steps for problem solving in c

Problem Solving Through Programming in C

In this lesson, we are going to learn Problem Solving Through Programming in C. This is the first lesson while we start learning the C language.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Problem Solving Through Programming in C

Regardless of the area of the study, computer science is all about solving problems with computers. The problem that we want to solve can come from any real-world problem or perhaps even from the abstract world. We need to have a standard systematic approach to problem solving through programming in c.

computer programmers are problem solvers. In order to solve a problem on a computer, we must know how to represent the information describing the problem and determine the steps to transform the information from one representation into another.

A computer is a very powerful and versatile machine capable of performing a multitude of different tasks, yet it has no intelligence or thinking power.

The computer cannot solve the problem on its own, one has to provide step by step solutions of the problem to the computer. In fact, the task of problem-solving is not that of the computer.

It is the programmer who has to write down the solution to the problem in terms of simple operations which the computer can understand and execute.

In order to solve a problem with the computer, one has to pass through certain stages or steps. They are as follows:

Steps to Solve a Problem With the Computer

Step 1: understanding the problem:.

Here we try to understand the problem to be solved in totally. Before with the next stage or step, we should be absolutely sure about the objectives of the given problem.

Step 2: Analyzing the Problem:

The idea here is to search for an appropriate solution to the problem under consideration. The end result of this stage is a broad overview of the sequence of operations that are to be carried out to solve the given problem.

Step 3: Developing the solution:

Here, the overview of the sequence of operations that was the result of the analysis stage is expanded to form a detailed step by step solution to the problem under consideration.

Step 4: Coding and Implementation:

The vehicle for the computer solution to a problem is a set of explicit and unambiguous instructions expressed in a programming language. This set of instruction is called a program with problem solving through programming in C .

A program may also be thought of as an algorithm expressed in a programming language. an algorithm, therefore, corresponds to a solution to a problem that is independent of any programming language .

The problem solving is a skill and there are no universal approaches one can take to solving problems. Basically one must explore possible avenues to a solution one by one until she/he comes across the right path to a solution.

In general, as one gains experience in solving problems, one develops one’s own techniques and strategies, though they are often intangible. Problem-solving skills are recognized as an integral component of computer programming.

Problem Solving Steps

Problem-solving is a creative process which defines systematization and mechanization. There are a number of steps that can be taken to raise the level of one’s performance in problem-solving.

A problem-solving technique follows certain steps in finding the solution to a problem. Let us look into the steps one by one:

1. Problem Definition Phase:

In the problem definition phase, we must emphasize what must be done rather than how is it to be done. That is, we try to extract the precisely defined set of tasks from the problem statement.

Inexperienced problem solvers too often gallop ahead with the task of the problem – solving only to find that they are either solving the wrong problem or solving the wrong problem or solving just one particular problem.

2. Getting Started on a Problem:

Sometimes you do not have any idea where to begin solving a problem, even if the problem has been defined. Such block sometimes occurs because you are overly concerned with the details of the implementation even before you have completely understood or worked out a solution.

The best advice is not to get concerned with the details. Those can come later when the intricacies of the problem have been understood.

3. Use of Specific Examples:

It is usually much easier to work out the details of a solution to a specific problem because the relationship between the mechanism and the problem is more clearly defined.

This approach of focusing on a particular problem can give us the foothold we need for making a start on the solution to the general problem.

4. Similarities Among Problems:

The more experience one has the more tools and techniques one can bring to bear in tackling the given problem. But sometimes, it blocks us from discovering a desirable or better solution to the problem.

A skill that is important to try to develop in problem-solving is the ability to view a problem from a variety of angles.

5. Working Backwards from the Solution:

In some cases, we can assume that we already have the solution to the problem and then try to work backwards to the starting point. Even a guess at the solution to the problem may be enough to give us a foothold to start on the problem.

We can systematize the investigations and avoid duplicate efforts by writing down the various steps taken and explorations made.

General Problem Solving Strategies:

There are a number of general and powerful computational strategies that are repeatedly used in various guises in computer science.

Often it is possible to phrase a problem in terms of one of these strategies and achieve considerable gains in computational efficiency.

1. Divide and Conquer:

The Splitting can be carried on further so that eventually we have many sub-problems, so small that further splitting is no necessary to solve them. We shall see many examples of this strategy and discuss the gain in efficiency due to its application.

2. Binary Doubling:

This is the reverse of the divide and conquers strategy i.e build-up the solution for a larger problem from solutions and smaller sub-problems.

3. Dynamic Programming:

The travelling salesman problem falls into this category. The idea here is that a good or optimal solution to a problem can be built-up from good or optimal solutions of the sub-problems.

4. General Search, Back Tracking and Branch-and-Bound:

All of these are variants of the basic dynamic programming strategy but are equally important.

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C Programming and Problem Solving in C

C language is fruit of the computer. This course helps you to collect your fruits for any career opportunities.

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Duration - 16.5 hours

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Are you looking for a solid start to programming? Have you heard that "C Language is the best one to start with"? You have heard it right. C Language is one of the best ways to start programming. Even though you are not a newbie, C programming is going to suit your resume pretty well.

C is the best choice because it will also allow you the master the fundamental mentality behind programming. It is one of the most powerful programming languages out there and also called to be "the mother of programming languages". There is a reason for that!

By learning C, you will open the huge, rusty doors of C++, C#, and JAVA. Because C fundamentally teaches you behind the scenes. By taking this course, you will be able to apply for any elementary job relating to C Programming. 

We are also taking a problem-solving approach to C. The best skill you can have when programming. Problem-solvers tend to be better programmers at the end of the day. That's why we are more focused on giving you the ability to solve problems in any capacity. Once you become a good problem solver, it is more likely for you to become a good programmer.

You'll develop your ability to produce good code and your problem-solving skills. This course provides all the information on "why" you are doing the things that you are doing in addition to teaching you how to write in the C programming language. The details are not skipped in this course.

You will have a thorough understanding of the C programming language's principles at the end of this course.

Who this course is for:

• Those who are interested in problem-solving.
• Those who contemplate a career in electrical and computer science.
• Those who are interested in gaining a fundamental in C Programming Language.

Understands the basics of C programming language.

Gains analytical thinking ability.

Improve his/her problem-solving capacity.

Learned data types and how to manipulate them.

Using Input and Output functions efficiently.

Logical Operators.

String Characters.

Control Flow: If-Else statements - switch cases.

Loops - while - for - do.

A hundred examples and FINAL PROJECT.

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Enthusiasm.

A computer.

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Problem solving through Programming In C

• Formulate simple algorithms for arithmetic and logical problems
• Translate the algorithms to programs (in C language)
• Test and execute the programs and  correct syntax and logical errors
• Implement conditional branching, iteration and recursion
• Decompose a problem into functions and synthesize a complete program using divide and conquer approach
• Use arrays, pointers and structures to formulate algorithms and programs
• Apply programming to solve matrix addition and multiplication problems and searching and sorting problems 
• Apply programming to solve simple numerical method problems, namely rot finding of function, differentiation of function and simple integration

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Problem Solving with Computer

By Bipin Tiwari

Problem Solving is a scientific technique to discover and implement the answer to a problem. The computer is the symbol manipulating device that follows the set of commands known as program.

Program is the set of instructions which is run by the computer to perform specific task. The task of developing program is called programming.

Problem Solving Technique:

Sometimes it is not sufficient just to cope with problems. We have to solve that problems. Most people are involving to solve the problem. These problem are occur while performing small task or making small decision. So, Here are the some basic steps to solve the problems

Step 1: Identify and Define Problem

Explain you problem clearly as possible as you can.

Step 2: Generate Possible Solutions

• List out all the solution that you find. Don’t focus on the quality of the solution
• Generate the maximum number of solution as you can without considering the quality of the solution

Step 3: Evaluate Alternatives

After generating the maximum solution, Remove the undesired solutions.

Step 4: Decide a Solution

After filtering all the solution, you have the best solution only. Then choose on of the best solution and make a decision to make it as a perfect solution.

Step 5: Implement a Solution:

After getting the best solution, Implement that solution to solve a problem.

Step 6: Evaluate the result

After implementing a best solution, Evaluate how much you solution solve the problem. If your solution will not solve the problem then you can again start with Step 2 .

Algorithm is the set of rules that define how particular problem can be solved in finite number of steps. Any good algorithm must have following characteristics

• Input: Specify and require input
• Output:  Solution of any problem
• Definite:  Solution must be clearly defined
• Finite: Steps must be finite
• Correct:  Correct output must be generated

Advantages of Algorithms:

• It is the way to sole a problem step-wise so it is easy to understand.
• It uses definite procedure.
• It is not dependent with any programming language.
• Each step has it own meaning so it is easy to debug

Disadvantage of Algorithms:

• It is time consuming
• Difficult to show branching and looping statement
• Large problems are difficult to implement

The solution of any problem in picture form is called flowchart. It is the one of the most important technique to depict an algorithm.

Advantage of Flowchart:

• Easier to understand
• Helps to understand logic of problem
• Easy to draw flowchart in any software like MS-Word
• Complex problem can be represent using less symbols
• It is the way to documenting any problem
• Helps in debugging process

Disadvantage of Flowchart:

• For any change, Flowchart have to redrawn
• Showing many looping and branching become complex
• Modification of flowchart is time consuming

Symbol Used in Flowchart:

Course Status :	Completed
Course Type :	Elective
Duration :	12 weeks
Category :
Credit Points :	3
Undergraduate/Postgraduate
Start Date :	27 Jan 2020
End Date :	17 Apr 2020
Enrollment Ends :	03 Feb 2020
Exam Date :	25 Apr 2020 IST

	Terminal	Terminal represent start and end
	Input / Output	Used for input (reading) and output (printing) operation.
	Processing	Used for data manipulation and data operations.
	Arrow	Used to represent flow of operations.
	Connector	Used to connect different flow of lines
	Decision	Used to make decision

Example: Algorithm and Flowchart to check odd or even

Coding, Compiling and Execution

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How to Solve Coding Problems with a Simple Four Step Method

I had fifteen minutes left, and I knew I was going to fail.

I had spent two months studying for my first technical interview.

I thought I was prepared, but as the interview came to a close, it hit me: I had no idea how to solve coding problems.

Of all the tutorials I had taken when I was learning to code, not one of them had included an approach to solving coding problems.

I had to find a method for problem-solving—my career as a developer depended on it.

I immediately began researching methods. And I found one. In fact, what I uncovered was an invaluable strategy. It was a time-tested four-step method that was somehow under the radar in the developer ecosystem.

In this article, I’ll go over this four-step problem-solving method that you can use to start confidently solving coding problems.

Solving coding problems is not only part of the developer job interview process—it’s what a developer does all day. After all, writing code is problem-solving.

A method for solving problems

This method is from the book How to Solve It by George Pólya. It originally came out in 1945 and has sold over one million copies.

His problem-solving method has been used and taught by many programmers, from computer science professors (see Udacity’s Intro to CS course taught by professor David Evans) to modern web development teachers like Colt Steele.

Let’s walk through solving a simple coding problem using the four-step problem-solving method. This allows us to see the method in action as we learn it. We'll use JavaScript as our language of choice. Here’s the problem:

Create a function that adds together two numbers and returns that value. There are four steps to the problem-solving method:

• Understand the problem.
• Devise a plan.
• Carry out the plan.

Let’s get started with step one.

Step 1: Understand the problem.

When given a coding problem in an interview, it’s tempting to rush into coding. This is hard to avoid, especially if you have a time limit.

However, try to resist this urge. Make sure you actually understand the problem before you get started with solving it.

Read through the problem. If you’re in an interview, you could read through the problem out loud if that helps you slow down.

As you read through the problem, clarify any part of it you do not understand. If you’re in an interview, you can do this by asking your interviewer questions about the problem description. If you’re on your own, think through and/or Google parts of the question you might not understand.

This first step is vital as we often don’t take the time to fully understand the problem. When you don’t fully understand the problem, you’ll have a much harder time solving it.

To help you better understand the problem, ask yourself:

What are the inputs?

What kinds of inputs will go into this problem? In this example, the inputs are the arguments that our function will take.

Just from reading the problem description so far, we know that the inputs will be numbers. But to be more specific about what the inputs will be, we can ask:

Will the inputs always be just two numbers? What should happen if our function receives as input three numbers?

Here we could ask the interviewer for clarification, or look at the problem description further.

The coding problem might have a note saying, “You should only ever expect two inputs into the function.” If so, you know how to proceed. You can get more specific, as you’ll likely realize that you need to ask more questions on what kinds of inputs you might be receiving.

Will the inputs always be numbers? What should our function do if we receive the inputs “a” and “b”? Clarify whether or not our function will always take in numbers.

Optionally, you could write down possible inputs in a code comment to get a sense of what they’ll look like:

//inputs: 2, 4

What are the outputs?

What will this function return? In this case, the output will be one number that is the result of the two number inputs. Make sure you understand what your outputs will be.

Create some examples.

Once you have a grasp of the problem and know the possible inputs and outputs, you can start working on some concrete examples.

Examples can also be used as sanity checks to test your eventual problem. Most code challenge editors that you’ll work in (whether it’s in an interview or just using a site like Codewars or HackerRank) have examples or test cases already written for you. Even so, writing out your own examples can help you cement your understanding of the problem.

Start with a simple example or two of possible inputs and outputs. Let's return to our addition function.

Let’s call our function “add.”

What’s an example input? Example input might be:

// add(2, 3)

What is the output to this? To write the example output, we can write:

// add(2, 3) ---> 5

This indicates that our function will take in an input of 2 and 3 and return 5 as its output.

Create complex examples.

By walking through more complex examples, you can take the time to look for edge cases you might need to account for.

For example, what should we do if our inputs are strings instead of numbers? What if we have as input two strings, for example, add('a', 'b')?

Your interviewer might possibly tell you to return an error message if there are any inputs that are not numbers. If so, you can add a code comment to handle this case if it helps you remember you need to do this.

Your interviewer might also tell you to assume that your inputs will always be numbers, in which case you don’t need to write any extra code to handle this particular input edge case.

If you don’t have an interviewer and you’re just solving this problem, the problem might say what happens when you enter invalid inputs.

For example, some problems will say, “If there are zero inputs, return undefined.” For cases like this, you can optionally write a comment.

// check if there are no inputs.

// If no inputs, return undefined.

For our purposes, we’ll assume that our inputs will always be numbers. But generally, it’s good to think about edge cases.

Computer science professor Evans says to write what developers call defensive code. Think about what could go wrong and how your code could defend against possible errors.  

Before we move on to step 2, let’s summarize step 1, understand the problem:

-Read through the problem.

-What are the inputs?

-What are the outputs?

Create simple examples, then create more complex ones.

2. Devise a plan for solving the problem.

Next, devise a plan for how you’ll solve the problem. As you devise a plan, write it out in pseudocode.

Pseudocode is a plain language description of the steps in an algorithm. In other words, your pseudocode is your step-by-step plan for how to solve the problem.

Write out the steps you need to take to solve the problem. For a more complicated problem, you’d have more steps. For this problem, you could write:

// Create a sum variable.

Add the first input to the second input using the addition operator .

// Store value of both inputs into sum variable.

// Return as output the sum variable. Now you have your step-by-step plan to solve the problem. For more complex problems, professor Evans notes, “Consider systematically how a human solves the problem.” That is, forget about how your code might solve the problem for a moment, and think about how you would solve it as a human. This can help you see the steps more clearly.

3. Carry out the plan (Solve the problem!)

The next step in the problem-solving strategy is to solve the problem. Using your pseudocode as your guide, write out your actual code.

Professor Evans suggests focusing on a simple, mechanical solution. The easier and simpler your solution is, the more likely you can program it correctly.

Taking our pseudocode, we could now write this:

Professor Evans adds, remember not to prematurely optimize. That is, you might be tempted to start saying, “Wait, I’m doing this and it’s going to be inefficient code!”

First, just get out your simple, mechanical solution.

What if you can’t solve the entire problem? What if there's a part of it you still don't know how to solve?

Colt Steele gives great advice here: If you can’t solve part of the problem, ignore that hard part that’s tripping you up. Instead, focus on everything else that you can start writing.

Temporarily ignore that difficult part of the problem you don’t quite understand and write out the other parts. Once this is done, come back to the harder part.

This allows you to get at least some of the problem finished. And often, you’ll realize how to tackle that harder part of the problem once you come back to it.

Step 4: Look back over what you've done.

Once your solution is working, take the time to reflect on it and figure out how to make improvements. This might be the time you refactor your solution into a more efficient one.

As you look at your work, here are some questions Colt Steele suggests you ask yourself to figure out how you can improve your solution:

• Can you derive the result differently? What other approaches are there that are viable?
• Can you understand it at a glance? Does it make sense?
• Can you use the result or method for some other problem?
• Can you improve the performance of your solution?
• Can you think of other ways to refactor?
• How have other people solved this problem?

One way we might refactor our problem to make our code more concise: removing our variable and using an implicit return:

With step 4, your problem might never feel finished. Even great developers still write code that they later look at and want to change. These are guiding questions that can help you.

If you still have time in an interview, you can go through this step and make your solution better. If you are coding on your own, take the time to go over these steps.

When I’m practicing coding on my own, I almost always look at the solutions out there that are more elegant or effective than what I’ve come up with.

Wrapping Up

In this post, we’ve gone over the four-step problem-solving strategy for solving coding problems.

Let's review them here:

• Step 1: understand the problem.
• Step 2: create a step-by-step plan for how you’ll solve it .
• Step 3: carry out the plan and write the actual code.
• Step 4: look back and possibly refactor your solution if it could be better.

Practicing this problem-solving method has immensely helped me in my technical interviews and in my job as a developer. If you don't feel confident when it comes to solving coding problems, just remember that problem-solving is a skill that anyone can get better at with time and practice.

If you enjoyed this post, join my coding club , where we tackle coding challenges together every Sunday and support each other as we learn new technologies.

If you have feedback or questions on this post, feel free to tweet me @madisonkanna ..

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What Is Problem Solving? How Software Engineers Approach Complex Challenges

From debugging an existing system to designing an entirely new software application, a day in the life of a software engineer is filled with various challenges and complexities. The one skill that glues these disparate tasks together and makes them manageable? Problem solving . 

Throughout this blog post, we’ll explore why problem-solving skills are so critical for software engineers, delve into the techniques they use to address complex challenges, and discuss how hiring managers can identify these skills during the hiring process. 

What Is Problem Solving?

But what exactly is problem solving in the context of software engineering? How does it work, and why is it so important?

Problem solving, in the simplest terms, is the process of identifying a problem, analyzing it, and finding the most effective solution to overcome it. For software engineers, this process is deeply embedded in their daily workflow. It could be something as simple as figuring out why a piece of code isn’t working as expected, or something as complex as designing the architecture for a new software system. 

In a world where technology is evolving at a blistering pace, the complexity and volume of problems that software engineers face are also growing. As such, the ability to tackle these issues head-on and find innovative solutions is not only a handy skill — it’s a necessity. 

The Importance of Problem-Solving Skills for Software Engineers

Problem-solving isn’t just another ability that software engineers pull out of their toolkits when they encounter a bug or a system failure. It’s a constant, ongoing process that’s intrinsic to every aspect of their work. Let’s break down why this skill is so critical.

Driving Development Forward

Without problem solving, software development would hit a standstill. Every new feature, every optimization, and every bug fix is a problem that needs solving. Whether it’s a performance issue that needs diagnosing or a user interface that needs improving, the capacity to tackle and solve these problems is what keeps the wheels of development turning.

It’s estimated that 60% of software development lifecycle costs are related to maintenance tasks, including debugging and problem solving. This highlights how pivotal this skill is to the everyday functioning and advancement of software systems.

Innovation and Optimization

The importance of problem solving isn’t confined to reactive scenarios; it also plays a major role in proactive, innovative initiatives . Software engineers often need to think outside the box to come up with creative solutions, whether it’s optimizing an algorithm to run faster or designing a new feature to meet customer needs. These are all forms of problem solving.

Consider the development of the modern smartphone. It wasn’t born out of a pre-existing issue but was a solution to a problem people didn’t realize they had — a device that combined communication, entertainment, and productivity into one handheld tool.

Increasing Efficiency and Productivity

Good problem-solving skills can save a lot of time and resources. Effective problem-solvers are adept at dissecting an issue to understand its root cause, thus reducing the time spent on trial and error. This efficiency means projects move faster, releases happen sooner, and businesses stay ahead of their competition.

Improving Software Quality

Problem solving also plays a significant role in enhancing the quality of the end product. By tackling the root causes of bugs and system failures, software engineers can deliver reliable, high-performing software. This is critical because, according to the Consortium for Information and Software Quality, poor quality software in the U.S. in 2022 cost at least $2.41 trillion in operational issues, wasted developer time, and other related problems.

Problem-Solving Techniques in Software Engineering

So how do software engineers go about tackling these complex challenges? Let’s explore some of the key problem-solving techniques, theories, and processes they commonly use.

Decomposition

Breaking down a problem into smaller, manageable parts is one of the first steps in the problem-solving process. It’s like dealing with a complicated puzzle. You don’t try to solve it all at once. Instead, you separate the pieces, group them based on similarities, and then start working on the smaller sets. This method allows software engineers to handle complex issues without being overwhelmed and makes it easier to identify where things might be going wrong.

Abstraction

In the realm of software engineering, abstraction means focusing on the necessary information only and ignoring irrelevant details. It is a way of simplifying complex systems to make them easier to understand and manage. For instance, a software engineer might ignore the details of how a database works to focus on the information it holds and how to retrieve or modify that information.

Algorithmic Thinking

At its core, software engineering is about creating algorithms — step-by-step procedures to solve a problem or accomplish a goal. Algorithmic thinking involves conceiving and expressing these procedures clearly and accurately and viewing every problem through an algorithmic lens. A well-designed algorithm not only solves the problem at hand but also does so efficiently, saving computational resources.

Parallel Thinking

Parallel thinking is a structured process where team members think in the same direction at the same time, allowing for more organized discussion and collaboration. It’s an approach popularized by Edward de Bono with the “ Six Thinking Hats ” technique, where each “hat” represents a different style of thinking.

In the context of software engineering, parallel thinking can be highly effective for problem solving. For instance, when dealing with a complex issue, the team can use the “White Hat” to focus solely on the data and facts about the problem, then the “Black Hat” to consider potential problems with a proposed solution, and so on. This structured approach can lead to more comprehensive analysis and more effective solutions, and it ensures that everyone’s perspectives are considered.

This is the process of identifying and fixing errors in code . Debugging involves carefully reviewing the code, reproducing and analyzing the error, and then making necessary modifications to rectify the problem. It’s a key part of maintaining and improving software quality.

Testing and Validation

Testing is an essential part of problem solving in software engineering. Engineers use a variety of tests to verify that their code works as expected and to uncover any potential issues. These range from unit tests that check individual components of the code to integration tests that ensure the pieces work well together. Validation, on the other hand, ensures that the solution not only works but also fulfills the intended requirements and objectives.

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Evaluating Problem-Solving Skills

We’ve examined the importance of problem-solving in the work of a software engineer and explored various techniques software engineers employ to approach complex challenges. Now, let’s delve into how hiring teams can identify and evaluate problem-solving skills during the hiring process.

Recognizing Problem-Solving Skills in Candidates

How can you tell if a candidate is a good problem solver? Look for these indicators:

• Previous Experience: A history of dealing with complex, challenging projects is often a good sign. Ask the candidate to discuss a difficult problem they faced in a previous role and how they solved it.
• Problem-Solving Questions: During interviews, pose hypothetical scenarios or present real problems your company has faced. Ask candidates to explain how they would tackle these issues. You’re not just looking for a correct solution but the thought process that led them there.
• Technical Tests: Coding challenges and other technical tests can provide insight into a candidate’s problem-solving abilities. Consider leveraging a platform for assessing these skills in a realistic, job-related context.

Assessing Problem-Solving Skills

Once you’ve identified potential problem solvers, here are a few ways you can assess their skills:

• Solution Effectiveness: Did the candidate solve the problem? How efficient and effective is their solution?
• Approach and Process: Go beyond whether or not they solved the problem and examine how they arrived at their solution. Did they break the problem down into manageable parts? Did they consider different perspectives and possibilities?
• Communication: A good problem solver can explain their thought process clearly. Can the candidate effectively communicate how they arrived at their solution and why they chose it?
• Adaptability: Problem-solving often involves a degree of trial and error. How does the candidate handle roadblocks? Do they adapt their approach based on new information or feedback?

Hiring managers play a crucial role in identifying and fostering problem-solving skills within their teams. By focusing on these abilities during the hiring process, companies can build teams that are more capable, innovative, and resilient.

Key Takeaways

As you can see, problem solving plays a pivotal role in software engineering. Far from being an occasional requirement, it is the lifeblood that drives development forward, catalyzes innovation, and delivers of quality software. 

By leveraging problem-solving techniques, software engineers employ a powerful suite of strategies to overcome complex challenges. But mastering these techniques isn’t simple feat. It requires a learning mindset, regular practice, collaboration, reflective thinking, resilience, and a commitment to staying updated with industry trends. 

For hiring managers and team leads, recognizing these skills and fostering a culture that values and nurtures problem solving is key. It’s this emphasis on problem solving that can differentiate an average team from a high-performing one and an ordinary product from an industry-leading one.

At the end of the day, software engineering is fundamentally about solving problems — problems that matter to businesses, to users, and to the wider society. And it’s the proficient problem solvers who stand at the forefront of this dynamic field, turning challenges into opportunities, and ideas into reality.

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Home » C programming language

C Programs with Solutions

This section contains popular C programs with solution. Learn and practice these programs to test and enhance your C skills. Last updated : April 01, 2023

The best way to learn C programming is by practicing and solving the C programs (C problems). We have 1000+ C programs with solutions which are categorized below. Practice these C programs to learn and enhance your C problem-solving skills.

List of C programs

Practice the C programs based on the categories, library functions, advanced, top searched, and latest.

C programs by categories

• C Basic and Conditional Programs 90
• C switch case programs 06
• C 'goto' programs 10
• Bitwise related Programs 32
• Looping (for, while, do while) Programs 18
• C String Manipulation programs 10
• C String programs 50
• String User Define Functions Programs 11
• Recursion Programs 13
• Number (Digits Manipulation) Programs 10
• Number System Conversion Programs 15
• Star/Pyramid Programs 17
• Sum of Series Programs (set 1) 05
• Sum of Series Programs (set 2) 13
• Pattern printing programs 01
• User Define Function Programs (1) 05
• User Define Function Programs (2) 13
• One Dimensional Array Programs 58
• Two Dimensional Array (Matrix) Programs 21
• File Handling Programs 32
• Structure & Union Programs 12
• Pointer Programs 13
• Dynamic Memory Allocation Programs 05
• Command Line Arguments Programs 06
• Common C program Errors 22
• C scanf() programs 11
• C preprocessor programs 24
• C typedef programs 03
• C SQLite programs 11
• C MySQL programs 09
• C Tricky Programs 07
• Misc Problems & Solutions 05

C programs on standard library functions

• ctype.h Library Functions (Set 1)
• ctype.h Library Functions (Set 2)
• string.h Library Functions
• conio.h Library Functions
• dos.h Library Functions
• math.h Library Functions
• graphics.h Library Functions
• assert.h Library Functions
• stdio.h Library Functions

Advance C programs

• C program to create your own header file/ Create your your own header file in C
• gotoxy(),clrscr(),getch(),getche() for GCC, Linux.
• fork() function explanation and examples in Linux C
• C program to print character without using format specifiers.
• C program to find Binary Addition and Binary Subtraction.
• C program to print weekday of given date.
• C program to format/extract ip address octets
• C program to check given string is a valid IPv4 address or not.
• C program to extract bytes from an integer (Hexadecimal) value
• C program to store date in an integer variable

Top searched C programs

Here is the list of most important/useful programs searched on the web .

Top visited programs on IncludeHelp

• Pattern Programs in C
• C program to design calculator with basic operations using switch
• C program to find factorial of a number
• C program to check whether number is Perfect Square or not
• C program to find SUM and AVERAGE of two numbers
• C program to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit
• C program to read and print an employee's detail using structure
• Dynamic Memory Allocation programs
• C program to convert number from Decimal to Binary
• C program to check whether number is Palindrome or not

Top searched programs on the web

• First C program to print "Hello World".
• C program to find factorial of a number.
• C program to swap two numbers without using third variable.
• C program to check whether a number if Armstrong or not.
• C program to check whether a number if Even or Odd.
• C program to print all leap years from 1 to N.
• C program to calculate employee gross salary.
• C Program to print tables of numbers from 1 to 20.
• C program to print star/pyramid series.
• C program to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa.
• C program to convert number from Decimal to Binary.
• C program to convert number from Binary to Decimal.
• C program to print ASCII Table.
• C program to get and set current system date and time.
• C program to run dos command.

Latest C programs

• C program to generate random numbers within a range
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• Implement Circular Doubly Linked List | C program
• Print the Alternate Nodes in a Linked List without using Recursion
• Print the Alternate Nodes in a Linked List using Recursion
• Find the length of a linked list without using recursion
• Find the length of a linked list using recursion
• Count the number of occurrences of an element in a linked list without using recursion
• Count the number of occurrences of an element in a linked list using recursion
• C program to convert a Binary Tree into a Singly Linked List by Traversing Level by Level
• C program to Check if nth Bit in a 32-bit Integer is set or not
• C program to swap two Integers using Bitwise Operators
• C program to replace bit in an integer at a specified position from another integer
• C program to find odd or even number using bitmasking
• C program to check whether a given number is palindrome or not using Bitwise Operator
• C program to count number of bits set to 1 in an Integer
• C program to check if all the bits of a given integer is one (1)
• C program to find the Highest Bit Set for any given Integer
• C program to Count the Number of Trailing Zeroes in an Integer
• C Program to find the Biggest Number in an Array of Numbers using Recursion
• C program to accept Sorted Array and do Search using Binary Search
• C Program to Cyclically Permute the Elements of an Array
• C program to find two smallest elements in a one dimensional array
• Write your own memset() function in C
• memset() function in C with Example
• Write your own memcpy() function in C
• memcpy() function in C with Example

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How to Use Algorithms to Solve Problems?

An algorithm is a process or set of rules which must be followed to complete a particular task. This is basically the step-by-step procedure to complete any task. All the tasks are followed a particular algorithm, from making a cup of tea to make high scalable software. This is the way to divide a task into several parts. If we draw an algorithm to complete a task then the task will be easier to complete.

The algorithm is used for,

• To develop a framework for instructing computers.
• Introduced notation of basic functions to perform basic tasks.
• For defining and describing a big problem in small parts, so that it is very easy to execute.

Characteristics of Algorithm

• An algorithm should be defined clearly.
• An algorithm should produce at least one output.
• An algorithm should have zero or more inputs.
• An algorithm should be executed and finished in finite number of steps.
• An algorithm should be basic and easy to perform.
• Each step started with a specific indentation like, “Step-1”,
• There must be “Start” as the first step and “End” as the last step of the algorithm.

Let’s take an example to make a cup of tea,

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Take some water in a bowl.

Step 3: Put the water on a gas burner .

Step 4: Turn on the gas burner 

Step 5: Wait for some time until the water is boiled.  

Step 6: Add some tea leaves to the water according to the requirement.

Step 7: Then again wait for some time until the water is getting colorful as tea.

Step 8: Then add some sugar according to taste.

Step 9: Again wait for some time until the sugar is melted.

Step 10: Turn off the gas burner and serve the tea in cups with biscuits.

Step 11: End

Here is an algorithm for making a cup of tea. This is the same for computer science problems.

There are some basics steps to make an algorithm:

• Start – Start the algorithm
• Input – Take the input for values in which the algorithm will execute.
• Conditions – Perform some conditions on the inputs to get the desired output.
• Output – Printing the outputs.
• End – End the execution.

Let’s take some examples of algorithms for computer science problems.

Example 1. Swap two numbers with a third variable  

Step 1: Start Step 2: Take 2 numbers as input. Step 3: Declare another variable as “temp”. Step 4: Store the first variable to “temp”. Step 5: Store the second variable to the First variable. Step 6: Store the “temp” variable to the 2nd variable. Step 7: Print the First and second variables. Step 8: End

Example 2. Find the area of a rectangle

Step 1: Start Step 2: Take the Height and Width of the rectangle as input. Step 3: Declare a variable as “area” Step 4: Multiply Height and Width Step 5: Store the multiplication to “Area”, (its look like area = Height x Width) Step 6: Print “area”; Step 7: End

Example 3. Find the greatest between 3 numbers.

Step 1: Start Step 2: Take 3 numbers as input, say A, B, and C. Step 3: Check if(A>B and A>C) Step 4: Then A is greater Step 5: Print A Step 6 : Else Step 7: Check if(B>A and B>C) Step 8: Then B is greater Step 9: Print B Step 10: Else C is greater Step 11 : Print C Step 12: End

Advantages of Algorithm

• An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
• It is easy to understand because it is a step-by-step definition.
• The algorithm is easy to debug if there is any error happens.
• It is not dependent on any programming language
• It is easier for a programmer to convert it into an actual program because the algorithm divides a problem into smaller parts.

Disadvantages of Algorithms

• An algorithm is Time-consuming, there is specific time complexity for different algorithms.
• Large tasks are difficult to solve in Algorithms because the time complexity may be higher, so programmers have to find a good efficient way to solve that task.
• Looping and branching are difficult to define in algorithms.

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What is Problem Solving? (Steps, Techniques, Examples)

By Status.net Editorial Team on May 7, 2023 — 5 minutes to read

What Is Problem Solving?

Definition and importance.

Problem solving is the process of finding solutions to obstacles or challenges you encounter in your life or work. It is a crucial skill that allows you to tackle complex situations, adapt to changes, and overcome difficulties with ease. Mastering this ability will contribute to both your personal and professional growth, leading to more successful outcomes and better decision-making.

Problem-Solving Steps

The problem-solving process typically includes the following steps:

• Identify the issue : Recognize the problem that needs to be solved.
• Analyze the situation : Examine the issue in depth, gather all relevant information, and consider any limitations or constraints that may be present.
• Generate potential solutions : Brainstorm a list of possible solutions to the issue, without immediately judging or evaluating them.
• Evaluate options : Weigh the pros and cons of each potential solution, considering factors such as feasibility, effectiveness, and potential risks.
• Select the best solution : Choose the option that best addresses the problem and aligns with your objectives.
• Implement the solution : Put the selected solution into action and monitor the results to ensure it resolves the issue.
• Review and learn : Reflect on the problem-solving process, identify any improvements or adjustments that can be made, and apply these learnings to future situations.

Defining the Problem

To start tackling a problem, first, identify and understand it. Analyzing the issue thoroughly helps to clarify its scope and nature. Ask questions to gather information and consider the problem from various angles. Some strategies to define the problem include:

• Brainstorming with others
• Asking the 5 Ws and 1 H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How)
• Analyzing cause and effect
• Creating a problem statement

Generating Solutions

Once the problem is clearly understood, brainstorm possible solutions. Think creatively and keep an open mind, as well as considering lessons from past experiences. Consider:

• Creating a list of potential ideas to solve the problem
• Grouping and categorizing similar solutions
• Prioritizing potential solutions based on feasibility, cost, and resources required
• Involving others to share diverse opinions and inputs

Evaluating and Selecting Solutions

Evaluate each potential solution, weighing its pros and cons. To facilitate decision-making, use techniques such as:

• SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
• Decision-making matrices
• Pros and cons lists
• Risk assessments

After evaluating, choose the most suitable solution based on effectiveness, cost, and time constraints.

Implementing and Monitoring the Solution

Implement the chosen solution and monitor its progress. Key actions include:

• Communicating the solution to relevant parties
• Setting timelines and milestones
• Assigning tasks and responsibilities
• Monitoring the solution and making adjustments as necessary
• Evaluating the effectiveness of the solution after implementation

Utilize feedback from stakeholders and consider potential improvements. Remember that problem-solving is an ongoing process that can always be refined and enhanced.

Problem-Solving Techniques

During each step, you may find it helpful to utilize various problem-solving techniques, such as:

• Brainstorming : A free-flowing, open-minded session where ideas are generated and listed without judgment, to encourage creativity and innovative thinking.
• Root cause analysis : A method that explores the underlying causes of a problem to find the most effective solution rather than addressing superficial symptoms.
• SWOT analysis : A tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to a problem or decision, providing a comprehensive view of the situation.
• Mind mapping : A visual technique that uses diagrams to organize and connect ideas, helping to identify patterns, relationships, and possible solutions.

Brainstorming

When facing a problem, start by conducting a brainstorming session. Gather your team and encourage an open discussion where everyone contributes ideas, no matter how outlandish they may seem. This helps you:

• Generate a diverse range of solutions
• Encourage all team members to participate
• Foster creative thinking

When brainstorming, remember to:

• Reserve judgment until the session is over
• Encourage wild ideas
• Combine and improve upon ideas

Root Cause Analysis

For effective problem-solving, identifying the root cause of the issue at hand is crucial. Try these methods:

• 5 Whys : Ask “why” five times to get to the underlying cause.
• Fishbone Diagram : Create a diagram representing the problem and break it down into categories of potential causes.
• Pareto Analysis : Determine the few most significant causes underlying the majority of problems.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis helps you examine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to your problem. To perform a SWOT analysis:

• List your problem’s strengths, such as relevant resources or strong partnerships.
• Identify its weaknesses, such as knowledge gaps or limited resources.
• Explore opportunities, like trends or new technologies, that could help solve the problem.
• Recognize potential threats, like competition or regulatory barriers.

SWOT analysis aids in understanding the internal and external factors affecting the problem, which can help guide your solution.

Mind Mapping

A mind map is a visual representation of your problem and potential solutions. It enables you to organize information in a structured and intuitive manner. To create a mind map:

• Write the problem in the center of a blank page.
• Draw branches from the central problem to related sub-problems or contributing factors.
• Add more branches to represent potential solutions or further ideas.

Mind mapping allows you to visually see connections between ideas and promotes creativity in problem-solving.

Examples of Problem Solving in Various Contexts

In the business world, you might encounter problems related to finances, operations, or communication. Applying problem-solving skills in these situations could look like:

• Identifying areas of improvement in your company’s financial performance and implementing cost-saving measures
• Resolving internal conflicts among team members by listening and understanding different perspectives, then proposing and negotiating solutions
• Streamlining a process for better productivity by removing redundancies, automating tasks, or re-allocating resources

In educational contexts, problem-solving can be seen in various aspects, such as:

• Addressing a gap in students’ understanding by employing diverse teaching methods to cater to different learning styles
• Developing a strategy for successful time management to balance academic responsibilities and extracurricular activities
• Seeking resources and support to provide equal opportunities for learners with special needs or disabilities

Everyday life is full of challenges that require problem-solving skills. Some examples include:

• Overcoming a personal obstacle, such as improving your fitness level, by establishing achievable goals, measuring progress, and adjusting your approach accordingly
• Navigating a new environment or city by researching your surroundings, asking for directions, or using technology like GPS to guide you
• Dealing with a sudden change, like a change in your work schedule, by assessing the situation, identifying potential impacts, and adapting your plans to accommodate the change.
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What are the steps involved in solving a problem in C?

Table of Contents

• 1 What are the steps involved in solving a problem in C?
• 2 What are the steps to solve any problem with computer?
• 3 What are the 4 steps to problem solving in programming?
• 4 What are the six steps of programming?
• 5 How do you solve a programming problem?
• 6 What are the 2 types of error in computer programming?
• 7 Why do I have problem solving block in C?
• 8 Which is the best technique for problem solving?

The problem solving techniques involves the following steps  Define the problem.  Formulate the mathematical model.  Develop an algorithm.  Write the code for the problem.

What are the steps to solve any problem with computer?

Four Main Problem Solving Steps:

• Understand the Problem. Solving the right problem is the most important part of problem solving.
• Design a Solution. Formulate an algorithm to solve your problem.
• Implement your Solution. Write the code to solve your problem.
• Check your Solution.

What are the 4 steps to problem solving in programming?

Here’s how we can do so in four major steps.

• Step 1: Identify the problem. When students are new to CP, we typically start teaching them how to program and code using tutorials.
• Step 2: Find a solution.
• Step 3: Code it.
• Step 4: Test it.

What are the steps needed to solve a problem?

It has five steps with its own acronym, DMAIC: define, measure, analyze, improve and control. The first two steps are for defining and measuring the problem. The third step is the analysis. And the fourth and fifth steps are improve and control, and address solutions.

What are the six steps of problem solving in C?

Six-Step Problem-Solving Process

• The Six-Step Problem-Solving Process is described below: Step 1: Identify The Problem.
• Step 2: Analyze The Problem.
• Step 3: Develop The Solutions.
• Step 4: Implement A Solution.
• Step 5: Evaluate The Results.
• Step 6: Standardize The Solution (and Capitalize on New Opportunities)

What are the six steps of programming?

The Programming Process

• Defining the problem.
• Planning the solution.
• Coding the program.
• Testing the program.
• Documenting the program.

How do you solve a programming problem?

• 10 Steps to Solving a Programming Problem.
• Read the problem at least three times (or however many makes you feel comfortable)
• Work through the problem manually with at least three sets of sample data.
• Simplify and optimize your steps.
• Write pseudocode.
• Translate pseudocode into code and debug.

What are the 2 types of error in computer programming?

There are three kinds of errors: syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic errors. These are errors where the compiler finds something wrong with your program, and you can’t even try to execute it.

What is the task of problem solving in C?

What are the four steps of problem solving?

Why do I have problem solving block in C?

Which is the best technique for problem solving.

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Kamala Harris Picks Tim Walz As Running Mate: Here’s What To Know About Him

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Vice President Kamala Harris has chosen Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz to serve as her running mate in the 2024 presidential race—as Harris tries to gain ground on former President Donald Trump with just over three months until the November election.

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz is reportedly a frontrunner to be Vice President Kamala Harris' running ... [+] mate.

Harris announced she asked Walz to be her running mate in an Instagram post Tuesday, shortly after multiple news outlets reported on the decision, praising Walz’ “convictions on fighting for middle class families” and saying what impressed her most was his “deep commitment to his family.”

Walz accepted the offer Tuesday morning, calling it the “honor of a lifetime,” and adding: “Vice President Harris is showing us the politics of what’s possible. It reminds me a bit of the first day of school.”

Walz, the 60-year-old father of two and Nebraska-born governor of Minnesota had emerged as a vice presidential frontrunner, along with Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro and several others in the weeks leading up to the decision.

Harris’ campaign reportedly vetted about a dozen contenders, and her rumored list was whittled to Walz and Shapiro in the hours leading up to the announcement, which was widely expected to happen Tuesday after Democratic delegates concluded voting for the party’s nominee Monday, with 99% selecting Harris.

While not at the forefront of national politics, Walz established himself as a moderate Democrat in Congress—where he served as a representative for Minnesota from 2007 to 2019—and as the governor of Minnesota, a role he’s held since 2019, where he also serves as chair of the national Democratic Governors Association.

Walz is seen as an appealing option for independents and moderate Democrats as a working-class politician with a rural background, who exudes the appearance of “someone with a lived experience that is so comparable to so many of the people in rural America,” former Sen. Heidi Heitkamp, D-N.D., told The New York Times last week.

Before running for office, Walz, a graduate of Chadron State College in Nebraska, served in the Army National Guard, and then worked as a teacher, first on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where he met his wife Gwen, a fellow teacher, and then in China and later as a high school teacher in Mankato, Minnesota, south of Minneapolis.

Walz initially entered politics as a member of former Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry’s 2004 presidential campaign, a spot he took after he said some of his high school students were questioned for having a Kerry sticker when he took them to a campaign rally for then-president George W. Bush, MinnPost reported.

As governor, some of Walz’ political accomplishments include ensuring tuition-free meals at participating state universities, enshrining abortion rights into state law, banning conversion therapy and providing protections for gender-affirming healthcare—Walz recently defended those measures against right-wing criticism in a CNN interview earlier this month, joking: “What a monster! Kids are eating and having full bellies so they can go learn and women are making their own healthcare decisions.”

Walz also signed a bill last May expanding voting rights in Minnesota for an estimated 55,000 formerly incarcerated residents, and in 2020, oversaw the state’s response to both the COVID-19 pandemic and police brutality protests in the wake of George Floyd’s death at the hands of police, though he faced criticism from state Republicans over his delayed response to protests following Floyd’s killing.

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What To Watch For

Walz and Harris will make their first joint appearance at 5:30 p.m. EDT on Tuesday in Philadelphia.

Chief Critics

Walz has faced backlash from Minnesota Republicans largely over his actions to protect gender-affirming care—a topic that has become central on GOP tickets. John Helmberger, the CEO of Christian conservative group Minnesota Family Council, argued Walz’s executive order to protect gender-affirming care “victimizes vulnerable young people.” In the weeks leading up to the nomination announcement, Walz also sparked Republican outrage after he referred to “weird people on the other side,” and criticized Trump’s laugh and apparent obsession of Hannibal Lecter as “weird.” In response, former GOP presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy called the “weird” argument “dumb & juvenile,” while Donald Trump. Jr. responded to claims that Trump running mate JD Vance is “weird” with a video posted of Harris with a drag queen.

What Has Trump Said About Walz?

The Trump campaign attacked Walz in a video after Harris announced him as her running mate, labeling him as a “left-wing extremist.” Trump’s campaign spokesperson Karoline Leavitt also slammed Walz, saying it’s “no surprise that San Francisco Liberal Kamala Harris wants West Coast wannabe Tim Walz as her running mate,” claiming Walz has tried to “reshape Minnesota in the image of the Golden State.”

Who Has Supported Walz As Harris’ Running Mate?

A group of Democratic lawmakers praised Harris’ choice of Walz on Tuesday, including contenders Shapiro and Sen. Mark Kelly , D-Ariz., as well as President Joe Biden , former President Barack Obama , Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer , D-N.Y., and the Congressional Black Caucus PAC .

Will Walz’ Minnesota Connection Help Harris In November?

Presidential candidates have a long history of strategically choosing running mates in swing states or candidates who appeal to certain voters in hopes of gaining ground in the presidential election. This November, Minnesota will be a critical swing state for Harris, one of seven key states Biden won in 2020 that polls have shown to be close matches in 2024, along with Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. A Fox News poll conducted late last month found Harris leading Trump in Minnesota by six points (52%-46%) in a head-to-head match—Harris leads Trump 47%-41% in the poll when including third-party candidates such as independent Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (7%). That lead marks a turnaround for the Democratic ticket in Minnesota: An Emerson College poll released one week before Biden’s disastrous debate performance found the incumbent tied 45%-45% with Trump (10% undecided). Harris trails behind Trump in the four other swing states (Arizona, Georgia, Nevada and Wisconsin), according to recent polls , and the two are tied in Michigan and Pennsylvania, according to Fox News’ poll.

Since launching her campaign, Harris has landed major endorsements from Democrats, including former President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., and Rep. Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif. One of her biggest endorsements came last week from former President Barack Obama. Sources close to Obama had said the former president wanted to wait until after Biden’s Oval Office address last week to make the announcement, and wanted his public endorsement to stand on its own, NBC News reported. Another source told The New York Times Obama wanted to wait until Harris was officially named the party nominee, a process that could unfold as early as Aug. 1, following a rules change approved by the Democratic National Convention’s rules panel last week (party nominees are typically chosen by delegates at the Democratic National Convention after the conclusion of the primary cycle).

Key Background

Even before his disastrous performance in a June 27 debate against former President Donald Trump, Biden—the oldest president in U.S. history—had faced questions over his age, perhaps most prominently after the release of a Department of Justice special counsel report in February that found multiple cases of Biden’s memory failing. Those concerns ramped up substantially after CNN’s presidential debate, a 90-minute affair that resparked mounting concerns over Biden’s advanced age and potential cognitive decline. Facing calls from donors, lawmakers and pundits to step down, Biden ultimately announced on Sunday he would end his reelection bid, and quickly endorsed Harris for president. Harris became the presumptive nominee the next day after swiftly amassing the support of enough delegates to clinch the nomination.

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