how much does a phd in economics cost

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The complete guide to getting into an economics PhD program

Back in May, Noah wrote about the amazingly good deal that is the PhD in economics. Why? Because:

• You get a job.
• You get autonomy.
• You get intellectual fulfillment.
• The risk is low.
• Unlike an MBA, law, or medical degree, you don’t have to worry about paying the sticker price for an econ PhD:  After the first year, most schools will give you teaching assistant positions that will pay for the next several years of graduate study, and some schools will take care of your tuition and expenses even in the first year. (See Miles’s companion post  for more about costs of graduate study and how econ PhD’s future earnings makes it worthwhile, even if you can’t get a full ride.)

Of course, such a good deal won’t last long now that the story is out, so you need to act fast! Since he wrote his post , Noah has received a large number of emails asking the obvious follow-up question: “How do I get into an econ PhD program?” And Miles has been asked the same thing many times by undergraduates and other students at the University of Michigan. So here, we present together our guide for how to break into the academic Elysium called Econ PhD Land:

(Note: This guide is mainly directed toward native English speakers, or those from countries whose graduate students are typically fluent in English, such as India and most European countries. Almost all highly-ranked graduate programs teach economics in English, and we find that students learn the subtle non-mathematical skills in economics better if English is second nature. If your nationality will make admissions committees wonder about your English skills, you can either get your bachelor’s degree at a—possibly foreign—college or university where almost all classes are taught in English, or you will have to compensate by being better on other dimensions. On the bright side, if you are a native English speaker, or from a country whose graduate students are typically fluent in English, you are already ahead in your quest to get into an economics PhD.)

Here is the not-very-surprising list of things that will help you get into a good econ PhD program:

• good grades, especially in whatever math and economics classes you take,
• a good score on the math GRE,
• some math classes and a statistics class on your transcript,
• research experience, and definitely at least one letter of recommendation from a researcher,
• a demonstrable interest in the field of economics.

Chances are, if you’re asking for advice, you probably feel unprepared in one of two ways. Either you don’t have a sterling math background, or you have quantitative skills but are new to the field of econ. Fortunately, we have advice for both types of applicant.

If you’re weak in math…

Fortunately, if you’re weak in math, we have good news:  Math is something you can learn . That may sound like a crazy claim to most Americans, who are raised to believe that math ability is in the genes. It may even sound like arrogance coming from two people who have never had to struggle with math. But we’ve both taught people math for many years, and we really believe that it’s true. Genes help a bit, but math is like a foreign language or a sport: effort will result in skill.

Here are the math classes you absolutely should take to get into a good econ program:

• Linear algebra
• Multivariable calculus

Here are the classes you should take, but can probably get away with studying on your own:

• Ordinary differential equations
• Real analysis

Linear algebra (matrices, vectors, and all that) is something that you’ll use all the time in econ, especially when doing work on a computer. Multivariable calculus also will be used a lot. And stats of course is absolutely key to almost everything economists do. Differential equations are something you will use once in a while. And real analysis—by far the hardest subject of the five—is something that you will probably never use in real econ research, but which the economics field has decided to use as a sort of general intelligence signaling device.

If you took some math classes but didn’t do very well, don’t worry.  Retake the classes . If you are worried about how that will look on your transcript, take the class the first time “off the books” at a different college (many community colleges have calculus classes) or online. Or if you have already gotten a bad grade, take it a second time off the books and then a third time for your transcript. If you work hard, every time you take the class you’ll do better. You will learn the math and be able to prove it by the grade you get. Not only will this help you get into an econ PhD program, once you get in, you’ll breeze through parts of grad school that would otherwise be agony.

Here’s another useful tip:  Get a book and study math on your own before taking the corresponding class for a grade. Reading math on your own is something you’re going to have to get used to doing in grad school anyway (especially during your dissertation!), so it’s good to get used to it now. Beyond course-related books, you can either pick up a subject-specific book (Miles learned much of his math from studying books in the Schaum’s outline series ), or get a “math for economists” book; regarding the latter, Miles recommends Mathematics for Economists  by Simon and Blume, while Noah swears by Mathematical Methods and Models for Economists  by de la Fuente. When you study on your own, the most important thing is to  work through a bunch of problems . That will give you practice for test-taking, and will be more interesting than just reading through derivations.

This will take some time, of course. That’s OK. That’s what summer is for (right?). If you’re late in your college career, you can always take a fifth year, do a gap year, etc.

When you get to grad school, you will have to take an intensive math course called “math camp” that will take up a good part of your summer. For how to get through math camp itself, see this guide by Jérémie Cohen-Setton .

One more piece of advice for the math-challenged:  Be a research assistant on something non-mathy . There are lots of economists doing relatively simple empirical work that requires only some basic statistics knowledge and the ability to use software like Stata. There are more and more experimental economists around, who are always looking for research assistants. Go find a prof and get involved! (If you are still in high school or otherwise haven’t yet chosen a college, you might want to choose one where some of the professors do experiments and so need research assistants—something that is easy to figure out by studying professors’ websites carefully, or by asking about it when you visit the college.)

If you’re new to econ…

If you’re a disillusioned physicist, a bored biostatistician, or a neuroscientist looking to escape that evil  Principal Investigator, don’t worry:  An econ background is not necessary . A lot of the best economists started out in other fields, while a lot of undergrad econ majors are headed for MBAs or jobs in banks. Econ PhD programs know this. They will probably not mind if you have never taken an econ class.

That said, you may still want to  take an econ class , just to verify that you actually like the subject, to start thinking about econ, and to prepare yourself for the concepts you’ll encounter. If you feel like doing this, you can probably skip Econ 101 and 102, and head straight for an Intermediate Micro or Intermediate Macro class.

Another good thing is to  read through an econ textbook . Although economics at the PhD level is mostly about the math and statistics and computer modeling (hopefully getting back to the real world somewhere along the way when you do your own research), you may also want to get the flavor of the less mathy parts of economics from one of the well-written lower-level textbooks (either one by Paul Krugman and Robin Wells , Greg Mankiw , or Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok ) and maybe one at a bit higher level as well, such as David Weil’s excellent book on economic growth ) or Varian’s Intermediate Microeconomics .

Remember to take a statistics class , if you haven’t already. Some technical fields don’t require statistics, so you may have missed this one. But to econ PhD programs, this will be a gaping hole in your resume. Go take stats!

One more thing you can do is research with an economist . Fortunately, economists are generally extremely welcoming to undergrad RAs from outside econ, who often bring extra skills. You’ll get great experience working with data if you don’t have it already. It’ll help you come up with some research ideas to put in your application essays. And of course you’ll get another all-important letter of recommendation.

And now for…

General tips for everyone

Here is the most important tip for everyone:  Don’t just apply to “top” schools . For some degrees—an MBA for example—people question whether it’s worthwhile to go to a non-top school. But for econ departments, there’s no question. Both Miles and Noah have marveled at the number of smart people working at non-top schools. That includes some well-known bloggers, by the way—Tyler Cowen teaches at George Mason University (ranked 64th ), Mark Thoma teaches at the University of Oregon (ranked 56th ), and Scott Sumner teaches at Bentley, for example. Additionally, a flood of new international students is expanding the supply of quality students. That means that the number of high-quality schools is increasing; tomorrow’s top 20 will be like today’s top 10, and tomorrow’s top 100 will be like today’s top 50.

Apply to schools outside of the top 20—any school in the top 100 is worth considering, especially if it is strong in areas you are interested in. If your classmates aren’t as elite as you would like, that just means that you will get more attention from the professors, who almost all came out of top programs themselves. When Noah said in his earlier post that econ PhD students are virtually guaranteed to get jobs in an econ-related field, that applied to schools far down in the ranking. Everyone participates in the legendary centrally managed econ job market . Very few people ever fall through the cracks.

Next—and this should go without saying— don’t be afraid to retake the GRE . If you want to get into a top 10 school, you probably need a perfect or near-perfect score on the math portion of the GRE. For schools lower down the rankings, a good GRE math score is still important. Fortunately, the GRE math section is relatively simple to study for—there are only a finite number of topics covered, and with a little work you can “overlearn” all of them, so you can do them even under time pressure and when you are nervous. In any case, you can keep retaking the test until you get a good score (especially if the early tries are practice tests from the GRE prep books and prep software), and then you’re OK!

Here’s one thing that may surprise you: Getting an econ master’s degree alone won’t help . Although master’s degrees in economics are common among international students who apply to econ PhD programs, American applicants do just fine without a master’s degree on their record. If you want that extra diploma, realize that once you are in a PhD program, you will get a master’s degree automatically after two years. And if you end up dropping out of the PhD program, that master’s degree will be worth more than a stand-alone master’s would. The one reason to get a master’s degree is if it can help you remedy a big deficiency in your record, say not having taken enough math or stats classes, not having taken any econ classes, or not having been able to get anyone whose name admissions committees would recognize to write you a letter of recommendation.

For getting into grad school, much more valuable than a master’s is a stint as a research assistant in the Federal Reserve System or at a think tank —though these days, such positions can often be as hard to get into as a PhD program!

Finally—and if you’re reading this, chances are you’re already doing this— read some econ blogs . (See Miles’s speculations about the future of the econ blogosphere here .) Econ blogs are no substitute for econ classes, but they’re a great complement. Blogs are good for picking up the lingo of academic economists, and learning to think like an economist. Don’t be afraid to  write  a blog either, even if no one ever reads it (you don’t have to be writing at the same level as Evan Soltas or Yichuan Wang );  you can still put it on your CV, or just practice writing down your thoughts. And when you write your dissertation, and do research later on in your career, you are going to have to think for yourself outside the context of a class . One way to practice thinking critically is by critiquing others’ blog posts, at least in your head.

Anyway, if you want to have intellectual stimulation and good work-life balance, and a near-guarantee of a well-paying job in your field of interest, an econ PhD could be just the thing for you. Don’t be scared of the math and the jargon. We’d love to have you.

Update:  Miles’s colleague Jeff Smith at the University of Michigan amplifies many of the things we say on his blog.  For a  complete  guide, be sure to see what Jeff has to say, too.

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Doctoral Program

The Ph.D. program is a full time program leading to a Doctoral Degree in Economics.  Students specialize in various fields within Economics by enrolling in field courses and attending field specific lunches and seminars.  Students gain economic breadth by taking additional distribution courses outside of their selected fields of interest.

General requirements

Students  are required to complete 1 quarter of teaching experience. Teaching experience includes teaching assistantships within the Economics department or another department .

University's residency requirement

135 units of full-tuition residency are required for PhD students. After that, a student should have completed all course work and must request Terminal Graduate Registration (TGR) status.

Department degree requirements and student checklist

1. core course requirement.

Required: Core Microeconomics (202-203-204) Core Macroeconomics (210-211-212) Econometrics (270-271-272).  The Business School graduate microeconomics class series may be substituted for the Econ Micro Core.  Students wishing to waive out of any of the first year core, based on previous coverage of at least 90% of the material,  must submit a waiver request to the DGS at least two weeks prior to the start of the quarter.  A separate waiver request must be submitted for each course you are requesting to waive.  The waiver request must include a transcript and a syllabus from the prior course(s) taken.  

2.  Field Requirements

Required:  Two of the Following Fields Chosen as Major Fields (click on link for specific field requirements).  Field sequences must be passed with an overall grade average of B or better.  Individual courses require a letter grade of B- or better to pass unless otherwise noted.

Research fields and field requirements :

• Behavioral & Experimental
• Development Economics
• Econometric Methods with Causal Inference
• Econometrics
• Economic History
• Environmental, Resource and Energy Economics
• Industrial Organization
• International Trade & Finance
• Labor Economics
• Market Design
• Microeconomic Theory
• Macroeconomics
• Political Economy
• Public Economics

3.  Distribution

Required:  Four other graduate-level courses must be completed. One of these must be from the area of economic history (unless that field has already been selected above). These courses must be distributed in such a way that at least two fields not selected above are represented.  Distribution courses must be passed with a grade of B or better.

4.  Field Seminars/Workshops

Required:  Three quarters of two different field seminars or six quarters of the same field seminar from the list below.   

How Much Does a Ph.D. Cost?

Data Summary

How much does it cost to get a Ph.D.? On average, the total cost comes out to $40,900 per year, including tuition and living expenses. Note Reference [1] Students typically take 4-8 years to finish a Ph.D. program, so a doctoral degree can cost anywhere from $163,600-$327,200 before grants and assistantships.

But you won’t necessarily end up paying that total cost yourself. Ph.D. students typically receive more financial support than master’s degree or other professional graduate degree students. Programs often offer tuition waivers and stipends in exchange for teaching or research.

In this report we’ll explore the average cost of a Ph.D. program, common student debt amounts, and how much students typically receive in funding for their doctoral programs.

Table of Contents

Average cost of a ph.d., factors that influence ph.d. cost, ph.d. student loan debt, cost of professional doctorates.

• According to 2020 data from the National Center for Education Statistics, the average cost of tuition for a Ph.D. program is $20,600 per year. Note Reference [1]
• Non-tuition related expenses, such as room and board, books, and supplies, amounted to $20,300 on average. Note Reference [1]
• Together, the total cost per year for a doctoral program equals $40,900. Note Reference [1]

But programs often offer packages that include a tuition waiver and living stipend in exchange for an assistantship. With an assistantship, graduate students may work part time teaching or researching.

• The average amount of a graduate research assistantship is $1,833 per month. [6]
• The average amount of a teaching assistantship is $2,391 per month. Note Reference [6]
• 70.5% of male doctoral students and 64% of female students reported having an assistantship, which often includes a tuition waiver and health insurance. [7]

Keep in mind that some schools have higher tuition but more competitive stipends and benefits, while others have lower tuition rates and lower stipend amounts. Some programs offer full tuition waivers while others cover partial tuition. It is important to note the wide range of package types that are offered to incoming doctoral students.

Costs can also vary between programs and even between departments at the same school. For example, Cornell University’s humanities and social science departments offered a stipend of $32,494 per year in 2023 while its technology department offered a stipend of $40,294 (in part due to the Cornell Tech campus being located in New York City). [8] Business Ph.D. students at Cornell received an even higher stipend of $44,885. [9]

Some schools increase stipend amounts with a student’s time in the program. Other schools reduce the tuition amount each year.

Ph.D. programs may also offer graduate fellowships or scholarships, which may cover all or some of the costs of the program and may come with some work responsibilities.

Other factors that can affect doctoral programs include whether a school is public or private, the location of a school, and program length.

Most Ph.D. programs provide limits as to the number of years of funding they will provide, often 4-5 years. When students take longer to complete their degree, they may be able to find additional graduate student employment doing teaching or research or apply for a “finishing fellowship.”

Student loan and debt amounts for Ph.D. students differ widely between fields. Math and computer science doctoral students, for example, graduate with $10,686 in debt on average while education students graduate with $47,672 in debt. Note Reference [4]

Overall, roughly one quarter (23%) of doctoral recipients graduated with over $30,000 in debt. However, percentages varied by field. [12]

• Only 8% of engineering students and students in the physical sciences and earth sciences graduated with over $30,000 in debt.
• Around 40% of psychology and social sciences (36.9%) and education (40.3%) doctoral recipients, on the other hand, finished with over $30,000 in debt.

Broken down by race and ethnicity, Black or African American doctoral recipients graduated with the highest percentage of debt over $30,000 and Asian doctoral recipients graduated with the least. [13]

• Over half of Black or African American doctoral recipients (56%) received their degrees with over $30,000 in debt.
• Hispanic or Latina/o students placed second with 30% graduating with debt over $30,000.
• 1 in 5 white students graduated with debt over $30,000 and only 1 in 10 Asian students.

While this article focuses on research doctorates, there are also professional doctorates such as Doctor of Medicine (MD), Juris Doctor (JD), and Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT). These doctorates are intended towards practice and often come with higher price tags.

According to 2016 data from the National Center for Education Statistics: [14]

• The average cost of a professional doctorate is $58,656 per year.
• The average price of tuition and fees is $34,910 per year.
• Non-tuition expenses, such as housing and textbooks, come out to $23,746 per year on average.

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) Cost

Unlike a Ph.D. in education, a Doctor of Education degree (Ed.D.) is also a professional doctorate and geared towards practice rather than teaching and research.

The Ed.D. program is also much shorter than a Ph.D., typically 2-3 years, which may result in a lower cost of attendance. Tuition for some of the best Doctorate of Education programs can range from around $500 per credit to over $2,000 per credit, with a total of 60 credits required to graduate. That amounts to a total tuition cost of $30,000-$120,000 depending on the school.

Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Cost

A doctor of psychology degree (Psy.D.), not to be confused with a doctor of philosophy degree (Ph.D.) in psychology, is designed for students who want to go into practice, especially as a licensed clinical psychologist or psychotherapist.

While program length varies from school to school, you can generally expect the degree to take you 5-7 years. Tuition for some of the best online Doctorate of Psychology programs ranges from around $600-$1,600. Programs often require 60-90 credits.

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Best Doctorates in Economics: Top PhD Programs, Career Paths, and Salaries

If you’re a graduate student and interested in pursuing an advanced study in the field of economics, you should start researching the best PhDs in Economics. By enrolling in an economics PhD program, you’ll be getting an in-depth education on past and current economic trends.

In this article, we’ll try to help you choose the right PhD in Economics by going over some of the best programs in the United States. We’ll also cover some of the highest-paying economics jobs on the market and provide an overview of the PhD in economics salary possibilities.

Find your bootcamp match

What is a phd in economics.

A PhD in Economics degree is an advanced doctoral degree program that studies the distribution and consumption of goods and services. Economics classes teach students to analyze small-scale and global-scale economic factors to make predictions for future markets.

The main goal of economics departments in PhD programs is to teach students how to help different institutions improve and optimize their economic actions. Through a mix of teaching, research, and a heavy course load, economics grad students will perfect their quantitative skills and learn to make decisions that increase the profitability of the organizations they work for.

How to Get Into an Economics PhD Program: Admission Requirements

The admission requirements to get into an economics PhD program include a bachelor’s degree in a related field and a minimum 3.0 GPA. Other admission requirements can include GRE exam scores, letters of recommendation, a statement of purpose, and a resume. Admissions counselors will look at a student’s comprehensive experience before grad school.

Different schools have other specific admission requirements for their economics PhD programs, but all international and English as a second language-speaking (ESL) students will have to submit proof of English proficiency in the form of Test of English as a Second Language (TOEFL) exam scores.

PhD in Economics Admission Requirements

• Bachelor’s or master’s degree in a related field
• Minimum 3.0 GPA
• GRE test scores (optional for most schools)
• Two to three letters of recommendation
• Proof of English proficiency (for ESL and international students)
• Statement of purpose
• Previous knowledge in math-intensive subjects, such as economic theory, statistics, mathematics, differential and integral calculus, and linear algebra

Economics PhD Acceptance Rates: How Hard Is It to Get Into a PhD Program in Economics?

It can be very hard to get into economics PhD programs. Economics PhD acceptance rates vary between 2.4 and 7.4 percent. At Johns Hopkins University, for example, only 12 students are selected to enroll in the Economics PhD program out of more than 500 applications.

How to Get Into the Best Universities

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Best PhDs in Economics: In Brief

Best universities for economics phds: where to get a phd in economics.

The best universities for PhD economics programs include Arizona State University, John Hopkins University, Syracuse University, and Drexel University. These schools will adequately equip you with the economic knowledge and skills needed to ensure you are ready for a well-paying job in the economics career path of your dreams. Continue reading for all you need to know to prepare for grad school at one of the top Phd in Economics degree programs.

Arizona State University is a public research university founded in 1886. It is considered one of the best institutions for superior education. ASU offers more than 400 graduate degree programs led by experts and has been ranked as the nation’s most innovative university by US News & World Report . 

PhD in Economics

This economics PhD program provides training in microeconomic and macroeconomic theory, applied economics, and econometrics. Classrooms are relatively small, with about 45 graduate students, to facilitate mentoring and provide greater faculty attention within the department of economics. The program prepares students for teaching and research positions in the field of economics. 

PhD in Economics Overview

• Program Length: 5 years
• Acceptance Rate: Not stated
• Tuition: $ 858/credit (in state); $1,361/credit (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, graduate teaching assistantships
• Bachelor's or master's degree from a regionally accredited institution
• Minimum cumulative GPA of 3.0
• Graduate admission application and application fee
• Official transcripts
• Three letters of recommendation

Colorado State University was founded in 1870. It is a public land-grant research university and is considered the flagship university of the Colorado State University System. It offers several programs and certificates across many fields and has over 7,000 enrolled graduate students.

This economics doctoral program offers meticulous training and teaches research methods in the many different areas of economics. These math intensive classes include microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, and econometrics. This econ program requires a minimum of 72 credits and allows students to focus on different areas like environmental, international, political, Keynesian, feminist, or regional economics.

• Tuition: $601.90/credit (in state); $1,475.80/credit (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantships, scholarships, fellowships, internships, grants
• Online application and application fee
• Official transcripts of all collegiate work completed post-high school
• Letters of recommendation

Drexel University was founded in 1891. It is a private research university with over 8,900 enrolled graduate students. Their co-op education program sets this university apart from others, offering students the opportunity to get paid and gain real-world experience prior to graduating.

This PhD in Economics teaches a set of core courses including microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics. Students are then required to specialize and demonstrate math skills in industrial organization, international economics, or macroeconomics. This PhD is an official STEM Designated Degree Program. Each class is composed of three to six doctoral students to optimize and facilitate interactions between students and faculty. 

• Tuition: $1,342/credit
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantships
• GRE scores from the past five years
• Personal statement
• Two letters of recommendation

Johns Hopkins University is a world-renowned private research university. It was founded in 1876 and is now organized into 10 campuses in Maryland and Washington, with international divisions in Italy and China. The university has over 22,000 graduate students enrolled across its social sciences, engineering, arts, and business schools.

This economics program is led by expert faculty and trains students in applied microeconomics and macroeconomics, economic theory, and econometrics. Students will receive one-on-one attention from faculty, allowing them to conduct better research and strengthen the complex analysis and quantitative skills necessary in the field of econ. 

• Program Length: 5-6 years
• Acceptance Rate: 2.4%
• Tuition: $58,720/year 
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Departmental fellowship (1st year), teaching or research assistantships (2nd to 5th years), Carl Christ Fellowship, Kelly Miller Fellowship, tuition fees funded by the department for enrolled students
• Unofficial transcripts from all previous colleges and universities
• GRE scores (quantitative scores of 160 or above)
• Minimum of two letters of recommendation

Kansas State University was founded in 1863 as the first public institution of higher education in Kansas. KSU is a public land-grant research university and has over 4,500 enrolled graduate students across 73 master's and 43 doctoral degree programs.

This PhD Economics program teaches students about the latest advances in econometrics, economic theory, and computation. The program requires the completion of a minimum of 90 credits, of which 30 are designated to researching and writing a high-quality dissertation.

• Tuition and Fees: $6,282/year (in state); $12,746/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Teaching assistantships, the Wayne Nafziger Graduate Scholarship, the Lloyd and Sally Thomas Graduate Scholarship, and Edward Bagley Graduate Scholarship; tuition fees funded by the department for enrolled students
• Academic transcripts of all undergraduate and graduate coursework from each institution attended
• Short statement of objectives for graduate study
• GRE scores from the past five years (optional but encouraged)

Oregon State University ’s roots can be traced back to 1856 as a public land-grant research university that was founded as a primary and preparatory community school. Today, the university is the largest in Oregon. Oregon State is particularly renowned for its programs in earth, marine, and biological sciences and has over 5,668 enrolled graduate students.

PhD in Applied Economics

The 108-credit Applied Economics PhD degree program teaches students about economic theory, econometrics, development economics, and other quantitative methods. Grad school students of this program will gain the intellectual autonomy needed to examine real-world problems and apply relevant solutions regarding policy, education, trade, and the environment. 

PhD in Applied Economics Overview

• Program Length: 4-5 years
• Acceptance Rate: 6.7%
• Tuition: $498/credit (in state); $1,011/credit (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantship

PhD in Applied Economics Admission Requirements

• Academic records from each institution attended
• Letters of reference
• Statement of objectives

Syracuse University is a private research university founded in 1831 with over 6,800 enrolled graduate students. Syracuse is ranked 59th on US News & World Report’s list of best national universities and features famous alum President Joe Biden. 

The PhD in Economics program at Syracuse University is a research-oriented degree that requires the completion of 72 credits. The program teaches students about mathematical economics, microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, and econometrics. Students will specialize in a primary field in labor, international, public, urban economics, or econometrics. 

• Acceptance Rate: N/A
• Tuition: $32,436/year
• PhD Funding Opportunities: University Fellowships, graduate assistantships, Melvin Eggers Graduate Economics Scholarship for Doctoral Students, David Greytak Fellowship Fund
• Transcripts from all collegiate and post-collegiate work
• Three letters of recommendation 

University of Maryland (UMD) at College Park was founded in 1856 and is the flagship campus of the University System of Maryland. UMD is a public, land-grant research university with 10,500 enrolled graduate students in over 230 graduate degree programs.  

PhD in Economics (ECON)

This econ PhD program offers a wide range of specializations to students, including advanced macroeconomics or microeconomics, behavioral and experimental economics, econometrics, economic history, international trade, and public economics. Students who enroll directly after they finish their bachelor’s degree are also able to obtain a Master of Arts degree simultaneously. 

PhD in Economics (ECON) Overview

• Acceptance Rate: 4.1%
• Tuition: $1,269/semester (in state); $2,496/semester (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantships, Fellowship in Support of Diversity and Inclusion

PhD in Economics (ECON) Admission Requirements

• Transcripts from all institutions attended after high school
• Description of research and work experience
• GRE exam scores (optional)

University of Utah was established in 1850 as a public research university and is now considered the flagship institution of the Utah System of Higher Education. It currently has over 8,400 enrolled graduate students and offers several programs with financial assistance, academic opportunities, and postdoctoral fellows.

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This economics PhD program allows students to explore many topics, including economic theory, post-Keynesian macroeconomics, Marxian economics, the economics of gender, labor market institutions, and intensive math classes. The program focuses particularly on themes of inequality, globalization, and sustainability. 

• Acceptance Rate: 7.4%
• Tuition and Fees: $1,271.79/credit (in state); $4,517.11/credit (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantships (research and teaching), fellowships, scholarships
• Completion of intermediate microeconomic and macroeconomic theory prerequisite courses 
• Three academic reference letters
• Brief statement of personal academic goals

West Virginia University was founded in 1867 as a public land-grant research university. Today, the university enrolls over 5,700 graduate students in more than 350 programs throughout 14 colleges and high-quality schools.

This 45-credit PhD program trains students to conduct original research, produce publishable articles, analyze real-world problems from economists and policymakers, and effectively communicate their results. Doctorate students must choose a specialization in health, international, monetary, public, regional, or urban economics. Classes in economics have a small number of students to facilitate and encourage interaction between students and faculty.

• Program Length: 4 years
• Tuition and Fees: $899/credit (in state); $2,053/credit (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantships, Arlen G. and Louise Stone Swiger Doctoral Fellowship, W.E.B. Du Bois Fellowship, Provost Graduate Fellowship
• Minimum GRE score of, 300
• Completion of statistics, intermediate micro and macro theory, and calculus prerequisite courses

Can You Get a PhD in Economics Online?

Yes, you can get a PhD in economics online. Liberty University currently offers an online PhD in Public Policy with a concentration in Economic Policy. This program focuses on teaching students how to shape economic policy across legislation, communications, politics, education, and international relations. Grad school students can complete this online program in three years.

Best Online PhD Programs in Economics

How long does it take to get a phd in economics.

It takes five years on average to get a PhD in Economics. The first two years are usually spent completing core classes in economics, and by the third year, students prepare for exams in their specialization field of choice. The final two years are for research and writing a dissertation.

Some students are able to complete their PhD program in less time. Others take up to seven years to finish their degrees, especially if they don’t already have a master’s degree in the field, or are taking courses part-time.

Is a PhD in Economics Hard?

Yes, a PhD in Economics is a hard degree to obtain. However, at this level of education, regardless of the area of study you choose, all programs are hard to complete. Doctoral programs are intended for students who wish to become true experts in their field of choice.

Economics PhD programs are hard because extensive research and practical capabilities are required of candidates. Through a heavy course load, econ grad students are expected to work hard to develop their skills to the maximum and create publishable, high-quality work.

How Much Does It Cost to Get a PhD in Economics?

It costs an average of $19,314 per year to get a PhD in Economics , according to the National Center for Education Statistics. This value is an average of the graduate tuition required in all public and private institutions between 2018 and 2019. Tuition rates will vary by school, and private universities are often more expensive than public institutions.

How to Pay for a PhD in Economics: PhD Funding Options

PhD funding options that students can use to pay for a PhD in Economics include research and teaching assistantships, and many different fellowships and scholarships. These can either be provided directly by the university or by independent institutions and organizations.

Some of these include the Provost Graduate Fellowship, the Melvin Eggers Graduate Economics Scholarship for Doctoral Students, and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program.

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What Is the Difference Between an Economics Master’s Degree and PhD?

The main difference between an economics master’s degree and a PhD is that master’s degrees are more career-oriented, while PhDs are focused on research. Since many doctorate students wish to pursue academic careers and teach in high-quality schools, they opt for a PhD program that allows them to acquire expert-level knowledge through research and assistant teaching.

Other differences between these two programs include funding options for payment, as master’s degrees don’t have as many funding options as PhD programs do, as well as the time of completion and the difference in salary between economics master’s and PhD graduates.

Master’s vs PhD in Economics Job Outlook

Employment for both economics master’s and PhD graduates is expected to grow in the next 10 years. However, the growth percentage is much higher for certain economics jobs for those with a doctoral degree. For example, employment for budget analysts, a position that requires only a Master’s Degree in Economics, is projected to grow five percent from 2020 to 2030, which is slower than the average growth for all occupations.

On the other hand, employment for postsecondary teachers, who typically need to have a PhD in Economics, is expected to grow 12 percent in the next 10 years .

Difference in Salary for Economics Master’s vs PhD

Considering the differences mentioned above, there’s a significant difference in average salaries for economics master’s and PhD graduates. While a budget analyst makes around $84,240 on average per year, a postsecondary teacher makes $124,090 on average per year.

According to PayScale, the average salary of someone with a Master’s Degree in Economics is $82,000 per year , whereas the average salary of someone with a PhD in Economics is $110,000 per year .

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Why You Should Get a PhD in Economics

You should get a PhD in Economics because it will allow you to learn many valuable quantitative and analytical skills in the field, improve how you communicate with peers and non-experts alike, learn from a wide variety of specializations, and put you on track for a career in research and academics.

Reasons for Getting a PhD in Economics

• Wide range of specializations. A PhD in Economics allows you to specialize in an area that interests you most, such as financial, labor, international, political, business, feminist, Keynesian, environmental, or development economics.
• Improve communication skills. Throughout your economics PhD program, you’ll be required to publish high-quality articles for peer review. This means that you’ll also be expected to learn how to communicate your findings to the common layman.
• Learn many relevant skills. Econ students learn skills that will allow them to work for several institutions. They’re able to evaluate and calculate risk, make predictions, develop and use mathematical models, and deeply understand market dynamics.
• Work in academia. Most PhD graduates desire to become professors themselves. A PhD in Economics allows students to work for all kinds of superior institutions and have a fulfilling career in research and academia.

Getting a PhD in Economics: Economics PhD Coursework

Getting a PhD in Economics begins with core economics PhD coursework. For most programs, these courses include micro and macroeconomics, econometrics, mathematics for economists, and research design and methodology.

Microeconomics

A microeconomics course teaches decision-making when it comes to allocating resources of production, exchange, and consumption. Students learn about consumer and producer theory, general equilibrium theory, game theory, and other key applied microeconomic topics.

Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics is the area of economics that studies the economy as a whole. It accounts for the total goods and services provided, economic growth, and total income and consumption. In this course, students learn about the different macroeconomic models and current trends in macroeconomic thought.

Econometrics

In an econometrics course, students learn about probability and statistics, random variables, and hypothesis-testing procedures. Students will also be able to apply mathematical formulations to create complex economic models.

Mathematics for Economists

This core course is important to review the mathematical techniques required in economics. Students consolidate their knowledge in calculus, matrixes, algebra, differential equations, and set theory.

Research Design and Methodology

This introductory course is fundamental to guide students through conducting relevant research in economics literature for their dissertation, article publications, seminars, and any other papers they’ll need to prepare.

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How to Get a PhD in Economics: Doctoral Program Requirements

If you’re wondering how to get a PhD in Economics, the answer is pretty straightforward. To successfully complete an economics PhD program, students will have to complete all of the doctoral program requirements. These include successfully concluding core economics classes, establishing a program of study, passing the qualifying exam and candidacy examination, and defending a final dissertation.

Every PhD student will have to take a common set of core courses during their first year. These courses in micro and macroeconomics, econometrics, and mathematics provide students with basic training for conducting research in their field at advanced levels.

At the end of the first year, students will take their first-year exam to prove their competence in the core course and readiness to continue with the program. Passing these exams will allow students to choose their specialization courses for the second year.

Just before the beginning of the second year, students will work with an advisor to help them figure out the specialization courses best for them. They will also facilitate the process of finding a permanent advisor and creating a program of study for the rest of the degree program.

Candidacy examinations, or field course exams, are tests that prove a student’s knowledge in the specialized fields in which they wish to pursue their dissertation research. Upon passing these examinations, students are then recognized as PhD candidates.

By the end of the fifth year, most students have already completed their research and are ready to present and defend their theses. Students defend their dissertation in a final oral examination. Upon passing the defense, students must submit a final copy of their dissertation.

Potential Careers With an Economics Degree

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PhD in Economics Salary and Job Outlook

Getting a PhD in Economics will grant you career stability and financial security. Career prospects in the economics field are great, as employment in these jobs is projected to grow faster than average. Continue reading for a list of some of the best PhD in Economics jobs available to graduates and an overview of their annual salaries.

What Can You Do With a PhD in Economics?

With a PhD in Economics, you can apply to many high-paying jobs in the field. These jobs can include financial manager, postsecondary economics teacher, economist, personal financial advisor, or even urban and regional planner roles.

Best Jobs with a PhD in Economics

• Financial Manager
• Postsecondary Economics Teacher
• Personal Financial Advisor
• Urban and Regional Planner

What Is the Average Salary for a PhD in Economics?

The average salary for someone with a PhD in Economics is $110,000 per year , according to PayScale. This value varies depending on the career path you choose, the company you work for, or even the industry you base your work in.

Highest-Paying Economics Jobs for PhD Grads

Best economics jobs with a doctorate.

In this section, we’ll cover the best economics jobs you can get with a doctoral degree. They include financial managers, postsecondary teachers, and economists. Other high-paying jobs include personal financial advisors and urban and regional planners.

Financial managers are responsible for the financial standing of a company or organization. They coordinate accounting and investing, create financial reports, and develop long-term financial goals for their company. They must have knowledge of the tax laws and regulations specific to their industry.

• Salary with an Economics PhD: $153,460
• Job Outlook: 17% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 681,700
• Highest-Paying States: New York, Delaware, and New Jersey

Many economics PhD students are interested in teaching in postsecondary academic institutions. After being hired, these professors are placed in the school’s department of economics where they can conduct research and teach one or more courses in the field.

• Salary with an Economics PhD: $124,090
• Job Outlook: 12% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 1,276,900
• Highest-Paying States: New Hampshire, Montana, and California

Economists apply their knowledge and skills in economic analysis within a great variety of fields. They study the cost of products, examine employment, taxes, and inflation levels, and analyze economic history trends to make predictions for the future.

• Salary with an Economics PhD: $120,830
• Job Outlook: 13% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 18,600
• Highest-Paying States: New York, Washington DC, and California

Personal financial advisors advise clients on investments, insurance, mortgages, taxes, and other areas related to financial investment and management. They work to assess a client’s needs and help them make the best financial decisions for their future.

• Salary with an Economics PhD: $119,960
• Job Outlook: 5% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 275,200
• Highest-Paying States: New York, Washington DC, and Washington

Urban and regional planners gather and analyze information regarding economic, population, and environmental factors to advise developers on their plans to use land. Using their analytical and data skills, they eventually have the final say on whether a land project is feasible.

• Salary with an Economics PhD: $81,310
• Job Outlook: 7% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 39,100
• Highest-Paying States: Washington DC, California, and New York

Is a PhD in Economics Worth It?

Yes, a PhD in Economics is worth it. Getting an economics PhD is a great way to gain valuable skills for the econ job market, work on your overall communication, and guarantee financial security and stability over the course of your career.

Economics PhD graduates can choose between conducting research and teaching in superior institutions, prestigious government positions, and continuous work at some of the highest-paying private institutions.

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PhD in Economics FAQ

Some of the top companies that are hiring economists in 2022 include RAND, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the World Bank. Fannie Mae, the IMF, and Amazon are also top companies looking for economists.

Yes, you are expected to teach or somehow be involved in classroom experiences during your PhD program. Most students receive financial funding through teaching assistantships. These are viewed as an important component of the PhD college career.

You’ll need to have some kind of mathematics background to be admitted to an economics PhD program. All candidates must have taken intensive math classes and need proven math ability in calculus, linear algebra, and differential equations.

No, you don’t need an econ master’s degree to enroll in an economics PhD. However, only a small number of applicants are accepted into these programs and a master’s degree could be considered a competitive edge.

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The Ph.D. Program in the Department of Economics at Harvard is addressed to students of high promise who wish to prepare themselves in teaching and research in academia or for responsible positions in government, research organizations, or business enterprises. Students are expected to devote themselves full-time to their programs of study.

The program prepares students for productive and stimulating careers as economists. Courses and seminars offered by the department foster an intellectually active and stimulating environment. Each week, the department sponsors more than 15 different seminars on such topics as environmental economics, economic growth and development, monetary and fiscal policy, international economics, industrial organization, law and economics, behavioral economics, labor economics, and economic history. Top scholars from both domestic and international communities are often invited speakers at the seminars.  The Harvard community outside of the department functions as a strong and diverse resource. Students in the department are free to pursue research interests with scholars throughout the University. Faculty of the Harvard Law School, Kennedy School of Government, and Harvard Business School, for example, are available to students for consultation, instruction, and research guidance. As a member of the Harvard community, students in the department can register for courses in the various schools and have access to the enormous library resources available through the University. There are over 90 separate library units at Harvard, with the total collections of books and pamphlets numbering over 13 million.  Both the department and the wider University draw some of the brightest students from around the world, which makes for a student body that is culturally diverse and likely unequaled in the range of intellectual interests of its members. These factors combine to add an important dimension to the educational process. Students are able to learn from one another, collaborate on research projects and publications, and form bonds that are not broken by distance once the degree is completed and professional responsibilities lead them in different directions.

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Is an Economics PhD Worth It? The PhD Pay Premium

Read a summary or generate practice questions using the INOMICS AI tool

Economics students may often wonder if doing a PhD is the right move for them. After all, you can still get a good job in economics with just a Master’s degree. We’ve covered different angles of this topic before with helpful advice about what degree you’ll need as an economist , asking whether you should do a PhD , and even asking what kinds of economists are paid the most . Thanks to INOMICS Salary Report 2023 data, we can look more closely at the pay benefit for an economics PhD in today’s job market. This will help you decide if doing an economics PhD will be worth it for your own career.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the typical PhD in economics earns more than the typical economist with “only” a Master’s degree. But how much more? Is doing an economics PhD program worth it in the long term?

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The short answer: yes. INOMICS Salary Report data shows that in 2023, economics PhDs earned on average 96% more than economists with a Master’s degree. These are worldwide statistics taken from the full breadth of the INOMICS Salary Survey data.

The benefit to doing a PhD in economics varies by region. Figure 1 compares the “earnings premium” that an economics PhD has over economists with a Master’s degree across the world, using 2023 INOMICS Salary Survey data.

Figure 1: Regional Premiums in economics PhD pay compared to a Master’s

Clearly, in most regions acquiring a PhD in economics offers quite the premium. Some results may stand out as surprising, however.

First, in North America in particular, the premium for earning a PhD in economics seems smaller than expected. If a PhD only earns an economist an extra 36% increase in wages, ignoring a PhD and continuing to work might seem like a preferred option in this high-wage region.

In the Caribbean, South & Central America and Africa, PhD earnings are below Master’s earnings. This unexpected result appears to be the case due to the distribution of survey respondents. In both regions, the amount of industry economist respondents is much larger than academic respondents, and Master’s-degree-holding economists outnumber PhD economists in Government, Central & International Bank, and private business roles. These three categories of employer tend to pay more highly than others. This suggests that in these two regions, acquiring a PhD may not be necessary to have a well-compensated industry career. Further, it seems more realistic for Master’s-degree-holding economists to attain high-paying roles in these sectors without a PhD, as opposed to many other regions where a PhD would be considered a requirement.

As the previous discussion just showed, Figure 1 doesn’t account for the different sectors that economists work in. In general, economists who work in industry tend to earn very high wages, while economists who work in academia earn noticeably less until they are finally promoted to a full Professor of Economics. Then, academic economist pay catches up to industry pay. This is a trend noted in multiple editions of the INOMICS Salary Report.

This is particularly true in North America, the highest-paying region on average. Economists working in industry can earn high wages with only a Master’s degree. This is also true of Western Europe & Scandinavia and East Asia & Australasia, the second and third highest-paying regions identified by the Report.

Some other regions of the world feature much more of a premium for PhD economists. Part of the reason for this is clear. Since high-paying regions like Western Europe and Australasia pay higher salaries to begin with due to the higher cost of living, a high pay increase in these regions represents a lower percentage of overall pay.

This fact is supported by the graph; North America is the highest-paying region and features the lowest positive percentage increase in pay for PhDs. Western Europe, which pays the second most on average, features a slightly higher percentage increase. Readers should make no mistake; a 35.6% increase from a base salary of $100,833 (the average Master’s degree economist salary in North America) is a massive increase in pay. Comparably, the almost 120% increase in pay in the Middle East, Central Asia & North Africa region is an increase from an average Master’s degree salary of $17,321 to almost $40,000. In percentage terms, this is obviously enormous, but in cash terms less than the difference in North America.

Additionally, however, the high percentage premium for PhD economists in lower-paying regions may suggest that in these regions (i.e., South Asia, Middle East) there are more opportunities for economists without a PhD to find meaningful employment, so fewer individuals elect to study for a PhD. If this is true, those who do complete a PhD enjoy a high pay premium over their economist peers since economics PhDs are more rare in those regions.

Academic economists need a PhD

Economics students should keep in mind that academic jobs will almost certainly require a PhD in economics. Economics students interested in a career in academia should therefore be strongly encouraged to pursue an economics PhD, regardless of differences in pay. The following Figure 2 shows the pay premium for economists employed at universities, by region:

Figure 2: Regional Premiums in economics PhD pay compared to a Master’s (Academic only)

The pay premiums for economics PhDs tells the story quite clearly: across the board, in every world region, economics PhDs in academia earn much more than their counterparts without a PhD.

Readers might note that this graph is likely skewed because economics PhDs are probably more senior economists than economists without a PhD in academic settings, and likely hold higher-level positions; but this skewness supports the point. Economists interested in a serious career in academia must strongly consider getting a PhD, or have a specific reason to not need one. It is very difficult to earn a Professor of Economics position without a PhD in most of the world. Figure 3 below provides evidence to support this point.

Figure 3: % of Master’s degree economists in Professor roles by region

Figure 3 shows very clearly that burgeoning economists should expect to earn a PhD if they wish to work as a Professor of Economics in the future. Every world region has very few Professors with just a Master’s degree. Even in South Asia, which has by far the largest representation for Professors with a Master’s degree in our data, only 20% of Professors have a Master’s while 80% have a PhD.

Industry economist roles

It’s clear that academic economists usually need a PhD, but this isn’t necessarily the case in industry. However, readers may be curious to repeat the above breakdowns in industry roles, which can be instructive. Figure 4 thus shows the pay premium for PhD economists in industry roles by region:

Figure 4: Regional Premiums in economics PhD pay compared to a Master’s (Industry only)

Figure 4 shows that PhD economists out-earn Master’s-holding economists in industry jobs by a substantial amount in most regions. The lower industry PhD economist pay compared to Master’s degree economists was already discussed above for Africa and the Caribbean. In summary, Master’s degree holding economists outnumber PhD economists in Government, Central & International Bank, and private business roles in these two regions. Since these three categories of employer tend to pay more highly than others, it may slightly skew the graph in favor of Master’s degree holders. However, this suggests that in these two regions, acquiring a PhD may not be necessary to have a well-compensated industry career.

In North America, part of the reason for a lower than expected premium is likely the fact that in this high-paying region, high base salaries mean that salary increases will be lower percentage-wise. This was discussed above as well. Average years of experience are quite comparable for industry economists in North America (about 12 for Master’s degree holders and 15 for PhD holders), and the employer distribution is relatively balanced.

Figure 4 suggests that industry economists with a Master’s degree in North America ought to consider their career path and whether a PhD is right for them before going back to school. A PhD opens up some employment opportunities in the private sector that aren’t available to Master’s degree holders, and will increase pay, but whether or not that is necessary or desired is likely up to the individual.

Keep in mind that specific non-academic employers – especially governments, central banks like the Federal Reserve, institutions seeking economics researchers, NGOs like the World Bank, and even increasingly consulting firms – are likely to require an econ PhD for some higher-level positions. Be sure to check job listings for economics jobs that you’re interested in to see if a PhD might help you reach them in your career.

Comparing previous years: PhD earnings on the rise again

Using past years of INOMICS survey data, we can examine how the benefit to doing an economics PhD has changed over time. It appears that the premium in pay that economics PhDs enjoy is recovering after a slight dip during the pandemic years. See below Figure 5 below:

Figure 5: How much more PhD economists earn vs. Master’s economists by year, INOMICS data

Figure 5 shows that earnings for economics PhDs are once again rising relative to pay for economists without a PhD. It’s worth noting that pay for economists with both degree types has increased this year. According to the latest INOMICS Salary Report, economists with a Master’s as their highest degree experienced a 3.2% increase in pay on average since 2022, while those with a PhD have experienced a 35.9% increase. This has widened the earnings premium between the two categories from 80% in 2022 to 91% in 2023.

The dip in pay that economists experienced in 2022 may be partially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. And PhD pay is not the only factor that appears to be improving since COVID. The post-pandemic recovery of the economics jobs market has already been discussed by INOMICS, showing that earnings for economists with Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees recovered sharply after the first waves of the pandemic.

So, is doing a PhD in economics right for you? According to the data, in most cases it will be. However, you must weigh the tradeoffs yourself. You may not need a PhD to have a fulfilling career in economics, particularly if you plan to work in a non-governmental and non-central bank role in industry, and particularly in certain countries and regions.

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Financing Your Education - Doctoral Programs

A doctoral degree is a significant investment in your future, and financing your education is a critical factor to consider. While the funding we provide covers the basic standard cost of attendance determined by Stanford University for a modest life as a graduate student, accepting an offer from a doctoral program has significant personal, professional, and financial implications. Below you’ll find information on GSE and Stanford financial support for doctoral students, as well as other important considerations when it comes to financing your PhD.

Funding guarantee

Stanford GSE offers all admitted PhD students a five-year funding package that provides tuition aid, fellowship stipend, and assistantship salary which covers the standard cost of attendance. The funding is based on meeting the basic financial need of the student alone for the first five academic years of the doctoral program and entails assistantship work. The cornerstone of the GSE doctoral experience is the apprenticeship that all students undertake, typically under the guidance of their academic advisor, but often with other Stanford faculty as well. In this apprenticeship model, doctoral students are provided with a funding package that consists of opportunities to serve as teaching and research assistants for faculty members' courses and research projects. By this means, and in combination with the coursework, students are prepared to excel as university faculty, education researchers, and leaders in the field.

All funding is contingent upon satisfactory academic progress and performance on the research and teaching assistantships. There is no separate application for this funding.

Assistantships

As part of the academic and professional training and development, students undertake assistantships which provide both salary and tuition. Research assistantships are funded by faculty research grants, other faculty funds or as needed, by the GSE Dean’s Office, and can lead to joint publications with faculty or to dissertation topics. Students who have sufficient expertise and experience may also be selected as teaching assistants for courses at the GSE or other Stanford schools and departments. Assistantships are typically secured in consultation with faculty advisors. Students work 10 hours (25% assistantship) or 20 hours (50% assistantship) a week depending on their year in the program. 

• Research assistantship (RA): Various duties for research projects
• Teaching assistantships (3 types):
• Course Assistant (CA)—course preparation and grading
• Teaching Assistant (TA)—leads regularly-scheduled discussion sections
• Teaching Affiliate (TF)—full responsibility for course

Funding Details 2023-2024

Note: The above figures reflect 2023-2024 rates. Actual amounts will be adjusted to the rates for 2024-25 and future years.

Cost of attendance

Tuition depends on the units taken by the student. In addition to tuition expenses, the cost of attendance of a PhD program involves living expenses such as rent, food, and transportation. The sum of tuition and non-tuition expenses constitutes the standard cost of attendance. 

As you consider applying to graduate school, you can use the standard cost of attendance of your program —plus any additional expenses you might have—to create your financial plan, keeping in mind that tuition and non-tuition expenses of the standard cost of attendance are set by the university on an annual basis.

What you can do now to prepare financially if admitted

• Prepare for how your standard of living may change as a graduate student, especially if you are coming from a full-time job.
• Consider the length of your program, any dependents, existing debt, and additional financial commitments you may have. Students with children may review Stanford support programs for families.
• If you have personal or special circumstances that require additional expenses above and beyond the standard cost of attendance, plan accordingly.
• Start saving as much as you are able to cover any unexpected expenses you may incur while in graduate school.
• Familiarize yourself with federal as well as private student loans, their interest rates, fees, repayment options, deferment policies, and eligibility requirements, so that you are informed if you need to borrow.
• Be ready to cover all initial expenses, since fellowships and stipends will not be disbursed until a few weeks into your first quarter. Onboarding into a PhD program often requires up front out of pocket expenses for relocation.

Additional GSE resources

Once PhD students matriculate, the GSE has a variety of resources available to support academic work and unanticipated needs.

Students are eligible for up to three travel fellowships during their time at GSE if they are attending a conference or other professional development opportunity.

GSE Student Emergency Fund assists graduate students who experience a financial emergency or unanticipated expenses causing financial hardship. This fund is meant to support those who cannot reasonably resolve their financial difficulty through fellowships, loans, or personal resources. 

GSE Dissertation Support Grants help advanced PhD students who require additional financial support for dissertation research activities. These grants, available at up to $6,500 total per student, are available to students who do not have access to other funds to cover their dissertation costs.

Stanford University resources

Knight-Hennessy Scholars (KHS) program aims to prepare the next generation of global leaders to address the increasingly complex challenges facing the world. The program selects up to 100 students each year and provides three years of financial support that is integrated into the GSE’s funding package for PhD students.

Vice Provost for Graduate Education awards various fellowships for doctoral students and maintains a list of other Stanford fellowships that students may consider.

Cardinal Care subsidy is an automatic university-wide subsidy program for graduate students. Vaden Health Center manages the university’s Cardinal Care student health insurance.

Stanford Financial Aid Office oversees a number of financial support programs specifically for graduate students with challenging financial situations. 

Additional hourly work is available to students who wish to work for pay as "casual labor" at Stanford up to eight hours a week, provided work does not adversely affect the academic program. Requires approval from the student’s advisor and the Academic Services team.

Other funding sources

External fellowships are integrated into the GSE’s funding package. There are many funding opportunities offered outside of Stanford. The GSE admissions team has compiled an external fellowships and grants document for you to explore, though you should plan to do your own research as well. International students can find additional sources of funding on the Institute of International Education’s (IIE) Funding for U.S. Study website and this publication .

Stanford is committed to providing benefits through the Yellow Ribbon Program of the Post-9/11 GI Bill® to students in degree-seeking programs. GSE students who qualify for Chapter 33 benefits at the 100% level may be eligible for additional funding through the Yellow Ribbon Program. Please note that for GSE students receiving tuition fellowship funding, the Yellow Ribbon match may reduce and in some cases replace institutional grants and scholarships. For instructions, visit the page, Activate VA Education Benefits at Stanford .

International students are guaranteed the same funding package as domestic students. However, there may be restrictions regarding the number of hours and opportunities to work during the summer months. To learn more, please contact the Bechtel International Center .

To meet immigration regulations, international students must show proof of adequate financial support to cover the length of time of their graduate program. While international students are not eligible for U.S. federal loan programs, they may qualify for private/alternative loans. Many lenders, however, require that a U.S. citizen or permanent resident co-sign the loan. You can find information and tools to help you choose private loan programs most frequently used by Stanford students here. A comprehensive list of private loan programs is available at FinAid.org .

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Top 15 Most Affordable Online Economics PhD Programs (Doctorates) 2025

Are you interested in a doctorate degree, but are concerned about the high cost of college? We rank the most affordable online economics PhD degree programs.

Key Takeaways

• The most affordable online doctoral programs in economics range between $300 and $1,500.
• The average tuition fee per year for an online economics PhD is $19,749.
• Out-of-state students pay more than in-state students unless the school provides a flat tuition fee.

Most Affordable Online Economics PhD Programs in 2025

• University of Minnesota +7
• University of Iowa +7
• University of Arizona +1
• University of Georgia +2
• University of Oregon +5
• University of Cincinnati +5
• University at Buffalo –2
• American University –1
• University of South Florida +3
• University of Wyoming +5

2025 Ranking Update

Our Influence Ranking Engine™ leverages machine learning to track the real-world influence of colleges and universities over time. Below you’ll see which schools gained or lost ground for the 2025 school year.

In our 2025 ranking update to the most affordable online economics PhD programs, many schools shifted. The two most notable shifts occurred with the University of Minnesota and the University of Iowa, now occupying the number one and two spot.

Both schools made substantial changes that allowed them to move up in the ranking. The University of Minnesota has expanded its academic offerings with new programs in technology, climate science, and public health, responding to student interest and market demand. Significant upgrades have been made to student housing and campus facilities, including modernized research labs and collaborative learning spaces. With greater financial aid opportunities and a continued focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion, the University of Minnesota is positioning itself as a more accessible and dynamic institution for students.

The University of Iowa has made several key improvements as well. These include the expansion of academic programs in high-demand fields like renewable energy, data science, and healthcare, alongside increased opportunities for internships and research. Additionally, there is a stronger focus on student well-being, with enhanced mental health services and wellness programs. The university has also boosted financial aid offerings, making education more affordable and accessible to a broader range of students.

Featured Programs

15 most affordable online economics doctorates, last year’s ranking:, american university, atlantic international university, university of arizona, university at buffalo, university of cincinnati, liberty university, university of minnesota, university of wyoming, southern illinois university carbondale, university of new hampshire, university of south florida, university of north carolina at greensboro, university of oregon, university of georgia, university of iowa.

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Tuition + fees

Student body

Median SAT/ACT

Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Minnesota

University of Minnesota’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Engineering
• Anthropology
• Social Work
• Mathematics

Most Influential Alumni

• Arthur Compton
• Deke Slayton
• Ernest Lawrence
• Norman Borlaug
• Thomas Friedman
• Melvin Calvin
• John L. Holland
• Christiaan Barnard
• Edward B. Lewis
• Roy Wilkins
• Alexander Wendt
• Lars Peter Hansen

The Twin Cities campus is UM’s flagship and the only land-grant institution in the state. UM is also one of the country’s most esteemed public research universities. 

UM’s PhD in Economics is an affordable doctoral program that costs in-state and out-of-state per credit hour costs of $1,539.00 and $2,381.50. While these costs may seem pricey upfront, all doctoral students will be entitled to stipends. Students will write a thesis that adds significantly to the field of economic literature.

• Required Credits: 66
• Completion time: 45 months
• Format: On-campus

What we love about the University of Minnesota

The ground-breaking and life-altering inventions, including the “black box” flight recorder, the first successful open-heart surgery, GORE-TEX®, and the cardiac pacemaker.

The University of Minnesota is great for students who:

Are used to living in huge cities and thrive in a sizable student population.

The University of Minnesota might not be the best fit for students who:

Are easily intimidated.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Iowa

University of Iowa’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Communications
• Albert Bandura
• Tennessee Williams
• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
• Oswald Veblen
• Jayaprakash Narayan
• Leon Festinger
• Henry Jenkins
• Everett Rogers
• Julian Rotter
• John Robert Anderson
• Wallace Stegner

The University of Iowa is a major research institution with 11 colleges. UI is the country’s most cutting-edge and comprehensive university-owned teaching hospital and created the world’s most technologically sophisticated driving simulator.

UI’s PhD in Economics has in-state and out-of-state base tuition and fees of $12,013 and $31,511. Students interested in this degree program should note that this is one of the most selective doctorates. This program places a strong emphasis on high-quality training.

• Required Credits: 72
• Completion time: 5-6 years

What we love about the University of Iowa

The inclusivity. It was the first public university to enroll students of all races and to admit women and men on an equal basis.

The University of Iowa is best for students who:

Want to study in a large campus and live in a small town.

The University of Iowa might not be the best fit for students who:

Are very conservative and close-minded.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Arizona

University of Arizona’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Earth Sciences
• Criminal Justice
• Geraldo Rivera
• Clifford Stoll
• Temple Grandin
• Garry Shandling
• Brian Schmidt
• Henry Eyring
• Michael McClure
• Barbara Kingsolver
• George H. Smith
• Allen Buchanan
• Frank Press

The University of Arizona is among the largest land-grant institutions in the country. UofA offers affordable learning to help non-traditional students achieve their professional and academic goals without breaking the bank. The university also among the nation’s most diverse institutions.

UofA’s traditional PhD in Economics program has in-state and out-of-state per semester tuition fees of $14,000 and $34,000. This economics PhD program is among the most flexible degree programs, allowing students to tailor their learning based on their career goals. Specialization courses include experimental economics, health economics, and industrial organization.

• Required Credits: 84
• Completion time: 5 years

What we love about The University of Arizona

The wide range of programs and school activities that fosters collaboration and success.

The University of Arizona is great for students who:

Thrive in large class sizes and independent study.

The University of Arizona might not be the best fit for students who:

Want to study in a more centralized learning environment.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Georgia

University of Georgia’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Political Science
• Michael Tomasello
• Eugene Thacker
• Alfred Blalock
• Bjørn Lomborg
• T. Colin Campbell
• Martin Luther King III
• Andy Roddick
• Alexander H. Stephens
• William S. Cleveland
• Janet Murray
• Robert Ulanowicz

The University of Georgia , one of the country’s biggest learning and research hubs, welcomes international students who visit and enroll on campus each year to receive top-notch education and experience the school’s state-of-the-art facilities.

While UGA does not have flat-rate tuition fees, the out-of-state per credit hour cost is relatively low and affordable. Out-of-state students in the PhD in Economics program pay $1,029 per credit hour, while in-state students pay $363. Students will study the depths of economics and choose up to three fields of specialization.

• Required Credits: 54
• Completion time: 3-5 years

What we love about The University of Georgia

UGA is strong in all aspects, especially in academic and athletics.

The University of Georgia is great for students who:

Feel comfortable in large crowds.

The University of Georgia might not be the best fit for students who:

Do not possess the ability to keep up in a fast-paced learning environment.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Oregon

University of Oregon’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Computer Science
• Douglas Hofstadter
• Douglas Engelbart
• David Ray Griffin
• John Markoff
• Walter Houser Brattain
• Randy Shilts
• Lee Bollinger
• John Alan Robinson
• Daniel Levitin

The University of Oregon is a leader in innovation and change and has always kept an eye on the future. UO is one of the very few research universities in the country that is a member of the Association of American Universities.

UO’s PhD in Economics has a per credit hour cost of $582. The program maintains a low student-to-faculty ratio designed to foster the development of excellent research and teaching skills. Students study several economic doctoral fields, including but not limited to Industrial Organization, Economic Growth and Development, Labor Economics, and Public Economics.

• Required Credits: 81
• Completion time: 5-7 years

What we love about the University of Oregon

The small and intimate class sizes with dedicated faculty.

The University of Oregon is great for students who:

Are devoted to their studies, highly open-minded, and driven to succeed.

The University of Oregon might not be the best fit for students who:

Are used to city life.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Cincinnati

University of Cincinnati’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Thomas Szasz
• Michael Graves
• Paul Tibbets
• Salmon P. Chase
• David E. Nichols
• George Clooney
• Oscar Robertson
• George L. Engel

The University of Cincinnati is an award-winning and dynamic campus offering comprehensive and cutting-edge education. UC has hundreds of academic programs, many of which are nationally ranked and provide possibilities for practical learning.

UC’s PhD in Economics has a per credit hour cost of $746. The best thing about this program is that it requires students to work as part-time research assistants during their first two years of study. Additionally, this PhD expects students to do their own research early on in the program.

• Required Credits: 40
• Completion time: 3 years

What we love about the University of Cincinnati

The reputation of being the #1 university for co-ops.

The University of Cincinnati is great for students who:

Are willing to take risks and devote their time to studying.

The University of Cincinnati might not be the best fit for students who:

Don’t like living in a big city,

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University at Buffalo

University at Buffalo’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Wilfrid Sellars
• Richard Hofstadter
• Terry Gross
• Leslie White
• Warren Bennis
• William Lawvere
• C. L. Max Nikias
• Robert Hass
• Silvia Federici
• Robert J. Sampson

The University at Buffalo is a multi-campus institution, with each campus focusing on research and development. Through its 13 schools and colleges, UB offers over 300 degree programs. On top of a high caliber of education, UB also offers affordable tuition rates.

UB’s north campus offers an affordable traditional PhD in Economics degree program, with a per credit hour cost of $471.00 . At a very low cost, students will have the opportunity to fully develop their skills in using quantitative methods and the three main branches of economics to enrich lives globally.

• Completion time: 4-8 years

What we love about the University at Buffalo

The vibrant campus life, which includes endless opportunities to network and have fun.

The University at Buffalo is great for students who:

Can complete coursework without individualized attention from advisors.

The University at Buffalo might not be the best fit for students who:

Prefer to learn in small class sizes.

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American University’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Bruce Schneier
• Oliver North
• Stephen A. Kent
• Queen Rania of Jordan
• Corey Lewandowski
• Juan E. Méndez
• Robert Kagan
• Kathy Reichs
• James Alan Fox
• Clark Howard

American University is one of the top choices for international students due to its diversity and welcoming atmosphere. AU encourages its students to act toward their passions to become leaders in their fields.

AU offers a PhD in Economics with affordable costs. This doctorate degree helps students develop proficiency in statistical techniques, practical field knowledge, and economic theory. Additionally, it helps students develop the necessary expertise to write dissertations that empirically address economic concerns.

• Required Credits: 45
• Completion time: 2.5

What we love about American University

The diversity and dedicated faculty.

American University is great for students who:

Are interested in politics and international relations.

American University might not be the best fit for students who:

Are not politically-inclined.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of South Florida

University of South Florida’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Joe Barresi
• Shlomo Sawilowsky
• Tony La Russa
• Saraju Mohanty
• Joanna Fowler
• J. Budziszewski
• Eric M. Bost
• Susan Cutter
• David A. Wolfe
• Randy Borum

The University of South Florida is a preeminent research university committed to helping students succeed academically, personally, and professionally. USF is a top producer for Fulbright Scholars and a top patent producer.

USF offers an affordable traditional PhD in Economics , which only costs $467.34 in-state and $913.08 out-of-state per credit hour . This PhD program is best for students who want to gain focus on practical fields of microeconomics. Students must complete required field and classroom coursework and electives to graduate.

What we love about the University of South Florida

The unlimited chances for students to work, considerable financial aid, and the lowest tuition costs.

The University of South Florida is great for students who:

Thrive in diversity and are very driven.

The University of South Florida might not be the best fit for students who:

Are highly conservative and haven’t been exposed to a diverse environment in terms of culture and religion.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of Wyoming

University of Wyoming’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• W. Edwards Deming
• John A. List
• Gerry Spence
• Clive Spash
• Vincent Ostrom
• James E. McDonald
• Marlan Scully
• Matthew Shepard
• John Paul Scott
• M. Margaret McKeown

The University of Wyoming offers over 80 undergraduate and 90 graduate programs through seven colleges. UW also has one of the longest research histories, focusing on energy and land management.

UW’s PhD in Economics is among the country’s cheapest doctorate programs. Students are expected to enroll in 9 credits per semester , which is $3,591 for in-state students and $9,162 for out-of-state students. But because this is a fully funded doctorate, doctoral students pay less. Students decide which area of interest they’ll perform their original research.

• Required Credits: 42

What we love about the University of Wyoming

The supporting community.

The University of Wyoming is great for students who:

Want a strong background in agriculture and engineering.

The University of Wyoming might not be the best fit for students who:

Prefer a big campus community and want a more active social and Greek life.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of New Hampshire

University of New Hampshire’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Ronald Noble
• Jason Brennan
• Loren Coleman
• Jeffrey Snover
• Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
• James J. Martin
• Carlton Fisk
• Nathan Brody

The University of New Hampshire is one of the top public colleges in the country that currently concentrates on research. As a premier public research institution in the state, UNH provides students with award-winning instructors and state-of-the-art facilities.

UNH’s PhD in Economics has in-state and out-of-state per credit hour fees of $785.00 and $1,370.00. Students focus on exploring detailed models and in-depth analyses of businesses and governments. Graduates are grounded in economic theories and models and will have the necessary research abilities and skills to teach in postsecondary institutions.

• Required Credits: 60
• Completion time: 5-4 years

What we love about the University of New Hampshire

The safe and empowering campus.

The University of New Hampshire is great for students who:

Are yet to find their purpose in life, thanks to the school’s vast options for majors.

The University of New Hampshire might not be the best fit for students who:

Prefer small classes and are unprepared for academic competition.

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Career Outlook for Economics degree at University of North Carolina at Greensboro

University of North Carolina at Greensboro’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Norman B. Anderson
• Justin Tornow
• Kelly Cherry
• Glenn D. Walters
• John Kenneth Muir
• Claudia Emerson
• Robert Morgan
• Bruce Caldwell
• Mary Ellen Snodgrass
• Cleveland Sellers
• Keith Lee Morris

The University of North Carolina Greensboro is one of the country’s leaders in online education. UNC rigorously educates and trains students to become leaders, creators, and explorers in North Carolina and around the globe.

UNC Greensboro offers one of the most affordable online doctorate degrees. The PhD in Business Administration costs only $336 per credit hour for in-state students and $1,098 for out-of-state students. This online doctor of business administration program allows students to enroll in doctorate-level courses in Econometric Analysis. Students will also focus on online doctorate courses directly related to economics, such as emerging economics and organizational economics.

• Format: Online

What we love about the University of North Carolina Greensboro

UNC Greensboro is really good at helping students know what they want to do and helping them achieve it.

The University of North Carolina Greensboro is great for students who:

Want to have a liberal arts foundation.

The University of North Carolina Greensboro might not be the best fit for students who:

Only attend college to party and are not dedicated to their studies.

• #3 Best Online Bachelor's in Cybersecurity in Illinois

Career Outlook for Economics degree at Southern Illinois University Carbondale

Southern Illinois University Carbondale’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Robert Coover
• Joseph Nechvatal
• Stuart Vyse
• Charles R. Johnson
• Joan Higginbotham
• Jim Bittermann
• Fred Basolo
• Sami Al-Arian
• Bob Odenkirk
• Walt Frazier

Southern Illinois University is one of the top higher education institutions for research. SIU is also one of the world’s most diverse and inclusive universities known for catering to the needs of specially-abled students.

SIU’s PhD in Economics is among the cheapest and most unique doctorates, costing only $460.40 per credit hour. Unlike other economics doctorate degrees, this program has no specific number of semester hours aside from the hours needed to complete the residency and the requisite 24 hours of dissertation. Students create their own dissertation research projects and obtain funding to present their research at conferences.

This is one of the best picks for international students due to its STEM-designated curriculum that enables them to stay in the United States for three more years and find work.

• Required Credits: 30 graduate hours
• Completion time: 4 years

What we love about Southern Illinois University

The accessible buildings, programs, and school activities designed to help students with physical disabilities.

Southern Illinois University is great for students who:

Are committed to their studies and eager to conduct extensive research.

Southern Illinois University might not be the best fit for students who:

Expect a lot of parties on campus.

• #1 Best Christian Colleges in Virginia 2025
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Liberty University’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

• Religious Studies
• Ravi Zacharias
• Susan Wise Bauer
• Michael R. Licona
• Robert H. Smith
• Michael Tait
• Jerry Falwell Jr.

Liberty University is a pioneer in online education and offers hundreds of affordable online degree programs from bachelor to graduate levels with Christian-based education. It’s one of the top online schools in the United States.

Liberty’s PhD in Public Policy - Economics costs $595 per credit hour. On the other hand, military students pay $300 per credit hour. This Economics PhD online program trains students to influence economic policy in law, media, politics, education, and international relations at a very low cost and conduct original research.

What we love about Liberty University

The Christian-based curriculum.

Liberty University is great for students who:

Want to develop a stronger bond with Christ while developing research skills and enricing knowledge for career advancement.

Liberty University might not be the best fit for students who:

Have poor time management skills and are unable to study independently.

Atlantic International University’s faculty and alumni have been influential in:

Atlantic International University is an online learning institution based in the United States. The university provides a variety of majors at the associates, bachelor, master, and doctorate levels.

AIU’s PhD in Economics is one of the rarest and most affordable online doctorate programs. Prospective students of this economics online degree can study and do research in a number of important computer science fields, building a solid foundation in both theory and practice.

• Required Credits: 48

What we love about Atlantic International University

The affordable and accessible degree programs.

Atlantic International University is great for students who:

Want to transfer life experience to reduce required credit hours.

Atlantic International University might not be the best fit for students who:

Want to enroll in a US-accredited university.

Career Outlook for Students with Economics Degree

Degree level: doctorate.

• Location: The U.S. (Private Schools)
• Avg. Cost of Degree*: $15,103
• Avg. Expenses*: $19,904
• Avg. Starting Salary*: $87,415
• Avg. Cost Recoup Time**: 5 years
• Job Growth: 2.90%
• Number of Jobs: 2,434,100
• * denotes ‘annually’
• ** denotes ‘at 15% of annual salary’

Career Salaries

Top industries.

It takes bravery to seek an online doctorate, but it can ultimately be beneficial. It can, however, be expensive to obtain. The U.S. News & World Report claims that the college expenses increase substantially each year.

A PhD student needs strong budgeting skills after factoring in the price of books, living expenditures, transportation costs, the cost of the dissertation, and research time. To cut down on debt after graduation, these expenses in online doctorate programs in economics should be taken seriously.

Making an Online PhD in Economics as Affordable as Possible

There are a number of ways to ensure that online doctorate programs in economics are as affordable as possible.

In-state Tuition

The cost of online doctoral programs in economics vary based on several factors. Most colleges and universities charge more for out-of-state students. However, there are some schools that offer flat-rate tuition, which means that in-state and out-of-state students pay the same per credit cost.

Other Expenses

Earning an online doctorate in economics degree as opposed to a traditional on-campus doctorate degree makes it possible to save money on expenses like housing, transportation, and certain campus fees.

Continue Working

Online doctoral programs often make it possible to continue working in your field, which means you can complete your degree program while still earning a living. This can ultimately reduce your dependence on student loan debt.

Earning a PhD in economics through online doctoral programs is a great option for busy professionals who want to continue their education while juggling work and family life.

Financial Aid, Scholarships, Grants, and Loans

If affordability is a particular concern, and it is making you reluctant to pursue an online PhD in economics, you may be able to take advantage of financial aid, including grants, scholarships, and loans.

For more information, visit the Federal Student Aid website. It is especially important that you choose online doctoral programs that are accredited in order to qualify.

Assistantships

Many schools offering an online PhD doctoral degree in economics also have assistantship opportunities for their graduate students. Assistantships may give teaching opportunities in exchange for tuition waivers and a stipend. Each school is different, so check into the online economics doctorate degree program you are interested in.

Bottom Line: An affordable online PhD in economics doctoral degree is possible when you factor in things like in-state tuition, financial aid, grants, and assistantships.

Scarcity of Online Economics Doctorates

There are cost savings with some online PhD programs in economics. However, some students may choose to attend traditional degree programs due to the scarcity of online doctorate programs in economics.

To help you research doctorate programs in economics that fit your needs, we rounded up the most affordable on-campus and online PhD programs to choose from.

If an affordable, in-demand PhD is exactly what you are looking for, check out our other Affordable Degree Rankings .

On-campus Doctorate Degree Programs vs Online PhD Programs

On-campus and online programs have their own merits. Online doctorate degree programs generally costs less than traditional brick-and-mortar programs. Prospective students online won’t have to pay additional expenses for transportation, housing for students, labs, or study materials.

Additionally, online doctorate degree programs are typically more flexible because they allow online doctorate students to complete the program at their own pace. On-campus students must physically be present for their classes at certain times and locations on the university campus.

The advantages, however, of attending an on-campus doctorate degree program are physical engagement and funding available. On-campus economic PhD programs allow students to engage physically with peers and professors, aiding learning and motivation. On the other hand, online students must use virtual platforms to get in touch with professors at predetermined times.

Furthermore, it may be more difficult for online students to secure fellowships, teaching assistantships, and research assistantships than it is for on-campus doctorate degree students.

So, an on-campus program may be more cost-effective than online doctorate programs.

Cost of an Online PhD in Economics Doctoral Degree

A PhD in economics costs $19,749 on average each year , according to the National Center for Education Statistics. This is the typical graduate tuition charged between 2020 and 2021 at public and private institutions.

The cost of education varies by school, and because private colleges rely more heavily on tuition fees for revenue, their prices are frequently higher than those of public universities.

But the financing that private institutions receive from private benefactors is the main perk of attending one. Private institutions frequently have larger budgets for research and expansion than public universities.

The cost of an online PhD in economics doctoral degree is also significantly influenced by in-state and out-of-state residency. Residents of a state pay in-state tuition to attend state-run institutions. The out-of-state tuition rate is what a student from another state must pay to attend the same school.

Luckily some doctorate degree programs have flat-rate tuition, which means that an out-of-state-student will pay the same tuition as an in-state student.

Many online doctorate programs allow out-of-state students to pay in-state tuition. Traditional brick-and-mortar schools are less likely to offer flat-rate tuition.

Economics doctoral programs can cost anywhere from $300 and $2,500 per credit. But there are many affordable online doctorate programs that cost between $300 and $1,500 per credit.

Financial Support

Mit scholarships.

Incoming students who wish to be considered for financial aid from MIT should indicate this when completing the online application form . These awards are made by April 15 and typically cover the first two years of study.

Department funding

For years one and two, all students admitted to our PhD program are offered (either directly by the department, or as a supplement to other funds) fellowship support equivalent to: full tuition for the academic year, twelve-month individual health insurance, and a stipend for the nine-month academic year.

In years three through six, all students are offered full-time teaching or research assistantships that provide full tuition, a nine-month stipend, and health insurance. This support is contingent on satisfactory academic progress.

The department also offers paid summer research assistantships and summer fellowships as a supplement to academic-year stipends.

Institute rules require every holder of a graduate scholarship or fellowship to pursue a full-time program of graduate study.

Dissertation fellowships

The department is currently able to offer a limited number of competitive dissertation fellowships that allow PhD students in years four or five to have a year free from TA and RA duties.

Outside funding

Incoming students are encouraged to apply for external sources of funding, such as NSF graduate fellowships , UniCredit Foundation Scholarships , SSHRC Doctoral Fellowships , and JASSO scholarships .

For years three through six, the department is able in some cases to provide supplementary funding for students with partial outside fellowships, thereby allowing them to reduce their TA and RA work requirements. Such supplements are provided to all students with active NSF fellowships, and supplements to other fellowships are considered on a case-by-case basis.

Health insurance

Your mandatory health insurance fee is covered by your award (and is not taken out of your stipend) and includes accident and hospitalization insurance. You will receive this insurance unless you can demonstrate that you have equivalent coverage through another source and complete a waiver with MIT Medical .

For more detailed information regarding the cost of attendance, including specific costs for tuition and fees, books and supplies, housing and food as well as transportation, please  visit MIT's Student Financial Services website .

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Do PhD Students Pay Tuition? Unpacking the Cost of a PhD

Choosing to pursue a PhD is a major milestone, but it comes with a host of concerns and questions. As a prospective doctoral student, you might wonder if you pay tuition for a PhD and how much that will cost.

In many cases, the answer is no, PhD students do not pay tuition. Instead, universities often provide their doctoral students with tuition waivers and funding packages to carry them through their years of study. 

However, it's important to bear in mind that this isn't always the case and the specifics can vary greatly. Navigating PhD funding can seem daunting at first, but understanding how tuition, stipends and other sources affect the out-of-pocket cost of a PhD can help you feel more confident in your decision.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

Contrary to popular belief, the costs of a PhD program aren't set in stone. Factors like the institution, geographic location, field of study and funding support all play a role in how much you’ll actually pay for a doctoral program. Depending on your field, some PhD programs pay you . 

To give you a clearer picture, let's break down expenses and potential support.

Tuition and Fees

Tuition and fees are typically the most substantial expense. How much you pay depends on the institution offering the program and the field of study you choose. According to the Education Data Initiative , the average cost of a PhD specifically is $106,860, while the average cost of a doctorate degree in general is higher at $150,835.

You can expect a lower cost at public institutions ($93,670 on average) compared to private universities ($129,395 on average). Considering the time to complete a doctorate degree ranges from approximately 4 to 8 years, the duration of your studies can influence the total price.

While figures like this seem substantial, it's important to remember that scholarships, grants, fellowships and assistantships significantly reduce the out-of-pocket expenses for most PhD students. For instance, the average grant aid for a doctoral degree is $16,502 annually, and 21.4% of PhD students surveyed by the Education Data Initiative offset their costs with teaching assistantships. 

As a result, actual paid expenses are often much lower than the listed tuition and fees.

Books and Materials

The cost of study materials, including textbooks and research supplies, varies depending on the specific requirements of your field of study.

For example, PhD students in Earth Sciences or Chemistry might need to invest in lab equipment and materials, while students in Humanities may require numerous books and subscriptions to academic journals.

However, it's essential to note that many programs provide funding resources that help offset or eliminate these costs. Universities often offer subsidies or funds for research materials, and there are numerous grants and scholarships specific to different fields of study. Libraries and interlibrary loan systems can also be a valuable resource for accessing required books and academic journals.

Healthcare and Living 

Cost of living and healthcare can vary greatly depending on your circumstances and location. Major cities, for example, tend to have higher living costs than smaller towns or rural areas. 

The higher expenses in cities often correlate with increased access to resources, research opportunities and a wide variety of entertainment and lifestyle choices. On the other hand, smaller towns or rural areas might offer lower cost of living and fewer distractions but may limit access to extensive resources or opportunities.

Luckily, many universities offer annual stipends as part of their financial aid packages for PhD students. These stipends are designed to help you manage your living and healthcare expenses, allowing you to concentrate on your studies and research. Some universities may also provide budget-friendly on-campus housing options to help mitigate overall costs. 

Navigating the Financial Landscape of a PhD

The path to earning a PhD isn't just an academic journey, but a financial one too. While it's true that in many cases, PhD students don't pay tuition, it's crucial to understand that it’s ultimately variable depending on where and what you choose to study. Financial aid packages and stipends can be a substantial help, providing relief to both domestic and international students.

At the Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, we pride ourselves in providing an environment that fosters academic excellence, research innovation and professional development. With the generous support of the Moody Foundation, we have expanded our funding opportunities, enabling a diverse range of talented students to become part of our community.

Our suite of financial resources, including fellowships, assistantships, and travel grants, aim to facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and reduce financial barriers. By helping our students focus on their academic and research pursuits, we build a vibrant, diverse, and inclusive environment that sets the stage for future leaders to thrive.

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• Tuition, Funding, & Living Costs
• PhD/Master's Application Process

All PhD students at Yale are fully funded. On average, doctoral students at Yale receive more than $500,000 in tuition fellowships, stipends, and health care benefits over the course of their enrollment. Some terminal Master's degree students also receive funding.

Tuition for full-time study at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in the academic year 2024-2025 is $49,500.

More information on Tuition & Fees is available in our Programs & Policies handbook. Please note that we do not charge many of the fees common to other schools (e.g., technology fee, library fee, gym fee, student activities fee).

See Student Accounts for billing and payment inquiries.

For PhD Degree Applicants

All PhD students at Yale receive the following financial award, typically for a minimum of five years:

• a fellowship that covers the full cost of tuition ($49,500 for 2024-2025)
• a 12-month stipend (minimum of $49,538 for 2024-2025)
• comprehensive health insurance, including hospitalization coverage and specialty care for students, their legal spouse, and their children
• a family support subsidy for graduate students with children under the age of 18

Additionally, a Dean's Emergency Fund is available to help students with eligible, unanticipated emergency expenses. In some cases, the Continuing Registration Fee for advanced PhD students is also covered by the Graduate School.

Most PhD students complete their degrees without incurring debt.

For Master's Degree Applicants

Most students pursuing Master's degrees do not receive financial support from the Graduate School and are responsible for paying tuition, but some programs offer limited funding. Please check with the program that interests you for more information.

All Master's students registered at least half time receive Student Basic Coverage at Yale Health. You are also eligible to purchase Hospitalization and Specialty Care coverage at a group rate through the university.

Other Sources of Funding

Many of our students win external fellowships and grants. See our External Fellowships & Awards page for more information on how an external award will affect your Yale funding.

Some students choose to take loans, participate in work-study programs, or engage in part-time employment to supplement their funding while in Graduate School. More information is available on Other Means of Financing Graduate Education .

Living Cost Estimates

To ensure that our financial aid package provides enough support to enable you to live in New Haven and study full time, we developed a cost-of-living guide (see below). The Office of Financial Aid also uses these calculations to determine financial need as required by certain funding sources and for immigration processes.

Estimated average living expenses include housing and food, transportation, personal and academic expenses (excluding tuition), and hospitalization coverage and specialty care. Expenses for doctoral students may actually be less than the estimate below, since PhD financial packages cover the full cost of single-student hospitalization and specialty care coverage in the Yale Health Plan, as well as half the cost of two-person coverage (for spouses and partners), and the full cost to cover children.

2024-2025 Academic Year Living Cost Estimate:

9-month living cost (master's students):.

• Single Student: $30,875

12-MONTH LIVING COST (PhD Students):

• Single Student: $39,651  

Graduate Financial Aid

• [email protected]
• 203-432-2739
• 246 Church Street, 2nd Floor

Tuition Costs & Fees

About Graduate Tuition and Fees

Our Office of the Registrar website has a detailed break-down of fees, depending on which type of graduate degree you’re pursuing.

The tuition, fees, and charges are estimates based on currently approved amounts. These figures are not final. Actual tuition, fees, and charges are subject to change by the Regents of the University of California and could be affected by state funding reductions. Accordingly, final approved levels (and thus a student’s final balance due) may differ from the amounts shown.

Fees include student services fees, tuition, campus fee, class pass transit fee, health insurance, nonresident fees (if applicable), document management fees and other fees related to your specific type of degree.

Beyond tuition, you’ll need to factor in supplies and lab fees and also be aware that several professional degree programs are subject to different tuition and fee schedules.

The cost of living in the Bay Area, which is significantly higher than the national average, is balanced by the considerable advantages of attending a world-class institution in proximity to vibrant hubs of innovation. While your personal expense budget (including housing, food and transportation) is up to you, you can expect to pay upwards of $28,000 or more per year .

But don’t be put off.  Financial aid, fellowships and teaching appointments can reduce these costs and cover the cost of tuition and fees for many Berkeley graduate students. The Graduate Division can help you navigate your funding options.

The Complete Guide to Getting Into an Economics Ph.D. Program

Math challenged? Never taken an econ class? Don't worry about it. There's hope for you yet.

Back in May, Noah wrote about the amazingly good deal that is the PhD in economics. Why? Because:

• You get a job.
• You get autonomy.
• You get intellectual fulfillment.
• The risk is low.
• Unlike an MBA, law, or medical degree, you don't have to worry about paying the sticker price for an econ PhD: After the first year, most schools will give you teaching assistant positions that will pay for the next several years of graduate study, and some schools will take care of your tuition and expenses even in the first year.

Of course, such a good deal won't last long now that the story is out, so you need to act fast! Since he wrote his post , Noah has received a large number of emails asking the obvious follow-up question: "How do I get into an econ PhD program?" And Miles has been asked the same thing many times by undergraduates and other students at the University of Michigan. So here, we present together our guide for how to break into the academic Elysium called Econ Ph.D. Land:

(Note: This guide is mainly directed toward native English speakers, or those from countries whose graduate students are typically fluent in English, such as India and most European countries. Almost all highly ranked graduate programs teach economics in English, and we find that students learn the subtle non-mathematical skills in economics better if English is second nature. If your nationality will make admissions committees wonder about your English skills, you can either get your bachelor's degree at a -- possibly foreign -- college or university where almost all classes are taught in English, or you will have to compensate by being better on other dimensions. On the bright side, if you are a native English speaker, or from a country whose graduate students are typically fluent in English, you are already ahead in your quest to get into an economics Ph.D. program.)

Here is the not-very-surprising list of things that will help you get into a good econ Ph.D. program:

• good grades, especially in whatever math and economics classes you take,
• a good score on the math GRE,
• some math classes and a statistics class on your transcript,
• research experience, and definitely at least one letter of recommendation from a researcher,
• a demonstrable interest in the field of economics.

Chances are, if you're asking for advice, you probably feel unprepared in one of two ways. Either you don't have a sterling math background, or you have quantitative skills but are new to the field of econ. Fortunately, we have advice for both types of applicant.

If You're Weak in Math... Fortunately, if you're weak in math, we have good news: Math is something you can learn . That may sound like a crazy claim to most Americans, who are raised to believe that math ability is in the genes. It may even sound like arrogance coming from two people who have never had to struggle with math. But we've both taught people math for many years, and we really believe that it's true. Genes help a bit, but math is like a foreign language or a sport: effort will result in skill.

Here are the math classes you absolutely should take to get into a good econ program:

• Linear algebra
• Multivariable calculus

Here are the classes you should take, but can probably get away with studying on your own:

• Ordinary differential equations
• Real analysis

Linear algebra (matrices, vectors, and all that) is something that you'll use all the time in econ, especially when doing work on a computer. Multivariable calculus also will be used a lot. And stats of course is absolutely key to almost everything economists do. Differential equations are something you will use once in a while. And real analysis -- by far the hardest subject of the five -- is something that you will probably never use in real econ research, but which the economics field has decided to use as a sort of general intelligence signaling device.

If you took some math classes but didn't do very well, don't worry. Retake the classes. If you are worried about how that will look on your transcript, take the class the first time "off the books" at a different college (many community colleges have calculus classes) or online. Or if you have already gotten a bad grade, take it a second time off the books and then a third time for your transcript. If you work hard, every time you take the class you'll do better. You will learn the math and be able to prove it by the grade you get. Not only will this help you get into an econ Ph.D. program, once you get in, you'll breeze through parts of grad school that would otherwise be agony.

Here's another useful tip: Get a book and study math on your own before taking the corresponding class for a grade. Reading math on your own is something you're going to have to get used to doing in grad school anyway (especially during your dissertation!), so it's good to get used to it now. Beyond course-related books, you can either pick up a subject-specific book (Miles learned much of his math from studying books in the Schaum's outline series ), or get a "math for economists" book; regarding the latter, Miles recommends Mathematics for Economists by Simon and Blume, while Noah swears by Mathematical Methods and Models for Economists by de la Fuente. When you study on your own, the most important thing is to work through a bunch of problems . That will give you practice for test-taking, and will be more interesting than just reading through derivations.

This will take some time, of course. That's OK. That's what summer is for (right?). If you're late in your college career, you can always take a fifth year, do a gap year, etc.

When you get to grad school, you will have to take an intensive math course called "math camp" that will take up a good part of your summer. For how to get through math camp itself, see this guide by Jérémie Cohen-Setton .

One more piece of advice for the math-challenged: Be a research assistant on something non-mathy. There are lots of economists doing relatively simple empirical work that requires only some basic statistics knowledge and the ability to use software like Stata. There are more and more experimental economists around, who are always looking for research assistants. Go find a prof and get involved! (If you are still in high school or otherwise haven't yet chosen a college, you might want to choose one where some of the professors do experiments and so need research assistants -- something that is easy to figure out by studying professors' websites carefully, or by asking about it when you visit the college.)

If You're New to Econ... If you're a disillusioned physicist, a bored biostatistician, or a neuroscientist looking to escape that evil Principal Investigator, don't worry: An econ background is not necessary . A lot of the best economists started out in other fields, while a lot of undergrad econ majors are headed for MBAs or jobs in banks. Econ Ph.D. programs know this. They will probably not mind if you have never taken an econ class.

That said, you may still want to take an econ class, just to verify that you actually like the subject, to start thinking about econ, and to prepare yourself for the concepts you'll encounter. If you feel like doing this, you can probably skip Econ 101 and 102, and head straight for an Intermediate Micro or Intermediate Macro class.

Another good thing is to read through an econ textbook. Although economics at the Ph.D. level is mostly about the math and statistics and computer modeling (hopefully getting back to the real world somewhere along the way when you do your own research), you may also want to get the flavor of the less mathy parts of economics from one of the well-written lower-level textbooks (either one by Paul Krugman and Robin Wells , Greg Mankiw , or Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok ) and maybe one at a bit higher level as well, such as David Weil's excellent book on economic growth ) or Varian's Intermediate Microeconomics .

Remember to take a statistics class, if you haven't already. Some technical fields don't require statistics, so you may have missed this one. But to econ Ph.D. programs, this will be a gaping hole in your resume. Go take stats!

One more thing you can do is research with an economist. Fortunately, economists are generally extremely welcoming to undergrad research assistants from outside econ, who often bring extra skills. You'll get great experience working with data if you don't have it already. It'll help you come up with some research ideas to put in your application essays. And of course, you'll get another all-important letter of recommendation.

And now for...

General Tips for Everyone Here is the most important tip for everyone: Don't just apply to "top" schools . For some degrees -- an MBA for example -- people question whether it's worthwhile to go to a non-top school. But for econ departments, there's no question. Both Miles and Noah have marveled at the number of smart people working at non-top schools. That includes some well-known bloggers, by the way--Tyler Cowen teaches at George Mason University (ranked 64th ), Mark Thoma teaches at the University of Oregon (ranked 56th ), and Scott Sumner teaches at Bentley, for example. Additionally, a flood of new international students is expanding the supply of quality students. That means that the number of high-quality schools is increasing; tomorrow's top 20 will be like today's top 10, and tomorrow's top 100 will be like today's top 50.

Apply to schools outside of the top 20 -- any school in the top 100 is worth considering, especially if it is strong in areas you are interested in. If your classmates aren't as elite as you would like, that just means that you will get more attention from the professors, who almost all came out of top programs themselves. When Noah said in his earlier post that econ Ph.D. students are virtually guaranteed to get jobs in an econ-related field, that applied to schools far down in the ranking. Everyone participates in the legendary centrally managed econ job market . Very few people ever fall through the cracks.

Next -- and this should go without saying -- don't be afraid to retake the GRE. If you want to get into a top 10 school, you probably need a perfect or near-perfect score on the math portion of the GRE. For schools lower down the rankings, a good GRE math score is still important. Fortunately, the GRE math section is relatively simple to study for -- there are only a finite number of topics covered, and with a little work you can "overlearn" all of them, so you can do them even under time pressure and when you are nervous. In any case, you can keep retaking the test until you get a good score (especially if the early tries are practice tests from the GRE prep books and prep software), and then you're OK!

Here's one thing that may surprise you: Getting an econ master's degree alone won't help. Although master's degrees in economics are common among international students who apply to econ PhD programs, American applicants do just fine without a master's degree on their record. If you want that extra diploma, realize that once you are in a PhD program, you will get a master's degree automatically after two years. And if you end up dropping out of the PhD program, that master's degree will be worth more than a stand-alone master's would.

For getting into grad school, much more valuable than a master's is a stint as a research assistant in the Federal Reserve System or at a think tank -- though these days, such positions can often be as hard to get into as a Ph.D. program!

Finally -- and if you're reading this, chances are you're already doing this -- read some econ blogs. (See Miles's speculations about the future of the econ blogosphere here .) Econ blogs are no substitute for econ classes, but they're a great complement. Blogs are good for picking up the lingo of academic economists, and learning to think like an economist. Don't be afraid to write a blog either, even if no one ever reads it (you don't have to be writing at the same level as Evan Soltas or Yichuan Wang ); you can still put it on your CV, or just practice writing down your thoughts. And when you write your dissertation, and do research later on in your career, you are going to have to think for yourself outside the context of a class. One way to practice thinking critically is by critiquing others' blog posts, at least in your head.

Anyway, if you want to have intellectual stimulation and good work-life balance, and a near-guarantee of a well-paying job in your field of interest, an econ PhD could be just the thing for you. Don't be scared of the math and the jargon. We'd love to have you.

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2023-24 Graduate Program Cost of Attendance

Click on the educational area below to find the 2023-24 cost of attendance for your graduate program. The cost of attendance is based on the number of credit hours for which you enroll in each semester. We have provided an average cost of attendance budget, but your final cost of attendance will depend on your individual enrollment plan. Please contact your financial aid advisor at the start of each semester if your credit hours change.

Direct expenses are charges that will incur on your billing statement from the Office of Revenue and Receivables . Indirect expenses are other associated costs that are averages you may incur from your education.

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Costs listed below reflect the 2024-2025 academic year.

Most of our PhD programs are fully funded, meaning that for 4-5 years, the program will pay for your tuition and fees, as well as provide you with a stipend. In 2024-25, the University minimum stipend is $39,425; some PhD programs provide more. After your guaranteed funding period, you may be responsible for paying reduced tuition and fees. These details can be explained by the PhD program to which you are applying. Living expenses and the cost of books should also be considered as you plan your budget for the academic year. 

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