suspension design research paper

A Model-Driven Framework for Design and Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Systems

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• Muhammad Waseem Anwar   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-5683 8 ,
• Muhammad Taaha Bin Shuaib   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-0341 9 ,
• Farooque Azam   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-7400 9 &
• Aon Safdar   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-1017 9  

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 1665))

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• International Conference on Information and Software Technologies

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The design and implementation of vehicle suspension systems is complex and time-consuming process that usually leads to production delays. Although different Model Driven Engineering (MDE) technologies like EAST-ADL/AUTOSAR are frequently applied to expedite vehicle development process, a framework particularly dealing with design and analysis of vehicle suspension is hard to find in literature. This rises the need of a framework that not only supports the analysis of suspension system at higher abstraction level but also complements the existing standards like EAST-ADL. In this article, a M odel driven framework for V ehicle S uspension S ystem ( MVSS ) is proposed. Particularly, a meta-model containing major vehicle suspension aspects is introduced. Subsequently, a modeling editor is developed using Eclipse Sirius platform. This allows the modeling of both simple as well as complex vehicle suspension systems with simplicity. Moreover, Object Constraint Language (OCL) is utilized to perform early system analysis in modeling phase. Furthermore, the target MATLAB-Simulink models are generated from source models, using model-to-text transformations, to perform advanced system analysis. The application of proposed framework is demonstrated through real life Audi A6L Hydraulic active suspension use case. The initial results indicate that proposed framework is highly effective for the design and analysis of vehicle suspension systems. In addition to this, the analysis results could be propagated to EAST-ADL toolchains to support full vehicle development workflow.

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This work was partially supported by the Knowledge Foundation through MoDev project.

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Muhammad Waseem Anwar

Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

Muhammad Taaha Bin Shuaib, Farooque Azam & Aon Safdar

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Anwar, M.W., Shuaib, M.T.B., Azam, F., Safdar, A. (2022). A Model-Driven Framework for Design and Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Systems. In: Lopata, A., Gudonienė, D., Butkienė, R. (eds) Information and Software Technologies. ICIST 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1665. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16302-9_15

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DESIGN AND MODELING OF AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM FOR PERFORMANCE & IMPROVEMENT

This work proposes the study of automobile active suspension system for the purpose of improving ride comfort to passengers and simultaneously improving the stability of the vehicle by reducing vibration effects on suspension system. Physical model of the vehicle suspension system has been derived using the laws of motions and Simulink building blocks are created by dividing a equations for the different elements. The simulation of the vehicle has been carried out and responses are a plotted. With the increased demand of the fine control of parameters, the mechatronic controller is being introduced for increasing a comfort of the vehicle with their application to the suspension system of the vehicle. This is the prime location for consideration of the inclusion controller and Jerk measure in the active suspension system.

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— Ride comfort and handling performance of vehicle is contributed by suspension system in vehicle dynamics. There are different aspects which describe vehicular dynamics and ride comfort and handling performance but suspension system majors. Passive suspension, semi active suspension and active suspension have greater performance, suspension performance is understood by quarter car model with two three degrees of freedom at each of wheels, half car model with four degrees of freedom viz, roll degree of freedom and pitch degree of freedom. And full car model with seven degrees of freedom four degrees at sprung masses and three degrees at sprung masses. Quarter car model is more researched since model is simple, as degrees of freedom increases complexity increases. After comparative comprehensive studies, it is deduced that electromagnetic active suspensions are the future trend of automotive suspensions due to simple structure, high-bandwidth, accurate and flexible force control, high ride quality, good handling performance, and energy regeneration.

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This paper aims to design a controller for a vehicle active suspension system of an automobile. The vehicle cab motion is limited to heave in the y-direction and a small amount of pitch u of the vehicle’s longitudinal axis. The tires are assumed to remain in contact with the road surface at all times. Vehicle is subjected to random excitation due to road unevenness and variable velocity and sometimes due to speed bumps. The system has three translational degree of freedom. Based on the degree of freedom, from a rider’s comfort point of view the damping parameters and spring stiffness are adjusted to fit the criteria of a less bumpy ride. For controlling the vehicles degree of movement, the controller is designed based on Proportional controller, PID Controller, and pole placement. For the purpose of analysis, this paper only deals with the linear part of the system and excludes non-linear portion from the equation. The result shows that the response of the controlled suspension system can trace the input signal that is the PID controller is successfully able to control the variable shock absorber in order to eliminate the road surface disturbances effect to the car body.

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In this paper a brief introduction to MR damper and its various types with a brief introduction to vehicle primary suspension system is presented along with analysis of a semiactive suspension system. Isolation from the forces transmitted by external excitation is the fundamental task of any suspension system. The heart of a semi active suspension system is the controllable damper. In this paper, the ride and handling performance of a specific vehicle with passive suspension system is compared to semiactive suspension s ystem. The body suspension wheel system is modeled as a two degree of freedom quarter car model. Simulation is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The developed design allows the suspension system to behave differently in different operating conditions, w ithout compromising on road - holding ability. Controller has been developed for semi active suspension. The result shows improvement over passive suspension method

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The three main objectives that a suspension system of an automobile must satisfy are ride comfort, vehicle handling and suspension working space. Ride comfort is directly related to the vehicle acceleration experienced by the driver and the passengers. Lesser vertical acceleration, higher is the level of comfort. The aim of the Project was to design and analyze the semi active suspension system models using skyhook, ground hook and hybrid control for quarter car. The project work includes modeling of semi-active suspension system in MATLAB simulink, using 2 degree of freedom quarter car model. The skyhook on-off, ground hook and hybrid control strategies were designed using control laws stated in literatures. Simulated results have been compared with passive system for time response analysis of body vertical displacement and vertical displacement of quarter car. Simulation was carried out for various road conditions such as random road excitation, road bump excitation, step input etc. The simulated results for quarter car model are shows similar trends and within range when compared with reference research paper.

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Advancements in semi-active automotive suspension systems with magnetorheological dampers: a review.

1. Introduction

2. suspension systems, 2.1. functions of the suspension systems, 2.2. types of the suspension systems, 3. magnetorheological dampers (mrds), 4. semi-active control of suspension systems, 4.1. classical control strategies, 4.1.1. skyhook control, 4.1.2. groundhook control, 4.1.3. hybrid control, 4.2. modern control strategies, 4.2.1. optimal control, 4.2.2. model predictive control (mpc), 4.2.3. robust control, 4.2.4. adaptive control, 4.3. intelligent control strategies, 4.3.1. fuzzy control, 4.3.2. neural network control, 4.3.3. bio-inspired optimization algorithms, 5. the practical applications of the mr semi-active suspensions.

• Inheritance: The MagneRide has been consistently applied in several vehicle models. For instance, from the Corvette C5 to C8, this technology has undergone continuous refinement aimed at improving vehicle performance and comfort. Similarly, several Ferrari models such as the 458 Italia and F12 Berlinetta also incorporate MagneRide, highlighting the ongoing evolution of this technology within high-performance sports cars. Since its initial integration, Cadillac has likewise maintained the use of this technology across various models, demonstrating its sustained application in the luxury sedan segment.
• Versatility: Initially, MagneRide was predominantly used in sports cars and luxury sedans. Through advancements in sealing, structure, and control in its third-generation system, MagneRide has expanded its application to a wide range of vehicle types including SUVs, pickups, and off-road vehicles. Such widespread adoption ensures optimal handling and comfort whether during high-speed cruising, performance driving, or traversing challenging terrains.
• Scalability: The application of MagneRide has progressively broadened beyond its initial high-performance vehicle models (e.g., from the 2008 Suburban LTZ and Tahoe LTZ to the 2021 Suburban and Tahoe). Originally implemented in high-performance sports cars and luxury sedans like Ferrari and Cadillac, MagneRide has in recent years found integration into mainstream vehicle models. This integration underscores a notable trend of downward compatibility and the widespread adoption of this advanced technology.
• Electrification: MagneRide technology has adeptly responded to the evolution of automotive energy forms, shifting progressively from conventional fuel-powered vehicles to electric vehicles. The inclusion of MagneRide in models like the Ford Mustang Mach-E GT signifies a pivotal milestone in its successful integration and implementation within the electric vehicle sector. The electrification adaptability of this technology ensures that vehicles can deliver exceptional driving experiences across different energy forms.

6. Conclusions

• The paper emphasized the significant attributes of MRDs, including their rapid response, reversibility, compact size, low energy consumption, continuous damping adjustment, and high reliability. These characteristics have enabled MRDs to be widely adopted in various industries. The design and optimization of MRDs involve complex interactions among fluid dynamics, magnetic fields, and structural mechanics, with notable innovations such as twin-coil and twin-tube configurations, self-inductive and self-powered dampers, and advanced controllers enhancing their performance.
• The various control strategies employed in semi-active suspension systems were thoroughly discussed, which can be categorized into classical, modern, and intelligent methods. These strategies play a crucial role in optimizing suspension performance and improving vehicle ride comfort and stability. The current research focus on intelligent control is progressively pivoting towards hybrid control, which integrates modern control with intelligent control, which not only enhances the adaptability and performance of semi-active suspension systems but also potentially opens new avenues for the development of autonomous vehicles.
• The successful implementation of the MagneRide system by Lord Corporation and Delphi Corporation in 1999 marked a significant milestone in the practical application of MRDs in automotive suspension systems. The widespread adoption of MagneRide in high-end and luxury vehicles demonstrated its effectiveness in enhancing vehicle dynamics and user experience, despite challenges related to cost and technical complexity.
• Looking ahead, enhanced integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the development of hybrid control strategies, advancements in sensor technology, and a commitment to energy efficiency and sustainability will drive this progress. Moreover, seamless integration with autonomous and connected vehicles, along with increased collaboration and standardization among researchers, manufacturers, and industries, will facilitate the widespread adoption and consistent performance of advanced semi-active suspension systems across more vehicle models.

Author Contributions

Conflicts of interest.

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Wang, Z.; Liu, C.; Zheng, X.; Zhao, L.; Qiu, Y. Advancements in Semi-Active Automotive Suspension Systems with Magnetorheological Dampers: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 7866. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177866

Wang Z, Liu C, Zheng X, Zhao L, Qiu Y. Advancements in Semi-Active Automotive Suspension Systems with Magnetorheological Dampers: A Review. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(17):7866. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177866

Wang, Zunming, Chi Liu, Xu Zheng, Liang Zhao, and Yi Qiu. 2024. "Advancements in Semi-Active Automotive Suspension Systems with Magnetorheological Dampers: A Review" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7866. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177866

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