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Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

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•       Resources       Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

As of 2015, approximately 25.4 million Americans held advanced degrees , with more citizens joining these ranks each year. As studies continue to show the career advancement and salary benefits of completing a master's degree, more and more students elect to pursue advanced educations. When considering their options, many question whether to enroll in a master's requiring a thesis or not. The following guide examines some of the reasons degree seekers may want to write a thesis while also highlighting why they might not. Students on the fence about this important decision can find expert advice, actionable tips, and relevant guidance to help them make an informed choice in the guide that follows.

Understanding the Master's Thesis

What is the difference between a thesis & non-thesis master's program, the decision not to do a thesis.

As students research various master's programs in their chosen discipline, it's common to find that many degrees require a thesis – especially if they want to enter a research-heavy field. While this word gets thrown around a lot in academia, some learners may want more information regarding what it entails in order to make an informed decision.

What is a Master's Thesis?

The master's thesis is an original piece of scholarship allowing the student to dig into a topic and produce an expanded document that demonstrates how their knowledge has grown throughout the degree program. These documents require significant independent research of primary and secondary sources and, depending on the subject, may require interviews and/or surveys to support the overarching argument.

Individual schools and departments dictate the length of these documents, but they typically range between 60 and 100 pages – or approximately 20,000 to 40,000 words. While tackling a document of such heft may seem overwhelming at first, learners need not fret. Each master's candidate receives a faculty advisor early in their tenure to provide support, feedback, and guidance throughout the process. Because the final thesis is expected to be of a publishable quality, learners seeking the highest marks typically send their supervisor excerpts of the document as they write to ensure they are on the right track.

When picking a thesis topic, no magical formula exists. Students should consider their interests and read extensively on that topic to get a better sense of existing scholarship. They should also speak to other academics working in that sphere to familiarize themselves with ongoing projects. Only after they feel reasonably well-read should they begin looking for uncovered angles or interesting ways of using emerging methodologies to bring new light to the topic.

When considering formatting, degree seekers should check with their specific schools and departments, as they may have unique requirements. To get a general understanding of what to expect, learners can review Simon Fraser University's guidelines on thesis formatting. After completing the thesis, some programs require an oral defense before a committee while others read the document and provide a grade. Check with your prospective schools to get a better sense of procedure.

Format & Components of a Master's Thesis

While this guide attempts to provide helpful and actionable information about the process of deciding whether to follow a thesis or non-thesis track in a master's program, readers should remember that specific components and requirements of a thesis vary according to discipline, university, and department. That being said, some commonalities exist across all these – especially when it comes to what students must include in their final drafts.

As the first section a reader encounters after moving through the table of contents and other anterior text, the introductory allows the writer to firmly establish what they want to accomplish. Sometimes also called the "research question" section, the introductory must clearly state the goals of the paper and the overarching hypothesis guiding the argument. This should be written in a professional yet accessible tone that allows individuals without specializations in the field to understand the text.

This section allows learners to demonstrate their deep knowledge of the field by providing context to existing texts within their chosen discipline Learners review the main bodies of work, highlighting any issues they find within each. Constructive criticism often centers around shortcomings, blind spots, or outdated hypotheses.

Students use this section to explain how they went about their work. While scientists may point to a specific method used to reach conclusions, historians may reference the use of an emerging framework for understanding history to bring new light to a topic. The point of this section is to demonstrate the thought processes that led to your findings.

This section allows for learners to show what they learned during the research process in a non-biased way. Students should simply state what information they gathered by utilizing a specific framework or methodology and arrange those findings, without interpretation, in an easy-to-read fashion.

After providing readers with all the necessary information, the discussion section exists for candidates to interpret the raw data and demonstrate how their research led to a new understanding or contributed a unique perspective to the field. This section should directly connect to the introduction by reinforcing the hypothesis and showing how you answered the questions posed.

Even though the previous sections give prospective degree seekers a better sense of what to expect if they decide to write a thesis during their master's program, they don't necessarily help learners decide whether to pursue a thesis or non-thesis track. The following section highlights some of the reasons students frequently choose to complete a thesis or bypass the process altogether by providing a pros and cons list.

Why a Thesis Program

• Especially when entering a research-heavy discipline, completing a thesis shows prospective schools and employers that you possess the skills needed for researching and writing long-form reports.
• Students hoping to pursue a Ph.D. stand in better stead with admissions panels if they wrote a thesis during a master's program.
• Individuals hoping to enter a field that values syntax and grammar often better their writing skills by completing a thesis.
• Students who write a thesis can submit the final product to various academic journals, increasing their chances of getting published.
• Theses expand students' understanding of what they're capable of, deepen their ability to carry out an argument, and develop their skills in making connections between ideas.

Why a Non-thesis Program

• Because they don't require a significant written product, non-thesis master's tend to take less time to complete.
• Often mirrors a bachelor's program in terms of structure, allowing learners to complete classes and take exams without a great deal of research or writing.
• Students who excel in project-based assignments can continue building skills in this arena rather than focusing on skills they don't plan to use (e.g. research)
• Provides learners the opportunity to work more closely and more frequently with faculty on real-world projects since they don't spend hundreds of hours researching/writing.
• Allows learners to take more classes and gain hands-on skills to fill the time they would have spent researching and writing a thesis.

How to Choose a Master's Program: FAQs

Within some academic disciplines and professional fields, research and writing plays a key role in work done on a daily basis. Because of this, master's programs in these fields require learners to complete theses to compete against peers and be seen as competent in their work. Other disciplines, conversely, rely on other tools to accomplish work and progress ideas – making theses less important.

Yes. Master's programs focused more on application than research typically don't require a thesis – although they may still give students the option. Examples of common non-thesis master's programs include nursing, business, and education.

Even though non-thesis students won't be writing a 100-page paper, that doesn't mean they avoid completing a significant project. In place of a thesis, most applied master's programs require students to take part in at least one internship or complete a culminating project. These projects typically ask learners to take what they learned throughout coursework and create an expansive final project – examples include case studies, creative works, or portfolios.

While students who followed a non-thesis path routinely receive acceptance to Ph.D. programs, those with theses often find the process easier. Even if a learner pursues a Ph.D. in a discipline that isn't research-heavy, admissions panels still want to get a sense of your academic interests and ability to engage in independent, nuanced thought. Students with theses can provide solid proof of these skills, while those without may struggle to demonstrate preparedness as thoroughly.

The answer to this question depends on many factors, but typically it is okay not to do a thesis if you plan to enter a field that doesn't depend heavily on research or writing, or if you don't plan to complete a Ph.D.

Students wanting to work in academic, research, or writing should always opt for the thesis track. They should also follow this path if they have any doctoral degree aspirations.

Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to complete a thesis rests with the individual student. Figuring out how to proceed on this front requires lots of careful consideration, and learners should ensure they consider various aspects before coming to a final decision. The following section helps students consider how they should and should not come to a conclusion.

Dos and Don'ts of Choosing a Thesis or Non-thesis Program

• Consider the longevity of your decision: will you feel the same in 5-10 years or are you making a decision based on current desires?
• Talk to others who with experience in this area. Ask them questions about their decision-making process and if they regret their choice.
• Research potential thesis topics before starting a program. Going in with a game plan can help you feel more confident and settled about the process than if you're scrambling for a topic while in school.
• Reach out to prospective schools to speak with faculty and/or current students following both tracks. This will provide knowledge specific to the school while also expanding your network if you choose to attend there.
• Research Ph.D. entrance requirements to ascertain if the majority expect learners to possess a thesis when applying. This will give you a sense of whether you may experience issues later on if you do not complete one.
• Decide not to complete a thesis simply because you have never taken on such a task and feel overwhelmed or fearful that you will fail.
• Complete a thesis simply because you think it will look good on your resume. Theses require intense devotion over an extended amount of time; learners who complete them without conviction often find the process miserable.
• Forget to research alternatives to writing a thesis. Just because you don't complete a research paper doesn't mean a non-thesis track lacks rigor or challenging coursework.
• Forget to read examples of theses by previous students. If you feel overwhelmed by the task, reading work other people have done can often make the task at hand feel less scary.
• Let yourself off easy by taking the non-thesis path. If you find you have extra time in the program, talk to your advisor about taking more classes, develop meaningful projects for yourself, or see about presenting at an academic conference.

From the Expert

Sudiksha Joshi, Ph.D. is a learning advocate. Her mission is to empower our youth to think bigger, bolder thoughts and forge a career path that will change the world. She taps into her natural curiosity and ability to identify strengths to help students and those in transition find their path from feeling lost in the traditional ways of achieving success to charting their own path. Her work has been featured in Forbes, Huffington Post, Thrive Global, Medium and LinkedIn.

Why might a student decide to follow a thesis track? Why might they follow a non-thesis track?

A student might decide to take a thesis track if she/he wants to pursue a Ph.D. Also, if the students want to focus on careers where research and writing have a strong focus, the students opt for the thesis option. Research assistantships at the graduate level are also more often available to students who opt for the thesis option.

A student who might feel that writing is not one of their strengths might choose to go the non-thesis track. Likewise, a student who has other work commitments may find a non-thesis option more convenient.

Do you have any tips for deciding on a program?

I chose a thesis option because being able to conduct independent research was a big reason to go to graduate school. Also, showing the ability that I could do research was what afforded me research assistantships which meant that my tuition was paid for and I got a stipend that paid for expenses while I was in graduate school. This also allowed me the opportunity to work closely with the faculty mentor that provided me with the support and the accountability I wanted.

I would not recommend taking a non-thesis option if all the degree requires is for you to take courses. You have little to show in terms of your learning other than your grades unless you are already working on something on the side that does that for you and all you need is a certificate.

Opt for a non-thesis option if you can still work closely with a professor or on a project and if you'd rather be involved in multiple projects rather than focus on a single project. If you already have a good (informed) reason for choosing one over the other, go for it.

What's the most important thing to consider when choosing a program?

The most important thing to consider when choosing a program is getting excited about the projects that at least one of the faculty members are involved in. Do some research and see why you are excited about a particular work that at least one of the faculty members have been involved in.

Who should students talk to when considering options?

Students should talk to other students and also reach out directly to the graduate coordinator and even individual faculty members. This means that students should have done prior homework and have some good questions ready. Asking good questions will get you at least halfway through to make the right decision.

• October 15, 2023
• Academic Advice

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs: Which is Right for You?

UOTP Marketing

Continuing your educational journey within your chosen field is an experience that fosters personal and professional growth. The next milestone in your academic path often involves pursuing a Master’s degree , with options ranging from thesis-based programs to non-thesis alternatives.  Deciding between these two paths is significant as it shapes your academic and career paths.

But how can you decide which is right for you before getting decision fatigue?

Let’s explore the difference between thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs, their unique characteristics, and reasons for choosing one or the other. 

Do You Have to Write a Thesis for Your Master’s Program?

Whether you have to write a thesis for your Master’s program depends on the specific requirements of the program you’re enrolled in. It’s important to note that while not all Master’s programs require writing a thesis, a significant number of them do.

What is a Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

A thesis Master’s program involves completing a large research project spanning over several semesters. Students are expected to conduct original research on a specific topic under a faculty advisor’s guidance, culminating in a thesis likely to be published. Completing and defending the thesis is a crucial part of the degree requirement.

A non-thesis Master’s program doesn’t involve a specific research focus but rather a more coursework and practical experience, allowing students to gain specific skills and knowledge applicable to their field of study. After completing their program’s core course requirements, students can choose any of the electives to meet their degree requirements. Depending on the institution, you may be required to do a Master’s Degree Capstone project, including reviewing previous courses, a comprehensive exam, or a summary project. 

Why Choose a Thesis Master’s Program?

Thesis Master’s programs offer several advantages, be that contributing to new findings in your field, close collaboration with professors and researchers, and standing out to potential employers with your abilities to work independently and analyze complex issues. However, the primary advantages are:

Research Experience

Thesis programs allow you to conduct extensive research on a specific topic that piques your interest.  This way, you’ll gain expertise and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. 

Academic Growth 

Writing a thesis helps sharpen your critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. It also challenges you to think independently, analyze a large amount of data, and draw meaningful conclusions. Furthermore, it prepares you for doctoral studies, familiarizing you with the rigor of independent research and equips you with the necessary skills to succeed.

Why Choose a Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

Non-thesis master’s programs also come with numerous advantages for students, including flexibility in scheduling, a range of career opportunities, shorter competition time, etc. Here are the main advantages: 

Non-thesis programs prioritize coursework, fostering the development of practical skills and their real-world application. This approach enables you to actively engage in hands-on learning experiences highly sought after in today’s job market. Critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, and leadership abilities are some of those skills.

Suitability for Professionals

Another advantage to pursuing a non-thesis Master’s program is that it doesn’t take as much time as the thesis Master’s programs. That way you can enter the workforce faster. It’s also well-suited for professionals already established in their field who are seeking to further their education and advance in their careers. 

The Academic and Career Outcomes of Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs

The academic outcomes for the thesis Master’s program graduates involve preparation for Ph.D. programs , opening doors to advanced research and specialized roles in research institutions. This provides solid research skills and helps them publish their work. Common career paths for graduates include research positions in academia, government, or private sectors. Some also pursue teaching careers in colleges and universities. Degree programs that usually require a thesis include sciences, social sciences, engineering, and humanities (history, philosophy, and language studies).

Non-thesis Master’s program graduates typically achieve academic outcomes focused on mastering practical, directly applicable skills within their field. While these programs are more career-oriented, graduates can still pursue a Ph.D. They can benefit from diverse career options in different settings and find employment in managerial, administrative, or specialized roles in their field. Degree programs that don’t usually require a thesis are business, education, healthcare administration, IT management, etc.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs, That is the Question 

With their abundance of advantages, choosing between the two can be pretty tricky. So, let’s compare thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs and help you make an informed decision. 

Personal and Career Goals

A thesis Master’s program is ideal if you’re interested in furthering in academia and want to pursue a Ph.D ., as these programs can provide the necessary tools to enhance your credentials for research-based careers. Meanwhile, a non-thesis Master’s program will suit you better if you’re seeking to gain practical skills to integrate into the industry immediately, as they can include practical projects or internships according to industry demands. 

Time and Financial Considerations

Thesis Master’s programs can extend the duration of your studies, as researching, writing, and defending the thesis can take several semesters to complete and can cause financial strain due to additional costs like lab fees and materials. In contrast, non-thesis ones can help you enter the job market promptly as they are shorter, allowing you to save time and money.

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Field of Study and Program Requirements

When deciding between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, a crucial element to take into account is the field of study and the program’s specific requirements. A thesis Master’s program is better suited for those pursuing research-oriented fields, while a non-thesis program is a more fitting choice for individuals with a strong focus on their career. Furthermore, program requirements for thesis programs require substantial research to culminate in a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones require capstone projects, internships, or comprehensive exams. 

Switching from a Non-Thesis to a Thesis Master’s Program, or Vice Versa

Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis Master’s program, or vice versa, is possible in many institutions, although the process and requirements may vary. Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis program generally requires getting approval from the academic advisor or department, completing additional research methodology classes, finding a thesis advisor, and applying to the thesis program. 

Switching from a thesis to a non-thesis Master’s program requires having at least a 3.0 GPA, getting approval from the academic advisor, transferring credits of research methodology classes, and formally applying to the thesis program.

Choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program ultimately depends on your career goals, research interests, and personal preferences. Thesis programs provide a robust foundation for research-oriented careers and advanced studies, while non-thesis programs offer practical skills tailored for immediate industry integration. Regardless of your choice, both paths offer unique advantages, ensuring you gain the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in your chosen field. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What is the difference between a thesis vs. non-thesis master’s program.

The key difference between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program is that thesis Master’s programs require original research and completion of a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones focus on coursework and practical experiences. 

Do I have to write a thesis for a Master’s program?

If you’re pursuing a research-oriented Master’s degree in sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, etc., you’ll probably have to write a thesis. Whereas, if you’re pursuing a Master’s degree in education, business healthcare administration, or IT management, you’re more likely not to have to complete a thesis. 

Is a thesis required for all Master’s degree programs?

Although a thesis isn’t required for all master’s degree programs, many programs require one.

What should I consider when deciding between a thesis and non-thesis program?

There are several factors to consider when choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, including your career goals, interest in research, duration of studies, personal strengths and preferences, cost, and program requirements.

Are there any financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs?

There can be financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs. Thesis programs can be more expensive as you’ll have to spend additional resources on materials, lab fees, and data collection. In contrast, the main cost for non-thesis programs is tuition fees, which can be slightly lower. Furthermore, thesis programs require additional time to conduct research, write, and defend the thesis. In contrast, non-thesis programs allow students to earn the degree in a shorter period. 

Why should I choose a thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a thesis Master’s program if you’re interested in a research-heavy discipline and want to showcase your knowledge and expertise in an evidence-based, thorough thesis. 

Why should I choose a non-thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a non-thesis Master’s program if you want to enter the workforce earlier, don’t want to spend several semesters collecting data, and want to focus more on application than research.

Can non-thesis Master’s graduates still pursue doctoral studies later?

Yes, non-thesis Master’s graduates can still get accepted into a doctoral program. However, thesis Master’s graduates can go through the process more efficiently, as admissions panels want to gain insight into your academic interests and ability to engage in nuanced thought.

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MSc thesis, MSc internship and MSc research practice

The MSc thesis and the MSc internship are part of all Master programmes of Wageningen University. In some programmes you can replace the MSc internship by the MSc research practice or another internship replacing assignment.

Course guide

You can find all information about MSc thesis, MSc internship and MSc research practice in the course guides. The course guides consist of a general part (containing general information for WU) and chair group specific regulations. You may download the general part of the course guides here:

• MSc internship
• MSc research practice

Learning agreement and contract

Before starting a thesis, internship or research practice, you and your WUR supervisor need to complete a learning agreement . This learning agreement is embedded in the OSIRIS process. For the internship, an additional agreement is needed:a separate contract between the host organization, the student and WUR. The format for that contract (as well as explanatory notes) can be downloaded below (both in Dutch and English).

> MSc Internship model contract (UNL) (English)

> MSc Internship model contract (UNL) (Dutch)

> Explanatory notes UNL contract (English)

> Explanatory notes UNL contract (Dutch)

The chair groups of Wageningen University use a general rubric for the evaluation of your MSc thesis, MSc internship and MSc research practice. The rubric contains the assessment criteria and a general guidelines for the grading of your results. You may download the rubrics here:

• Rubric MSc thesis
• Rubric MSc internship - professional internship (for students that started in academic year 2023-2024
• Rubric MSc internship - research internship (for students that started in academic year 2023-2024
• Rubric MSc research practice (for student that started in academic year 2023-2024)
• Rubric MSc internship
• Rubric MSc research practice

For further questions please ask your study adviser.

Research Programs vs. Internships: Which is Right for You?

By Tom Gurin

Fulbright Scholar; music composer, historian, and educator

8 minute read

High school students who participate in research programs and internships can profoundly increase their college admissions chance and future career outcomes

Early participation in r esearch programs and internships can provide new opportunities for low income and minority students to be exposed to new academic fields, new skills, and new passions

Virtual research programs like Polygence and remote internships are providing new accessible options to gain critical experience needed for college applications and job experience

Introduction

Is it more valuable to conduct research or to complete an internship? Depending on whether the experience takes place during high school or at the college level, the goals of various programs could differ significantly. In general, though, internships aim to prepare students for industry professions, while students typically conduct research to become experts in a specific academic subject. Despite their seemingly divergent goals, the outcomes tend to converge on a set of similar positive results. First, research opportunities and internships can both lead to lasting mentorships. Past researchers and interns alike cite mentorship as one of the strongest benefits to result from their experiences. Additionally, high school research experiences and internships both prepare participants for postsecondary studies. Both also lead to improved soft skills, such as communication and critical thinking, which are eye-catching to potential future employers (internships completed during college are especially convincing to hiring managers). By analyzing numerical data and written evidence from previous studies, as well as interviews with industry experts, researchers, and students, this report will demonstrate the most salient benefits of research experiences and internships for students.

Why Should You Conduct a Research Project?

Key takeaways:

Conducting research in high school prepares students for college and beyond.

Undergraduates who conduct research develop transferable skills , including communication and critical thinking.

Conducting research at the undergraduate level allows for in-depth academic exploration .

Increasing minority students’ participation in research during high school can improve representation at the university level and in the workforce.

Lasting mentorship is one of the key positive outcomes from research projects.

Internships and research can go hand in hand.

As with internships, there is no single definition of research. Polygence breaks the term down into five distinct types of scholarly activity: 

Exploratory

Constructive/Applied 

Each of these research types has different emphasis and benefits, so it’s worth digging deeper to understand the differences between them. 

Creative research, according to Polygence , “includes diving deep into an area of interest with an existing body of knowledge or past work (e.g. literature, philosophy, anthropology or music)....” Research in the form of a review “surveys past work in a given field and provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of that field by describing past achievements and identifying outstanding research questions.” Exploratory research “defines new areas or problems by generating and interpreting data collected from direct observations.” Constructive or applied research “defines and solves real-world problems through tactical engineering or craftwork.” Finally, empirical research “uses reproducible experimentation to measure phenomena and to formulate concrete theories and draw conclusions.”

What are the Professional Benefits of Independent Research?

Conducting research at the undergraduate level allows for in-depth academic study. About 6,000 undergraduate students conduct research through the National Science Foundation each year. A 2018 study showed that  Another report from the same year found that, beyond GPA boosts, conducting research increases undergrads’ self-confidence, as well as their awareness of the ins and outs of graduate-level research. A recent U.S. News article highlighted the benefits of doing research during college: “No matter the subject area,” the author asserts, “research participation is an asset for undergrads.”

Although research focuses on depth of understanding in a specific topic, undergraduates who conduct research also develop transferable skills, including communication and critical thinking. A 2018 paper co-authored by mechanical engineering faculty members at The Citadel states that undergraduate research “provides an avenue to develop skills such as utilizing good research methodology, interpreting data, discipline, [and] translating their experiments into presentations to effectively communicate the work they have completed.” From GPA boosts to improved data skills, the academic benefits of undergraduate research are clear.

Surveys by the American Association of Colleges and Universities (AACU) provide evidence for the transferable benefits of undergraduate research from the perspectives of post-graduation employers. According to their 2023 report , 56% of employers responded that they would be “much more likely” to consider a job candidate who conducted research alongside a faculty member during their undergraduate studies. However, internships were even more compelling for employers, 70% of whom were “much more likely” to consider a job applicant with an internship on their résumé. Both of those figures rose since 2021, when the AACU published a similar report showing internships and research swayed 49% and 41% of employers, respectively. Conducting research as an undergraduate, then, comes with increasingly compelling professional advantages in addition to academic ones — even if the professional bonuses are somewhat softer than those associated with completing an internship.

How do Research Opportunities Affect College Admissions?

Conducting research during high school also comes with tangible benefits that prepare students for college and beyond. Kristen Moon, a contributor to Forbes on college admissions, wrote in 2022 that 

Research can be a life-changing experience for a high schooler. It gives them a chance to gain hands-on instruction beyond the classroom and be exposed to the dynamics of a lab environment. In addition, students learn how to work with others as they gain analytical, quantitative and communication skills… 

Conducting research in high school contributes to students’ academic careers in ways that coursework generally doesn’t. Colleges and universities also value applicants’ research experiences, writes Moon:

Participating in research can also give students a competitive edge when applying to college. This is especially true for candidates of BS/MD programs, where medical-focused activities are expected. Some BS/MD programs, like Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s 7-Year Program, are specially designed to train future physician-scientists.

The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal makes an equally strong case for ambitious high schoolers to conduct research. “Research,” they write, “is a great way to learn new topics and can demonstrate your interest in academic fields, like genetics, astronomy, and chemical engineering. This can help you stand out among other college applicants….” Based on their own observations and analyses, these Columbia University students recommend conducting research as a way to stand out during the college admissions process.

Proprietary data from Polygence supports the link between high school research and admission to highly selective colleges and universities. Polygence is an online research academy that pairs students with expert mentors in their field of choice, guiding them through independent research projects. Data from more than 5,000 completed student projects shows  a strong correlation between program participation and admission to R1 research universities (doctoral universities that perform “very high levels of research activities,” according to the Carnegie Classification ). One past participant writes, 

I included my Polygence research in two major places on my college application: in supplemental materials sections, and in the essay to describe my own passions in the world of academia. My Polygence project was a perfect way to display my intellectual interests, as well as my own initiative and passion to pursue said subjects when they weren’t available to me immediately. Most importantly, I was able to disclose something close to me that was not only extremely personal, but also impactful in the subject I wished to study.

Out of a sample of 590 past participants surveyed in 2023, 96% were admitted to at least one R1 research university. Furthermore, 80% of Polygence students reported that their exposure to intensive research experience heavily influenced their approach to selecting a college major. These data reinforce the observed correlation between high school research projects and admission to top research universities.

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Harvard Admissions Data

Data from Harvard University also suggests that conducting research during high school strengthens applications for undergraduate admission. As discussed in Polygence’s recent white paper (and follow up blog post ) analyzing Harvard’s admissions data, admissions officers rank candidates from “1” (best) to “4” (worst) for academic, extracurricular, athletic, and personal excellence. Using data from over 160,000 U.S. applications between 2014 and 2019, analysis of the Arcidiacono data set revealed that applicants receiving a “1” rating in academics were approximately eight times more likely to be offered admission than those receiving a “2” rating. 

How do admissions officers assign these scores? According to Harvard’s internal documents, the “2” rating typically represents “perfect, or near-perfect, grades and testing, but no evidence of substantial scholarship or academic creativity”. A “1” rating, on the other hand, describes an applicant with similarly impressive grades and testing, plus “substantial scholarship or academic creativity,” often in the form of an academic paper or other portfolio item demonstrating substantial scholarship. While universities vary in their selection processes, applicants to Harvard can significantly increase their chances of admission by producing and submitting substantial scholarship such as academic research.

What are he Benefits of Research and Mentorship on Career Paths?

The benefits of high school research projects also extend beyond college admissions. A 2022 study found that participating in biomedical research during high school through the University of Alabama’s Summer Science Institute (SSI) had a strong impact on participants' career trajectories: 97% of surveyed past participants of the program reported pursuing STEM careers. According to Patel et al., “nearly all” of the surveyed alumni “indicated their SSI-III experience was very positive and influenced their career decision.” The participants highlighted their mentors as role-models, especially the younger mentors (graduate students and postdoctoral fellows).

Finally, self-assessments from participants showed perceived improvements in academic writing, oral communication skills, working independently, and working as a member of a team, as well as much stronger interest in a career that includes research. 

Diversifying Fields of Research

Conducting research in high school seems to have lasting impacts on academic and professional career trajectories. Indeed, there is mounting evidence showing that improved access to research for high school students can even increase minority representation at higher levels.

Studies show that raising minority students’ participation in research during high school can improve representation in university research and in the professional scientific workforce. Chuisano et al. write, “Engaging high school students in a research training program is advantageous because postsecondary decisions and occupational interests are often crystallized and plans formulated during adolescence.” A 2014 evaluation of a summer health science research program for minority high schoolers in California found that, after completing the program, 87% of participants intended to pursue careers in research; before participating, that number was just 23%. The participants also self-reported large gains in “scientific writing, oral presentation, library and literature search, and in conducting research.” The study was able to follow up with 116 of the 132 participants from 1997-2012. Out of that number, all had either graduated from high school or were still enrolled. Out of the high school graduates, 97% were either current undergraduates or had received a bachelor’s degree; 67% had earned that degree in a STEM field.

How Can I Find the Right Program?…And Passion!

Finding the right research opportunity is key to a successful project. “The most important quality that you need for research [in high school],” according to the Columbia Undergraduate Research Journal, “is passion about the field you are going into!” They point to a few examples of research opportunities for high schoolers, such as the Summer Science Program in Socorro, New Mexico (Astrophysics); Boulder, Colorado (Astrophysics); and Lafayette, Indiana (Biochemistry). They also recommend considering the Jackson Laboratory Summer Student Program , where “students participate in an ongoing research program with the support of an experienced scientific mentor.” Indeed, expert guidance is crucial to conducting research at any level.

As with internships, experts say that finding dedicated mentorship is one of the top benefits of conducting research. Polygence mentor Niokhor Dione describes his advisor Dr. Didier Raoult as “a man who changed my path...the passion and dedication that he gave to science fascinated me and made him my role model.” Niokhor initially intended to research vector diseases, but with Dr. Raoult’s mentorship, he became increasingly interested in the human microbiota. “I realized the importance of this field as it plays a fundamental role in human health and diseases.” Niokhor received his PhD in Human Microbiota at Aix-Marseille University in 2018 and currently works at Stanford as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow and a Polygence mentor. 

Another Polygence mentor credits his PhD mentor with teaching him how to effectively communicate data. While working in Julie Theriot’s cell biology lab at Stanford, Fabian developed stochastic models for his thesis on the spread of Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial foodborne pathogen. “It was in Julie's lab that I first learned how to apply data science methods to biological questions. Additionally, the way I write about and present data to scientists and non-scientists alike improved immensely due to Julie's careful mentoring.” After receiving his PhD, Fabian went on to pursue a career as a data scientist.

Why Should You Complete an Internship?

Internships and research projects both have demonstrable benefits for high school and college students.

Internships are opportunities to find mentors, discover passions, and experiment.

Employers value internships, and are hiring increasing numbers of past interns.

About 8% of high schoolers complete internships; those who do are better prepared for college and careers.

High schools, companies, and nonprofit organizations are working to improve internship access and equitability for students.

Internships can take many forms. While there is no standard definition, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), defines a high-quality internship as “a professional learning experience that offers meaningful, practical work related to a student’s field of study or career interest.” According to UMBC, the best ones 

Include no more than 25% clerical or administrative tasks,

Provide clear job descriptions for what to expect from the experience,

Introduce and orient the student to the organization and its culture,

Support the student in setting and achieve learning goals, and

Provide regular feedback throughout the internship.

High quality internships are opportunities to find mentors, discover passions, and experiment. When describing the importance of internships, a Forbes panel of experts pointed to mentorship as a top benefit. “Great internships and mentors light a spark,” writes one expert, and “position you for long-term success,” according to another. In addition to valuable relationships with mentors, internships offer opportunities to learn about a company and a professional role. Jonathan Reyes writes, “Interns start to convert their potential into true business, on the job experience. Gaining skills outside the academic environment is a skill itself. The earlier they can focus on this, the more likely they are to succeed in the long term.” Beyond these experts’ testimonies, the data on the value of internships tells a clear story.

What are the Professional Benefits of Internships?

There is strong evidence that employers value internships, and are hiring increasing numbers of past interns. According to a 2023 study from the American Association of Colleges and Universities, over 70% of employers would be “much more likely” to consider a job candidate who has completed an internship or apprenticeship. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, which moved many internships to virtual formats, the stock value of internships has generally risen in recent years. In 2023, the National Association of Colleges and Employers reported a projected 9.1% increase in intern hiring compared to the previous year, and a 31.7% increase compared to 2021, based on a survey of 289 companies and organizations. In fact, intern hiring rates have risen in six out of the last seven years. These studies were limited to internships at the college level, and illustrate how highly employers value internship experience when selecting candidates for full-time positions.

Are Internships for High School Students?

High school students often incorrectly assume that internships are a strictly college-level activity. Only about 8% of high schoolers complete one before graduation, according to a recent study. Among high schoolers who reported as uninterested in internships, 33% said that they believed internships were indeed important, but not before entering college. Despite the common assumption that internships are only for college students, high schoolers who intern are demonstrably better prepared for both college and future careers.

Many factors contribute to success during and after school; however, there are significant correlations linking internship participation in high school with college and career readiness. According to a recent U.S. News article , “students who were involved in extracurricular internships during high school have a fairly distinct head start” in their post-secondary educations. Current research supports this claim, to an extent. A 2023 study found that “engagement, mindset, and value of subject matter” differed between high schoolers who completed internships and those who did not. One researcher affirms that “there is a statistically significant difference in the impact internships have on college and career readiness.” In a previous study, Dr. Stephanie L. Moczygemba-Amaya analyzed data from interviews with ten Midwestern high school students, ages 18 and 19, and also found that semester-long internships had important benefits for college and career readiness. The internships were in various fields—including teaching, healthcare, business, technology, and medical fields—but all led to positive outcomes in a) transformational learning, b) professional experiences, c) professional skills, and d) post-secondary planning. Participants also noted that internship experiences reinforced the importance of their high school studies and, perhaps most importantly, built confidence in decision making.

There is particularly strong evidence for the positive impact of internships on low-income and minority students. In 2017, Murillo et. al. reported internships’ effects on college and career readiness among low-income students of color. During post-internship interviews with the researchers, students consistently indicated improved time management and interview preparation skills, among other benefits. The researchers also found that the students who completed internships also completed more college applications than those who did not participate. However, despite their clear positive impacts, internships remain out of many students’ reach.

Are Internships Accessible?

In light of the positive data on internships, high schools, companies, governments, and nonprofit organizations are working to improve internship access and equitability for students. One barrier that low-income students face is the pressure to earn money during high school. “While only 8% of teenagers had completed an internship,” according to a survey and analysis by American Student Assistance (ASA), “about a third of them (32%) had a job during the last school year. For many teenagers, finding a job is a means to a paycheck, with very little thought given to how it connects to their future and interests.” In fact, the most important factor reported by high schoolers looking for a job was pay (87%). Fortunately for high school students, “in light of government guidelines” aimed at improving access to internships for all students, 80% of the 271 companies that participated in ASA’s survey now pay their high school interns.

Urban Alliance is one of the nonprofit organizations working to improve access to good, paid internships for students in under-resourced high schools. They partner with schools, governments, and employers on their mission to “provide all young people with equal access to skills training, paid work experiences, and professional networks needed to achieve economic mobility.” In 2016, they commissioned the Urban Institute to reevaluate the impact of their flagship internship program, (an initial evaluation was conducted in 2011-2012). The second report , published in 2023, was based on a study of 1,435 students in Washington, DC; Montgomery Country, Northern Virginia; Baltimore; and Chicago. While it found no statistically significant difference in college attendance between the treatment and control groups, they found that participation in the Urban Alliance internship program increased career readiness in three discrete areas: hard skills, soft skills, and job applications.

Virtual Internships

Virtual and remote positions are also changing the way that high schoolers intern. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, 40% of employers reported an intention to shift towards fully remote internships. Even after returning to the office themselves, many employers have continued to offer optionally remote internships for high schoolers as a way to include more students while improving geographic equity. For high schoolers, location is one of the largest barriers to entry combatting internship participation. Teenagers generally rely on their families for transportation to school and extracurricular activities, as well as in-person jobs and internships. American Student Assistance found that employers tend to expect problems to arise with high school internships as a result of unreliable transportation. This perception, combined with the greater geographic reach that digital working offers, may account for some employers’ continued interest in virtual high school interns. For example, Skills for Rhode Island’s Future increased participation in its PrepareRI paid internship program by nearly 25% by moving online. Although in-person internships remain much more popular (accounting for about 98% of all high school intern positions), 75% of PrepareRI participants said they were planning to apply for another virtual internship in the future, suggesting a positive experience. In addition, 89% said that they developed skills that will help them in their future careers:

Internships reinforce high school coursework while typically focusing on career orientation and readiness outside of the classroom. Research, on the other hand, has a slightly different set of goals and comes with benefits that vary between high schoolers and undergraduate students.

Although they have different goals on the surface, conducting research and completing internships can go hand-in-hand. For example, conducting independent research can lead to a research internship, a structure in which participants conduct research within a lab or other professional research setting. Sanshray, a high school student and Polygence alum, writes that he was recently accepted to “an internship at a Biotechnology lab. One of the main reasons I got in was because of the research proposal [my Polygence mentor] helped me with! I submitted it and they were thoroughly impressed.” Rather than being opposed to each other, internships and research opportunities can lead to similarly positive outcomes.

In terms of advantages, there is overlap between research experiences and  internships. As discussed above, internships and research opportunities can both lead to valuable mentorships. In addition, both prepare participants for further academic study while developing skills, such as communication and critical thinking, that are transferable to a variety of future activities and career paths.

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