case study sun room

• Aug 22, 2023

Case Study: Melcher Sunroom

Updated: Oct 17, 2023

Project Name

Landfall sunroom, project summary.

Lots of homes come with a screen porch. They intrigue our imaginations of summer evenings spent with a tall glass of lemonade leafing through a magazine. Making an older screen porch live up to our expectations takes a little more creative enterprise. With our design aesthetic and with Mrs. Melcher's hopes and good taste we were able to create a new 4 Season Sunroom in the same footprint of the old screen porch.

Project Story

The challenge was how to make the screen porch feel like part of the house and to make it usable for more than a few perfect spring and fall days each year, while staying within the strict guidelines of the Landfall HOA. This lovely home in the Bayshore section of Landfall had the original screen porch off the living room of the house and faced East, and was set near some tall pines. Originally the screen framing was wood painted white and basic screens inset with brick façade, a wooden screen door, an old fan with overhead light and cement floor. This created a scenario that was never really usable. Too hot in summer with no airflow, and always too cold in winter.

The Solution

Avocet stayed with the footprint of the original porch. The old wood framing, screens, door and old fan were replaced with a keen thought to the fact that June is an avid bird watcher. We made sure that the larger, fixed DP50 windows (which can withstand gale force winds) were set on a higher section of the sunroom framing. That way Mrs. Melcher can easily see the bluebird feeding and nesting stations that she put up right outside the sunroom’s large windows. It creates a scenic view that can be enjoyed from dawn to dusk. The lower, smaller windows are all operable and have screens which are removable in winter months and allow for cleaning ease. This gives the perfect amount of airflow for cool autumn breezes and light spring winds without depleting the view in any way!

In the Details

Heating & cooling.

We installed a mini-split heating and cooling system to give optimum energy efficiency in all seasons. The unit is small and was easy to place inconspicuously and we planted some local evergreens from the experts at Pender Pines.

Fans & Lighting

Choosing a ceiling fan without a light gives a light breeze and is remote operated. It doesn’t have that overhead glare. The outdoor porch entrance light is another energy efficient feature that gives direct low-voltage lighting without blinding the neighbors, who also use their outdoor sitting area often. Mrs. Melcher chose some birch branch trees that were pre-lit with twinkle lights to give the new 4 Season Room a soft glow in the evening as well as a table with a reading lamp.

To get rid of the damp cement feel, we chose large ivory color tiles with some variation to give that “Florida Room” feel. The larger tiles mean less grout to clean and are pleasing to the eye as they make the room appear larger. Our trade partners at Southeastern tile were excellent in ordering samples to allow Mrs. Melcher to see the variation in pattern before the larger floor was laid.

With the help of GiGi at Paysage Home in Wilmington, Mrs. Melcher found the perfect complimentary furniture. A seating arrangement of 4 chairs facing each other with a center table invites guests to sit and visit with each other. A flair for wildlife is represented by 2 bird sculptures which rest quietly to the side. Adding color with a patterned rug and texture with fabric pillows allows the visitors to relax and take in the scenery of a peaceful backyard.

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Case Study: The Snell Family's Home Renovation

A Case Study on the Design Model of Sunroom in the New Rural Houses in West China from the Perspective of Carbon Emission

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• First Online: 06 February 2024
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• Yiming Zhang 10 , 11 ,
• Yu Liu 10 , 11 ,
• Minmin Yang 10 , 11 ,
• Yufei Zou 10 , 11 ,
• Jie Song 10 , 11 , 12 &
• Wenqiang Li 10 , 11  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 389))

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In the solar radiation enriched areas of west China, solar heat gain has a significant impact on the heating demand of houses, thus the application of solar energy technology in new rural houses is becoming popular. Taking a new rural house project in west China as a case, this paper studied a number of factors influencing solar energy utilization in sunroom with Design Builder software and came up with some results and recommendations for the design of sunroom from the perspective of carbon emission reduction: (1) If local new rural house has the attached sunroom and it is oriented to south direction, the carbon emissions of rural house can be reduced by about 20% per unit area. (2) Sunroom roof with southward slope can well reduce the heat load of the rural house. (3) Height of the sunroom should be not higher than that of its adjacent back wall, otherwise opaque partition structure is preferable to be used. (4) With the same land area and construction area of the case project, the recommendable width and depth of the south-facing sunroom is 4.8 and 3.9 m respectively.

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China Building Energy Consumption Research Report (2021) [J]Building Energy Conservation 1–6,2021–02–25

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Liu Y, Liu J, Yang L, Li J et al (2008) Test and research on passive solar traditional residential buildings in Lhasa [J]. J Solar Energy (04):391–394

Baiyang (2017) Research on optimization of residential morphology in severe cold regions based on solar energy utilization potential [D]. Harbin Instit Technol

Weixian J (2020) Research on the design of collective housing in western China using radiation energy conservation [D]. Xi’an Univ Architect Technol. https://doi.org/10.27393/d.cnki.gxazu.2020.000134

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Yang X (2022) Post-use evaluation study on passive solar energy utilization of new residential buildings in Qinghai[D]. Northwestern Polytechnical University

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Acknowledgements

1. The research of this paper was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52078422) 2. Thanks to Prof. Cho Seigen from the Institute of Urban Innovation at Yokohama National University and to A/Prof. David Hou Chi Chow from the School of Architecture at Liverpool University for their valuable advice and suggestions along with the research and writing of this paper.

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School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China

Yiming Zhang, Yu Liu, Minmin Yang, Yufei Zou, Jie Song & Wenqiang Li

Sustainable Building and Environmental Research Institute , Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China

School of Architecture, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

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Correspondence to Yu Liu .

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Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, M., Zou, Y., Song, J., Li, W. (2024). A Case Study on the Design Model of Sunroom in the New Rural Houses in West China from the Perspective of Carbon Emission. In: Casini, M. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Civil Engineering and Architecture Conference. CEAC 2023. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 389. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6368-3_36

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Home » News » Case Studies » Case Study: 09-06-385 – Using Solera Glazing to Create a Healing Sunroom Environment

Case Study: 09-06-385 – Using Solera Glazing to Create a Healing Sunroom Environment

A health foundation was constructing a facility in Princeton, New Jersey and was looking to construct two multi-residential cottages with shared communal spaces for patients. The cottages were to be separated approximately twenty feet and connected via a windowed breezeway, creating two separate courtyards. The foundation approached Solar Innovations ® looking for a sunroom addition to this multi-residential project, bringing with it a list of desired prerequisites.

Located on the edge of the western courtyard and facing south, the sunroom would be affected by inherent solar gains and glare that the western lighting would produce. Though looking to inhibit the negative effects of daylighting, they wanted to allow the daylight to penetrate deeply and evenly into the connected communal family room. The foundation was looking for a design solution that would limit solar gains and glare, allow for deep and even light penetration, and provide a space that would aid in the ability of the patients to inwardly reflect.

Solar was able to meet this design request through the use of a glazing called ‘Solera’. Solera is an engineered glass that diffuses light, insulates, and dampens the transmittance of sound. By advocating a double pitch structure, Solar was able to match the pitch of the roof and bring in additional sunlight. Solera was tactfully applied to the sloped portion of the structure, while the vertical glazing was kept translucent. The intention behind this decision was that the Solera above would diffuse the light, transmitting it deeply and evenly into the living space, while the vertical glazing would preserve the views out into the landscaped grounds.

As a measure towards individual human comfort and glare reduction, Solar suggested the addition of shades to the interior of the sunroom. These shades enable the residents to adjust the amount of daylight that penetrates the space based on personal need. Although the cottages are located in a wooded lot, a naturally quiet environment, the Solera limits the transmittance of sound, keeping the interior spaces quieter than standard glazing would and creating a space that readily lends itself to inward reflection. Finally, as a way to regulate heat gains, awning windows line the structure and a French door opens into the courtyard. This study alludes to the innumerable design applications of Solera glazing within Solar’s structures. In this case, the health foundation acquired a sunroom that provides its patients with a quiet, well lit, and restful space for inward reflection and self improvement.

Project Details

Series: SI5000 Straight-Eave, Double Pitch Sunroom with One Gable End

Finish: Custom Frame Finish

Glazing: 1” Solera Insulated Glazing

Pine Grove, Pennsylvania

1-800-618-0669.

31 Roberts Road Pine Grove, Pennsylvania 17963

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Question 17 (Case Based Question) - CBSE Class 10 Sample Paper for 2021 Boards - Maths Standard - Solutions of Sample Papers for Class 10 Boards

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Case Study based - SUN ROOM

The diagrams show the plans for a sun room. it will be built onto the wall of a house. the four walls of the sunroom are square clear glass panels. the roof is made using.

• Four clear glass panels, trapezium in shape, all the same size
• One tinted glass panel, half a regular octagon in shape

Note: Check more Case Based Questions for - Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7 Class 10)

Question 17 Case Study Based-1 SUN ROOM The diagrams show the plans for a sun room. It will be built onto the wall of a house. The four walls of the sunroom are square clear glass panels. The roof is made using • Four clear glass panels, trapezium in shape, all the same size • One tinted glass panel, half a regular octagon in shape(a) Refer to Top View Find the mid-point of segment joining the points J (6, 17) & I (9, 16). (i) (33/2,15/2) (ii) (3/2,1/2) (iii) (15/2,33/2) (iv) (1/2,3/2) Mid point of line segment joining J (6, 17) & I (9, 16) is Mid point = ((6 + 9)/2 ,(17 + 16)/2 ) = (𝟏𝟓/𝟐 ,𝟑𝟑/𝟐 ) So, (iii) is correct (b) Refer to Top View The distance of the point P from the y-axis is (i) 4 (ii) 15 (iii) 19 (iv) 25 Distance of Point P from y-axis is 4 (c) Refer to Front View The distance between the points A and S is (i) 4 (ii) 8 (iii) 16 (iv) 20 Distance between the points A and S is 16 (d) Refer to Front View Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points A and B in the ratio 1:3 internally. (i) (8.5,2.0) (ii) (2.0,9.5) (iii) (3.0,7.5) (iv) (2.0,8.5)Here, Here, Point A(1, 8) and B (5, 11) Let Point X (x, y) divide AB in ratio 1:3 internally Therefore, Coordinates of X = ((1(5) + 3(1))/(1 + 3),(1(10) + 3(8))/(1 + 3)) = ((5 + 3)/4,(10 + 24)/4) = (8/4,34/4) = (2, 8.5) (e) Refer to Front View If a point (x, y) is equidistant from the Q(9, 8) and S(17, 8), then (i) x + y = 13 (ii) x – 13 = 0 (iii) y – 13 = 0 (iv )x – y = 13 Let required point be X (x, y) Now, Point X is equidistant from Q(9, 8) & S (17, 8) Hence, QX = SX √((𝑥 −9)2+(𝑦−8)2) = √((𝑥 −17)2+(𝑦−8)2) Squaring both sides (𝑥 −9)2+(𝑦−8)2=(𝑥 −17)2+(𝑦−8)2 (𝑥 −9)2=(𝑥 −17)2 𝑥^2+9^2−18𝑥=𝑥^2+17^2−34𝑥 34𝑥−18𝑥=17^2−9^2 16𝑥=(17−9)(17+9) 16𝑥=8 × 26 𝑥=(8 × 26)/16 𝑥=13 𝒙−𝟏𝟑=𝟎 So, (ii) is correct

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A Case Study: Moving vs Extending with a Sunroom Addition

Soaring home equities and low interest rates have many people considering whether it is the right time to move. To see if you are catching this bug, look for the symptoms: paying more attention to “For Sale” signs; browsing real estate flyers; taking detours through nice neighborhood. Before you know it, you have the moving bug.

But, is moving the right economic decision or is it smarter to enhance your existing house? There is no easy answer. Everyone is different, every house is different, every situation is different.

Start your Project Today!

Start by answering these 5 questions:

•   Are you emotionally connected to your current home, neighbors or neighborhood?
•   ​ ​​​​Will adding a room addition or sunroom solve what your house is missing?
•   Can your house / property effectively support a room addition or sunroom?
•   Is your current home in a good location in relation to work, school, family, etc.?
•   Would the stress and time required to move negatively affect your work performance   and/or personal relationships?

If you answered “yes” to all these questions, maybe considering an addition is right path for you and your family.  If you answered “no” to one or more of these questions, maybe moving is the right decision.

Since everyone’s situation is different–different wants and needs, different budgets, different housing marketing–we thought providing a Case Study on one specific yet common situation might provide some insight that can be applied to your specific situation. The case study provided is all based on a true situation, although the names have been changed.

Case Study:

Homeowners:   Gus and Ellen are a middle-aged couple with an 18-year-old daughter and a 21-year old son, both are still living at home.

Home:   Gus and Ellen own an 1800 square foot semi-attached house with 3 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. This has been their home for the past 15 years, during which time they have completed many renovations, including: installing a new kitchen, new windows, new flooring, new furnace and air conditioning unit, finishing the basement and re-painting the entire interior.

Their home is located on a quiet street in Thornhill (Toronto).  It has a good size yard, for that area, which contains a beautiful maple tree. A similar house on their street was listed for $769,000, which means their equity has experienced significant growth over the 15 years.     

Situation:  They very much like the home they have created. They like the neighbors and the neighborhood in which it is located. The only issue is that with grown kids still at home, they could use some more space.  The additional space would be used for multiple purposes: relaxing, entertaining, homework / office work, etc.

Just like many people, Gus and Ellen were not sure whether they should move or add an addition to their existing house.

Argument for Moving:

After weeks of driving around their area looking for “For Sale” signs, Gus and Ellen decided to talk to a local real estate agent.  He advised against a home addition saying,

“If you extended your home by around 300 square foot (about 28 square metres), that might cost you around $60,000 to $70,000. And, at the end I would say your house would be worth around $820,000, so at best, it’s cost-neutral. Unless you are sure you are going to stay for a long time, it might not make sense.”

The real estate agent also added, “Sunooms tend to be poor investments as subsequent buyers may view them more as liabilities to be torn down than quality spaces.”

Based on that advice, they went into house hunting mood.  After reviewing the real estate listings for their area and visiting several open houses they concluded that, while they would get a very good price for their home, their entire equity would need to go back into buying the new house.

Gus considers himself a very astute person, so after doing some research, he did his own number crunching and calculations.  He discovered that the real estate agent missed some numbers that need to be considered when moving:             

•  Real Estate Fees (4%)                         $  30,760
•  HST on New House                             $  91,400  (approx. after Gov’t Rebates)
•  Moving Costs:                                      $    5,000
•  Upgrade to a bigger house:                 $  60,000  (minimum)
•  Cost of Making It Home:                       $  10,000                                                                                        TOTAL:                                 $197,160  

The real estate agent did point out that adding an addition could increase your property taxes, but buying a bigger house will increase the property taxes. No doubt about it.

He also pointed out that by increasing the size of your house would increase your heat, cooling and home maintenance costs…but wouldn’t buying a bigger house also increase these?

CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADDING A SUNROOM ADDITION

Maybe just by fate, Ellen went to get her hair cut.  Her hair stylist works out of the basement of her home, and although Ellen has been going there for years, she had never been upstairs in the house.  After Ellen described their moving / staying dilemma, her hair stylist took her upstairs and showed her the fantastic, year-round sunroom she had added a couple years earlier.

Ellen was blown away by how nice the sunroom was.  It was a good size room with a nice sitting area, an office desk and some exercise equipment.  The room had a glass roof, which provided amazing natural light to the sunroom and adjacent kitchen, yet it was surprisingly very comfortable despite the direct exposure to the sun and warm outside temperature.  The room had a wood interior finish, a gas fireplace, and was open to the kitchen, which truly made it feel like part of the house. It was perfect!

Ellen’s hair dresser said they absolutely love their sunroom and are in it all the time. She felt it was a great investment to their home and lifestyle.

Ellen immediately called her husband and booked an appointment with company that built the sunroom on her hair stylist’s house.  This was a very reputable sunroom company, well known for building quality, year-round sunroom additions.

After going through the design process for a proposed sunroom addition, learning all about the company and the high quality products used in the construction of their sunrooms, and even seeing fantastic drawings of their home with the proposed sunroom attached, Gus and Ellen loved everything about the sunroom addition except, of course, the price. 

The overall budget for the sunroom addition was $102,000, including the permits, foundation, heating and cooling, electrical and floor covering.  Now, this number could have been significantly lower, but Ellen did not want to compromise…it was the wood interior or nothing. 

Again, Gus did his research and crunched his own numbers.  He discovered that, while low quality or 3-season sunrooms offer very little to no return on your investment, high-quality sunrooms containing the right glass and professional workmanship, are actually a very good investment, providing anywhere from 90% – 120% return of investment.  The key word missing from many of the sunrooms built over the last 30 years is quality.

Properly insulated, year-round sunrooms not only add square footage to a home, they also offer the “wow” factor that many home buyers are looking for.  If there is anything our current housing market has taught us, when people find something unique that they want, they will pay more to get it.   (Consult a local professional sunroom company to ensure your sunroom is a good investment and not a poor purchase)

The chart below demonstrates the potential changes to the value of the house, with and without the sunroom addition, over a 10-year period.  The chart is based on a 80% return on investment and a 5% annual growth.  The 5% annual growth is a very conservative number considering that in 2016 the actual increase in house values in Ontario were 16.5%.

            Current Home :                                  Home with Quality Sunroom Addition    

•  Estimated Value     $769,000                        Estimated Value:      $850,000
•  1 Year                    $807,450                        1 Year                       $892,500
•  2 Years                  $847,822                        2 Years                     $937,125
•  3 Years                  $890,213                        3 Years                     $983,981  
•  4 Years                  $934,724                        4 Years                   $1,033,180
•  5 Years                  $981,460                        5 Years                   $1,085,839
•  6 Years               $1,030,533                        6 Years                   $1,140,130
•  7 Years               $1,082,059                        7 Years                   $1,197,137  
•  8 Years               $1,136,162                        8 Years                   $1,256,994  
•  9 Years               $1,192,970                        9 Years                   $1,319,844
•  10 Years              $1,252,620                     10 Years                   $1,385,836

The result is that the sunroom would add significant value to your home immediately, however that investment would grow over time to more than $130,000 compared to the same house without a sunroom (based on the 80% return and 4% annual growth).  This ROI (return on investment) is more than $250,000 when using a more realistic 12.5% annual growth rate.

  Conclusion:

The moving versus addition decision comes down to one thing…if adding a beautiful sunroom or room addition to your current home will enhance it enough to stay for another 5+ years, stay.  An addition will always be less costly than moving.

If adding a beautiful sunroom or addition will not satisfy your upcoming needs and desire, move.  In the end, your goal should be to achieve balance in your life, that usually starts with your home.

If moving is in your cards, be sure to check out our article: 6 IMPORTANT THINGS TO HELP SELL YOUR HOUSE

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Transforming a Deck into a Sunroom in Banning, CA

Project Description

Balconies and decks are loved by architects, and designed right, make for stunning homes and unique architecture. The problem is that with the Southern California climate, most decks are rarely used. It is very often too hot or too cold.

This stunning Banning home had a beautiful small balcony that was only used twice in about five years by the homeowner. A visit to a home show and a demonstration of the incredible high performing Four Seasons Sunroom glass peaked this Banning homeowner’s interest. The home owners booked an appointment to allow a Sun Boss designer to come inspect their potential project and show them all the sunroom options available to them. The house lent itself to the incorporation of a 230 sun and stars straight eave sunroom system. The finished project not only expanded their living area, it brought the incredible views into the living room itself. Winter and the middle of summer, this new expanded area allows comfortable outdoor living…indoors!

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Case Study Based Questions – Class 10 Maths

CBSE has recently added Case Study Based Questions or CSQ in Maths, Science and Social Science. You can visit this article to get to practice the official Sample Papers released by CBSE by clicking  over here . Also do join out telegram channel to get all the updates and to participate in Quiz by  clicking here.

What is Case Study Based Questions or CSQ?

Case Study Based or CSQ are typically questions in which the paragraph or passage is given and you simply have to answer them. This questions are not very tough to solve and are introduced so that you score better marks as schools and tuition are kept closed due to the COVID Pandemic. As a result, this had to be introduced. This is resulting to us, by having 34 MCQ which is really very good for scoring 100/100 in CBSE.

How to start preparing for CSQ’s?

To start preparing for CSQ you will need to learn all the chapters very thoroughly especially all the chapters of Geometry. CSQ from Maths can include a mixture of many chapters thus preparing all the concepts is must. They will surely be helpful. After completing all your syllabus you will need to practice a lot. So scroll below to find more than 15 Case study based question.

Is it Easy, Hard or Moderate?

This questions are very simple if practiced at least 20-25 questions than you can easily score lot of good marks or you can score full in Maths!! Practice all the questions below.

How much time to give to each CSQ?

You will be getting 4 Case Study Question’s each would be having 5 sub questions out of which you have to just do 4 questions. So find the shortest and most theoretical question as theoretical questions doesn’t required much solving and it will not even take 1 min to solve. Each question should not take more than 6 min, resulting to only 24 min for 16 questions which is enough. Solving as many CSQ helps in better understanding and reducing the time for each question.

Below are more than 15 examples of CSQ’s for Maths!

1st Case Study Based Question

Shankar is having a triangular open space in his plot. He divided the land into three parts by drawing boundaries PQ and RS which are parallel to BC. Other measurements are as shown in the figure.

• What is the area of this land? i) 120 m 2 ii) 60 m 2 iii) 20 m 2 iv) 30 m 2
• What is the length of PQ? i) 2.5 m ii) 5 m iii) 6 m iv) 8 m
• The length of RS is i) 5 m ii) 6 m iii) 8 m iv) 4 m
• Area of △APQ is i) 7.5 m 2 ii) 10 m 2 iii) 3.75 m 2 iv) 5 m 2
• What is the area of △ARS? i) 21.6 m 2 ii) 10 m 2 iii) 3.75 m 2 iv) 6 m 2

2nd Case Study Based Question

There is some fire incident in the house. The fireman is trying to enter the house from the window as the main door is locked. The window is 6 m above the ground. He places a ladder against the wall such that its foot is at a distance of 2.5 m from the wall and its top reaches the window.

• Here, be the ladder and be the wall with the window. i) CA, AB ii) AB, AC iii) AC, BC iv) AB, BC
• We will apply Pythagoras Theorem to find length of the ladder. It is: i) AB 2 = BC 2 – CA 2 ii) CA 2 = BC 2 + AB 2 iii) BC 2 = AB 2 + CA 2 iv) AB 2 = BC 2 + CA 2
• The length of the ladder is              . i) 4.5 m ii) 2.5 m iii)6.5 m iv) 5.5 m
• What would be the length of the ladder if it is placed 6 m away from the wall and the window is 8 m above the ground? i) 12 m ii) 10 m iii) 14 m iv) 8 m
• How far should the ladder be placed if the fireman gets a 9 m long ladder? i) 6.7 m (approx.) ii) 7.7 m (approx.) iii) 5.7 m (approx.) iv) 4.7 m (approx.)

3rd Case Study Based Question

In the school garden Ajay(A), Brijesh(B), Chinki(C) and Deepak(D) planted their flower plants of Rose, Sunflower, Champa and Jasmine respectively as shown in the following figure. A fifth student Eshan wanted to plant her flower in this area. The teacher instructed Eshan to plant his flower plant at a point E such that CE: EB = 3 : 2.

• Find the coordinates of point E where Eshan has to plant his flower plant. i) (5, 6) ii) (6, 5) iii) (5, 5) iv) (6, 7)
• Find the area of △ECD. i) 9.5 square unit ii) 11.5 square unit iii) 10.5 square unit iv)12.5 square unit
• Find the distance between the plants of Ajay and Deepak. i) 8.60 unit ii) 6.60 unit iii) 5.60 unit iv) 7.60 unit
• The distance between A and B is: i) 5.5 units ii) 7 units iii) 6 units iv) 5 units
• The distance between C and D is: i) 5.5 units ii) 7 units iii) 6 units iv) 5 units

4rth Case Study Based Questions

SUN ROOM The diagrams show the plans for a sun room. It will be built onto the wall of a house. The four walls of the sunroom are square clear glass panels. The roof is made using

• Four clear glass panels, trapezium in shape, all the same size.
• One tinted glass panel, half a regular octagon in shape

• Find the mid-point of the segment joining the points J (6, 17) and I (9, 16).[Refer to Top View] i) ( 33/2 , 15/2 ) ii) ( 3/2 , 1/2 ) iii) ( 15/2 , 33/2 ) iv) ( 1/2 , 3/2 )
• The distance of the point P from the y-axis is; [Refer to Top View] i) 4 ii) 15 iii) 19 iv) 25
• The distance between the points A and S is: [Refer to Front View] i) 4 ii) 8 iii) 16 iv) 20
• Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points A and B in the ratio 1:3 internally. [Refer to Front View] i) (8.5, 2.0) ii) (2.0, 9.5) iii) (3.0, 7.5) iv) (2.0, 8.5)
• If a point (x,y) is equidistant from the Q(9,8) and S(17,8), then [Refer to Front View] i) x + y = 13 ii) x – 13 = 0 iii) y – 13 = 0 iv) x – y = 13

5th Case Study based Question

Education with vocational training is helpful in making a student self-reliant and to help and serve the society. Keeping this in view, a teacher made the following table giving the frequency distribution of a student undergoing vocational training from the training institute.

• Median class of above data: i) 20 – 24 ii) 20.5 – 24.5 iii) 19.5 – 24.5 iv) 24.5 – 29.5
• Calculate the median. i) 24.06 ii) 30.07 iii) 24.77 iv) 42.07
• The empirical relationship between mean, median, mode: i) Mode = 3 Median + 2 Mean ii) Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean iii) Mode = 3 Mean + 2 Median iv) 3 Mode = Median – 2 Mean
• If mode = 80 and mean = 110, then find the median. i) 200 ii) 500 iii) 190 iv) 100
• The mode is the: i) middlemost frequent value ii) least frequent value iii) maximum frequent value iv) none of these

6th Case Study Based Question

Two brothers Ramesh and Pulkit were at home and have to reach School. Ramesh went to Library first to return a book and then reaches School directly whereas Pulkit went to Skate Park first to meet his friend and then reaches School directly.

• How far is School from their Home? i) 5 m ii) 3 m iii) 2 m iv) 4 m
• What is the extra distance travelled by Ramesh in reaching his School? i) 4.48 metres ii) 6.48 metres iii) 7.48 metres iv) 8.48 metres
• What is the extra distance travelled by Pulkit in reaching his School? (All distances are measured in metres as straight lines) i) 6.33 metres ii) 7.33 metres iii) 5.33 metres iv) 4.33 metres
• The location of the library is: i) (-1, 3) ii) (1, 3) iii) (3, 1) iv) (3, -1)
• The location of the Home is: i) (4, 2) ii) (1, 3) iii) (4, 5) iv) (5,4)

7th Case Study Based Question

The Class X students of a secondary school in Krishinagar have been allotted a rectangular plot of land for their gardening activity. Sapling of Gulmohar is planted on the boundary of the plot at a distance of 1m from each other. There is a triangular grassy lawn inside the plot as shown in Fig. The students have to sow seeds of flowering plants on the remaining area of the plot.

• Considering A as the origin, what are the coordinates of A? i) (0, 1) ii) (1, 0) iii) (0, 0) iv (-1, -1)
• What are the coordinates of P? i) (4, 6) ii) ( 6, 4) iii) (4, 5) iv) (5, 4)
• What are the coordinates of R? i) (6, 5) ii) (5, 6) iii) ( 6, 0) iv) (7, 4)
• What are the coordinates of D? i) (16, 0) ii) (0, 0) iii) (0, 16) iv) (16, 1)
• What are the coordinates of P if D is taken as the origin? i) (12, 2) ii) (-12, 6) iii) (12, 3) iv) (6, 10)

8th Case Study Based Question

There exist a tower near the house of Shankar. The top of the tower AB is tied with steel wire and on the ground, it is tied with string support. One day Shankar tried to measure the longest of the wire AC using Pythagoras theorem.

• In the figure, the length of wire AC is: (take BC = 60 ft) i) 75 ft ii) 100 ft iii) 120 ft iv) 90 ft
• What is the area of △ABC? i) 2400 ft 2 ii) 4800 ft 2 iii) 6000 ft 2 iv) 3000 ft 2
• What is the length of the wire PC? i) 20 ft ii) 30 ft iii) 25 ft iv) 40 ft
• What is the length of the hypotenuse in △ABC? i) 100 ft ii) 80 ft iii) 60 ft iv) 120 ft
• What is the area of a △POC? 100 ft 2 150 ft 2 200 ft 2 250 ft 2

9th Case Study Based Question

• SCALE FACTOR AND SIMILARITY SCALE FACTOR: A scale drawing of an object is the same shape as the object but a different size. The scale of a drawing is a comparison of the length used on a drawing to the length it represents. The scale is written as a ratio. SIMILAR FIGURES: The ratio of two corresponding sides in similar figures is called the scale factor. Hence, two shapes are Similar when one can become the other after a resize, flip, slide, or turn.

• A model of a boat is made on a scale of 1:4. The model is 120cm long. The full size of the boat has a width of 60cm. What is the width of the scale model? i) 20 cm ii) 25 cm iii) 15 cm iv) 240 cm
• What will affect the similarity of any two polygons? i) They are flipped horizontally ii) They are dilated by a scale factor iii) They are translated down iv) They are not the mirror image of one another
• If two similar triangles have a scale factor of a: b. Which statement regarding the two triangles is true? i) The ratio of their perimeters is 3a: b ii) Their altitudes have a ratio a: b iii) Their medians have a ratio a/2:b iv)Their angle bisector have a ration a 2 :b 2
• The shadow of a stick 5m long is 2m. At the same time, the shadow of a tree 12.5m high is: i) 3m ii)3.5m iii)4.5m iv)5m
• Below you see a student’s mathematical model of a farmhouse roof with measurements. The attic floor, ABCD in the model, is a square. The beams that support the roof are the edges of a rectangular prism, EFGHKLMN. E is the middle of AT, F is the middle of BT, G is the middle of CT, and H is the middle of DT. All the edges of the pyramid in the model have a length of 12 m.

What is the length of EF, where EF is one of the horizontal edges of the block? i) 24m ii) 3m iii) 6m iv) 10m

10th Case Study Based Question

An Aeroplan leaves an Airport and flies due north at 300 km/h. At the same time, another Aeroplan leaves the same Airport and flies due west at 400 km/h.

• Distance travelled by the first Airplane in 1.5 hours i) 450 km ii) 300 km iii) 150 km iv) 600 km
• Distance travelled by the second Airplane in 1.5 hours i) 450 km ii) 300 km iii) 150 km iv) 600 km
• Which of the following line segment shows the distance between both the airplane? i) OA ii) AB iii) OB iv) WB
• Which airplane travelled a long distance and by how many km? i) Second, 150 km ii) Second, 250 km iii) First, 150 km iv) First, 250 km
• How far apart the two airplanes would be after 1.5 hours? i) 600 km ii) 750 km iii) 300 km iv) 150 km

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Whatever It Takes

Ductless Mini Split Makes Pennsauken, NJ Sunroom A Year-Round Paradise

Problem: A Pennsauken, NJ family wanted to upgrade their sunroom into an all-season room. It was uncomfortable in the summer heat and humidity and bordered on frigid in the winter. Solution: Installed a single-zone mini split cooling and heat system to supplement their current system. It keeps the sunroom at the perfect temperature in every season.

DOWNLOAD MY PRODUCT GUIDE SELECT YOUR LOCAL INSTALLER There is nothing more delightful than sitting in the sunshine, enjoying the view from your own sunroom. That is, unless the sunroom becomes too hot in the summer or too cold in the winter.

Our Pennsauken, NJ homeowners realized that they were spending less and less time in a room they used to love. The summers seemed to be getting hotter and more humid, preventing them from sitting there at all.

And the winters in the sunroom were only comfortable for a couple of hours a day — and only if the sun was out.

The homeowners knew there had to be a better way to use this beautiful room with the spectacular views of the yard. And, after some research, they found it: ductless mini splits for sunrooms.

They discovered that the installation would be fast and easy without affecting the room’s layout or blocking any windows. Plus, they would have greater control over the room’s temperature.

In this case study we will explore:

How Ductless Heating And Cooling Works

• Avoiding Installing Ductwork and Vents With A Mini Split

More Benefits of Mini Split Heating And Cooling

• Ductless Mini Splits For Sunrooms

If this situation sounds familiar, keep reading! Or, if you’re already sold on this wonderful system, simply click below to speak to one of our qualified consultants.

Instead, the ductless system is a highly efficient design that “splits” the heating and cooling function into two compact components.

Outside you have the heat pump, which is responsible for moving heat into your home in the winter and out of it in the summer.

In that way, it works similarly to the standard AC condenser units that you see outside of houses. Except, it also works in “reverse” to bring warmth into the house in winter.

Inside, are air handlers in one or more rooms (in this case, they only needed one).. Each indoor unit draws in the air from the room, warms or cools it, and recirculates it.

Avoiding Ductwork and Vents With A Mini Split

The advantage of the mini split system is that the homeowner was able to completely eliminate the need for invasive and messy ductwork. That makes a sunroom installation much easier, and much more effective.

The genius behind ductless is that flexible piping with refrigerant liquid runs in a closed loop between the indoor and outdoor units. When heat warms the liquid, it travels between the two components.

That’s different from a traditional system where the air is sent all the way to your furnace and central air in the basement and then all the way back up.

The result? Moving heat without moving air — which means no need for ductwork and vents.

Instead, all anyone sees is the air handler mounted on a sunroom wall. It makes the room usable 365 days of the year. Now that is easy to live with!

Installing mini splits for sunrooms is easy, and the benefits don’t stop there! Our Pennsauken homeowners also enjoy:

Customized Temperature No Matter the Season

Quiet operation.

• Easy Control

The unobtrusive air handler works separately from the rest of the house thanks to a built-in thermostat. That means our homeowners can enjoy their beautiful sunroom oasis on even the hottest or coldest days.

And, they don’t have to rely on the thermostat inside. Since the rest of the house is more insulated, it has different heating and cooling needs than the sunroom. This way, each part of the home gets the right treatment.

Our homeowners were able to finally enjoy the winter sunshine and bright summer days in perfect peace and quiet! There’s no loud sound of air rushing through the vents as you get with forced-air heat and cooling, There’s no window-rattling window AC either! Instead, the air handler is whisper-quiet, even when it’s working at full speed.

Easy To Control

The mini split system connects to an app, so our homeowners can change the temperature whenever they want and from wherever they are! They can program temperature changes at different times of the day or make manual adjustments from their phone or tablets. It works anywhere with mobile or wifi service.

Ductless Mini Splits For Sunrooms in Pennsauken, NJ

The ductless mini split installers were clean and neat, taking extra care to avoid disrupting the family’s routine.

And, the cost of this ductless system was less upfront than expected!

The contractor helped our homeowners take advantage of Bryant heat pump rebates from the manufacturer, as well as PSE&G rebates for installing energy-efficient HVAC systems. These price breaks helped make it a more affordable alternative to forced air heat. And a much better choice than continuing to live without it.

Now this family enjoys quiet, custom heating and cooling designed to fit their needs. And you can too!

To learn more about how mini splits technology can solve your heating and cooling needs, click below to schedule your free consultation. SELECT YOUR LOCAL INSTALLER DOWNLOAD MY PRODUCT GUIDE

A Case Study on Sunroom Temperatures - Glastar Sunrooms by SunShade

A Case Study on Sunroom Temperatures

Wow - Very Interesting!!!!!

With the never ending winter and the poor weather we have been experiencing some of you might find the following information very intriguing.

November 2005, we installed a three season sunroom on our building for display purposes. From November 26th to May 1st (between noon and 3:00) we recorded the outside temperatures (with and without wind) and the temperature inside the sunroom. The results were quite amazing! Remember, there is no heat in this room other than solar gain.

There were 29 days when the sunroom was 0 - 9 degrees C inside, 30 days when the room was 10 - 19 degrees inside and 32 days when the room was 20 degrees or warmer inside. From November 26 until May there were only 9 days when the inside temperature of this room dipped below 0. The coldest inside temperature was minus 7.5 degrees Celsius when the outside temperature was minus 39. Remember the day it was  minus 47  degrees? The inside temperature came in at an astounding minus 1 which happened to be the biggest difference inside and out all year. The biggest difference inside and out (without a wind-chill) was on Jan. 30. when it was minus 31 outside and plus 5 inside, a whopping 36 degree difference.  Even days that you aren't using your three season sunroom it is still beneficial. That's why we recommend covering as many doors and windows as possible - they are typically heat loss areas in the winter and heat gain areas in the summer.

My point is this - through proper design you can make that room very functional in the colder months (when the sun is low in the sky) but not too warm in the summer (when the sun is high in the sky) and that's why it is important to deal with someone who has the experience and capabilities to custom design your room. For a tour of our factory or to see the display visit us at 265 Sutherland. Sunrooms - not just for mosquitoes !!!

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                                         Sun Room before window film (upper left done)           Only upper left window done (outside view)              Only upper right window done (inside view)

                                                  ​All windows done- view from inside                            All windows done- view from outside                            All windows done- view from outside

See how Panorama Slate 10 solved this customers Sun Room heat and glare issues.

Solution Local Panorama dealers Alex and Laura Draeger, of Therma Shield Solar Control Window Tinting, helped transform Dan and Stevie’s Sun Room into the relaxing retreat it was designed to be. After a simple phone call and in-home consultation, Dan and Stevie decided on Panorama Slate 10 window film to address the heat loading and glare caused by the morning sun.

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Result Panorama Slate 10 window film addressed the heat and glare while preserving the abundant and desirable natural light.  The Sun Room feels cooler, so Dan and his family spend more time there.  They're not worried about their furnishings fading prematurely, and they haven’t had to sacrifice their view. Dan and his family couldn’t be happier with the reasonable cost, easy installation, and professional appearance of the installed film.  Dan also pointed out that because of the privacy effect, they could much more easily watch the birds that flock to the many birdhouses without them startling - and he said that their cat loves this too.  Here is what Dan and Stevie had to say in their own words... "...My husband and I are very pleased with both the product of Therma Shield and the customer service provided. We had 9 floor to ceiling windows covered plus 2 triangular windows at the top of our sunroom. Although it still gets quite warm in the room, we can at least sit there much more than we could before when it has been in the 90's. The glare is significantly reduced, which is a great improvement, as well. We were extremely pleased with the professionalism and friendliness of the Draeger team. They were so thorough and fastidious and worked with our schedule. We would definitely recommend them!"

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The Case of the Blazing Hot Sun Room - Panorama Slate 10 Solar Control Film

Situation Dan and Stevie’s South Hill home boasts a custom sun room along its East side, overlooking the beautifully manicured back yard. But over the years, the blazing morning sun turned those windows into a source of discomfort for Dan and his family. Blinding glare, oppressive heat and furniture-fading UV rays were a near-constant presence. Installing blinds would hide their view and block out the natural light, so they went in search of a smarter solution and found Panorama window film. ​​

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Case Study based-1 SUN ROOM The diagrams show the plans for a sun room. It will be built onto the wall of a house. The four walls of the sunroom are square clear glass panels. The roof is made using four clear glass panels, trapezium in shape, all the same size One tinted glass panel, half a regular octagon in shape Refer to Top View The distance of the point P from the y-axis is

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Step by step video & image solution for Case Study based-1 SUN ROOM The diagrams show the plans for a sun room. It will be built onto the wall of a house. The four walls of the sunroom are square clear glass panels. The roof is made using four clear glass panels, trapezium in shape, all the same size One tinted glass panel, half a regular octagon in shape Refer to Top View The distance of the point P from the y-axis is by Maths experts to help you in doubts & scoring excellent marks in Class 10 exams.

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Knowledge Check

Why the walls and roof of the green house are made of glass , the surface of water in contact with glass wall is, glass panel usually appear hazy because.

Area of four walls of a room

The perimeter of a floor of a room is 30m and its height is 3m. Find the area of four walls of the room.

Reporting Panel

Which one of the following is used for Sun glasses? धूप के चश्मे के लिए किस काँच का प्रयोग किया जाता है?

EDUCART PUBLICATION - SAMPLE PAPER 01 - PART - A (SECTION - II)

SUN ROOM The diagrams show the plans for a sun room. It will be buil...

Case Study based-1 SUN ROOM The diagrams show the plans for a sun...

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Fantastic beasts and where not to find them —

The mythical griffin was not inspired by a horned dinosaur, study concludes, the mythological creatures are instead "chimeras of big cats and raptorial birds.".

Jennifer Ouellette - Jun 25, 2024 7:42 pm UTC

The gryphon, or griffin , is a legendary creature dating back to classical antiquity, sporting the body, legs, and tail of a lion and the wings, head, and front talons of an eagle. Since the 1980s, a popular "geomyth" has spread that the griffin's unique appearance was inspired by the fossilized skeleton of a horned dinosaur known as Protoceratops . It's a fascinating and colorful story, but according to the authors of a new paper published in the journal Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, there is no hard evidence to support such a connection.

"Everything about griffin origins is consistent with their traditional interpretation as imaginary beasts, just as their appearance is entirely explained by them being [mythological] chimeras of big cats and raptorial birds," said co-author Mark Witton , a paleontologist at the University of Portsmouth. "Invoking a role for dinosaurs in griffin lore, especially species from distant lands like Protoceratops , not only introduces unnecessary complexity and inconsistencies to their origins, but also relies on interpretations and proposals that don’t withstand scrutiny.”

There are representations of griffin-like creatures in ancient Egyptian art dated to before 3000 BCE, while in ancient Greek and Roman texts the creatures were associated with gold deposits in Central Asia. By the Middle Ages, griffins were common figures in medieval iconography and in heraldry. The hippogriff named Buckbeak in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a related mythical creature, the product of a griffin and a mare.

It was the legendary link to Central Asian gold deposits that intrigued classical folklorist Adrienne Mayor in the 1980s. Drawing on Greek and Latin texts and related artworks, she suggested (beginning with a 1989 paper in Cryptozoology) that nomadic prospectors stumbled across fossilized skeletons of Protoceratops and brought tales of strange beaked quadrupeds to other regions as they traveled southeast along ancient trade routes. The dinosaur's bony neck frill might have been interpreted in early illustrations as mammal-like external ears, with its beak indicating a creature that was part-bird, leading to the eventual addition of wings.

Over the last 30 years, Mayor's hypothesis has gained traction in the popular media and within certain academic circles; it's now one of the most famous and widely touted examples of geomythology. It's not an entirely crazy idea, even if its origins lie in the pseudoscientific field of cryptozoology . After all, people as far back as Paleolithic times certainly used fossils as decorative ornaments or talismans, and there are bona fide cases of such "geomyths": For example, British ammonites were modified into "snake stones"; shark teeth were interpreted as snake tongues; and "winged" brachiopods became "stone swallows" in historic China.

The case for skepticism

But Witton and fellow Portsmouth paleontologist Richard Hing were skeptical because of the lack of any material evidence to support the connection between the griffin and Protoceratops . And they weren't alone. Paleontologist Paul Sereno once dismissed Mayor's claims as "sophomoric" and questioned her understanding of how fossils are found, identified, and interpreted, per the authors. So they set out to conduct the first detailed assessment of Mayor's claims, re-examining historical fossil records—including the distribution of sites where Protoceratops fossils have been found—and classical sources, as well as consulting with historians and archaeologists about the supposed link.

“It is important to distinguish between fossil folklore with a factual basis—that is, connections between fossils and myth evidenced by archaeological discoveries or compelling references in literature and artwork—and speculated connections based on intuition," said Hing . "There is nothing inherently wrong with the idea that ancient peoples found dinosaur bones and incorporated them into their mythology, but we need to root such proposals in realities of history, geography, and palaeontology. Otherwise, they are just speculation.”

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Auto supplier astemo provides case study of challenges facing industry.

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Hitachi Astemo vehicles used to demonstrate new automotive technology at a briefing on June 19 in ... [+] suburban Detroit.

Hitachi Astemo this week demonstrated the challenges facing major suppliers as the auto industry juggles with shifts to electric vehicles while continuing to maintain conventional internal combustion cars and trucks.

The company is developing products for both conventional gasoline-powered vehicles as well as electric vehicles. Hitachi Astemo is a tier one supplier, meaning it’s one of the big companies who deal directly with automakers. The company is 40% owned by Hitachi, 40% owned by Honda Motor Co., and 20% by private equity in Japan.

“Most people agree…we’re moving toward an EV future,” John Nunneley, senior vice president, design engineering at Hitatchi Engineering Americas Inc., said at a Wednesday briefing in Farmington Hills, Michigan. “Whatever the future is, we’ll be fine” as long vehicle production remains steady.

“It’s expensive to build plants” to supply EVs, he said “You hope the (EV) capacity develops.”

“The capital investments are huge” for EVs, added Rod Sharpe, senior vice president of sales and marketing.

The company supplies automotive systems under the Astemo name. Some of its products are for EVs directly. Others can be applied to both EVs and conventionally powered vehicles.

At this week’s briefing, Hitachi Astemo demonstrated various auto tech. They included a 360-degree vision camera system to support autonomous driving functions. The system processes data from as many as 10 cameras to provide a three-dimensional view of the area surrounding a vehicle.

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Hitachi Astemo said that camera placement can vary according to a vehicle’s design.

Also demonstrated at this week’s event:

—The company’s G5 semi-active suspension, which adjusts a vehicle’s ride for maximum stability. The system can control roll and pitch by independently controlling damping force to induce or resist pitch motion in turns.

—A steer-by-wire system, which replaces a steering wheel with a hand-held device in a front-seat armrest. According to the company, the device “makes turns with a natural turn of the wrist.”

“Steer-by-wire technology allows us to literally reinvent the steering function by eliminating the steering wheel altogether,” Harsha Badarinarayan, vice president of advanced engineering for Hitachi Astemo Americas, said in a statement.

The supplier also is using auto racing to extend its relationships with automakers.

Hitatchi Astemo has been involved with the Team Penske team in the IndyCar open-wheel series for more than a decade.

The company originally supplied fuel injectors and fuel pumps originally made for production vehicles for Penske race cars.

Team Penske is involved with General Motors Co., a big Hitatchi Astemo customer.

“I’m really involved with GM” in racing, said Sharpe, the senior vice president of sales and marketing for Hitachi Astemo. GM executives such as Mark Reuss, the automaker’s president, are a regular presence at races.

“Personally, that helps me,” Sharpe said. The executive serves as Hitachi Astemo’s global account manager for GM.

Roger Penske, the owner of Team Penske, also owns the IndyCar series and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Penske won his 20 th Indianapolis 500 as a team owner last month.

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A record-breaking number of mosquitoes are carrying West Nile virus around Las Vegas

The summary

• A record number of mosquitoes are testing positive for West Nile virus in and around Las Vegas amid a surge in the area's overall mosquito population.
• Local health officials urge the public to take precautions to avoid getting bitten.
• As climate change expands the reach of insect-borne diseases, Las Vegas' situation offers a case study.

A record-breaking number of mosquitoes in and around Las Vegas are carrying West Nile virus, sparking warnings from local health officials who say the public should take precautions to avoid getting bit. West Nile virus can cause fever, headaches, vomiting and diarrhea and is fatal in about 1 of 150 cases. There are no vaccines or medications to treat or prevent the mosquito-borne illness .

In recent weeks, 169 of over 24,000 pools of mosquitoes tested for West Nile virus returned positive — meaning at least one insect in the pool carried the disease — across 25 southern Nevada ZIP codes. The number of mosquitoes recorded and the tally of positive pools this early in the season break the area’s records for both metrics, set in 2019. 

“These are huge numbers of mosquitoes, and we’ve already identified a concerning number of them carrying the West Nile virus,” said Vivek Raman, an environmental health supervisor for the Southern Nevada Health District.

Health officials have also identified six pools in the Las Vegas area that tested positive for St. Louis encephalitis virus, a mosquito-borne disease that can cause fatal inflammation of the brain.

For decades, climate scientists and public health officials have warned that climate change could expand the reach of various infectious diseases , especially those spread by mosquitoes . Las Vegas’ exploding mosquito population and the local uptick in West Nile prevalence offers an important case study on how climate could affect human health.

Climate change increases average global temperatures and precipitation levels, fostering conditions that are ideal for mosquitoes, which breed in still, warm water. It also extends the length of warm periods, prolonging the active season for mosquitoes. These changes increase the risk of human exposure to diseases like West Nile virus, even in places that have never recorded cases before.

The first case of West Nile virus in Las Vegas was recorded in 2004 — five years after the United States’ first case was documented in 1999 in New York City. Las Vegas’ most recent West Nile outbreak occurred five years ago, resulting in 43 human cases. District health officials are concerned that this summer could be far worse.

In Nevada and much of the Southwest, springtime weather has become warmer and summertime heat waves have grown increasingly extreme over the last few decades. Las Vegas has seen average springtime temperatures rise by 6.2 F since 1970 ; this month, the city has already experienced a weeklong, record-breaking heat wave . 

Southern Nevada’s rising temperatures are creating favorable conditions for mosquitoes, said Nischay Mishra, an assistant professor of epidemiology at Columbia University. What’s more, ongoing drought conditions in the state, which have led to low water table levels throughout the Colorado River Basin, including in Lake Mead , may also be counterintuitively beneficial for the insects. 

“Mosquitoes typically thrive in wet and hot places,” Mishra said. “But in Nevada, as smaller bodies of water dry up, they create shallow waters that are ideal for mosquito breeding.”

Las Vegas’ mosquito surge has been giant: Last year, district health officials measured 6,000 mosquitos in traps across Clark County from April to June. This year, counts have already exceeded 24,000. 

The vast majority have been Culex mosquitoes, a primary vector for West Nile virus. But another mosquito species that does not carry the virus, Aedes aegypti, has also become more common in Las Vegas. Aedes was first spotted in the area in 2017, and Raman attributes its spread there to the impacts of climate change, as well.

Along with climate, human behavior plays an important role in the spread of vector-borne diseases. Aedes and Culex mosquitoes both thrive in the backyards of many Las Vegas homes — the former breed in small pools of water such as those left from sprinklers, while the latter often breed along the surface of unmaintained swimming pools.

Raman said the best way to avoid infection is to empty any open containers filled with water outside, maintain swimming pools, wear protective clothing and use bug spray to avoid getting bit.

Louise Ivers, a professor of global health and social medicine at Harvard Medical School and the director of its Global Health Institute, said situations like the one in Las Vegas will become more common as climate change continues to boost infectious disease globally. 

“We should expect to see new infectious diseases, old infectious diseases back again and a change in the patterns of exposure of existing infectious diseases like West Nile virus,” Ivers said. “Things that we used to do freely without worrying as much about protection from vectors like mosquitoes or ticks, we might not be able to do anymore.”

Nidhi Sharma is an associate producer with the NBC News Climate Unit.

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Reporting by Peter Hobson in Canberra and Emma Rumney in London; Editing by Jan Harvey

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