summary of bacon's essay of marriage and single life

Of Marriage and Single Life

Of marriage and single life by francis bacon summary & analysis, more from francis bacon.

Of Marriage and Single Life by Francis Bacon | Summary & Analysis

In Of Marriage and Single Life , Bacon highlights the differences between the married life and the single�s life and the various advantages or disadvantages of the same. The burden of a married life According to Bacon a married man has a family to raise and take care of.

Of Marriage and Single Life Summary

The liberty of an unmarried life.

He feels that the unmarried men are unrestricted and free to make bold moves that can produce important changes in culture and society.

Wealthy singles can be generous with their money are therefore sought after by churches. Unlike married men who are responsible to provide for their family members, the bachelors are less encumbered by such worries.

This empowers them with a commitment to make efforts for improvement. This also drives them to explore the future consequences of action or inaction in the present. It can lead to a need to make a better tomorrow for their children and their children

In the same vein, Bacon points at various single people who are lethargic, unmotivated and wasteful with their time and energy. They abuse their bachelorhood and often lack sensitivity to various problems of the present and dangers in the future.

Then there are a few who are married but consider their wives and children as a burden in their own freedom and selfish desires. There are also some wealthy people, who wittingly decide to not reproduce or have children in fear of losing their riches to their heirs.

The Unreliability of the Bachelor

Bacon then points out people who stay single because they believe that marriage only leads to more fetters, restrictions, responsibilities and obligations.

Therefore, unmarried men are always a flight risk, prone to just run away and desertion. They are often good employees, better friends, as they have ample time for their employees and friends.

A Discipline in Humanity

While an unrestrained and unanchored bachelor can be unpredictable, reckless and discretionary in his thought and judgment, a married man is more suited for the responsibility of a judge.

The lofty ideals of virtues and chivalry, patriotism and duty are praised and encouraged when soldiers take to the battlefield.

Marriage has a way of establishing a loving home. Single men may be richer and more capable of making massive charitable donations but they clack the empathetic and sensitive side that comes from genuine companionship.

The Good Husband and Wife

Men with ethics and morals are good husbands. They are not tempted by the pleasures of infidelity and remain honest and loyal to their wives and marriage.

Their relationship is strong, durable and enriched with mutual respect. The vice of jealousy can weaken this bond as the wife will not feel the trust of her husband if he is envious and susceptible to doubt and suspicion.

The Apt Time for Marriage

Bacon says that deciding the correct time for marriage can be tricky for young and desirous men. For them, it is the pleasures of the body that are most pressing. Therefore, he suggests that young men should be patient and not rush into important decisions.

The Failed Husbands

Bacon feels that we often see some the most tyrannical and cruellest men with the noblest and most generous wives. These women endure great hardships and are happy with even the smallest gestures of affection from their mean husbands.

Of Marriage and Single Life: Key Thoughts

In Of Marriage and Single Life , Bacon is able to compare single life and married life through different lenses. He puts forward the pros and cons of marriage in terms of how it is viewed by society and how it affects an individual.

Recommended Book

Related posts:.

Literary Yog

Of Marriage and Single Life by Francis Bacon: Summary, Line by Line Explanation, and Theme

Table of Contents

“ Of Marriage and Single Life ” by Francis Bacon is a short essay where the author explores the advantages and disadvantages of married and single life. He starts the essay by highlighting a drawback of married life. Bacon says familial responsibilities can hold a man back from starting grand projects. A married man remains busy in fulfilling the needs of his family.

On the flip side, unmarried men are free and can dedicate themselves more fully to the well-being of society than married men. History shows us that many achievements have been made by the unmarried. However, some unmarried individuals are self-centered and are not concerned about others.

Single men want to be bachelor because they value freedom above all. They can be friends or masters or servants, but they can not be an ideal citizen.

While marriage has certain restrictions, it makes people humane and responsible. However, single people can be charitable. A wife contributes to a man’s life as a mistress in youth, companion in middle age, and caregiver in old age. Marriage offers a support system that a single life cannot provide.

In discussing the ideal timing of marriage, Bacon mentions that both young men and older men should not marry.

Through the discussion of the benefits and difficulties of being married or single, the essay suggests how these choices impact an individual.

Line By Line Explanation and Analysis

The limitations of married life.

A married man with a wife and children is a prisoner of luck. His familial responsibilities and commitments stop him from pursuing “great enterprise” (Bacon 81), either virtuous or harmful.

Enterprise refers to a big dream, which could be a new business or starting any major life-changing project. It can be virtuous or mischievous.

Virtue refers to noble and morally admirable action that contributes to the betterment of oneself and others. On the flip side, mischief means actions that are immoral or risky for one’s family.

This confinement has both negative and positive aspects. A married man cannot invest money and time for any noble purpose. He must prioritize their welfare, security, and needs above his desires.

Therefore, his married life confines him to the wheel of fortune. Conversely, his family duties also stop him from taking high risks that might affect the family financially or mentally. His family might save him from getting ruined.

So, after considering both sides, we can state married life is neither a limitation nor an advantage.

I think Bacon offers a generalized view of marital responsibility. Many married individuals, including those with children, have undertaken calculated risks and achieved significant success. Their families have been a source of support.

Today, with dual-income families and an equal sharing of domestic responsibilities, marriage might not affect someone’s chance to take on big projects. However, during the Elizabethan period, it was not usual for women to be the breadwinners.

Service to Public Life 

Unlike married men, single men have historically been behind humanity’s noteworthy achievements. They have shared their talent and resources with the world and served humanity. 

For instance, successful people Nikola Tesla, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Homi J. Bhabha et al. led a single lifestyle. Their bachelorhood allowed them to focus on their work that has benefited the society. 

However, this statement of Bacon is a half-truth. Success is not entirely the domain of the unmarried. Figures like Srinivasa Ramanujan and Nambi Narayanan prove that marital status cannot limit success. 

These examples above show that success does not depend on marital status. Dedication, a support system, and effective work-life balance management are among the factors that lead to this result.

The Responsibilities of Married Men 

Married men remain busy building their family’s future. Their promises about “dearest pledges” (81) often occupy their mind. 

The phrase “dearest pledges” (81) might refer to their valuable commitment to their children’s future. They are bound to ensure a better, secure future for their children. 

Unlike them, single men can dedicate their lives to noble causes. Though Bacon praises the single lifestyle, he acknowledges that not all single men care for the well-being of their fellow human beings. They are self-centered and show little concern for future generations.  

It shows the difference in mindset between those dedicated to societal betterment and those who are not. 

Single Life as a Means of Prosperity

Some unmarried individuals consider having a wife and children as “bills of charges” (81). For them, family is only a financial liability. Some other greedy rich are prideful for not having kids, for they think their absence makes them seem wealthier. 

They might have heard people saying, “That person is really rich” (81) and someone else adding, “Yes, but he has to spend a lot on his kids,” (81) as if the kids make him less rich. 

Bacon marks a societal value that gives importance to material success above everything. This mindset sees having children as a barrier to increasing wealth.

Such a view ignores all the diverse, non-material benefits a family can offer, such as emotional and physical support.

The Benefit of Single Life: Freedom 

The biggest reason for being single is liberty. Compared to single men, they enjoy greater independence. However, a single life is not for everyone. It is ideal for those who can please themselves and have a carefree outlook.

Single men value their freedom to the extent that they consider “their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles” (81). Girdles and garters are items of clothing used to hold up stockings. 

It emphasizes how even a minor obligation or social restriction, which is symbolized by girdles and garters, makes them feel like actual physical tools of imprisonment: bonds and shackles. 

Several psychological factors contribute to why some individuals dislike confinement. These factors range from personality characteristics and cultural influences to experiences. For example, individuals who experienced excessive control in their upbringing or previous relationships may be sensitive to any boundary.

The Drawback of Single Men 

An unmarried man can be a best friend, master, or worker. An unmarried man has more time than a married man to invest in friendships and professional settings.

However, he cannot be a loyal citizen or reliable member of society because of his unpredictable nature. People who run away from societal responsibilities are usually single.

It implies unmarried men can not be uniformly reliable across all domains of their lives. He may not be equally committed to other responsibilities, such as following societal norms that may not align with his interests.

Therefore, the distinction lies in the personal choice and priority of commitments. In friendships and professional settings, commitments may be based more on interests and mutual benefits. 

For whom Single Life is Ideal

Bacon discusses the suitability of a single life for various professions, including churchmen, judges, magistrates, and soldiers, and how marital status impacts their roles and responsibilities.

Single life suits religious leaders well because it allows them to dedicate themselves to their duties without distractions. This job requires dedication and plenty of time. Unlike them, a married religious figure might struggle to balance his duty and family responsibilities. 

In the judiciary, marital status seems less relevant to job performance. But, if judges are corrupted, they will be much worse than husbands having a spouse who might distract them.

These servants prioritize private interests over justice, making them five times worse than an influenced husband.

Bacon’s view of a confined married man stems from the idea that married life distracts a man from focusing on notable public work. This perspective is outdated as it overlooks that both partners can be financially supportive of each other.

Family plays a crucial role in a soldier’s life in the military. Therefore, some generals charge the soldiers often up by reminding the image of soldiers’ families. 

The prospect of uniting family after war makes them alive even in distressful situations. Their family connection reminds them of why they are fighting. It can increase their dedication and courage.

Conversely, generals implant hatred for marriage in Turkish soldiers. As a result, they have no emotional reason to fight without injury. It possibly makes them less effective compared to those with families. 

Bacon observes that the undervaluing of marriage could make soldiers feel less motivated. 

The impact of family ties on a soldier’s performance is just one aspect of motivators. Ideological commitment, nationalism, and personal honor are other motivators that can influence effectiveness in combat situations. 

Moreover, the absence of a family does not make a soldier less motivated. Sometimes, it could even free a soldier from personal worries and make him more focused on their military objectives. 

Why is Marriage Important?

According to Bacon, “Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity” (82). Familial responsibilities teach individuals human values such as love, patience, and empathy. 

Family life is a school of human values that shapes individuals into compassionate, lovable, and responsible members of society. 

However, Bacon also acknowledges that single individuals can possess these virtues. They can be more charitable than married men because of their fewer expenses. 

Many single men and women, including religious gurus, dedicate themselves to humanitarian causes. They often exhibit qualities like humanity in them.

Despite these virtues, some single individuals can be cruel. Similarly, not all married people show compassion and empathy. Thus, this suggests that virtues and flaws are not completely determined by marital status. 

The absence of family and lack of experience of empathy, tenderness, and compassion in their lives might make them harsh. 

Their hardhearted nature makes them suited for roles that require strict judgment, like that of an inquisitor. The term “inquisitor” (82) suggests a role involving rigorous inspection, where kindness in the method is not required.

Bacon notes that a serious person with good conduct is reliable and often makes him a loving spouse. Bacon refers to Ulysses as an example. In Cicero’s  On the Orator , I, 44, it mentions Ulysses prefers “vetulam suam prætulit immortalitati” (82). 

Goddess Calypso promised Ulysses immortality, but he has to choose between her and his wife. Instead of accepting the offer, he returns to Ithaca to meet his aging wife, Penelope (Pitcher 82n10). 

His choice exemplifies that trustworthiness is foundational to a loving and lasting marriage. 

Similarly, a chaste woman values her loyalty and considers her merit as a reason to be proud and bold. She will remain loyal and committed if she realizes her husband is wise.

In contrast, if her husband is jealous without cause, she thinks her husband does not have faith in her virtues. It can make her lose interest in him and eventually harm the relationship.

Bacon comments on the roles of a woman in different stages of a man’s life: “Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses” (82). 

In the days of youth, a wife is a source of pleasure for a man. Like a man-mistress relationship, passion is the most vital aspect of their relationship. 

Emotional companionship becomes essential during middle age. A woman becomes a companion to share in his happiness and sadness.

In the last stage of life, a woman serves her husband. 

This statement reflects the patriarchal mindset of the era, where a man’s needs and the stages of his life determine a woman’s role.

This view differs from the modern concept of marriage. In contemporary society, the values of marriage center on support, care, mutual needs, and respect between partners. 

When Should One Marry?

A man has the autonomy to decide when to marry, though opinions on the best timing for marriage can vary. Regarding this matter, Bacon cites Thales of Miletus, who answered this question.

The sage of Greece said, “A young man not yet, an older man not at all” (82). He rejected marriage by telling his mother he was too young to marry. Late, when Thales of Miletus faced the same question, he said he was too old to marry (Pitcher 82n12). 

It advises that a young man who cannot control his desires is not eligible for marriage. Marriage is not just about physical companionship, but also about building a friendship.

On this topic, Friedrich Nietzsche says in  Human, All Too Human , “The best friend will probably get the best wife, because a good marriage is based on talent for friendship” (Nietzsche, 306).

Therefore, a young man should wait to mature emotionally before reaching a position where he can understand himself and his partner.

Similarly, an aged man whose youth has passed is also not an ideal candidate for marriage. He might have maturity, but he will lack the energy to keep the spark alive in a relationship. The complexities and responsibilities of marriage might not be worth undertaking after a certain age.

Bacon observes that bad husbands often have good wives, and there are two reasons. 

First, if a husband rarely shows affection, any small act of kindness can become incredibly precious to his wife. Despite having a negative impression of her husband, she will cherish these moments of kindness.

Second, some wives might be prideful in their patience in difficult situations. Her pride in enduring a cruel husband could be a factor in why they continue the relationship. 

Moreover, if such a husband is their choice, despite the warnings of their friends, they are often determined to justify their decision.

This determination can make them tolerate their husbands’ misbehavior more than they otherwise would. It suggests they are committed to their choice, possibly to avoid accepting they were wrong.

The theme of “Of Marriage and Single Life” is the benefits and demerits of both married and single lifestyles. Francis Bacon, in his essays like “Of Marriage and Single Life”, “ Of Truth ”, “ Of Friendship ”, “ Of Studies ” etc., balances the benefits of each subject with its drawbacks.

This essay also dives into the advantages and disadvantages of both single and married life.

The first benefit of single life is the freedom it grants for public service and personal advancement. Without familial duties, an individual can dedicate himself to serving humanity and engaging in noble pursuits.

On the other hand, family responsibilities impose conditions on taking risks and investing personally in new experiences. One has to prioritize the commitments to the family. So, a married person may find it challenging to invest time and effort into societal contributions or take risks that could impact the security of his family.

As argued above, this perspective oversimplifies the complexities of individual circumstances. This perspective suggests a single man has more time and freedom to advance his career.

However, it is not true that married individuals cannot achieve remarkable progress and make significant contributions to society.

Another benefit of being single is the freedom it brings. A single person has more independence compared to a married man.

For example, an unmarried person has the liberty to pursue activities that bring them joy without worrying about the impact on their family. Such an individual does not like any form of restriction that might limit their independence.

While a married person can enjoy similar freedoms, they often face restrictions or plans to fulfill their family responsibilities.

Financial stability is another area where single life frequently has an advantage. Without the expense of a family, a single individual may find it easier to manage his finances. In contrast, married life can have financial challenges.

Although it may be true in the Elizabethan era, today, women earn as much as men. Many working couples share financial responsibilities equally, which can mitigate some of the economic challenges. However, not all singles or couples are financially well-off.

In terms of social roles, single individuals can easily fit into roles as friends, masters, or servants, but they might not face the same level of responsibility as a married person does. Being married often means developing a sense of responsibility, as it requires considering the welfare of a family.

Being married comes with its own set of teachings. It teaches one to be humane and caring. While a single man might often be generous, he can also be harsh. It could be because they do not experience the care and affection that family life offers, which naturally softens a person’s character.

So, married people are more compassionate and better at socializing than those who are single. This difference highlights how the experience of family life can influence one’s emotional and social development.

Another benefit of married life is having a companion. Married individuals have a partner to share joy, sadness, success, and failure.

A single man might not always have someone close to share his deepest thoughts, feelings, or ideas. This lack of companionship can lead to loneliness. Therefore, a single life suits those who are self-satisfied and naturally humorous.

In conclusion, while some observations of Bacon might hold some truth in the context of his time, they do not universally apply. The ability to be charitable, kind, cruel, or self-disciplined does not depend on whether someone is married or unmarried.

Instead, it reflects an individual’s experiences and choices. Being single is not better than being married, and vice versa. While marriage may work well for some, it may not work for others.

Explanation Video

I'm a PhD research scholar & MPhil degree holder from DU, Assam and also a budding blogger. I have cracked CBSE NET (July 2018), NE-SLET (July 2018), and UGC-NTA-NET (June 2019).

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Of Marriage and Single Life | Summary and Analysis

Summary of of marrige and single life by francis bacon.

Of Marriage and Single Life is an essay written by Sir Francis Bacon, a popular English philosopher and statesman. In “Of Marriage and Single Life”, Bacon has compared and contrasted the life of a married man with that of a single man, drawing a contrast between the two by highligting he merits and demerits of the institution of marriage as it prevailed in the society. First published in 1612, as a part of “ Essayes: Religious Meditations. Places of Perswasion and Disswasion. Seene and Allowed.” , this essay presents Bacon’s views and opinions on marriage and singlehood along with arguments and theories to support them. Famous for his prose and credited with inventing the essay form, Bacon sought these essays as a medium to express his philosophy on topics inspired by both public and private life of man. His style is quite argumentative and he rationalises each thought with ample justifications and logics.

Bacon begins the essay by stating that the commitment of marriage renders a man incapable of pursuing any great deeds, whether good or bad, noble or wicked. The responsibilities of married life could prove it difficult for him to work towards achieving success. Marriage brings with it the burden of family; of wife and children, which acts as a deterrent for those who want to achieve great feats. History indicates that all the best works, especially those aiming towards public welfare and greater good of the society, have been undertaken by single men because only they, owing to absence of any other commitment in their life, are capable of complete devotion to the public. It seems that they, for all intents and purposes, have married the society which they aim to serve with utmost dedication.

Married men, especially those having children, harbour great care and concern for the future and direct all their efforts towards securing a better tomorrow for their family. The responsibility of taking care of the family provides them with the will and incentive to work with utmost sincerity and dedication towards securing a better future for their children.

There, however, also exist some single men who do not think much about anything apart from their own selves and display no concern towards the future. They work only for their own welfare and show no willingness to work towards making the society better for the generations to come.

Then there are others who think of family merely as a burden, an expense which they have to bear.

However, Bacon says, the most common reason behind men choosing to be single is the freedom promised by a single life. Such men are averse to even the slightest restriction and thus, marriage, which brings with it various responsibilities and commitments, is not preferable to them. These unmarried men, liberated from any kind of commitment, prove to be the best friends, masters and servants. They, however, do not make for the best citizens due to their tendency to shun responsibilities and often turn out to be fugitives.

As per Bacon, single life is best suited to the members of the clergy as in absence of any personal commitments, they are able to serve the society with utmost dedication and commitment. As regards the men of justice- the judges and magistrates, marriage does not make much of a difference in their duties. They can choose to remain indifferent on this because if they themselves are corrupt and immoral, and lack sincerity towards their work, they are no less than an unmarried man. They should display honesty and responsibility in their dealings, regardless of their marital status. Even marriage cannot instil responsibility in such callous men. Bacon further comments that marriage, and family, prove to be a source of inspiration for the soldiers, who are often made to think of the safety of their wife and children as they fight battles. Marriage provides these soldiers an emotional support system that motivates them and gives them courage. This is why Bacon believes that the aversion of Turks towards marriage is the reason behind the barbarism of their soldiers.

Adding to this thought, he says that women often pride themselves on their chastity and are more likely to maintain this purity and obedience towards the relation of marriage if their husband too showers her with care and affection and refrains from any kind of jealousy. A wife serves many roles in a man’s life- in his youth she acts as his beloved, the object of his ardours, during his middle age she accompanies him as a faithful companion and in his old age looks after his wellbeing like a devoted nurse. Thus, women, and marriage, complete the life of men, providing for them at every stage of their life. Therefore, men should not shy from marriage but rather welcome it by choice. Bacon however agrees that it is a daunting task to determine the correct age to get married and sees this as a very difficult question to answer. He nevertheless attempts to answer it by quoting a wise man who said that while a young man should not rush to marry, the old men should refrain from marrying at all, suggesting perhaps that one should keep in consideration all the pros and cons of marriage before making his decision. Bacon further remarks that it is seen that men who have very good wives, are often quite cruel themselves. They fail to appreciate the generosity of their wives and do not value their commitment to them. Owing to this insensitivity displayed by them, the wives start to value even the meanest of their efforts. They find satisfaction with whatever small bit of love they show and take pride in their forbearance of their husband’s bad behaviour. Having said that, Bacon states that if they were to be given the freedom of choice, these men would surely try to make amends and mend their ways. While Bacon shares the gender bias of his era, he also seems to be aware of  the unequal power relations between men and women of his age.

Still I Rise | Summary and Analysis

A roadside stand | summary and analysis, related articles, walking away | summary and analysis, the sea and the hills | summary and analysis, the shivering | summary & analysis, hearts and hands | summary and analysis, leave a reply cancel reply, adblock detected.

Easy Literary Lessons

• [email protected]

Of Marriage and Single Life by Francis Bacon | Of Marriage and Single Life | Francis Bacon | Francis Bacon as Essayist | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Critical Appreciation | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lesson

• Post author: easyliterarylessons
• Post published: August 13, 2024
• Post category: ESSAYS / Francis Bacon
• Post comments: 0 Comments

Table of Contents

Of Marriage and Single Life by Francis Bacon

He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges. Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men that take a pride in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches. But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition. A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks maketh the vulgar soldier more base. Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous. Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will. But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, — A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends’ consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

Of Marriage and Single Life Line by Line Analysis

1. “He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.”

Bacon begins by suggesting that having a wife and children ties a man down and makes him vulnerable (“hostages to fortune”). These family obligations can hinder a man from pursuing significant endeavors, whether they are noble or wicked.

2. “Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public.”

He observes that many of the most important contributions to society have come from unmarried or childless men. These men, without personal family obligations, have devoted their resources and love to the public good.

3. “Yet it were great reason that those that have children should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.”

However, Bacon argues that it is reasonable for people with children to be the most concerned about the future since they have a responsibility to ensure the well-being of their descendants.

4. “Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences.”

Some single people only care about themselves and do not concern themselves with the future, considering it irrelevant.

5. “Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges.”

There are others who see a wife and children merely as financial burdens.

6. “Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men that take a pride in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer.”

Some wealthy, greedy men take pride in not having children because it allows them to appear even richer.

7. “For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches.”

They may have heard people say that someone is wealthy, only for someone else to remark that he has many children, implying that having children diminishes his wealth.

8. “But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles.”

Bacon notes that the primary reason people remain single is the desire for personal freedom. Some people, who are particularly sensitive to any form of restraint, even view small inconveniences like wearing belts or garters as oppressive.

9. “Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition.”

Single men make the best friends, employers, and servants because they are not tied down by family obligations. However, they are not the best citizens or subjects because they are more likely to flee from responsibility or danger, as most fugitives are single.

10. “A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool.”

Single life is suitable for clergymen because they can focus their charity on the broader community rather than having to prioritize their families.

11. “It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant five times worse than a wife.”

For judges and magistrates, being single or married doesn’t matter much. However, if they are corrupt, their servants can be much worse than any troublesome wife.

12. “For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks maketh the vulgar soldier more base.”

Bacon observes that military leaders often remind their soldiers of their wives and children to motivate them. He also suggests that in cultures like the Turks, where marriage is less respected, the common soldiers are less brave or honorable.

13. “Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon.”

Wife and children provide a sort of moral discipline, making men more humane. Single men may be more charitable because they have fewer financial obligations, but they can also be more cruel and harsh, since they are not regularly called upon to show tenderness.

14. “Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.”

Men with serious and steady personalities, who are guided by tradition, are often devoted husbands, as is famously said of Ulysses, who preferred his old wife over immortality.

15. “Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity.”

Women who are chaste (sexually pure) often become proud and difficult, thinking highly of themselves because of their chastity.

16. “It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous.”

A wife is more likely to remain chaste and obedient if she believes her husband is wise. However, she will not think him wise if he is overly jealous.

17. “Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses.”

A wife serves different roles throughout her husband’s life: as a lover when he is young, a companion in middle age, and a caretaker in old age.

18. “So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will.”

Therefore, a man can find a reason to marry at any stage of his life.

19. “But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry,- A young man not yet, an elder man not at all.”

Bacon refers to the saying of a wise man who, when asked when a man should marry, replied: “A young man, not yet; an elder man, not at all,” suggesting caution or even avoidance in marriage.

20. “It is often seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience.”

It is often observed that bad husbands have very good wives, perhaps because the infrequent kindness of their husbands is highly valued, or because the wives take pride in their ability to endure.

21. “But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends’ consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.”

However, when women choose bad husbands against the advice of their friends, they are particularly determined to prove their choice was right, even if it means enduring a difficult marriage.

Of Marriage and Single Life Summary

Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Marriage and Single Life” was published in 1612 in the second edition of his Essays, and again in 1625 in an expanded edition. The Essays were a collection of philosophical and thoughtful essays on a variety of topics, including love, friendship, truth, and gardening. Bacon is considered the father of the modern English essay for his contributions to establishing it as an important literary and scholarly form.

In his essay “Of Marriage and Single Life,” Sir Francis Bacon explores the pros and cons of being married versus remaining single. He begins by noting that marriage and children can be seen as burdens that tie a person to worldly concerns, making it difficult to pursue grand ambitions. In contrast, unmarried and childless men often contribute more significantly to public life because they are free to devote their resources and affections to society.

Bacon acknowledges, however, that those with children have a vested interest in the future, as they must care for the well-being of their descendants. He criticizes some single men for their selfishness and others for viewing family merely as a financial burden. The desire for personal freedom is a common reason for remaining single, especially among those who are sensitive to any form of restraint.

He observes that single men make better friends, employers, and servants but may not be as reliable as citizens or subjects. For clergymen, a single life allows them to focus more on charity, while for judges and magistrates, being single or married has little impact unless they are corrupt.

Bacon also discusses the roles that wives play throughout a man’s life: as mistresses when young, companions in middle age, and nurses in old age. He quotes a wise saying that suggests young men should delay marriage, and older men should avoid it altogether. Despite this, he notes that bad husbands often have good wives, particularly when the wife has chosen her husband against the advice of others.

Overall, Bacon presents a balanced view, highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of both marriage and single life, while also acknowledging the complex human emotions and societal expectations surrounding these choices.

Of Marriage and Single Life Key Points

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author. He served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England and is best known for his works on philosophy and science, particularly his promotion of the scientific method.

Introduction

“Of Marriage and Single Life” is one of Bacon’s essays where he talks about the differences between being married and staying single. He discusses how each choice affects a person’s life, including their freedom, responsibilities, and ability to contribute to society. Bacon doesn’t say one is better than the other but instead looks at the pros and cons of both.

The essay is organized as a series of thoughts and observations rather than a formal argument. Bacon starts by discussing how marriage can limit a person’s freedom but also provide important responsibilities. He then compares this with the advantages of being single, such as having more personal freedom. Throughout the essay, Bacon goes back and forth, comparing the benefits and drawbacks of both married and single life.

The essay is based on the social norms and values of early 17th-century England. During this time, marriage was an important part of society, and there were strong expectations about what it meant to be married or single. Bacon’s thoughts reflect the world he lived in, where marriage was both a personal and economic decision with significant social implications.

The main theme of the essay is the contrast between the responsibilities of married life and the freedom of single life. Bacon explores how marriage can both limit a person’s ambitions and also make them more compassionate and connected to others. On the other hand, single life offers more freedom but can sometimes lead to selfishness. The essay also touches on how these choices affect one’s role in society and personal happiness.

Bacon’s writing style is clear and to the point. He uses short, thoughtful sentences to make his ideas easy to understand. He often compares marriage and single life using simple examples and analogies. The essay is meant to make readers think about their own lives and decisions rather than just entertain them.

The message of “Of Marriage and Single Life” is that both marriage and single life have their own benefits and challenges. Marriage brings responsibilities and can help people become more caring and connected, but it also limits personal freedom. Being single allows for more independence and the ability to focus on personal goals, but it can also lead to a lack of connection with others. Bacon doesn’t say one choice is better than the other but encourages readers to think about what is most important to them and choose accordingly.

Francis Bacon

1. Early Life and Education

Birth: Francis Bacon was born on January 22, 1561, in London, England.

Family Background: He was the youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and Anne Cooke Bacon, a highly educated woman and daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke.

Education: Bacon was educated at home before attending Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of 12. He later studied law at Gray’s Inn, London, starting in 1576.

2. Political Career

Early Positions: Bacon began his political career in 1584 as a member of the House of Commons for Bossiney in Cornwall. He represented various constituencies throughout his career.

Attorney General: In 1613, Bacon was appointed Attorney General of England, a significant position that allowed him to influence the legal and political landscape.

Lord Chancellor: In 1618, he reached the pinnacle of his political career by becoming Lord Chancellor, one of the highest offices in England.

3. Legal and Judicial Work

Reforms: As a legal expert, Bacon worked on reforming English law. He was involved in several significant legal cases and contributed to the development of legal theory.

Downfall: Despite his achievements, Bacon’s career ended in disgrace in 1621 when he was charged with corruption. He admitted to taking bribes, was fined, imprisoned briefly, and banned from holding public office.

4. Philosophical Contributions

Empiricism: Bacon is best known for his advocacy of empiricism, the idea that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience. He argued against the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy of his time, which emphasized deductive reasoning.

Scientific Method: He promoted the scientific method, emphasizing observation, experimentation, and inductive reasoning. His works laid the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry.

5. Major Works

“Novum Organum” (1620): One of his most influential works, it outlines his method for scientific investigation, emphasizing the importance of empirical evidence and inductive reasoning.

“The Advancement of Learning” (1605): This work discusses the state of knowledge and proposes reforms to improve the acquisition and application of knowledge.

“Essays” (1597, expanded in 1612 and 1625): Bacon’s essays cover various topics, including politics, philosophy, and morality. They are known for their concise and aphoristic style, offering practical wisdom.

6. Literary Style

Aphoristic Writing: Bacon’s essays are characterized by their aphoristic style, using concise and memorable statements to convey complex ideas.

Clarity and Precision: His writing is marked by clarity and precision, making his philosophical concepts accessible to a broad audience.

Practical Wisdom: Bacon often focuses on practical wisdom and real-world applications of philosophical ideas, making his work relevant to everyday life.

7. Scientific and Technological Vision

“New Atlantis” (1626): In this unfinished work, Bacon presents a vision of a utopian society dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge and scientific discovery. The fictional society of Bensalem serves as a model for how science and technology can improve human life.

Influence on Science: Bacon’s emphasis on empirical methods and the scientific approach profoundly impacted the development of modern science. He is often regarded as the father of empiricism.

Intellectual Influence: His ideas influenced later philosophers and scientists, including John Locke, Isaac Newton, and the development of the Enlightenment.

Continuing Relevance: Bacon’s work continues to be studied and appreciated for its contributions to philosophy, science, and literature.

9. Personal Life and Death

Marriage: Bacon married Alice Barnham in 1606, but the marriage was reportedly unhappy, and they had no children.

Death: He died on April 9, 1626, reportedly from pneumonia contracted while experimenting with preserving meat using snow.

10. Criticism and Controversies

Corruption Charges: Bacon’s admission to taking bribes as Lord Chancellor tarnished his reputation and led to his political downfall.

Ethical Questions: His pragmatic approach to politics and law has led to debates about his ethical principles and the moral implications of his actions.

Of Marriage and Single Life by Francis Bacon Word Meaning

Very Short Answer Questions

Who wrote the essay “Of Marriage and Single Life”?

Sir Francis Bacon.

What is the main contrast discussed in the essay?

The contrast between marriage and single life.

According to Bacon, what does having a wife and children do to a man?

It gives “hostages to fortune,” limiting his freedom.

Who does Bacon say have produced the greatest public works?

Unmarried or childless men.

What does Bacon say unmarried men are best at being?

Best friends, best masters, and best servants.

Why do some men prefer to stay single, according to Bacon?

For the sake of personal liberty.

What does Bacon say about single men and public service?

They often devote themselves more to public service.

What is a common reason for remaining single, as per Bacon?

The desire for personal freedom.

How does Bacon describe the impact of marriage on soldiers?

Generals often remind soldiers of their families to motivate them.

What effect does marriage have on men’s humanity, according to Bacon?

It disciplines and softens them.

How does Bacon describe the charity of single men?

They may be more charitable but can also be more hardhearted.

What role do wives play in a man’s life as he ages, according to Bacon?

Mistresses when young, companions in middle age, nurses in old age.

What does Bacon say about the pride of chaste women?

They can become proud and difficult.

How does Bacon view jealousy in marriage?

It undermines a wife’s respect for her husband’s wisdom.

What saying does Bacon quote regarding when a man should marry?

“A young man not yet, an elder man not at all.”

What is Bacon’s view on bad husbands and good wives?

Bad husbands often have good wives, especially if chosen against advice.

Why might single life be suitable for churchmen, according to Bacon?

It allows them to focus more on charity.

What does Bacon suggest is one of the best bonds in marriage?

The wife’s belief in her husband’s wisdom.

What does Bacon say about single men’s role as subjects or citizens?

They are less reliable as subjects because they are more likely to flee.

How does Bacon view the wealth of men without children?

Some take pride in having no children to appear richer.

What is the “discipline of humanity” that marriage provides?

It makes men more compassionate and connected.

How does Bacon describe the economic view of family by some men?

They see a wife and children as financial burdens.

What does Bacon think of single life for judges and magistrates?

It is indifferent; their effectiveness depends more on their integrity.

What does Bacon suggest motivates soldiers in battle?

Thoughts of their wives and children.

How does Bacon contrast the charity of single and married men?

Single men may be more charitable, but married men are more humane.

What effect does custom have on married men, according to Bacon?

It often makes them loving husbands.

What does Bacon say about rich men who take pride in having no children?

They do so to appear wealthier.

What does Bacon imply about the connection between marriage and ambition?

Marriage can be a hindrance to great ambitions.

What does Bacon think about the role of wives in old age?

Wives serve as nurses to their husbands in old age.

What is the general tone of Bacon’s essay towards marriage?

Balanced, recognizing both the advantages and challenges of marriage and single life.

Short Answer Questions

How does Bacon view the relationship between marriage and personal freedom?

Bacon sees marriage as a limitation on personal freedom. He argues that a man with a wife and children has “given hostages to fortune,” meaning that family obligations can tie him down and prevent him from pursuing ambitious or risky endeavors. In contrast, single men enjoy more liberty and can focus on their personal goals without such constraints.

What does Bacon suggest about the contributions of unmarried or childless men to society?

Bacon suggests that some of the greatest public works and contributions have come from unmarried or childless men. Without the distractions and responsibilities of a family, these men can dedicate themselves fully to public service and ambitious projects. Their lack of familial ties allows them to “marry and endow the public” with their resources and efforts.

What are Bacon’s views on the motivations behind some men choosing to remain single?

Bacon notes that many men choose to remain single primarily for the sake of personal liberty. They wish to avoid the restraints and responsibilities that come with marriage and family life. Bacon also observes that these men often value their freedom so highly that they view even minor constraints, like wearing belts or garters, as burdensome.

According to Bacon, how does marriage contribute to the ‘discipline of humanity’?

Bacon believes that marriage and children help to cultivate compassion and responsibility in men, which he refers to as the “discipline of humanity.” The obligations of family life require men to be more considerate, patient, and connected to others, tempering their more selfish or harsh tendencies. In this way, marriage can be a moralizing force that softens and refines a man’s character.

How does Bacon describe the impact of single life on charity and cruelty?

Bacon observes that single men may have more resources to be charitable because they do not have to provide for a family. However, he also notes that they can be more cruel and hardhearted, as they are not regularly called upon to show tenderness and compassion, which family life often demands. This can make single men more severe, especially in roles like inquisitors.

What does Bacon say about the roles wives play at different stages of a man’s life?

Bacon describes wives as fulfilling different roles throughout a man’s life: they are mistresses when he is young, companions during middle age, and nurses in old age. This suggests that the nature of marriage changes over time, providing different types of support and companionship as a man’s needs evolve with age.

How does Bacon perceive the effect of jealousy on marriage?

Bacon argues that jealousy can be detrimental to a marriage because it undermines a wife’s respect for her husband. He believes that one of the strongest bonds of chastity and obedience in a marriage is the wife’s belief in her husband’s wisdom. If a husband is overly jealous, it signals a lack of trust and insecurity, which can erode the wife’s regard for him.

What does Bacon imply about the economic considerations some men have regarding marriage and children?

Bacon suggests that some men view marriage and children as financial burdens. He criticizes wealthy, covetous men who take pride in having no children because it allows them to appear even richer. These men may have heard comments like “he is a rich man, but he has a great charge of children,” implying that having children diminishes their wealth and status.

How does Bacon relate marriage to military service and discipline?

Bacon notes that military leaders often remind soldiers of their wives and children to inspire them to fight bravely. He contrasts this with cultures like the Turks, where marriage is less respected, and suggests that this disdain for marriage makes their soldiers more base or less honorable. Marriage, in this context, is seen as a source of motivation and moral discipline for soldiers.

What is Bacon’s overall message about the choice between marriage and single life?

Bacon’s overall message is that both marriage and single life have distinct advantages and disadvantages. He does not advocate for one over the other but instead encourages individuals to consider their values, circumstances, and goals when making this choice. Marriage brings responsibilities and the potential for personal growth, while single life offers greater freedom and the ability to focus on personal or public ambitions.

Essay Type Questions

Write the critical appreciation of the essay..

Introduction:

Sir Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Marriage and Single Life” is a masterful exploration of the contrasting states of marriage and single life. Written in the early 17th century, the essay reflects Bacon’s keen insight into human nature and societal norms of his time. Through a series of concise and thought-provoking reflections, Bacon examines the implications of both life choices, offering a balanced perspective that remains relevant even today.

Theme and Content:

The central theme of the essay is the contrast between the responsibilities of marriage and the freedoms of single life. Bacon delves into how marriage can limit personal ambitions but also provides a “discipline of humanity,” fostering compassion and social responsibility. On the other hand, he discusses how single life allows for greater personal freedom and often leads to significant public contributions, yet can also result in selfishness and a lack of emotional depth. Bacon does not merely present a one-sided view; instead, he highlights the complexities and nuances of both choices, acknowledging the benefits and drawbacks inherent in each.

Structure and Style:

The structure of the essay is reflective and aphoristic, characteristic of Bacon’s writing style. Rather than following a strict logical progression, Bacon organizes his thoughts as a series of observations and insights. This allows for a fluid exploration of the topic, with each point building upon the previous one to create a comprehensive analysis. His use of parallel structure, balanced sentences, and metaphors enriches the text, making it both intellectually stimulating and accessible.

Bacon’s style is marked by brevity and clarity. His sentences are short and packed with meaning, often employing aphorisms that encapsulate profound truths in a few words. This economy of language is one of Bacon’s greatest strengths, as it enables him to convey complex ideas in a straightforward and memorable manner. For instance, his description of marriage as giving “hostages to fortune” encapsulates the idea of how familial obligations can tie a person down, all in a single, vivid phrase.

Tone and Perspective:

The tone of the essay is balanced and contemplative. Bacon approaches the topic without overt bias, acknowledging the positive and negative aspects of both marriage and single life. His perspective is pragmatic; he understands the social and personal implications of both choices and presents them without moralizing. This neutrality allows readers to reflect on their own lives and make decisions that align with their personal values and circumstances.

Philosophical Insights:

Bacon’s essay is not just a reflection on marriage and single life; it also offers deeper philosophical insights into human nature and societal expectations. He explores how marriage serves as a moralizing force, shaping individuals into more compassionate and responsible beings. At the same time, he recognizes that the freedom afforded by single life can lead to significant achievements, particularly in public service. Bacon’s ability to see both sides of the issue speaks to his broader humanist philosophy, which values reason, experience, and individual choice.

Relevance and Legacy:

Though written over four centuries ago, Bacon’s essay remains highly relevant. The questions he raises about the balance between personal freedom and social responsibility continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about marriage, career, and individual fulfillment. His insights into human nature and societal roles are timeless, making the essay a valuable piece of literature for readers across generations.

Conclusion:

“Of Marriage and Single Life” is a testament to Sir Francis Bacon’s intellectual prowess and his ability to distill complex human experiences into clear, concise reflections. The essay’s balanced tone, insightful observations, and elegant style make it a standout piece in Bacon’s body of work. Through this essay, Bacon invites readers to contemplate the choices they make in their lives and consider how these choices shape their character, ambitions, and contributions to society. It is a work that transcends its time, offering wisdom that remains pertinent and thought-provoking in any era.

Write long note on Francis Bacon as Essayist.

Francis Bacon, a well-known figure from the 16th and early 17th centuries, is often called the father of English prose and one of the first great essayists. His essays are famous for their clear writing, deep insights, and practical wisdom. Let’s explore why Bacon is such an important essayist and what makes his work stand out.

Introduction and Background

Francis Bacon was born into a prominent family in London. His father was a high-ranking official, and his mother was highly educated. This environment influenced Bacon’s love for learning. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later at Gray’s Inn, where he trained as a lawyer. His education and background helped shape his analytical and thoughtful approach to writing.

Innovator of the Essay Form

Bacon’s collection of essays, “Essayes: Religious Meditations. Places of Perswasion and Disswasion,” was first published in 1597. This collection marked the beginning of the essay form in English literature. His essays cover a wide range of topics, from public matters to private thoughts, providing a broad look at life.

Bacon’s unique approach involved examining subjects from multiple angles, often presenting arguments for and against different ideas. This methodical style was innovative and set a new standard for essay writing.

Style and Prose

Bacon’s writing style is clear and to the point. He uses short, memorable statements, known as aphorisms, to convey deep insights. These aphorisms, such as “Knowledge is power” and “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man,” are easy to remember and packed with meaning.

His essays are known for their clarity and logical structure. Bacon avoids unnecessary words and focuses on delivering his ideas directly, making his writing accessible and engaging.

Themes in Bacon’s Essays

Bacon’s essays explore a wide range of themes, reflecting his interests and understanding of human nature. Some common themes include:

Knowledge and Learning: Bacon often discusses the value of education and the process of gaining knowledge. He emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and self-improvement.

Human Nature and Behavior: Many of his essays examine traits like ambition, envy, love, and friendship. Bacon provides insights into how these traits affect human behavior and relationships.

Practical Advice: Bacon’s essays are filled with practical advice on living a successful and fulfilling life. He offers guidance on handling adversity, the benefits of travel, and the art of negotiation.

Philosophical Reflections: His essays also contain deep thoughts on life, death, and happiness. He encourages readers to think about their values and the meaning of life.

Influence and Legacy

While Bacon borrowed ideas from earlier writers like Montaigne and Aristotle, his essays are highly regarded for their originality and depth. He did not just copy others’ ideas but built on them, adding his unique perspective.

Bacon’s influence goes beyond literature. His emphasis on observation and systematic thinking laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution. His essays continue to inspire writers, thinkers, and readers around the world.

Notable Aphorisms

Bacon’s essays are filled with memorable sayings that have become part of everyday language. Some notable examples include:

“If the Hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill.”

“Hostages to fortune” (from the essay “Of Marriage and Single Life”).

These sayings show Bacon’s talent for creating phrases that capture important truths and remain relevant across different contexts.

Modern Relevance

Bacon’s essays are still relevant today because they offer timeless wisdom on human nature and practical living. In a world that values both innovation and experience, his insights on balancing youthful energy with aged wisdom are particularly pertinent.

His essays encourage mutual learning and collaboration between generations, highlighting the benefits of combining the strengths of both youth and age.

Francis Bacon’s contributions as an essayist are unmatched. His essays, known for their clarity, practical wisdom, and memorable aphorisms, continue to resonate with readers today. Bacon’s ability to simplify complex ideas into easy-to-understand statements has made his work timeless. Through his essays, Bacon provides valuable insights into knowledge, human nature, and the art of living, securing his place as one of the most important figures in English literature.

Long Note on Themes in “Of Marriage and Single Life” by Sir Francis Bacon.

Sir Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Marriage and Single Life” explores several themes, each of which sheds light on the implications and consequences of both marriage and single life. The essay is notable for its balanced and nuanced examination of these two states of existence, providing insights that remain relevant across time.

1. Marriage vs. Single Life:

Bacon’s essay explores the differences between being married and being single. He suggests that marriage often limits personal freedom due to the responsibilities it brings. Single life, on the other hand, offers more independence and the chance to focus on personal goals without these obligations.

2. Impact on Achievements and Society:

Bacon notes that people who are single or childless might have more time and energy to contribute to society or achieve personal goals. In contrast, married people often have their ambitions affected by the need to care for their families. This theme highlights how marriage and single life can shape a person’s contributions to the world.

3. Moral and Emotional Development:

Bacon believes that marriage helps individuals grow morally and emotionally. Having a family encourages people to be more caring and responsible. In contrast, single people might not develop the same level of empathy and emotional depth because they lack the regular demands of family life.

4. Freedom and Responsibility:

The essay discusses the balance between personal freedom and responsibility. Marriage brings responsibilities that can limit freedom, but these responsibilities also contribute to personal growth and societal stability. Single life offers more freedom but can sometimes lead to a lack of responsibility and emotional connection.

5. Social and Economic Perspectives:

Bacon also examines how marriage and children are viewed from a social and economic standpoint. Some people see having a family as a financial burden. Additionally, wealthy individuals without children are sometimes seen as more successful. This theme reflects societal attitudes towards family life and financial status.

6. Gender Roles and Expectations:

Bacon’s essay reflects the traditional gender roles and social expectations of his time. He describes how wives take on different roles at various stages of a man’s life—partner in youth, companion in middle age, and caretaker in old age. This reveals the historical view of marriage and the roles of men and women.

7. Understanding Human Nature:

Through his discussion, Bacon provides insights into human nature. He examines how the choice between marriage and single life affects a person’s character and behavior. His reflections help us understand how these life choices impact personal development and one’s role in society.

8. Historical Context:

The essay is set against the backdrop of early 17th-century England. Bacon’s views are shaped by the social norms and values of his time. Understanding this context helps explain his perspective on marriage and single life, highlighting how historical attitudes influence his observations.

Sir Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Marriage and Single Life” offers a thoughtful comparison of marriage and single life. It explores how each choice affects personal freedom, moral growth, and contributions to society. Bacon’s insights provide a balanced view of the advantages and challenges of both lifestyles, making his observations relevant and insightful even today.

Free Full PDF Download Now  Click Here

Please share this share this content.

• Opens in a new window

You Might Also Like

On an Educational Reform by Hilaire Belloc | On an Educational Reform | Summary | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons

Third Thoughts by EV Lucas | EV Lucas | Summary | Word Meaning | Key Points | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons

Of Youth and Age by Francis Bacon | Of Youth and Age | Francis Bacon | Francis Bacon as Essayist | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Critical Appreciation | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lesson

Dream Children by Charles Lamb | Dream Children: A Reverie | Charles Lamb | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Critical Appreciation | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lesson

Popular Superstitions by Joseph Addison | Popular Superstitions | Joseph Addison | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lesson

EL Dorado by RL Stevenson | EL Dorado | RL Stevenson | Free Full PDF – Easy Literary Lessons

Knowledge and Wisdom by Bertrand Russell | Knowledge and Wisdom | Bertrand Russell | Key Points | Summary | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons

Of Studies by Francis Bacon | Of Studies Essay | Francis Bacon | Explanation | Summary | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons

Getting Up on Cold Mornings by Leigh Hunt | Getting Up on Cold Mornings | Leigh Hunt | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lesson

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Of Marriage and Single Life: Summary and Analysis

Of marriage and single life.

Sir Francis Bacon in this essay discusses the positives and negatives attached to being single and married. He delves into the concepts of independence, liberty, and marriage. Bacon makes a point on the liberty that being single affords individuals who choose to live free of the constraints and obligations of marriage. Additionally, he points out that single men have the time and resources to contribute to society in benevolent ways. According to Bacon, single men are frequently “ best friends, best masters, best servants .” Bacon also writes that being single can make a man “ cruel and hardhearted ” as he lacks the tenderness and love that married men frequently experience. Bacon then explores why wives chose to marry undesirable husbands and why he believes that only middle-aged men should marry at the appropriate time. Bacon acknowledges that independence offers single men with the opportunity and wealth to contribute to society, but it may also make them callous in certain circumstances. He also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of marriage throughout the essay. Additionally, the essay discusses the reasons for not marrying and the characteristics of married and single individuals. Additionally, it discusses the advantages and downsides of marriage and remaining single.

Discover more from Smart English Notes

Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.

English Charity

Let’s write good English

Of Marriage and Single Life – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation

Of marriage and single life.

by Francis Bacon

Complete explanation of the essay alongside the original text

HE that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.

Explanation

A married man has a wife and children, to whose upkeep, welfare and security he remains deeply committed. This is true for all societies, in all ages and in all lands. Such entanglement restricts his freedom to endeavor for something that his heart yearns for. It can something very noble and sublime or something wicked and devious.

Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means have married and endowed the public.

When a person is yet to be betrothed, he is un-fettered and free of cares and worries. History shows that most mind-boggling achievements in the fields of art, literature, science etc. have come from men and women when they were single.

Yet it were great reason that those that have children should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.

However, it is also a fact that men with children tend to think of future with great seriousness and commitment. This drives them to give their best to enterprises or efforts that can bring fruit in the years to come.

Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences.

But, there are some men, who during their bachelorhood, while away their time and energy in wasteful ways or in indolence. They seldom show any remorse or regret for such frittering away of opportunity. No feeling of shame comes to their mind for such inaction.

Nay, there are some other that account wife and children but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer.

There are some married men who feel their wives and children are nothing but unwanted burden. There are some half-witted rich people, who willingly do not want to procreate and have offspring. They fear that by having children, they create claimants to their property. Such thinking is ludicrous and bizarre.

For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches.

Such greedy rich people are influenced by loose gossip. They hear people talking about the fabulous wealth of some men, but at the same time qualifying their awe by saying that the man has a large family to look after as burden. Such ill-conceived opinion sways some greedy people not have any progeny at all.

But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles.

There are people who choose to remain single because they feel, though absurdly, that unmarried life assures them of lifelong freedom from cares and worries and obligations. These persons are self-centered and naïve. They feel marriage leads to bondage, no matter the bliss and fulfillment it brings.

Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition.

Unmarried men make good employees, good friends, and good people to work under, because they give their full time and attention to their jobs. But, these people are unsteady and volatile. With no roots (family) to hold them, they can desert you at any time.

A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant five times worse than a wife.

Wealthy bachelors are much sought after by churches, because they can donate generously with no family liability to worry about. A married man thinks twice before parting with their wealth as they need to provide for the sustenance of their family members. Judges and magistrates hold great responsibility for the society. They should be honest, dutiful, and capable of fine reasoning. A free-wheeling bachelor with no restraint and no family as anchor, is more likely to be flippant and indiscrete in his thinking and action. If such as person is appointed as a judge or magistrate, he will prove to be a big liability for the society and to himself. The responsibility of a wife’s upkeep and security is much less than the burden of being erratic as in case of a bachelor.

For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks maketh the vulgar soldier more base.

In armies, the generals remind the soldiers of their commitment to their wives and children while extolling the virtues of chivalry, patriotism and duty in the battlefield. It has been seen among the Turks that unmarried soldiers tend to be very uncouth and vile in their conduct while dealing with a vanquished enemy.

Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon.

Wife and children curb animal tendencies in men by creating a salutary and loving atmosphere at home. Single men may be relatively more wealthy, and, thus, capable of making larger donations to charity. However, they are deprived of the soft touch of feminine companionship. As a result, they tend to be more brutal, vengeful and cruel in their conduct. They do not get to engage in introspection to examine their deeds from a moral standpoint.

Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam prætulit immortalitati [he preferred his old wife to immortality]. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity.

Men with self-respect, who are steady and ethical, make good husbands. They do not waver or stray. They remain loyal to their wives in their dotage. In the same way, woman value chastity, and guard it as a precious treasure. They are conscious of the fact that have preserved their purity by spurning temptations of immoral sex.

It is one of the best bonds both of chastity and obedience in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous.

A chaste woman is not only proud of herself, but of her loyal husband. The bond between the two is enduring, and based on mutual respect. If a man is jealous, he will undermine his standing before his wife, and lose her adoration.

Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry when he will. But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry,—A young man not yet, an elder man not at all.

For a recently married young man, a wife becomes the source of all sensual pleasure. He gets the attention and love that a mistress lavishes on her paramour. As he reaches her middle age, the wife becomes companion sharing his moments of joy and sorrow, successes and failures, and triumphs and tragedies. In the old age, when limbs weaken and vision fails, a man gets a helping hand from his wife to move on. So, the opportune time to tie the nuptial knot may present a cruel dilemma for young man as his body craves for courtship. Wise men have given some sane advice in this regard. They have suggested that a young man must not rush into a marriage when he is immature to shoulder the responsibilities of family. He should patiently wait for appropriate time. In the same vein, an old man must not take a wife just because there are maidens available to be his wife. Marrying in old age leads to many undesirable consequences.

It is often seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience.

At times, we get to see patient, noble and kind wives ending up with tyrannical, cruel and insensitive husbands. These wives feel greatly elated when their cruel husbands show even a small gesture of love and kindness. Such noble women feel proud about their capacity to endear hardship in their effort to preserve their marriages.

But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends’ consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

Despite having such noble women as their wives, if some husbands do not mend their ways, it will be judged that it is their monumental failure.

Click here for explanations of more essays by Francis Bacon.

Related Posts

• Of Unity In Religion – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Envy – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Friendship – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Ambition – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Anger – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Death – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Travel – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Revenge – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation
• Of Adversity – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation

Certainly very good contribution to the learners.

Pardon Our Interruption

As you were browsing something about your browser made us think you were a bot. There are a few reasons this might happen:

• You've disabled JavaScript in your web browser.
• You're a power user moving through this website with super-human speed.
• You've disabled cookies in your web browser.
• A third-party browser plugin, such as Ghostery or NoScript, is preventing JavaScript from running. Additional information is available in this support article .

To regain access, please make sure that cookies and JavaScript are enabled before reloading the page.

Of Marriage and Single Life by Francis Bacon

HE that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges. Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. 1 Nay, there are some other that account wife and children but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches. But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous 2 minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition. A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks maketh the vulgar soldier more base. Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam prætulit immortalitati [he preferred his old wife to immortality]. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds both of chastity and obedience in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous. Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel 3 to marry when he will. But yet he 4 was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry,—A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends’ consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

More from Francis Bacon :

• Of Vicissitude of Things
• Of Judicature
• Of Honor and Reputation
• Of Vain-glory

Essay 8, Of Marriage and Single Life

By francis bacon.

Summary of Of Marrige and Single Life by Francis Bacon

Of Marriage and Single Life is an essay written by Sir Francis Bacon, a popular English philosopher and statesman. In “Of Marriage and Single Life”, Bacon has compared and contrasted the life of a married man with that of a single man, drawing a contrast between the two by highligting he merits and demerits of the institution of marriage as it prevailed in the society. First published in 1612, as a part of “  Essayes: Religious Meditations. Places of Perswasion and Disswasion. Seene and Allowed.” , this essay presents Bacon’s views and opinions on marriage and singlehood along with arguments and theories to support them. Famous for his prose and credited with inventing the essay form, Bacon sought these essays as a medium to express his philosophy on topics inspired by both public and private life of man. His style is quite argumentative and he rationalises each thought with ample justifications and logic.

Of Marriage and Single Life | Summary and Analysis

Bacon begins the essay by stating that the commitment of marriage renders a man incapable of pursuing any great deeds, whether good or bad, noble or wicked. The responsibilities of married life could prove it difficult for him to work towards achieving success. Marriage brings with it the burden of family; of wife and children, which acts as a deterrent for those who want to achieve great feats. History indicates that all the best works, especially those aiming towards public welfare and greater good of the society, have been undertaken by single men because only they, owing to absence of any other commitment in their life, are capable of complete devotion to the public. It seems that they, for all intents and purposes, have married the society which they aim to serve with utmost dedication.

Married men, especially those having children, harbour great care and concern for the future and direct all their efforts towards securing a better tomorrow for their family. The responsibility of taking care of the family provides them with the will and incentive to work with utmost sincerity and dedication towards securing a better future for their children.

There, however, also exist some single men who do not think much about anything apart from their own selves and display no concern towards the future. They work only for their own welfare and show no willingness to work towards making the society better for the generations to come.

Then there are others who think of family merely as a burden, an expense which they have to bear.

There also exist certain individuals, belonging to the rich category, who believe that not having children makes them wealthier and thus pride themselves on their lack of children. Such thoughts might be fuelled by their fear of distributing their riches amongst their heirs when they heard people comment that so and so is a great, rich man but has to bear the burden of children which might have caused these people to think of procreation as a hindrance to fortune.

However, Bacon says, the most common reason behind men choosing to be single is the freedom promised by a single life. Such men are averse to even the slightest restriction and thus, marriage, which brings with it various responsibilities and commitments, is not preferable to them. These unmarried men, liberated from any kind of commitment, prove to be the best friends, masters and servants. They, however, do not make for the best citizens due to their tendency to shun responsibilities and often turn out to be fugitives.

As per Bacon, single life is best suited to the members of the clergy as in absence of any personal commitments, they are able to serve the society with utmost dedication and commitment. As regards the men of justice- the judges and magistrates, marriage does not make much of a difference in their duties. They can choose to remain indifferent on this because if they themselves are corrupt and immoral, and lack sincerity towards their work, they are no less than an unmarried man. They should display honesty and responsibility in their dealings, regardless of their marital status. Even marriage cannot instil responsibility in such callous men. Bacon further comments that marriage, and family, prove to be a source of inspiration for the soldiers, who are often made to think of the safety of their wife and children as they fight battles. Marriage provides these soldiers an emotional support system that motivates them and gives them courage. This is why Bacon believes that the aversion of Turks towards marriage is the reason behind the barbarism of their soldiers.

Elaborating further on this, Bacon asserts that marriage is important to instil a sense of discipline among men and keep in check the wild, animalistic tendencies of their nature and impede their ruthlessness. Single men have the capacity to be more charitable since no one is dependent upon them, allowing them to engage in the welfare of others without any worry of providing for their wife and children. But despite this, they prove to be quite unsympathetic and ruthless in their behaviour, their kindness and empathy seldom being invoked in the absence of family to bring out their emotional and moral side. Thus, men who display sincerity and always abide by traditions make very loving husbands as can be seen in the case of Ulysses, the Greek hero who chose his wife over perpetuity.

Adding to this thought, he says that women often pride themselves on their chastity and are more likely to maintain this purity and obedience towards the relation of marriage if their husband too showers her with care and affection and refrains from any kind of jealousy. A wife serves many roles in a man’s life- in his youth she acts as his beloved, the object of his ardours, during his middle age she accompanies him as a faithful companion and in his old age looks after his wellbeing like a devoted nurse. Thus, women, and marriage, complete the life of men, providing for them at every stage of their life. Therefore, men should not shy from marriage but rather welcome it by choice. Bacon however agrees that it is a daunting task to determine the correct age to get married and sees this as a very difficult question to answer. He nevertheless attempts to answer it by quoting a wise man who said that while a young man should not rush to marry, the old men should refrain from marrying at all, suggesting perhaps that one should keep in consideration all the pros and cons of marriage before making his decision. Bacon further remarks that it is seen that men who have very good wives, are often quite cruel themselves. They fail to appreciate the generosity of their wives and do not value their commitment to them. Owing to this insensitivity displayed by them, the wives start to value even the meanest of their efforts. They find satisfaction with whatever small bit of love they show and take pride in their forbearance of their husband’s bad behaviour. Having said that, Bacon states that if they were to be given the freedom of choice, these men would surely try to make amends and mend their ways. While Bacon shares the gender bias of his era, he also seems to be aware of  the unequal power relations between men and women of his age.

Overall, Bacon has very beautifully put forth his opinions on marriage, citing its pros and cons, and has succeeded in establishing a juxtaposition between married and single life. The language used is very sophisticated and all the thoughts expressed in this prose have been supported with adequate arguments and reasoning, as is characteristic of Bacon’s style. Covering all the facets of the topic, he presents a well-balanced and holistic view on it.

Litmarked : Bookmarked by Students.

Table of contents.