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aiou 438 solved assignment spring 2022

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Aiou code 438 principles of accounting assignments spring and autumn.

AIOU Code 438 Principles Of Accounting Assignments Spring And Autumn Allama Iqbal Open University  (AIOU) has been a pioneer in offering accessible and versatile schooling to University students throughout Pakistan. One of many programs provided by AIOU is Code 438 Rules of Accounting. This course’s goal is to equip University students with a stable basis in accounting ideas and practices. The assignments for this course, provided in each Spring and Autumn semester, are important in assessing University students’ understanding of the topic. In this weblog submission, we will delve into the importance of AIOU Code 438 assignments, their construction, and ideas for efficiently finishing them.

Understanding AIOU Code 438:

Rules of Accounting (Code 438) is a basic course that introduces University students to the fundamental ideas of accounting, monetary statements, and the ideas governing the preparation and evaluation of those statements. The course is designed to offer University students a complete understanding of accounting terminology, ideas, and purposes.

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AIOU Code 438 Principles Of Accounting Solved Assignments
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Note: If you want more solved assignments of all other codes Click Here

علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی کی ہاتھ سے لکھی ہوِئی حل شدہ مشقیں حاصل کرنے کے لیے رابطہ کریں

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AIOU Code 438 Principles Of Accounting Solved Assignments Guess Papers

Download AIOU Past Papers Last Five Years Old Papers

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Importance of Assignments:

Assignments in AIOU Code 438 are an important element in the evaluation course. They provide University students a chance to use theoretical ideas in sensible situations, enhancing their analytical and problem-solving abilities. Moreover, assignments contribute considerably to the general course grade, making them a key factor in figuring out educational success.

Structure of Assignments:

AIOU Code 438 assignments are rigorously crafted to cover varied facets of accounting ideas. The assignments sometimes embody a mixture of theoretical questions, problem-solving workout routines, and case research. University students are required to show their understanding of accounting ideas, ideas, and their capability to use them in real-world conditions. The assignments could cover subjects resembling journal entries, trial steadiness, monetary statements, and the interpretation of economic knowledge.

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Home » AIOU Studio 9 – AIOU Assignments, Past Papers, & Study Resources

AIOU Studio 9 – AIOU Assignments, Past Papers, & Study Resources

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AIOU STUDIO 9

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Matric Spring 2024
F.A | I.Com Spring 2024
B.A | B.Com | AD Spring 2024
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BS Spring 2024
M.Ed Spring 2024
MA Islamiat Spring 2024
MA Urdu Spring 2024
MSc Pakistan Studies Spring 2024
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M.Sc Sociology Spring 2024
MLIS Spring 2024
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Matric Spring 2024 Assignments – AIOU Studio 9

Matric class students can see and download their AIOU free assignments above. First, click the above code, and secondly, click the download button to get your AIOU Studio 9 assignment for Spring 2024. You can also download free guess papers using the AIOU Studio 9 website. We also provide AIOU key books for the matric class, which you can order.

Intermediate FA I.Com Spring 2024 Assignments – AIOU Studio 9

FA and I.Com class students can see and download their AIOU free assignments above. First, click the above code, and secondly, click the download button to get your AIOU Studio 9 assignment for Spring 2024. You can also download free guess papers using the AIOU Studio 9 website. We also provide AIOU key books for FA and I.Com classes, which you can order.

Bachelors B.A B.Com Associate Degree Spring 2024 Assignments – AIOU Studio 9

Bachelor class students can see and download their AIOU free assignments above. First, click the above code, and secondly, click the download button to get your AIOU Studio 9 assignment for Spring 2024. You can also download free guess papers using the AIOU Studio 9 website. We also provide AIOU key books for the BA and B.Com classes, which you can order.

Assignments Submission Time Spring 2024 – AIOU Studio 9

Submitting assignments on time is very important. We provide guidance on all assignments and submission dates using the AIOU Studio 9 service. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is very strict during this process. Follow the timetable provided with your books to avoid being marked as failed. Always adhere to the assignment submission schedule.

Matric Class Assignment Submission Dates – AIOU Studio 9

With AIOU submission dates, you can check the last dates for AIOU free assignments for matric. Check dates for all four assignments: first, second, third, and fourth. Follow our steps to find the dates using AIOU Studio 9. Click the link below to access “Matric Assignments Submission Dates,” leading you to related posts.

Intermediate (FA / I.Com) Class Assignment Submission Dates Spring 2024 – AIOU Studio 9

Check the last dates for AIOU free assignments for Intermediate (FA / I.Com). Find dates for all four assignments: first, second, third, and fourth. Click the link below to access “Intermediate (FA / I.Com) Assignments Submission Dates,” leading you to related posts.

Bachelor Class (BA / B.Com / AD) Assignment Submission Dates – AIOU Studio 9

Check the last dates for AIOU free assignments for Bachelor Class (BA / B.Com / AD). Find dates for all four assignments: first, second, third, and fourth. Click the link below to access “Bachelor Class (BA / B.Com / AD) Assignments Submission Dates,” leading you to related posts.

Check Dates

Assignment Marks Spring 2024 – AIOU Studio 9

Under this heading, we will provide details on assignment marks for the semester Spring 2024.

Matric Assignments Marks Spring 2024

Learn how to check Matric class assignment marks for the semester Spring 2024 using AIOU Studio 9. Follow the steps below to check matric assignment marks.

Check Matric Assignments Result

Intermediate (fa / i.com) assignments result spring 2024.

Learn how to check Intermediate (FA / I.Com) class assignment marks for the semester Spring 2024 using AIOU Studio 9. Follow the steps below to check Intermediate (FA / I.Com) assignment marks.

Check Intermediate (FA / I.Com) Assignments Result

Bachelor (ba / b.com (associate degree) ad) assignments result spring 2024.

Learn how to check assignment marks for Bachelor classes (BA / B.Com / AD) in the semester Spring 2024 using AIOU Studio 9. Follow the steps below to check Bachelor Class (BA / B.Com / AD) assignment marks.

Check Bachelor Class (BA / B.Com / AD) Assignments Result

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Principles of Accounting Code No. 438 Past Papers | AIOU

  • AIOU Past Papers »
  • B.Com (ADC) »
  • Principles of Accounting (438)

Download and view past papers for Principles of Accounting code number 438 (AIOU) for the semester of spring and autumn. It is a 6 credit hours book.Old papers will provide a clear understanding of important areas or parts of the subjects. Also previous examinations papers will provide a guess for the upcoming examination.Below table provide past papers. Click on the link to view:

Autumn Past Papers
Serial NoYear/SemesterView
1
2
Spring Past Papers
Serial NoYear/SemesterView
1
2
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  • Business Taxation (456)
  • Ethics (For Non-Muslims only) (418)
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  • Fundamentals of Business (463)

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Download AIOU Solved Assignments 2021: Spring & Autumn • PDFs

AIOU Solved Assignments for All programs in PDf

Now you can download your AIOU Solved Assignments either of Semester Spring or Semester Autumn for FREE. All assignments are in PDF and easily accesible for the students.

So, here below are the Solved Assignments for Matric, Intermediate (FA, I.Com), Bachelors (BS, BA, B.Ed), Masters (MA, MEd, M. phil), PhD. Find AIOU Tutor online for All Program by Roll Number

Note : All Assignments are uploaded and updated from third-party service. If some assignments are not available then wait for a span of time. We do not upload these assignment directly from us.

Check Also: Download AIOU Books in PDF online of All Program

AIOU Intermediate (FA, I.Com) Solved Assignments 2021

Students who take admission in AIOU Intermediate Programs are really newbies to AIOU System and not much familiar with the AIOU Rules and Regulations.

Allama Iqbal Open University Intermediate (FA, I.Com) solved assignments are available in PDF Format and you can easily save these or download these files into your Mobile or PC easily.

Download your AIOU Intermediate Solved Assignments from the above mentioned button.

Note: Check AIOU Tutor Letter online by Roll Number [Updated]

AIOU B.Ed Solved Assignments 2021

Allama Iqbal Open University offers B.Ed program of 1.5, 2.5 & 4 years. You have to submit your Assignments in each semester and it is mandatory to get passing marks in each assignment.

All assignments are updated for AIOU B.Ed program for 2021 in Semester Spring & Semester Autumn on the page.

Click on the link above above and download your desired solved assignment in PDF, which will be easily accessible.

Note: Check AIOU BA Program Details [Admission, Fee, Result, Books]

AIOU BA Solved Assignments 2021

BA (Gen. Group) is the most enrolled program by students in Allama Iqbal Open University. And, students have to submit their assignments because the Obtained Marks in assignments will be counted in final exams.

So, download all BA codes assignments from the below button of both Semester Spring & Semester Autumn.

If you can an assignment of a specific code is missing or there is any issue regarding this then you may let us know by sending us a comment from below.

Note: Download AIOU Books in PDF 2021

AIOU BS ODL Solved Assignments 2021

There is a wide-range program offered by Allama Iqbal Open University to its students. Students of BS ODL are also required to send Assignments to their Tutor every semester.

All assignments will be checked by your tutor and the Obtained Marks will be counted counted in final exams.

Note: Check AIOU Date Sheet of All Programs 2021

AIOU Associate Degree Program (ADP) Solved Assignments 2021

Associate Degree Program is also a best choice for the students of AIOU. Assignments are also mandatory for ADP students to submit them to assigned tutor.

You are requested not to copy these solved assignments as same as they are. All these solved assignments are just for your guidance.

Note: Check AIOU Roll Number Slip 2021

AIOU Masters (MA, MSc, M.Ed) Solved Assignments 2021

All you need to download the AIOU MA, M.Ed Assignments is click on the click below button. It will redirect you to dedicated page for AIOU Solved Assignments.

Solved Assignments for both Semester Spring & Semester Autumn are updated. All these solved assignments are just a click away.

Note: Check AIOU Result 2021 by Roll Number [Updated]

How to submit AIOU Assignments?

Well, now in this 2002 Allama Iqbal Open University has provided two options to submit their assignments. Either you can use AIOU LMS (Agahi Portal) to submit your assignments or you can send your assignments to your Tutor.

So, first of check your Updated AIOU Tutor Letter record from here.

And, just send these assignments in an envalope at your Tutor Address.

And, the second option is to scan your hand-written assignments to soft-form and upload them on AIOU LMS (Agahi Portal).

Keep remembered that the maximum size for one assignment to upload is 5 MB and only PDF or DOCX files are permitted.

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You can use any Scanner (CamScanner) in your Mobile Phone and can scan the pages of written assignments to a PDF file in that Scanner App.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How much assignments marks are added in final result.

It is mandatory for every student to submit the assignments and get passing marks in Assignments. In the final result, 70% Marks are counted from your Final Exams and 30% Marks are counted from your Assignments.

What if I do not submit Assignments?

If you do not submit your assignments or you are failed to get passing marks in assignments then in your result Re-Appear will be written. This means that you have to take the exams again and have to submit your assignments again.

Is it necessary to submit Assignments to Allama Iqbal Open University- AIOU?

Yes, It is necessary to submit AIOU Assignments to your tutor else you will be considered to fail in your final result. You will also get failed in your final results if you are unable to get passing marks in your assignments. Your AOU Tutor marks your assignments in the same way as your papers are checked in the annual examination.

How I can download these AIOU Solved Assignments?

Well, you can download these solved assignments in PDF by going to the section for which you want to download Solved Assignments. If you want to download AIOU Solved Assignment for the B.Ed program then click on the Button above for B.Ed solved assignment. And, you will be directed toward a dedicated page for B.Ed Solved Assignments where you can download them in PDF.

What if I get failed in Assignment Marks even after sending them to Tutor?

If you sent your written assignments to your tutor or uploaded them on AIOU LMS portal and still you get failed in Assignments Marks then you should contact AIOU Regional office. Provide them your receipt of sending assignments to Tutor and fill an Application Form for the correction of your result.

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You can easily ask your questions in the  comments  below. Our team will try their best to promptly help you and will answer your questions as soon as possible.

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AIOU Matric Solved Assignments – Spring

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Allama Iqbal open university solved assignment matric spring 2022 pdf 

Find aiou matric solved assignments – spring 2022 here. solve your problems with these solved assignments., enjoy the best assignment solution for aiou matric., get this page’s latest solved assignments for the aiou matric class spring 2022., aiou spring 2022 assignments, aiou matric solved assignments – spring 2022 .

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Welcome to our website. If you are a student of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) and pursuing BS English program, then you have come to the right place. We offer solved assignments for Matric, FA, I.COM, BA, B.COM, Associate Degree, BS 4 Years, BS 2.5 Years, MA, MSC, MED, BED, ADE programs that you can download easily from our website. Apart from this, we also have helping books available for purchase that can assist you in preparing for your exams. To stay updated with our latest resources, we recommend that you subscribe to our AIOU Studio 9 – M. Daniyal Iqbal YouTube channel, where we regularly upload informative videos related to AIOU and its programs.

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aiou 438 solved assignment spring 2022

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1,342 comments:

aiou 438 solved assignment spring 2022

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Assignments

# Class Name Action
1 MATRIC (General, Dars-i Nizami)
2 INTERMEDIATE (FA, ICOM, Dars-i Nizami)
3 BS URDU (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
4 BS PAKISTAN STUDIES (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
5 BS LIBRARY (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
6 BS GENDERS AND WOMAN STUDIES (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
7 BS GENDERS AND WOMAN STUDIES (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
8 BS ENGLISH (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
9 BS ECONOMICS (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
10 BS ACCOUNTING & FINANCE (2/2.5/4 YEARS)
11 BBA (BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION)-(2/2.5/4 YEARS)
12 BACHELOR (BA, B.COM, BLIS, Dars-i Nizami)
13 B.ED (1.5, 2.5, 4 Years) + ADE

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AIOU Course Code 1429-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022

Download button is given at the end of post.

Semester: Spring, 2022

https://wa.me//+923038507371

  • The part is of the product 1 type
  • The part is unacceptable
  • The part is an acceptable unit of product 3
  • The part is an unacceptable unit of product 1
  • The part is acceptable, given that the selected part is a unit of product 2
  • The part is product 1, given that the selected part is acceptable
  • The part is product 3, given that the selected part is unacceptable
  • Robbing a bank and going to jail.
  • Not paying your power bill on time and having your power cut off.
  • Boarding a plane first and finding a good seat.
  • Parking illegally and getting a parking ticket. Parking illegally increases your odds of getting a ticket.
  • Buying ten lottery tickets and winning the lottery. The more tickets you buy, the greater your odds of winning.
  • Driving a car and getting in a traffic accident.
  • When two events are independent, one event does not influence the probability of another event.
  • Owning a dog and growing your own herb garden.
  • Paying off your mortgage early and owning a Chevy Cavalier.
  • Winning the lottery and running out of milk.
  • Buying a lottery ticket and finding a penny on the floor (your odds of finding a penny does not depend on you buying a lottery ticket).
  • Taking a cab home and finding your favorite movie on cable.
  • Getting a parking ticket and playing craps at the casino.
  • Here are more formal ways to quantify dependent or independent events. You’ll come across these formulas in basic  probability .
  • P(A|B) = P(A).
  • P(B|A) = P(B)
  • i) Construct the probability distribution for this experiment and determine the probability that
  • ii) None of three is unemployed
  • All girls – 0.5*0.5*0.5 =0.125 (12.5%)
  • 2Boys 1 Girl — 3C2 * 0.125 = 37.5%
  • At least 2 girls — 2Girls 1 boy + all girls = 37.5% +12.5% = 50%
  • 2 Boys at most — All posibilities — P(all boys) = 100%– 12.5% =67.5%
  • ii) [–5, –3]
  • iv) (5, 10]
  • i) |7x – 12 | = |4–3x|
  • ii) [5x – 4| £ –10
  • i) Determine the slope intercept equation (V = mt + k) which relates the value V of the machine to its age t.
  • ii) Interpret the meaning of the slope and V intercept.

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0451 solved assignment spring 2022

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8615 solved assignment spring 2022

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Allama Iqbal Open University | Virtual University Assignments Solution

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8615 Autumn & Spring 2024

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8615 Autumn & Spring 2024. Solved Assignments code 8615 Management Strategies in Educational Institutions 2024. Allama iqbal open university old papers.

Course: Management Strategies in Educational Institutions (8615)  Level: B.Ed (1.5 Year) Semester: Autumn & Spring 2024 Assignment No.1

 Q. 1 Elaborate need and scope of management. Discuss different features of management.

Answer: The term ‘management’ has been used in different senses. Sometimes it refers to the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and controlling, at other times it is used to describe it as a function of managing people. It is also referred to as a body of knowledge, a practice and discipline. There are some who describe management as a technique of leadership and decision-making while some others have analyzed management as an economic resource, a factor of production or a system of authority.

  Objectives of Management:

The primary objective of management is to run the enterprise smoothly. The profit earning objective of a business is also to be kept in mind while undertaking various functions.

  Following are the broad objectives of management:

1. Proper Utilization of Resources: The main objective of management is to use various resources of the enterprise in a most economic way. The proper use of men, materials, machines and money will help a business to earn sufficient profits to satisfy various interests. The proprietors will want more returns on their investments while employees, customers and public will expect a fair deal from the management. All these interests will be satisfied only when physical resources of the business are properly utilized.

2. Improving Performance: Management should aim at improving the performance of each and every factor of production. The environment should be so congenial that workers are able to give their maximum to the enterprise. The fixing of objectives of various factors of production will help them in improving their performance. 3. Mobilizing Best Talent: The management should try to employ persons in various fields so that better results are possible. The employment of specialists in various fields will be increasing the efficiency of various factors of production. There should be a proper environment which should encourage good persons to join the enterprise. The better pay scales, proper amenities, future growth potentialities will attract more people in joining a concern. 4. Planning for Future: Another important objective of management is to prepare plans. No management should feel satisfied with today’s work if it has not thought of tomorrow. Future plans should take into consideration what is to be done next. Future performance will depend upon present planning. So, planning for future is essential to help the concern.

Scope or Branches of Management: Management is an all pervasive function since it is required in all types of organized endeavour. Thus, its scope is very large. The following activities are covered under the scope of management: (i) Planning, (ii) Organization (iii) Staffing. (iv) Directing, (v) Coordinating, and (vi) Controlling. The operational aspects of business management, called the branches of management, are as follows: 1. Production Management 2. Marketing Management 3. Financial Management. 4. Personnel Management and

5. Office Management. Different features of management: Now let’s briefly discuss each feature of management. 1. Continuous and never ending process Management is a Process. It includes four main functions, viz., Planning, Organising, Directing and Controlling. The manager has to Plan and Organise all the activities. He had to give proper Directions to his subordinates. He also has to Control all the activities. The manager has to perform these functions continuously. Therefore, management is a continuous and never ending process. 2. Getting things done through people The managers do not do the work themselves. They get the work done through the workers. The workers should not be treated like slaves. They should not be tricked, threatened or forced to do the work. A favourable work environment should be created and maintained. 3. Result oriented science and art Management is result oriented because it gives a lot of importance to “ Results “. Examples of Results like, increase in market share, increase in profits, etc. Management always wants to get the best results at all times. 4. Multidisciplinary in nature Management has to get the work done through people. It has to manage people. This is a very difficult job because different people have different emotions, feelings, aspirations, etc. Similarly, the same person may have different emotions at different times. So, management is a very complex job. Therefore, management uses knowledge from many different subjects such as Economics, Information Technology, Psychology, Sociology, etc. Therefore, it is multidisciplinary in nature. 5. A group and not an individual activity Management is not an individual activity. It is a group activity. It uses group (employees) efforts to achieve group (owners) objectives. It tries to satisfy the needs and wants of a group (consumers). Nowadays, importance is given to the team (group) and not to individuals. 6. Follows established principles or rules Management follows established principles, such as division of work, discipline, unity of command, etc. These principles help to prevent and solve the problems in the organisation. 7. Aided but not replaced by computers Now-a-days, all managers use computers. Computers help the managers to take accurate decisions. However, computers can only help management. Computers cannot replace management. This is because management takes the final responsibility. Thus Management is aided (helped) but not replaced by computers. 8. Situational in nature Management makes plans, policies and decisions according to the situation. It changes its style according to the situation. It uses different plans, policies, decisions and styles for different situations. The manager first studies the full present situation. Then he draws conclusions about the situation. Then he makes plans, decisions, etc., which are best for the present situation. This is called Situational Management. 9. Need not be an ownership In small organisations, management and ownership are one and the same. However, in large organisations, management is separate from ownership. The managers are highly qualified professionals who are hired from outside. The owners are the shareholders of the company.

10. Both an art and science Management is result-oriented. Therefore, it is an Art. Management conducts continuous research. Thus, it is also a Science.

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8615 Autumn & Spring 2024

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Q. 2 Explain evolution of different approaches of management.

  The three approaches to the evolution of management. The approaches are: 1. The Classical Approach 2. The Behavioral Approach 3. The Quantitative Approach.

1. The Classical Approach: The classical school represented the first major systematic approach to management thought. It was distinguished by its emphasis on finding way to get the work of each employee done faster. It is primarily based upon the economic rationality of all employees. This evolved that people are motivated by economic incentives and that they will rationally consider opportunities that provide for them the greatest economic gain. The classical school can be broken down into three historical philosophies of management. B. Administrative Management Approach: Scientific management focused primarily on the efficiency of production, but administrative management focused on formal organisation structure and the delineation of the basic process of general management. This approach is also known as functional or process approach and is based primarily on the ideas of Henry Fayol (1841-1925). Henry Fayol is recognised as the first person to systematize the administrative approach activities into six groups, all of which are closely dependent on one another. 2. The Behavioral Approach: The behavioural approach on the human relations approach is based upon the premise of increase in production and managerial efficiency through an understanding of the people. The human relations approach of management involves with the human behaviour and focused attention on the human beings in the organisation. The growth and popularity of this approach is attributable to Elton Mayo (1880- 1949) and his Hawthorne experiments. The Hawthorne experiments were carried out at the Hawthorne plant of the western electric company. These experiments were carried out by Elton Mayo and the staff of the Harvard Business School, main researchers were Elton Mayo, White Head, Roethlisberger and Dickson. The first of Mayo’s four studies took place at a Philadelphia textile mill. The problem he investigated was excessive labour turnover in a department where work was particularly monotonous and fatiguing. The workers tended to sink into a dejected, disconsolate mood soon after being assigned there eventually they would lose their tempers for no apparent reason and impulsively quit. At first Mayo thought the reason for the worker’s behaviour must be physical fatigue. So, he instituted a series of rest periods, during the workday. In course of trying to schedule these periods in the most efficient manner, management experimented with allowing the workers to do the scheduling themselves. The effect was dramatic. Turnover fell sharly to about the same level as that for the rest of the plant, productivity shot upward and the melancholy moods disappeared. Similar results were obtained at the Hawthorne plant of the western electric company. Mayo’s another studies made at the Bank hiring room and at an aircraft factory. Hence the Mayo’s study showed that the role played by social needs is more responsive to the social forces operating at work than the economic rewards. 3. The Quantitative Approach: This approach involves the application of modern quantitative or mathematical techniques for solving managerial problems. This approach is also known as decision theory approach, mathematical approach, quantitative approach, operational approach etc. These quantitative tools and methodologies are designed to add in decision- making relating to operations and production. According to Lindsay, these techniques assist the management for improving their decisions by: (i) Increasing the number of alternatives that can be considered. (ii) Assisting in faster decision-making based upon objective analysis of available information. (iii) Helping management in evaluating the risks and results of different courses of action. (iv) Helping to bring into optimum balance the many diverse elements of a modern enterprise. The technique generally involves the following 4 steps: (i) A mathematical model is constructed with variables reflecting the important factors in the situation to be analysed. (ii) The decision rules are established and some standards are set for the purpose of comparing the relative merits of possible courses of actions. (iii) The empirical data is gathered which would relate parameters in the goal utility.

(iv) The mathematical calculations are executed so as to find a course of action that will maximize the objective function or the goal utility.

AIOU Solved Assignments Code 8615 Autumn & Spring 2024

Q. 3 Define PERT? Prepare PERT diagram to explain its process step-wise including all activities in

 Answer: Complex projects require a series of activities, some of which must be performed sequentially and others that can be performed in parallel with other activities. This collection of series and parallel tasks can be modeled as a network. In 1957 the Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed as a network model for project management. CPM is a deterministic method that uses a fixed time estimate for each activity. While CPM is easy to understand and use, it does not consider the time variations that can have a great impact on the completion time of a complex project. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a network model that allows for randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in the late 1950’s for the U.S. Navy’s Polaris project having thousands of contractors. It has the potential to reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project. The Network Diagram In a project, an activity is a task that must be performed and an event is a milestone marking the completion of one or more activities. Before an activity can begin, all of its predecessor activities must be completed. Project network models represent activities and milestones by arcs and nodes. PERT originally was an activity on arc network, in which the activities are represented on the lines and milestones on the nodes. Over time, some people began to use PERT as an activity on node network. For this discussion, we will use the original form of activity on arc. The PERT chart may have multiple pages with many sub-tasks. The following is a very simple example of a PERT diagram: PERT Chart

C:\Users\DIN SONS WERKING C\Desktop\PERT Chart_files\pert.gif

The milestones generally are numbered so that the ending node of an activity has a higher number than the beginning node. Incrementing the numbers by 10 allows for new ones to be inserted without modifying the numbering of the entire diagram. The activities in the above diagram are labeled with letters along with the expected time required to complete the activity. Steps in the PERT Planning Process PERT planning involves the following steps:

1. Identify the specific activities and milestones. 2. Determine the proper sequence of the activities. 3. Construct a network diagram. 4. Estimate the time required for each activity. 5. Determine the critical path . 6. Update the PERT chart as the project progresses. 1. Identify Activities and Milestones The activities are the tasks required to complete the project. The milestones are the events marking the beginning and end of one or more activities. It is helpful to list the tasks in a table that in later steps can be expanded to include information on sequence and duration.

2. Determine Activity Sequence This step may be combined with the activity identification step since the activity sequence is evident for some tasks. Other tasks may require more analysis to determine the exact order in which they must be performed. 3. Construct the Network Diagram Using the activity sequence information, a network diagram can be drawn showing the sequence of the serial and parallel activities. For the original activity-on-arc model, the activities are depicted by arrowed lines and milestones are depicted by circles or “bubbles”. If done manually, several drafts may be required to correctly portray the relationships among activities. Software packages simplify this step by automatically converting tabular activity information into a network diagram. 4. Estimate Activity Times Weeks are a commonly used unit of time for activity completion, but any consistent unit of time can be used. A distinguishing feature of PERT is its ability to deal with uncertainty in activity completion times. For each activity, the model usually includes three time estimates:

• Optimistic time – generally the shortest time in which the activity can be completed. It is common practice to specify optimistic times to be three standard deviations from the mean so that there is approximately a 1% chance that the activity will be completed within the optimistic time.

• Most likely time – the completion time having the highest probability. Note that this time is different from the expected time .

• Pessimistic time – the longest time that an activity might require. Three standard deviations from the mean is commonly used for the pessimistic time. PERT assumes a beta probability distribution for the time estimates. For a beta distribution, the expected time for each activity can be approximated using the following weighted average: Expected time = ( Optimistic + 4 x Most likely + Pessimistic ) / 6 This expected time may be displayed on the network diagram. To calculate the variance for each activity completion time, if three standard deviation times were selected for the optimistic and pessimistic times, then there are six standard deviations between them, so the variance is given by: [ ( Pessimistic – Optimistic ) / 6 ] 2 5. Determine the Critical Path The critical path is determined by adding the times for the activities in each sequence and determining the longest path in the project. The critical path determines the total calendar time required for the project. If activities outside the critical path speed up or slow down (within limits), the total project time does not change. The amount of time that a non-critical path activity can be delayed without delaying the project is referred to as slack time . If the critical path is not immediately obvious, it may be helpful to determine the following four quantities for each activity:

• ES – Earliest Start time

• EF – Earliest Finish time

• LS – Latest Start time

• LF – Latest Finish time These times are calculated using the expected time for the relevant activities. The earliest start and finish times of each activity are determined by working forward through the network and determining the earliest time at which an activity can start and finish considering its predecessor activities. The latest start and finish times are the latest times that an activity can start and finish without delaying the project. LS and LF are found by working backward through the network. The difference in the latest and earliest finish of each activity is that activity’s slack. The critical path then is the path through the network in which none of the activities have slack. The variance in the project completion time can be calculated by summing the variances in the completion times of the activities in the critical path. Given this variance, one can calculate the probability that the project will be completed by a certain date assuming a normal probability distribution for the critical path. The normal distribution assumption holds if the number of activities in the path is large enough for the central limit theorem to be applied.

Since the critical path determines the completion date of the project, the project can be accelerated by adding the resources required to decrease the time for the activities in the critical path. Such a shortening of the project sometimes is referred to as project crashing . 6. Update as Project Progresses Make adjustments in the PERT chart as the project progresses. As the project unfolds, the estimated times can be replaced with actual times. In cases where there are delays, additional resources may be needed to stay on schedule and the PERT chart may be modified to reflect the new situation.

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Autumn & Spring 2024 Code 8615

Q. 4 What are the benefits of strategic decisions? Explain the concept of SWOT analysis in strategic

management.

Answer: Strategic decisions are the decisions that are concerned with whole environment in which the firm operates, the entire resources and the people who form the company and the interface between the two. Benefits of Strategic Decisions Strategic decisions have major resource propositions for an organization. These decisions may be concerned with possessing new resources, organizing others or reallocating others. Strategic decisions deal with harmonizing organizational resource capabilities with the threats and opportunities. Strategic decisions deal with the range of organizational activities. It is all about what they want the organization to be like and to be about. Strategic decisions involve a change of major kind since an organization operates in ever-changing environment. Strategic decisions are complex in nature. Strategic decisions are at the top most level, are uncertain as they deal with the future, and involve a lot of risk. Strategic decisions are different from administrative and operational decisions. Administrative decisions are routine decisions which help or rather facilitate strategic decisions or operational decisions. Operational decisions are technical decisions which help execution of strategic decisions. To reduce cost is a strategic decision which is achieved through operational decision of reducing the number of employees and how we carry out these reductions will be administrative decision. Concept of SWOT analysis in strategic management: SWOT can be done by one person or a group of members that are directly responsible for the situation assessment in the company. Basic Swot analysis is done fairly easily and comprises of only few steps: Step 1. Listing the firm’s key strengths and weaknesses Step 2. Identifying opportunities and threats Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are the factors of the firm’s internal environment. When looking for strengths, ask what do you do better or have more valuable than your competitors have? In case of the weaknesses, ask what could you improve and at least catch up with your competitors? Where to look for them? Some strengths or weaknesses can be recognized instantly without deeper studying of the organization. But usually the process is harder and managers have to look into the firm’s: Resources: land, equipment, knowledge, brand equity, intellectual property, etc. Core competencies Capabilities Functional areas: management, operations, marketing, finances, human resources and R&D Organizational culture Value chain activities Strength or a weakness? Often, company’s internal factors are seen as both, strengths and weaknesses, at the same time. It is also hard to tell if a characteristic is a strength (weakness) or not. For example, firm’s organizational structure can be a strength, a weakness or neither! In such cases, you should rely on:

Clear definition. Very often factors which are described too broadly may fit both strengths and weaknesses. For example, “brand image” might be a weakness if the company has poor brand image. However, it can also be a strength if the company has the most valuable brand in the market, valued at $100 billion. Therefore, it is easier to identify if a factor is a strength or a weakness when it’s defined precisely. Benchmarking. The key emphasize in doing swot is to identify the factors that are the strengths or weaknesses in comparison to the competitors. For example, 17% profit margin would be an excellent margin for many firms in most industries and it would be considered as a strength. But what if the average profit margin of your competitors is 20%? Then company’s 17% profit margin would be considered as a weakness. VRIO framework. A resource can be seen as a strength if it exhibits VRIO (valuable, rare and cannot be imitated) framework characteristics. Otherwise, it doesn’t provide any strategic advantage for the company. Opportunities and threats Opportunities and threats are the external uncontrollable factors that usually appear or arise due to the changes in the macro environment, industry or competitors’ actions. Opportunities represent the external situations that bring a competitive advantage if seized upon. Threats may damage your company so you would better avoid or defend against them.

Q. 5 Describe the concept of performance appraisal. Illustrate ‘future oriented methods of appraisal’

with specific examples.

Answer: Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the performance of employees and to understand the abilities of a person for further growth and development. Performance appraisal is generally done in systematic ways which are as follows:

1. The supervisors measure the pay of employees and compare it with targets and plans. 2. The supervisor analyses the factors behind work performances of employees. 3. The employers are in position to guide the employees for a better performance. Objectives of Performance Appraisal Performance Appraisal can be done with following objectives in mind: 1. To maintain records in order to determine compensation packages, wage structure, salaries raises, etc. 2. To identify the strengths and weaknesses of employees to place right men on right job. 3. To maintain and assess the potential present in a person for further growth and development. 4. To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related status. 5. To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related status. 6. It serves as a basis for influencing working habits of the employees. 7. To review and retain the promotional and other training programmes. Advantages of Performance Appraisal It is said that performance appraisal is an investment for the company which can be justified by following advantages: 1. Promotion: Performance Appraisal helps the supervisors to chalk out the promotion programmes for efficient

employees. In this regards, inefficient workers can be dismissed or demoted in case. 2. Compensation: Performance Appraisal helps in chalking out compensation packages for employees. Merit rating is possible through performance appraisal. Performance Appraisal tries to give worth to a performance. Compensation packages which includes bonus, high salary rates, extra benefits, allowances and pre-requisites are dependent on performance appraisal. The criteria should be merit rather than seniority. 3. Employees Development: The systematic procedure of performance appraisal helps the supervisors to frame training policies and programmes. It helps to analyse strengths and weaknesses of employees so that new jobs can be designed for efficient employees. It also helps in framing future development programmes. 4. Selection Validation: Performance Appraisal helps the supervisors to understand the validity and importance of the selection procedure. The supervisors come to know the validity and thereby the strengths and weaknesses of selection procedure. Future changes in selection methods can be made in this regard.

5. Communication: For an organization, effective communication between employees and employers is very

important. Through performance appraisal, communication can be sought for in the following ways:

a. Through performance appraisal, the employers can understand and accept skills of subordinates. b. The subordinates can also understand and create a trust and confidence in superiors. c. It also helps in maintaining cordial and congenial labour management relationship. d. It develops the spirit of work and boosts the morale of employees. All the above factors ensure effective communication. 6. Motivation: Performance appraisal serves as a motivation tool. Through evaluating performance of employees, a person’s efficiency can be determined if the targets are achieved. This very well motivates a person for better job and helps him to improve his performance in the future. Past Oriented Methods 1. Rating Scales: Rating scales consists of several numerical scales representing job related performance criterions such as dependability, initiative, output, attendance, attitude etc. Each scales ranges from excellent to poor. The total numerical scores are computed and final conclusions are derived. Advantages – Adaptability, easy to use, low cost, every type of job can be evaluated, large number of employees covered, no formal training required. Disadvantages – Rater’s biases 2. Checklist: Under this method, checklist of statements of traits of employee in the form of Yes or No based questions is prepared. Here the rater only does the reporting or checking and HR department does the actual evaluation. Advantages – economy, ease of administration, limited training required, standardization. Disadvantages – Raters biases, use of improper weighs by HR, does not allow rater to give relative ratings 3. Forced Choice Method: The series of statements arranged in the blocks of two or more are given and the rater indicates which statement is true or false. The rater is forced to make a choice. HR department does actual assessment. Advantages – Absence of personal biases because of forced choice. Disadvantages – Statements may be wrongly framed. 4. Forced Distribution Method: here employees are clustered around a high point on a rating scale. Rater is compelled to distribute the employees on all points on the scale. It is assumed that the performance is conformed to normal distribution. Advantages – Eliminates Disadvantages – Assumption of normal distribution, unrealistic, errors of central tendency. 5. Critical Incidents Method: The approach is focused on certain critical behaviors of employee that makes all the difference in the performance. Supervisors as and when they occur record such incidents. Advantages – Evaluations are based on actual job behaviors, ratings are supported by descriptions, feedback is easy, reduces recency biases, chances of subordinate improvement are high. Disadvantages – Negative incidents can be prioritized, forgetting incidents, overly close supervision; feedback may be too much and may appear to be punishment. 6. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: statements of effective and ineffective behaviors determine the points. They are said to be behaviorally anchored. The rater is supposed to say, which behavior describes the employee performance. Advantages – helps overcome rating errors. Disadvantages – Suffers from distortions inherent in most rating techniques. 7. Field Review Method: This is an appraisal done by someone outside employees’ own department usually from corporate or HR department. Advantages – Useful for managerial level promotions, when comparable information is needed, Disadvantages – Outsider is generally not familiar with employees work environment, Observation of actual behaviors not possible. 8. Performance Tests & Observations: This is based on the test of knowledge or skills. The tests may be written or an actual presentation of skills. Tests must be reliable and validated to be useful. Advantage – Tests may be apt to measure potential more than actual performance. Disadvantages – Tests may suffer if costs of test development or administration are high. 9. Confidential Records: Mostly used by government departments, however its application in industry is not ruled out. Here the report is given in the form of Annual Confidentiality Report (ACR) and may record ratings with respect to following items; attendance, self expression, team work, leadership, initiative, technical ability, reasoning ability, originality and resourcefulness etc. The system is highly secretive and confidential. Feedback to

the assessee is given only in case of an adverse entry. Disadvantage is that it is highly subjective and ratings can be manipulated because the evaluations are linked to HR actions like promotions etc. 10. Essay Method: In this method the rater writes down the employee description in detail within a number of broad categories like, overall impression of performance, promoteability of employee, existing capabilities and qualifications of performing jobs, strengths and weaknesses and training needs of the employee. Advantage – It is extremely useful in filing information gaps about the employees that often occur in a better-structured checklist. Disadvantages – It its highly dependent upon the writing skills of rater and most of them are not good writers. They may get confused success depends on the memory power of raters. 11. Cost Accounting Method: Here performance is evaluated from the monetary returns yields to his or her organization. Cost to keep employee, and benefit the organization derives is ascertained. Hence it is more dependent upon cost and benefit analysis. 12. Comparative Evaluation Method (Ranking & Paired Comparisons): These are collection of different methods that compare performance with that of other co-workers. The usual techniques used may be ranking methods and paired comparison method.

• Ranking Methods: Superior ranks his worker based on merit, from best to worst. However how best and why best are not elaborated in this method. It is easy to administer and explanation.

• Paired Comparison Methods: In this method each employee is rated with another employee in the form of pairs. The number of comparisons may be calculated with the help of a formula as under. N x (N-1) / 2

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28 thoughts on “Download AIOU Solved Assignment Autunm 2023 Pdf BA Free”

Sir kindly 1431 ki assignments ur 1429 ki jldi upload kr dain do 3 din m ho sky to

Sir 1429 ki assignment upload kr dain kindly

G sir 1429 assignment no 1 ??

Or 1431 ki be

Insha Allah very soon

Sir 1429 ki asgmnt upload kr dain plz

Sir 1431 ki assignment Urdu may upload krna

1429…437…485.iiسمسٹر بہار 2022

Asslam u Alaikum sir how are you sir kindly b.con 4th semester ki baki sari b jaldi apload kar dyn

Sir BA semester spring 2022 ki 1429 business mathematics post KR dain shukriya

Plz sir 426 code ki assignment upload kr dn

code 437 & 484 solved assignment spring 2022 not yet update on pdf. Please confirm me updating date

Sir kindly upload assignment no 2 . 484 code thanks

Code 426 ba spring 2022 ka assingnment kqb show ho ga

code 484 ba 2022 ki 2nd assignment kab tak show ho gi.

i have contact wtspp 03474285603

1413 assignment nai hy plz upload Kr dyn

Aapko Miljaye Thu Mujhe Bhi Batana Plzz

mera admission objection he wo documents mang rahy thy mene upload kiye 1 month se zyada time hua he lekin abhi tak admission confirm nhi hua he kindly help me………….

Assalamu Alaikum sir! Kindly BA ki 2nd semester spring ki 427+437 ki assignment aplod kr dy thank you…

484 food and nutrition 2nd assignment Ba spring 2022

Sir g 408 awr 473 ka essgmint abe tak uplod nhe howa

Course basics of ICT 1431 B.A associate degree First assignment ki akhri date Kya hai

sir kindlyupload assignment no. 3 and 4 of book code 423, please

Sir B.A ki 422 or 430 ki jo reh gai hen wo bhi upload krden plzzz

449 ki 2nd assignment upload kr Dyn plz

Sir 402 economics English main assignment upload karain plz

Ye assigment submit krao to aiou vly kuch khty to ni hn k ye copy h? Kindly mjy confirm kryn koi ossue to ni hoga

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THE BEST Elektrostal Art Museums

Art museums in elektrostal.

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8615 solved assignment spring 2022

1. Electrostal History and Art Museum

Zhukovsky international airport.

Zhukovsky International Airport, formerly known as Ramenskoye Airport or Zhukovsky Airfield - international airport, located in Moscow Oblast, Russia 36 km southeast of central Moscow, in the town of Zhukovsky, a few kilometers southeast of the old Bykovo Airport. After its reconstruction in 2014–2016, Zhukovsky International Airport was officially opened on 30 May 2016. The declared capacity of the new airport was 4 million passengers per year.

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Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

Coordinates of elektrostal in decimal degrees, coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia

Aiou course code 8602-1 solved assignment spring 2022.

Course: educational assessment and evaluation (8602)                     semester: spring, 2022 level: b.ed (1.5 year/ 2.5 years).

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  • 1 What is the role of teacher in classroom assessment? Write a detailed note
Course Code 8602-2 Solved Assignment Autumn 2022 of Allama Iqbal Open University
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Course: Management Strategies in Educational Institutions (8615) Level: B.Ed (1.5 Year) Semester: Autumn & Spring 2024. Assignment No.1. Q. 1 Elaborate need and scope of management. Discuss different features of management. Answer: The term 'management' has been used in different senses.

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Homepage / AIOU Course Code 8615-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022. Tag: AIOU Course Code 8615-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022. AIOU Course Code 8615-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022. Course: Management Strategies in Educational Institutions (8615) Level: B.Ed (1.5 Year) […] Search for: Our Services: ...

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B.ed solved assignment Spring 2023 are mostly searched. Allama Iqbal open university accepts the assignments in docs files. Allama Iqbal open university accepts the assignments in docs files. First, you need to know about your tutor, which can be traced from the aiou official website.

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Top Elektrostal Art Museums: See reviews and photos of Art Museums in Elektrostal, Russia on Tripadvisor.

Saturday, December 31, 2022 Quetta's time zone: UTC+05:00 or PKT : 03:02 AM Saturday, December 31, 2022 Elektrostal's time zone: UTC+03:00 or MSK : Find out the distance between Quetta and Elektrostal Find out the time difference between Quetta and other cities

Zhukovsky International Airport, formerly known as Ramenskoye Airport or Zhukovsky Airfield - international airport, located in Moscow Oblast, Russia 36 km southeast of central Moscow, in the town of Zhukovsky, a few kilometers southeast of the old Bykovo Airport. After its reconstruction in 2014-2016, Zhukovsky International Airport was officially opened on 30 May 2016.

AIOU Course code 8617 Solved Assignment Spring 2023 ASSIGNMENT No1 [pdf-embedder url="http://aioulearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/8617-1.pdf"]

Assignment No. 1. Note: All questions carry equal marks. Q.1 Discuss the role of administration in improving our educational system. (20) Common roles of administrators are to ensure all schools, teachers, counselors, are collaborating towards a common goal while improving standards and opportunities. Together, with proper leadership, school ...

Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia in WGS 84 coordinate system which is a standard in cartography, geodesy, and navigation, including Global Positioning System (GPS). Latitude of Elektrostal, longitude of Elektrostal, elevation above sea level of Elektrostal.

AIOU Course Code 8612-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022. Q.1 What makes teaching effective? Discuss teaching as a profession. "Teaching is the noblest profession in the world," stated President David O. McKay. But teaching is a profession that only appeals to a special type of person—a person who is concerned about others, one who has a ...

AIOU Course Code 8602-1 Solved Assignmen Autumn 2022. Question No 1 Explain the concepts of measurement, assessment and evaluation. Further elaborate the difference between them with examples. …. Continue reading. The teacher sets the tone in the classroom. She is responsible for creating an environment that allows students to learn and grow.

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  1. AIOU Code 438 Solved Assignment No.2 Spring 2022|| Subject: Principles

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  1. AIOU || Course Code || 438 || Spring 2024 || Assignment No#2

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  1. AIOU Principle of Accounting Code 438 Assignments of BA Class Spring 2022

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