #RonaldoCast Episode 2 [podcast], #RonaldoCast, 2018 https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/ronaldocast/id948484 (accessed 14 October 2019).

RECORDINGS AND MUSIC

Not online : Author (s), Title of Recording [medium] | Place, | Music Label, | Year . Dion, C., My heart will go on [CD], California, Motion Picture Music, 1997.
Online : Author(s), | Title of Recording [online], | Place: Music Label, | Year, | URL (accessed day month year). Dion, C., My heart will go on [online], California, Motion Picture Music, 1997. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhfhNzbGtAs (accessed 8 October 2019].
Interviewer's name and Interviewee's name, | Description or Interview Title , | Year. James, S. and Ronaldo, The Rise of Christiano Ronaldo , 2019.

LEGAL DOCUMENTS

There is no full stop after the citation
Court Case : parties | (year) | volume | report | first page - Man v Woman (2000) 34 All ER 45
Acts : Short Title | Year – Conspiracy Act 1980
Software Name or Title, | Place, | Publisher, | Year . Sudoku Puzzle, London, AcademicianHelp Publication, 2019.

DICTIONARY ENTRY

Print Dictionary (not online ): Author(s), ‘Entry title’, In: Title of Dictionary , Edition, Place, Publisher, Year, Page(s). Henning, S., ‘Erotic’, In: Oxford Dictionary , 105th ed., London, Oxford, 2019, p. 69.
Online website or database : Author(s), | ‘Entry title’ | In: Title of Dictionary , | Edition, | Place, | Publisher, | Year, | Page(s), URL (accessed day month year). Henning, S., ‘Erotic’ In: Oxford Dictionary , 105th ed., London, Oxford, 2019, p. 69, https://oxforddictionary.com/new/rhotic (accessed 8 Oct. 2019).

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Library Guides

Oxford Referencing

Sample Reference List

Oxford Referencing: Sample Reference List

Getting started with Oxford referencing
Books & e-books
Journal articles
Internet/websites
Legislation
Conference proceedings
Personal communications
Multi-media materials
Generative AI

Your Reference List should be located on a separate page at the end of your essay and titled: Reference List. It should include the details of all your footnotes, arranged alphabetically A-Z by author surname, see Sample Reference List below. The terms ‘Bibliography’ and ‘Reference List’ are often used interchangeably, however a Reference List only includes items you have cited in your assignment whereas a Bibliography also includes items used to prepare your assignment. Check with your lecturer or tutor which one they require. Other points to note:

In your footnotes, the author’s given name precedes the surname i.e. P. Londey, while in the Reference List the surname comes first i.e. Londey, P.,
If the work has no author use the first substantive word of the title (not The or A) to insert it into the alphabetical sequence.
In the Reference List include the full page range of a journal article or book chapter, e.g. pp. 165-217. Page numbers are not required for entire books in the Reference List.
If you have cited more than one work by the same author, you should arrange them by date with the earliest first. If the dates are the same add a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between two such publications, e.g. 2015a, 2015b. See 'Black' in the Reference List example below. Use this convention in your footnotes as well.
Examples of citing different formats of works in your Reference List is available in Reference formats & examples . An example of the layout of a Reference List is below.
Some lecturers or tutors require your Reference List to be divided into Primary and Secondary Sources. See the last box below for an explanation of this layout.

Reference List

Alexander, S., 'Peace March in Melbourne' [letter to W.R. Gibson], 1 November 1911, Professor W.R. Gibson Collection, University of Melbourne Archives, Melbourne, VIC, Box 2/1/1.

Banfi, M. et al., 'Cards as a Tool in History Teaching', Form@re: Open Journal per la Formazione in Rete , vol. 18, no. 1, 2018, pp. 368-378.

Black, J., The British Empire: A History and a Debate , London, UK, Routledge, 2015a.

Black, J., British Politics and Foreign Policy, 1744-57: Mid-Century Crisis , London, UK, Routledge, 2015b.

Blakers, A., 'Sustainable Energy', in Goldie, J., Douglas, B., and Furnass, B. (eds.), In Search of Sustainability , Collingwood, VIC, CSIRO Publishing, 2004, pp. 97-106.

Cook, H., 'Shining Light on Unsung Heroes', The Age , 25 March 2019, p. 9.

Dictionary Plus History , Oxford University Press, 2016.

The Euthanasia Debate [online video], Presenter A. Denton, Sydney, Australia, Studio 10, 2016, https://youtu.be/w4Aq1-H2GD0, (accessed 2 January 2019).

FitzSimons, T., Laughren, P., and Williamson, D., Australian Documentary: History, Practices and Genres , 2nd edn., Port Melbourne, VIC, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Giovagnorio, F., 'Dedications for the Hero Ptoios in Akraiphia, Boeotia', Rosetta , no. 22, Spring 2018, pp. 18-39, http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk, (accessed 18 September 2018).

James Hardie Industries NV v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2010) 274 ALR 85

International Labour Organisation, World Report on Child Labour , Geneva, International Labour Organisation, 2015.

Kozicz, G., 'Architecture of the Empty Shells of Nyar ma', Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art: PIATS 2003, Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 38-47.

Le Gallienne, D., 'Goossens Made Musical History', The Argus , 23 November 1954, p. 7, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/23462157?searchTerm=Sydney%20history%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&searchLimits=l-title=13, (accessed 13 September 2018).

McKenzie-Mohr, D. et al., Social Marketing to Protect the Environment , Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications, 2012.

Murray, J. (ed.), Our Great Game: The Photographic History of Australian Football , Docklands, VIC, Slattery Media Group, 2010.

Oztas, S., 'A Literary Genre in Value Education in History Courses: Poems', Journal of Education and Training Studies , vol. 6, no. 5, 2018, pp. 34-39.

Purchell, S. and Barrell, R., 'The Value of Collaboration: Raising Confidence and Skills in Information Literacy with First Year Initial Teacher Education Students', Journal of Information Literacy , vol. 8, no. 2, 2014, pp. 56-70.

The Red Badge of Courage [DVD], Director J. Huston, Burbank, CA, MGM, 1951.

Suwetwattanakul, C., Developing a Knowledge Sharing Model for the Implementation of the Learning Organization in Thailand , Ph.D. diss., Melbourne, Victoria University, 2010.

Toffoletti, K., 'How is Gender-based Violence Covered in the Sporting News?: An Account of the Australian Football League Sex Scandal', Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 30, no. 5, 2007, pp. 420-44.

Oxford sample Reference List: Separating Primary and Secondary Sources

Some teaching staff prefer your Reference List to be divided into Primary and Secondary Sources. Check with your teaching staff member / lecturer as to which style of Reference List they require.

A Primary Source is an original work or document, i.e. the raw material or first-hand information used in research. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, archival material, eyewitness accounts, autobiographies, diaries, letters, photographs, novels, poems, plays, films, newsreels, statistical data and original research published in a journal article or book, or produced as a thesis.

A Secondary Source is something written about a primary source. Secondary sources include comments on, interpretations of, evaluations or discussions about the original material. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or scholarly journals, documentaries, or books or chapters written about events or about original research.

An example of the Primary/Secondary Sources Reference List style is below:

Reference List

Primary Sources

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland Office, The Economic Status of Migrants in Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1990.

Australian State of the Environment Committee, Australia State of the Environment 2001: Independent Report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage , Collingwood, VIC, CSIRO Publishing, 2001.

Chaucer, G., The Canterbury Tales, ed. F.N. Robinson, 2nd edn., London, UK, Oxford University Press, 1957.

Dewell, G., 'Theft, Simple Larceny' [proceedings of the Old Bailey], 16 February 1832, Ref. No. t18320216-60, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/index.jsp, (accessed 20 February 2019).

Maloney, J.E., 'Recollections of Canberra' [interviewed by John Ferrell], 12 August 1991, John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library, Curtin University, Perth, WA, JCMPL00897/3.

Schultz, J.E., This Birth Place of Souls: The Civil War Nursing Diary of Harriet Eaton , Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2010.

Suwetwattanakul, C., Developing a Knowledge Sharing Model for the Implementation of the Learning Organization in Thailand , Ph.D. diss., Melbourne, Victoria University, 2010

Secondary Sources

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Writing Tips

Oxford Referencing – Citing a Book

5-minute read

23rd June 2019

You need two things when citing a book in the Oxford referencing system: a footnote citation and an entry in a bibliography. The exact format for this can vary, so make sure to check your style guide if you have one. But if all you need is a clear, simple way of referencing sources in your written work , then you can follow our guidelines below next time you cite a book.

Citing a Book in Footnotes

To cite a book, you’ll first need to add a superscript number in the main text:

Citations usually go after end punctuation, like this. 1

These superscript numbers point to footnotes at the bottom of a page. This is where you provide source information. And the first time you cite a book, you will need to use the following format:

n. Author Initial(s). Surname, Book Title, publisher, place of publication, year, page number(s).

The page numbers here refer to the specific section cited. Using this format, then, you should end up with a footnote that looks something like this:

1. H. Kane, Discovering Rome, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002, p. 10.

When referencing a book with two or three authors , meanwhile, use ‘&’ to separate the last two:

2. J. Jones, L. Larkin & W. Ellis, How to Beat the System , Harper Collins, New York, 2004, p. 16.

If a book has four or more authors , use ‘et al.’ – meaning ‘and others’ – after the first named author rather than writing each author name out in full:

3. I. King et al., The Human Mind, Continuum, London, 2010, p. 3.

After citing a book for the first time, you can use a shorter footnote format for repeat citations. We will look at how this works below.

Repeat Citations: Latin Abbreviations

Most versions of Oxford referencing use a set of Latin abbreviations for repeat citations. Typically, this includes the following:

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Ibid. (meaning ‘in the same place’). You can use this term when citing a source more than once in a row. If you’re citing a different page number, remember to include this in the citation.
Loc. cit. (short for loco citato , or ‘in the place cited’). You can use this term alongside the author’s surname for non-consecutive citations of the same page of a source. If you have cited more than one work by that author, you may also need to include a shortened title.
Op. cit. (short for opere citato , meaning ‘in the work cited’). Similar to ‘loc. cit.’ but used when citing a different page of a previously cited work.

We can see how this works in practice with the repeat citations below:

4. P. Walker, London Fields: A Guide for the Uninitiated, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002, p. 10. 5. Ibid., p. 13. 6. T. Williams, Going the Distance, Harper Collins, New York, 2010, p. 34. 7. Walker, op. cit., p. 16.

Here, the Walker source is cited in footnotes 4, 5 and 7. We use ‘ibid.’ for footnote five as it comes immediately after the initial citation, but we give a new page number because we’re citing a different part of the book. And in footnote 7 we use ‘op. cit.’ because we’re citing a different part of the Walker book after citing a different source, so it is non-consecutive.

Other Shortened Citations

If your version of Oxford referencing does not use the Latin abbreviations above, you will still need to shorten repeat citations. Usually, this means citing just the author’s surname and a page number. If you are citing more than one source by the same author, however, you should also provide a shortened version of the book’s title in repeat citations. For instance:

4. P. Walker, London Fields: A Guide for the Uninitiated , Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002, p. 10. 5. T. Williams, Going the Distance, Harper Collins, New York, 2010, p. 34. 6. P. Walker, Urban Rambling , Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2010, p. 211. 7. Walker, London Fields , p. 10. 8. Williams, p. 35.

Here, we have two sources by Walker and one by Williams. As such, when we cite London Fields a second time, we include the shortened title to show which source we’re referencing. But when we cite Williams for a second time in footnote 8, we only give his surname and a page number.

The Reference List

Finally, with Oxford referencing, every source you cite in the main text should also appear in a reference list. The format for a book here is similar to the first footnote except for two things:

You should give the author’s surname before the initial. This is so you can list the sources in your document alphabetically by author surname.
You do not need to give page numbers for a book in the reference list.

As such, the basic format for a book in an Oxford reference list is:

Surname, Initial(s), Book Title , publisher, place of publication, year.

And in practice, this would look something like this:

Kane, H., Discovering Rome, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002.

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Citation Styles

Oxford Referencing

How to Cite in Oxford Referencing Style - Complete Guide

24 min read

What Is Oxford Referencing?

The Oxford referencing style, initially designed for law students, includes specific rules that shape how you format your paper. It's sometimes called the documentary-note style.

It's composed of two parts: footnotes at the bottom of the page and a reference list at the end of the paper.

While it shares similarities with the Chicago style due to the use of footnotes, it has its unique style and format for various source types.

In the sections below, we'll delve into the key aspects of Oxford referencing.

How to do Oxford Referencing Style?

Oxford referencing style provides a structured and organized way to give proper credit to the sources you use in your research and academic papers.

If you're new to Oxford referencing, don't worry. We'll walk you through the key components and steps to follow:

Understanding the Two Parts

Oxford referencing comprises two main components: footnotes and a reference list.

Footnotes: In the text of your paper, use superscript numbers (like this^1) to indicate when you've used information from a source. These superscript numbers correspond to footnotes placed at the bottom of the same page or at the end of each chapter. In the footnote, you provide full details of the source, including the author's name, title, publication details, and page numbers.
Reference List: At the end of your document or paper, compile a list of all the sources you've cited. This list should follow a specific format and include all the necessary details for each source.
Citing Books

When citing a book using Oxford referencing, note the following format:

Author's First Name
Title (Publication Place: Publisher, Year)
page number.
Citing Journal Articles

When citing a journal article, use the following format:

Author's First Name
Last Name,
"Title of the Article,"
Journal Name volume,
no. (Year): page number.
Citing Websites

Citing websites is slightly different. You need to include the author (if available), the title of the web page, the full URL, and the access date. The format is:

"Title of the Web Page,"
Website Name,
publication date or access date,
Consistency is Key

Maintain consistency throughout your paper. Make sure your footnotes and reference list entries follow the same format and style.

Use Citation Software

To simplify the process, consider using citation management software such as EndNote or Zotero . These tools can help you automatically format your citations in the Oxford style.

Oxford Citation Style Rules and Guidelines

The Oxford citation style, developed by the University of Oxford, is precise and structured. Here are the essential rules:

Use superscript numbers in the text for footnotes, indicating sources.
Footnotes contain full details, including author, title, publication info, and page numbers.
Compile a reference list at the document's end, following a specific format.
For website citations, include author, web page title, website name, publication date or access date, and URL.
Maintain a uniform citation style throughout your work.
Verify all details for accuracy, including authors' names and publication years.
Utilize oxford referencing generators like EndNote or Zotero for automated, error-free citations.

Oxford In-Text Referencing

Instead of in-text citations, footnotes are used in an Oxford-style paper. While typing, a superscript number is added with the word or phrase you are picking from any other source. This number is added in a footnote at the bottom of the page the phrase is mentioned on.

"In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the impact of climate change on global agriculture ."

The sentence "In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the impact of climate change on global agriculture^3" showcases the Oxford in-text citation style, where the superscript number "3" is appropriately positioned after the statement. This in-text citation is typically followed by a corresponding entry in the footnote or endnote section of the paper, providing more detailed source information.

Oxford Referencing Website

The Oxford referencing style is not limited to books and articles; it also extends to citing online sources, including websites.

Here's how to correctly cite websites in the Oxford referencing style:

Author's Name: If available, provide the author's first name and last name.
Title of the Web Page: Enclose the title in single quotation marks or apostrophes.
Website Name: Mention the name of the website where the web page is located.
Publication Date or Access Date: If there's a publication date on the web page, include it. If not, use the date you accessed the website.
URL: Include the full web address (URL) of the page.

Check out the footnote oxford referencing style example website pattern:

"A. Author, 'Title of web section/article/document', [medium], day month year, page/paragraph/section name, , accessed day month year."

9. S.Black, 'Kevin Andrews prods the Sudanese in the woodpile', Crikey [website], 9 June 2007, para. 4,<http://www.crikey.com.au>, accessed 3 May 2014."

10. M. Specter, 'The dangerous philosopher', The graduate forum NYU [website], 2 Apr. 2001, para. 8,

<http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~pillow/gradforum/materials/DangerousPhilosopher.pdf>, accessed 3 Feb. 2014."

After adding the footnote, you will need to add its bibliographic reference in the bibliography list. However, the pattern is different from the footnote.

"Author, A, 'Title of web section/article/document', [medium], day month year, <URL>, accessed day month year."

"Black, S., 'Kevin Andrews prods the Sudanese in the woodpile', [ ], 9 June 2007,<http://www.crikey.com.au>, accessed 3 May 2014."

"Specter, M., 'The dangerous philosopher', , 2 Apr. 2001,<http>//www.cns.nyu.edu/~pillow/gradforum/materials/DangerousPhilosopher.pdf>, accessed 3 Feb. 2014."

In Case of Two to Three Writers

These works usually include research works and research articles. When citing works from two or three writers, the last name is separated with an ampersand. In case of adding a footnote, follow the below pattern:

F.S. Kleiner, C.J. Mamiya & R.G. Tansey, 11th edn, Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, 2001, p. 38.'

When formatting a bibliography entry, follow the below pattern:

'Kleiner, F.S., Mamiya, C.J. & Tansey, R.G., 11th edn, Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, 2001.'

In Case of More than Three Authors

In the case of multiple writers, add the last name of the first writer and add ‘et al’ after it. In such a case, format the footnote in the following style:

E. Arnau et al., 'The extended cognition thesis: its significance for the philosophy of (cognitive) science', P , vol. 27, no. 1, Feb. 2014, p. 14, Academic Search Complete [online database], accessed 16 June 2014'

When making the bibliography of the footnote entries, use the following format:

'Arnau, E. et al., 'The extended cognition thesis: its significance for the philosophy of (cognitive) science', vol. 27, no. 1, Feb. 2014, pp. 1-18, Academic Search Complete [online database], accessed 16 June 2014.'

Organizations or Group Authors

Besides independent and individual writers, various organizations and government agencies also publish their various publications. The elements added in the footnotes and bibliography are the same. The difference is that the footnote includes the page number of the book or the journal and the superscripted number.

For example:

" Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, , Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2002, p. 52.'

For the bibliography:

'Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, , Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2002.'

When there is No Writer

The footnote starts with the title of the work and moves forward with the publisher. It also includes the date on which the source is accessed and whether it is printed or online.

When making the footnote, follow the below style:

, Chadwyck-Healey, Cambridge, UK, 1995, EnglishPoetry Full-text [online database], accessed 15 Dec. 2013.'

When making the bibliography entry of such an in-text, mention the writer as ‘Anon’ or ‘Anonymous’.

'Anon., , Chadwyck-Healey, Cambridge, UK, 1995, English Poetry Full-text [online database], accessed 15 Dec. 2013.'

Source without the Date of Publication

Is no date available with the source? Citing sources without publication dates becomes troublesome, but there is a way of doing it.

If the source is without a publication date, then use the copyright date. If no date is available, then add n.d. instead of it.

When preparing the footnote of such a source, follow the below method:

P. Jones, , Metzger & Son, New York, n.d., p. 14.'

To prepare the bibliography of the source, use the following format:

'Jones, P. , Metzger & Son, New York, n.d.'

Citing the Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are those sources that the student has not read himself but are rather cited by another author. It is like the student is referring to someone who has been referred by another author.

To make the footnote of this kind of source, please follow the below format:

A. Smith, , Penguin, Melbourne, 2000, cited in D. Brown, Faber and Faber, London, 2002, p. 45.'

When making the footnote, mention both the writers. Mention the writer of the secondary source first, followed by the primary author, whose work has been cited.

When creating the full bibliographic entry of the footnote, mention the secondary work that you have read-only, for example:

'Brown, D., , Faber and Faber, London, 2002.'

Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author

It is not uncommon for students to find multiple works by the same author while working on a research paper. However, this does not mean that these sources cannot be cited.

When trying to cite these types of sources, simply add ‘ibid’, ‘op. Cit.,’ or ‘loc. cit.,’ followed by the author's name in the footnotes when citing multiple works by one writer. This shows that the source being cited is from the same author as the previously cited source.

S. Žižek :

London, 2001, pp. 23-4.'

…

S. Žižek, On belief, Routledge, London, 2001, p. 57.

…

S. Žižek, Enjoy your symptom!, loc. Cit.'

However, if you are citing multiple works by the same author that were published in different years, then you will need to include the year of publication for each work being cited. For example:

Smith, John. The Importance of Being Earnest. 1892.

Smith, John. Pygmalion. 1913.

Oxford Style Referencing Bibliography

In Oxford referencing, the bibliography is a list of all sources consulted, whether directly cited or not. It covers books, articles, reports, and more.

A reference list, on the other hand, includes only the sources explicitly cited in your work.

Entries are alphabetically arranged by the author's last name, followed by initials, and indented for clarity.

Usually, a bibliography is not divided into subsections. But sometimes, teachers may ask you to do it and divide it into primary and secondary sources.

Like the APA and MLA style, all the bibliography entries are arranged alphabetically.

'Goldthwaite, R.A., 'The Florentine palace as domestic architecture', vol. 77, no. 4, 1972, pp. 977-1012.'

'Gombrich, E.H., 'The early Medicis as patrons of art', in ed. E.F. Jacob, , Faber and Faber, London, 1960, pp. 279-311.'

'Kleiner, F.S., Mamiya, C.J. & Tansey, R.G., Gardner's art through the ages, 11th edn, Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, 2001.'

'Lobo, J., 'Latin American construction at a glance', , vol. 41, no. 1, 1995, pp. iv-vi, Expanded Academic ASAP [online database], accessed 5 Nov. 2004.

Oxford Referencing Book

Besides online sources, students and teachers prefer using print books as they are considered more credible than online sources. When adding or citing a print book, remember the below points:

All the editions numbers will be added in the footnotes and bibliography, except the first edition
If possible and relevant to the work, you will need to add the names of the editors and translators also

When making the oxford referencing footnotes for a print book:

'A. Author, B. Author & C. Author, Title of book, edition number, volume number, tr./ed. A. Translator/Editor, Publisher, Place, year, page.'

. F.S. Kleiner, C.J. Mamiya & R.G. Tansey, Gardner's art through the ages, 11th edn, Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, 2001, p. 26.'

J. Hocking, Gough Whitlam: a moment in history: the biography, vol. 1, Melbourne University Publishing, 2008, pp. 211–2.'

E. Galeano, Open veins of Latin America: five centuries of the pillage of a continent, tr. C. Belfrage, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1973, p.

38.'

When creating the bibliography, follow the following format or pattern:

Author, A., Author, B. & Author, C., , edition number, volume number, tr./ed. A. Translator/Editor, Publisher, Place, year.

'Kleiner, F.S., Mamiya C.J. & Tansey, R.G., , 11th edn, Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, 2001.'

'Hocking, J., , vol. 1, Melbourne University Publishing, 2008.'

'Galeano, E., tr. C. Belfrage, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1973.'

For eBooks

These eBooks are used by students of all academic levels when they are working on their research papers.

While on making the footnotes and bibliography of the eBooks, take care of the following things:

Add the information like the source of the book, online eBook in this case, after the title of the book
Rather than adding lengthy URLs, add the URL of the homepage
Avoid adding the URL of the source if it is accessed through an online electronic database
Add the name of the online database along with the medium
In case the book does not have the page numbers, add other reference material like the paragraph or the title.

When preparing footnotes for ebooks, follow this format:

'A. Author, Publisher, Place, Year, Database/,<URL>, page/paragraph reference, accessed day month year.'

E. Rutten, J. Fedor & V. Zvereva, Taylor & Francis, 2013, p. 31, Ebook Library [online database], accessed 15 Dec. 2013.'

J. Maritain, [online facsimile], tr. E.I. Watkin, Sheed & Ward, New York, 1937, digitized by the Internet Archive 2010, p. 170,<https://archive.org/>, accessed 20 June 2014.'

When making the bibliography for an ebook, make it like this:

'Author, A., , Publisher, Place, Year, Database/<URL>, page/paragraph reference, accessed day month year'.

'Rutten, E., Fedor, J. & Zvereva, V., Taylor & Francis, 2013, Ebook Library [online database], accessed 15 Dec. 2013.'

'Maritain, J., [online facsimile], tr. E.I. Watkin, Sheed & Ward, New York, 1937, digitized by the Internet Archive 2010,<https://archive.org/> , accessed 20 June 2014.'

Citing a Chapter in an Edited Book:

Citing a chapter in an edited book is different from citing a chapter in the first edition book. When making the citation, the number of the edition is also added after the main title of the book and its author. This is followed by the date of publication.

When making the footnote of such a source, follow the following format:

'A. Author, 'Title of the chapter', in A. Editor ed., Publisher, Place, year, page.'

. E.H. Gombrich, 'The Early Medicis as patrons of art', in E.F. Jacob ed., , Faber and Faber, London, 1960, p. 280.'

When making the bibliography of the footnote, make sure that you have added all the details as per the following pattern:

'Author, A., 'Title of Chapter', in A. Editor ed., , Publisher, Place, year, page range'

'Gombrich, E.H., 'The Early Medicis as patrons of art', in E.F. Jacob ed., Faber and Faber, London, 1960, pp.

279-311.'

A rticle in a Print Journal

Citing print journals is different from citing the ones that are available online. Follow a pattern like the one below when you’re adding a footnote using oxford referencing - journal article:

'A. Author, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume, issue, year, page.'

R.A. Goldthwaite, 'The Florentine palace as domestic architecture', vol. 77, no. 4, 1972, p. 999.'

'A. Author, 'Title of article', , volume, issue, year, page range.'

'Goldthwaite, R.A., 'The Florentine palace as domestic architecture',

vol. 77, no. 4, 1972, pp. 977-1012.'

The page range is added in the citation so that the reader knows which pages were used in the research work.

Article Available Online or on an Online Database

When citing an article that is available online or on an online database, you must consider the following things:

Mention the journal’s volume and issue number, and the date of publication
Add the medium of the article in brackets like so (online)
Citing the main homepage URL instead of any lengthy URLs

When making the footnote for an online article source in oxford referencing system, follow the below pattern:

'A. Author, 'Title of article', [online journal], volume, issue, year, page/paragraph reference, <URL> accessed day month year.'

S.K. Martin, 'Tracking reading in nineteenth-century Melbourne diaries', [online journal], no. 56, May 2014, para. 6,<https://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org>, accessed 20 June 2014.'

When creating the bibliography of the online source, follow the below pattern:

'Author, A., 'Title of article', [online journal], volume, issue, year, page range, <URL> accessed day month year.'

'Martin, S.K., 'Tracking reading in nineteenth-century Melbourne diaries', [online journal], no. 56, May 2014,<https://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org>, accessed 20 June 2014.'

Besides online articles from websites, articles from official databases are also used in professional and academic research work. When citing an article available on a database, remember the following things:

Place the online database in brackets in front of the name of the database
Including the URL of even a well-known site is necessary

To make the footnote for an online source in oxford referencing style, use this pattern:

'A. Author, 'Title of article', , volume, issue, year, page/paragraph reference, Database [online database], accessed day month year.'

J. Lobo, 'Latin American construction at a glance', , vol. 41, no. 1, 1995, p. vi, Expanded Academic ASAP [online database], accessed 5 Nov. 2004.'

To make the bibliography for an online source in oxford referencing style, check out this pattern:

'Author, A., 'Title of article', volume, issue, year, page

range, Database [online database], accessed day month year.'

'Lobo, J., 'Latin American construction at a glance', vol. 41, no. 1, pp. iv-vi, Expanded Academic ASAP [online database], accessed 5 Nov. 2004.'

For an Online Newspaper Article

Online databases contain hundreds of newspapers that you can skim through and use in your academic work. These newspaper articles are credible sources that can be used for multiple purposes, including studies and research.

Making the footnotes of the an online newspaper source follows this oxford footnote style:

'A. Author, 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper, Title of Section, day month year, paragraph reference, <URL> accessed day month year.'

J. Jones, 'British folk art review - welcome to the old weird Britain', The Guardian UK, Art & Design, 9 June 2014, para. 3,<http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/09/british-folk-art-review-tate-britian>, accessed 16 June 2014.'

After making the footnote, use the format shown below to create a bibliography entry for an online newspaper article in oxford referencing style:

'Author, A., 'Title of article', Title of Section, day month year,<URL> accessed day month year.'

'Jones, J., 'British folk art review - welcome to the old weird Britain', , Art & Design, 9 June 2014,<http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/09/british-folk-art-review-tate-britian>, accessed 16 June 2014.'

Other than the newspaper articles available on websites, news articles are available in online databases as well. When trying to cite an article from an online database, make its footnote as per the below pattern:

'A. Author, 'Title of article', , day month year, page,

Database [online database], accessed day month year.'

'The unfairness of the advocates of the plebiscite', , 10 Jan. 1880, p. 9, Trove [online database], accessed 23 June 2014.'

To make its bibliography entry, format the details in the following way:

'Author, A., 'Title of article', day month year, page range, Database [online database], accessed day month year.'

'The unfairness of the advocates of the plebiscite', 10 Jan. 1880, p. 9, Trove [online database], accessed 23 June 2014.'

Oxford Style Footnotes

In Oxford style, footnotes are essential for acknowledging sources and elaborating on content without disrupting the flow of the main text.

Here's how to create Oxford-style footnotes:

Format for Footnotes

Placement: Place footnotes at the bottom of the page where the citation or additional information is needed or at the end of each chapter.
Numbering: Use sequential numbers in superscript format (e.g., ¹, ², ³) within your text to signal the presence of a corresponding footnote.
Content: In the footnote, include the following information, generally in this order:
Author's first name and last name (if available).
Title of the source in single quotation marks or italics.
Place of publication.
Publication year.
Page number(s) where the information is found.

Example: A typical Oxford-style footnote might look like this:

¹ John Smith, 'The History of Oxford Referencing' (London: Oxford Press, 2020), 45.

Use Cases for Footnotes

Footnotes serve various purposes in academic writing:

Citing sources to give proper credit.
Providing additional context, explanations, or elaborations.
Clarifying points that might confuse readers.
Offering translations or citing foreign terms.
Noting copyright permissions or acknowledgments.

How to do Oxford Referencing on Microsoft Word

If you want to know how to use Oxford style citations in microsoft word follow these simple steps:

Open Microsoft Word.
In the top menu, select "Tools" and then "References."
A new window will open with a list of available referencing styles.
Scroll down to the "Oxford" style and double-click on it.
A new window will open with instructions on how to use Oxford referencing in word. Follow the instructions to add citations and a reference list to your document.

Oxford Referencing Example

The Oxford citation style sample added below will help and guide you to write your respective style paper in less time.

Oxford Citaion Example

Oxford Referencing Format

Oxford Referencing Guide Pdf

Oxford Referencing Example Essay

Oscola Oxford Referencing Example

Deakin Oxford Referencing Example

In summary, learning Oxford Referencing is important for students and researchers. This guide has given you the guidelines and examples to make accurate citations.

Even though we have tried our best to explain everything in this blog, we understand that sometimes students need additional help.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between harvard and oxford referencing.

The main difference between these two methods is the placement of references. The Oxford referencing method uses footnotes, while Harvard referencing includes certain information within the text as parenthetical citations or endnotes.

Where Is Oxford Referencing Used?

Oxford referencing is most commonly used in the humanities, particularly in history and philosophy. It is also used in some sciences, such as psychology. Oxford referencing may also be required for certain legal documents.

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Writing Tips

How to Cite a Website in Oxford Referencing

4-minute read

7th August 2019

With computers now everywhere, it’s common to cite a website or two in academic writing . And to do this with Oxford referencing , you’ll need two things: footnote citations and an entry in a bibliography.

The format for Oxford citations may depend on which version you’re using, so remember to check your style guide if you have one. But if you’re not sure where to start, our guide to referencing a website should help.

Referencing a Website in Footnote Citations

Footnote citations are indicated via superscript numbers in the main text:

This is how a citation should look in your document. 1

The first time you reference a website, use the following format:

n. Initial(s). Surname, “Page Title,” Website [website], publication date, section/paragraph number (if applicable), <URL>, accessed date.

You should then end up with something like this:

1. P. Philips, “Going Beyond: How to Reach Mars,” Space Travel [website], 2015, <www.spacetravel.org/mars-travel>, accessed August 2, 2018.

If the website has more than one author, use “and” to separate the final two:

2. A. Moretti and T. Pepe, Mars Remains an Unattainable Dream [website], 2016, <www.spaceexploration.com/aliens>, accessed September 6, 2018.

If the website has four or more authors, use “et al.” after the first name:

3. W. Ellis et al., “Has NASA Finally Outdone Itself?,” The Big Questions [website], 24 June 2014, <www.thebigquestions.org/NASA>, accessed September 4, 2016.

If quoting part of a web page, note the paragraph or section after the date:

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4. T. Harper, “Experiencing Space ,” Space from Above [website], 2014, para. 10, <www.spacefromabove.com/experiencing>, accessed September 5, 2018.

Sometimes, you might not be able to find the author or date of publication for a page on a website. If this happens, use the publishing organization in place of the author and/or write “[no date]” in place of the date of publication:

5. Space from Above, “Endless Darkness,” Space from Above [website], [no date], para. 2, <www.spacefromabove.com/void>, accessed September 7, 2018.

As shown above, if the publishing organization is the same as the website, you do not have to repeat this information after the page title.

Subsequent Footnotes

After citing a source once, you can use a shortened footnote format if you cite it again later in the document. One common approach is to give the author’s surname and a relevant paragraph number. Another approach is to use the Latin abbreviations “ibid.,” “op cit.,” and “loc. cit.”:

Ibid. (meaning “in the same place”) – We use this to cite the same source twice in a row. These are known as consecutive citations. Make sure to include a new page number if you’re citing a different part of the same text.
Op. cit. (“in the work cited”) – Used for citing a different part of the text in a non-consecutive citation (i.e., when you have cited at another source since the initial footnote). Give this after the author’s surname. If you have cited more than one source by the author, include a shortened source title.
Loc. cit. (“in the place cited”) – As above, but we use this one when citing the same page as in the initial footnote citation.

If you have one, it is worth checking your university’s style guide to see if it specifies a shortened citation format. But whichever method you use, make sure to apply it consistently in your document.

Adding a Website in an Oxford Bibliography

At the end of your document, you should add all cited sources to a bibliography . The format to use here for a website is as follows:

Surname, Initial(s), “Page Title,” Website Name [website], date of publication, URL, accessed date.

In practice, then, the bibliography entry for a website would look like this:

Philips, P., “Going Beyond: How to Reach Mars,” Space Travel [website], 2015, www.spacetravel.org/mars-travel, (accessed August 2, 2018).

As with footnotes, if a website doesn’t have a named author, use the publishing organization. If there is no date, write “[no date]” to show this.

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Free Oxford (OSCOLA) referencing generator

Book Chapter
Journal Article

Generate Oxford reference for a Book

For one author, use the author's full name, like "John Smith". For 2-3 authors, use the authors' initials and separate them using "and", like "J Smith and FM Brown". For more authors, use the first author followed by "and others".

Use the page or page range fields only, not both.

Generate Oxford reference for a Book Chapter

Generate oxford reference for a journal article, generate oxford reference for a website.

Use the "Year-Month-Day" format, like "22-09-19".

Use the "Year-Month-Day" format, like "2022-09-19".

Plus, a handy guide on how to do Oxford style referencing…

Always remember to check your references and citations before submitting them with your work. Always get your tutor or a university staff member to check your references before you submit your work.

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Oxford Referencing Guide

When is oxford referencing used.

OSCOLA stands for The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities. This referencing style was developed at Oxford University and is therefore also widely known as the Oxford referencing style. It’s used mainly by law schools and publishers for sources relating to legal cases and legislation in general.

You will need to reference the materials and resources you have used for your own writing in three places:

In text citations: A small number is added (in superscript) onto the end of the information you need to reference (following any punctuation), which links the info to the full details of the reference found in a footnote at the bottom of the page. These superscript numbers increase in sequence throughout your text –¹ , ², ³ etc. For example: The Tabletop theory¹ is challenged by the studio-based movement.² Farthing argues that ‘the movement was clearly drawing a line under…’.³
Footnotes : The full details of these materials need to be noted as a footnote at the bottom of the same page you refer to them on. Here, the author’s forename goes first. Note that place of publication is not included. For example: ¹Stephen Farthing, ART The Legal Story ( Thames & Hudson Ltd 2010).
Reference List: Directly after your essay, you then list the sources you’ve used in full. The list is organised by type of source, and then alphabetically by the author’s surname.

Additionally, if you’ve done other reading around the subject, but aren’t referring to those texts specifically, you can choose to list those sources in a Bibliography at the end of your essay. Any bibliography will not be included in your word count.

Exactly what to include depends on the type of source the information comes from. Our referencing tool will ask you for what’s needed for each material type , but if you don’t have everything you need, this guide takes you through what you need to do. As well as this, we explain how in-text citations and footnotes are formatted in the Oxford referencing style.

How to use our free Chicago referencing generator

Don’t forget that doing your referencing incorrectly could impact your marks. Always take some time before you submit your assignment to manually check your reference list once you’ve assembled it.

To use our free referencing tool, simply select which kind of resource you need to reference and fill in all the information that’s needed for that specific source material type. Then click ‘Generate reference’ and your Oxford style reference will be ready for you to paste into your Reference List. It’s as easy as that.

If you don’t have all the information you need, that’s when things get a little more complicated. See the next section if you’re missing some of the essential info.

What to do if you don't have all the information

You don’t know an author’s name.

If you’re looking at a source that doesn’t state who it’s been written by, you should firstly question its credibility. There may be times it does need to be included, so if that’s the case, you’ll just need to make do with the information you can find. Use any listed contributors instead – if it’s an online resource, you should be able to find a name on the ‘About’ section of their website.

For a printed resource, you could use the firm or the publication company as the author as the last resort. You’ll find this just inside the cover of the publication. Never use ‘Anonymous’. The publisher, organisation or particular law firm is always better eg Marriott Harrison.

You don’t know the publication date

Again, you should question a resource if it can’t be dated. Sometimes however, you will need to reference historical references that won’t have a precise date. If there are simply no dates to be found, you can use ‘[no date]’.

If it’s an online resource you’re using, you could use the date a page was last updated.

Oxford Referencing - Your questions answered

How do you format judges’ names.

If ever you need to refer to a judge, you should use the judge’s surname followed by their initial. For example, Bloggs J. But, if the judge you are referring to happens to have a special title, this is notes with their initial. For example, Lord Joe Bloggs will be Bloggs LJ.

Can you abbreviate legal terms?

OSCOLA abbreviates a range of legal institutions and sources and you can view this list at legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk . For example, a Supreme Court judge should be referred to as Lord Bloggs BCJ and the Lord Chief Justice can be abbreviated to Lord Bloggs CJ.

Whenever you’re using abbreviations generally within your text, just remember to spell the term out in full the first time you mention it (in parenthesis) after its first use. Then thereafter, you can just use the abbreviation.

How do you reference your own writing?

There may be occasions when you need to refer back to something you’ve already discussed within your writing. To do this, you use cross-citation. It’s best practice to be as specific as you can by using a footnote number.

For example, ‘ see n 112 for footnote’.

How do you cite multiple sources within one footnote?

To do this, you simply use semi-colons to distinguish between the sources within your footnote. Unlike with other referencing styles, you should order them in chronological order (by date), rather than the order they appear in the text. But, if you have two or more sources in your footnote and one of these is particularly relevant, you should include it first and use ‘see also’ for the others.

How do you refer to a specific location in a text?

The Oxford referencing style allows you to use pinpoints to direct the reader to a particular part of a report or other document. This works through including numbered paragraphs or page numbers. You simply add your number onto the end of your footnote in brackets. If there are multiple locations within the text that need to be referred to, you just list them all, separated by a comma. For example,

6 Dadswell v Carroll [2002] PLTC Civ 4443, [2002] 4 WTG 412 [19], [23], [26].

What is secondary referencing and can you use it?

There may be occasions where you need to refer to a text that you haven’t actually read but that is written about in a source that you are using. It’s best practice to use first hand references where you can, but if you find yourself needing to use a secondary one, this is ok to do. To do this, you simply use the footnote for the source you have read (that refers to the secondary source) and add ‘citing…’ For example,

21 Stephen Farthing, ART The Legal Story ( Thames & Hudson Ltd 2010) citing Strong v Carroll (1996) 21 PWRR (29).

How do you cite the same source multiple times?

When it comes to citing a legal case, you should cite it in full the first time it’s mentioned. After that, you can use a shorter form of the name of the case and a cross-citation [in brackets] to the original footnote. Just remember that you don’t need to include the name of the case in the footnote if it is included in the main body of your text.

If any subsequent citation comes directly after the first citation, you can just use ‘ibid’ (which means ‘in the same place’) and put the superscript number in brackets [like this].

How should you format direct quotes?

If it’s useful to include word-for-word text from a source, make sure it sits between single quotation marks to distinguish it from your own ideas.

If your quote is 1 or 2 lines long, you should integrate the quote within your text. For example:

As Dadswell states, ‘the studio-based moment didn’t…’.¹

But, if you are including a longer quote that is made up of 3 lines or more, you should drop the quotation marks and it should be separated out from the text a little. To do this, you simply move the quote to a new line and indent it.

What’s included in your word count?

Any in-text citations you use are usually included in your word count. Your footnotes, reference list and any additional bibliography are not included in your word count.

Oxford Referencing Generator

Select style:
Archive material
Chapter of an edited book
Conference proceedings
Dictionary entry
Dissertation
DVD, video, or film
E-book or PDF
Edited book
Encyclopedia article
Government publication
Music or recording
Online image or video
Presentation
Press release
Religious text

What is Oxford referencing?

The Oxford referencing style is a note citation system developed by the prestigious University of Oxford. It is also sometimes referred to as the documentary-note style. It consists of two elements; footnote citations and a reference list at the end of the document.

If you’ve been asked to make citations in the Oxford referencing style then make sure you follow the guidelines exactly as it can directly impact on the grades you get. Good referencing is a basis for good marks.

How to Oxford reference

To create the footnotes, you need to indicate a reference by putting a superscript number directly following the source material – this number is called the note identifier. You follow this up with a footnote citation at the bottom of the page. The note identifier – often known as an in-text citation – and the footnote should have the same number, thus ensuring the reader knows which source the note identifier is referring to. The footnotes and note identifiers should be in numerical and chronological order. The same number should be attached to the beginning of the citation and should be listed in chronological order.

For the reference list, you need to include the names of the authors, title and date of publication, the name of the publisher and place of publication. Remember to list all the sources you’ve referenced in the footnotes, as well as any other sources that informed your work which you didn’t necessarily quote or paraphrase.

Alternatively, let Cite This For Me do the whole lot for you simply and accurately using our mobile app or free web tool. Zero hassle, zero mistakes.

Oxford referencing example

In-text example:

The sky is blue. 1

Footnote example:

1 Stella Cottrell, The Study Skills Handbook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

Reference list example:

Cottrell, Stella, The Study Skills Handbook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)

Style notes

Bibliography
Publishing information
Quotations and paraphrasing
First, second and subsequent references
Numbers supercripted in-text

Notes

(Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2011), 102; Rex Wild and Patricia Anderson, (2007), <http://www.inquirysaac.nt.gov.au/pdf/bipacsa_final_report.pdf>, 107, accessed 10 Dec. 2012. (4th edn., Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2010), 34. prefers names to be fully capitalized in a bibliography, but most Oxford published journals and books do not actually capitalize the whole name. The La Trobe University Library has interpreted this to mean that it is not mandatory to capitalize all the letters in author names. Students wishing to capitalize author names should not be penalised for incorrectly formatted citations. 2nd edition 2014) For example, if you are writing an essay on Homer’s and are not referring to any secondary sources, use the full citation for the first footnote, then short form and the page number for all subsequent footnotes, i.e.:

First footnote: Homer, , tr. Robert Fagles (New York: Penguin, 1997).

Subsequent footnotes:Homer, 355

Homer, 248

Homer, 19

Notes

Stephen Daisley, ‘New Sheriffs of the Old West: How Superhero Gunslingers Tell the Story of America’, Commentary, 134/2 (2012), para. 5, in Expanded Academic ASAP [online database], accessed 28 Nov. 2012

prefers names to be fully capitalized in a bibliography, but most Oxford published journals and books do not actually capitalize the whole name. The La Trobe University Library has interpreted this to mean that it is not mandatory to capitalize all the letters in author names. Students wishing to capitalize author names should not be penalised for incorrectly formatted citations.

Some of the more often used examples are listed here:

ed. - editor
eds. - editors
edn. - edition
n.d. - for no date.
et al. - and other authors
rev. - revised
trans. or tr. - translator or translated by
vol. - volume
Ibid - From the Latin 'ibidem' meaning 'in the same place'

Notes

Kant, Immanuel, [Critique of Pure Reason], ed., tr. Marcus Weigelt (London: Penguin, 2007).

Broome, Richard, (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2005).
Broome, , (4th edn., Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2010).

would be listed before in the bibliography.

Roth, Philip, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008).
Roth (New York: Library of America, 2008).

(2nd edn, Oxford: OUP, 2014).

Notes

for the titles of books, journals and newspapers

Stoneman, Patsy, (London: Prentice Hall, 1996).

Gabriel Garcia Marquez, [Chronicle of a Death Foretold] (4th end., Barcelona: Debolsillo, 2009), 97.

as a descriptor, without quotation marks, e.g. the footnote entry would appear as:

William Shakespeare, ed. Martin Butler (London: Penguin, 2007), xxi-xxv.

The entry in the bibliography would appear as:

Shakespeare, William, ed. Martin Butler (London: Penguin, 2007)

(2nd edn., Oxford: OUP, 2012).

Richard Broome, (4th edn., Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2010), 34.

Jean-Paul Sartre, [Critique of Pure Reason], new edn. (Paris: Gallimard, 1985), 34.

Notes

: l recommends that direct quotes be enclosed within single quotation marks. However, if you submit your essay through Turnitin, all direct quotes need to be enclosed within double quotation marks. In this Referencing Tool we have tried to be consistent with the correct Oxford style and have presented all direct quote examples within single quotation marks.

Hirst claimed that ‘the worst sectarian violence in our history occurred in Melbourne in 1846 when Catholic and Protestant mobs fired on each other on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne’.

2. John Hirst, (Melbourne: Black Inc., 2006), 176.

Historians of the post-war period have noted the rapid expansion of government-funded education, particularly of university education, and the social changes that sprang from this:

Ironically, Menzies’s commitment to education had produced a large population of university students, often schooled in the critique of the new social sciences and whose affluence and idealism made them ready and eager to overthrow the old order associated with Menzies and Calwell. Across the country the old concern to preserve the status quo, to converse uniformity, to safeguard the Australian way of life and the family home from subversion was giving way to demands for change.

3. Patricia Grimshaw et al., (Ringwood, VIC: McPhee Gribble, 1994), 300.

Text
In the 1980’s there was a growing demand for RF (Islamic) banking in the West.

The effort to provide RF financial services was pioneered by Al Barak Bank in London in 1988, when it tried to come up with a home financing contract that would fit the requirements of the banking law in the West … This resulted in the birth of a new “Islamic” financing model based on the lease-to purchase model (Al Ijara Wal Tamaluk or Ijarah Wal Iqtina – these Arabic terms both mean lease to own).

Footnote
Yahia Abdul-Rahman, (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 206.

Original text:
The Revolution of 1688-89 was … of great importance for the history of liberty, in England and elsewhere. Later generations saw it as the cornerstone of their liberties – an MP referred to the Bill of Rights as “our national contract” as early as 1690 (Grey 1769, pp.75-76) – and used it to validate their claims for greater liberty.

The idea that the Bill of Rights guaranteed liberty can be traced back to debate in the House of Commons in 1690.

Footnote
12. J. Miller, ‘Crown, Parliament and People’, in J.R. Jones (ed.), (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 86.

Notes

1. Murray Johnson and Ian McFarlane, (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2015), 220.

3. Robert Broome, (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2005), 120.

4. Broome, , 126

1. Murray Johnson and Ian McFarlane, (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2015), 220
2. Tom Nairn, (London: Verso, 1997), 17.
3. Robert Broome, (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2005), 120.
4. Broome, , 126
5. John Danalis, (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2009), 53.
6. Broome, , 127.
7. Broome, , 130.
8. Nairn, , 176.
9. Nairn, , 180.

2nd edition 2014 for further information about short titles.

Notes

Superscript is where the numbers are slightly raised above the level of the text. : 2nd edition 2014, section 17.2.3.

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How to Reference in Oxford Style: 12 Steps (with Pictures)
A Guide How to Do Referencing in Oxford Style
How to Reference in Oxford Style: 12 Steps (with Pictures)
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SOLUTION: Oxford referencing style
️ Oxford referencing guide. Introduction. 2019-01-14

COMMENTS

Oxford Referencing: Getting started with Oxford referencing
In the Oxford style a superscript number is inserted at the point in your essay where you cite another author's work. At the bottom of the same page repeat the superscript number then follow it with the full details, including the page number, of the author's work you are citing, see example below. Start your footnote numbering at 1 and ...
Referencing styles
When citing a work with three or more authors, use the first author's last name plus 'et al.'. If you cite multiple references by the same author that were published in the same year, distinguish between them by adding labels (e.g. 'a' and 'b') to the year, in both the citation and the reference list.
How to Reference in Oxford Style: 12 Steps (with Pictures)
On your reference page, you will list author surname first, rather than the author's first name. 2. List all of your references in alphabetical order by surname. While in the text of the paper you will list the sources in the order you cite them, on your reference list they will be organized by alphabetical order.
PDF University of Oxford Style Guide
To refer to an academic or financial year, you can use either the format '2015-16' or '2015/16' - but ensure you are consistent throughout the text. The Proctors for 2016-17 will be elected in the 2015-16 academic year. Profits are up year on year: the company did better in 2014/15 than in 2013/14.
Referencing
Referencing. There are numerous different referencing systems in use across the University, but there should be clear instructions about referencing practice in your subject handbook. Your tutor can direct you to an appropriate style guide, while there is also a range of software that you can use to keep track of your sources and automatically ...
How to apply Oxford referencing style
Oxford referencing style consists of: A superscript (raised) number in the body of the text that refers to a footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnotes provide the bibliographic details of a source and are numbered consecutively throughout a paper or chapter.
Oxford LibGuides: Managing your references: Referencing Styles
This is how a book 1, book chapter 2, journal article 3 and conference paper 4 look in the citation style of the journal Nature, a recurrent numbering style.. 1. Carroll, R.L. The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution. 360 (The John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 2009).. 2. Shishkin, M.A., Novikov, I.V. & Gubin, Y.M. Permian and Triassic temnospondyls from Russia.
Library Guides: Oxford Referencing: Reference formats & examples
References by format: Oxford Style. This guide divides references into different formats for ease of use. Hover your cursor over the Reference Formats tab to select the format you want, or select from the links below. The overarching principle in referencing or citing is that readers should be able to follow your sources if they are interested ...
Oxford
Collect all sources in a reference list. According to the Oxford style, references to sources in the text are marked with footnotes. At the end of your document, you should have a reference list in which you collect all the sources you have used and referred to in your text. The reference list should be sorted alphabetically by the first author ...
What Is Oxford Referencing?
Oxford referencing is a footnote and bibliography system. This means you should give citations in footnotes, indicated with superscript numbers: Usually at the end of a sentence, like this.1. The first footnote for each source should include full publication information, as well as a pinpoint reference (i.e. the specific page or section cited).
PDF SKILLS FOR LEARNING O REFERENCING THE BASICS
OR LEARNING OXFORD REFERENCING- THE BASICSThis guide is intended as a basic introduction to the Oxford OSCOLA style of referencing used on La. courses at the University of Wolverhampton. A full guide is available separat. ly through the Skills for Learning webpages.The university also subscribes to Cite Them Right Online, a. referencing to.
A Quick Guide to Oxford Referencing
What is Oxford Referencing Style? Oxford style is a referencing style that incorporates footnotes into texts to cite sources. It is also known as documentary note style and comprises of the Footnote Citation, and Reference list. Footnote. A superscript that connects to an item in the footnote is placed at a pause point in your work.
Library Guides: Oxford Referencing: Sample Reference List
Your Reference List should be located on a separate page at the end of your essay and titled: Reference List. It should include the details of all your footnotes, arranged alphabetically A-Z by author surname, see Sample Reference List below. The terms 'Bibliography' and 'Reference List' are often used interchangeably, however a ...
PDF Deakin guide to Oxford
Oxford explained Overview The Oxford style of referencing consists of: 1. A superscript (raised) number in the body of the text that refers to a footnote at the bottom of the page. 2. Footnotes provide the bibliographic details of a source and are numbered consecutively throughout a paper or chapter. Endnotes are an alternative to footnotes.
Oxford Referencing
The format of Oxford citations can differ depending on the version of the system used, so make sure to check your style guide if you have one. However, the general rules for referencing a journal article are as follows. Citing a Print Journal Article in Footnotes. Footnote citations are indicated with superscript numbers in the text:
Oxford Referencing
As such, the basic format for a book in an Oxford reference list is: Surname, Initial (s), Book Title, publisher, place of publication, year. And in practice, this would look something like this: Kane, H., Discovering Rome, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002. Oxford referencing is a common form of footnote citation.
How to Cite in Oxford Referencing Style
How to do Oxford Referencing on Microsoft Word. If you want to know how to use Oxford style citations in microsoft word follow these simple steps: Open Microsoft Word. In the top menu, select "Tools" and then "References." A new window will open with a list of available referencing styles.
How to Cite a Website in Oxford Referencing
This is how a citation should look in your document.1. The first time you reference a website, use the following format: n. Initial (s). Surname, "Page Title," Website [website], publication date, section/paragraph number (if applicable), <URL>, accessed date. You should then end up with something like this:
Free Oxford Referencing Generator (& Guide)
This referencing style was developed at Oxford University and is therefore also widely known as the Oxford referencing style. It's used mainly by law schools and publishers for sources relating to legal cases and legislation in general. ... Reference List: Directly after your essay, you then list the sources you've used in full. The list is ...
Oxford Referencing Generator
The Oxford referencing style is a note citation system developed by the prestigious University of Oxford. It is also sometimes referred to as the documentary-note style. It consists of two elements; footnote citations and a reference list at the end of the document. If you've been asked to make citations in the Oxford referencing style then ...
PDF University of Oxford Style Guide
estimated to be 8,008,278.TimesUse either the 12- or 24-hour clo. k - not both in the same text. The 12-hour clock uses a full stop between the hours and minutes; the 24-hour clo. k uses a colon and omits am/pm.The lecture s. arts at 11.30am and ends at 1pm.The lecture s.
Oxford Referencing Style
Oxford Referencing Style | FootnotesThe Oxford style may seem confusing at first, but it can make your work easier to read! In the Oxford style the citations...
Style notes
Style notes. Within an essay you must acknowledge where information has come from through the use of footnotes. All footnotes should be numbered. All footnote references should be listed in the order they appear in the essay. To reference more than one item in a footnote, order them alphabetically by author and separate the citation with a semi ...

Referencing styles

Introduction

Author-date citations (Harvard)

In-text citation

Structure of the reference list

Examples of author-date references in British style

Chapter in an edited book

Journal article

Magazine article

Website or other source

As you write ...

Reference list

Further reading

Examples of author-date references in US style

Reference list vs. bibliography

Example: author–date citation with a reference list and further reading—US style

Numbered notes

Endnotes or footnotes?

Note structure and format

Numbered notes in British style

Edited book

Authored book with an editor or translator

Multi-volume work

Unpublished or informally published content

Numbered notes in US style

Law - case law

Short citations

Legal short citations

Example: short citations in US style

Numbered notes in combination with a bibliography

Structure of a bibliography entry

Bibliography entries in British Style

Sample bibliography

Bibliography entries in US style

Numbered reference citations (Vancouver)

Numbered reference citations in British style

Unauthored book (books published by committee, agency, or group)

Magazine or newspaper article

If the article has no stated author:

Example: Numbered reference citations and reference list—British style

Numbered reference citations and reference list in US style

Example: Numbered reference citations and reference list—US style

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