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Book review: 1001 inventions that changed the world by jack challoner, ed..

Review by Sid Perkins

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By Science News

May 22, 2009 at 11:53 am

Countless inventions, large and small, have played defining roles in human history. But when editor Jack Challoner began to compile a list of these innovations, he wondered if 1,001 might be too many. He quickly realized the number was far too small.

book review of 1001 inventions that changed the world

The items that made Challoner’s list form a fascinating collection. People use many of them every day yet often take them for granted. Written by a team of more than 50 historians, designers, scientists and anthropologists, the entries in this book tell the stories behind the inventions, from stone tools —appearing about 2.6 million years ago — to the Large Hadron Collider, an atom-smashing particle accelerator that switched on last September.

A quick flip through this hefty book, arranged in roughly chronological order, reveals that many items have been around longer than commonly realized: In 2000 B.C., Egyptian doctors were using anesthesia — compressing a patient’s carotid artery to induce loss of consciousness — to limit pain during surgery. The sandwich, though popularized by the Earl of Sandwich in 18th century England, originated in the Middle East, where Hittite soldiers received rations of meat between slices of bread as early as 1000 B.C.

Some of the inventions merely make life easier or more pleasurable, while others can often mean the difference between life and death. From the tea bag to the traffic light, from the paper clip to Prozac, many products are inspired responses to perceived needs. Indeed, Challoner notes, if necessity is the mother of invention, then ingenuity is surely its father.

Barron’s Educational Series, 2009, 960 p., $35.

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1001 Inventions that changed the world

Synopsis:  We take thousands of inventions for granted, using them daily and enjoying their benefits. But how much do we really know about their origins and development? This absorbing new book tells the stories behind the inventions that have changed the world, with details about–

  • Convenience items, such as safety pins, toothbrushes, and bifocals
  • Weapons of war, including explosives, gunpowder, and shrapnel shells
  • Industrial advances, such as the steam engine and the power loom for weaving
  • Transportation advances, including the airplane, the diesel engine, the automobile, and the air-inflated rubber tire
  • Electronic marvels, including color television, the microprocessor, the personal computer, the compact disc, and the cell phone
  • Medical advances, from antiseptic surgery to the electron microscope. . . and much more.

Inventors and pioneers of science and technology, including Eli Whitney, James Watt, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Bessemer, Thomas Edison, J.B. Dunlop, the Wright Brothers, Werner von Braun, Jonas Salk, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and many others are also discussed. Fascinating photos and illustrations complement authoritative summaries of each invention, and remarkable quotations from many of the inventors add to this chronicle of human ingenuity that began some 6,000 years ago with the invention of the wheel. Approximately 700 photos and illustrations in color and black and white.

Published: March, 2009 |  ISBN-13:  978-0764161360

Editor’s Homepage:  http://explaining-science.co.uk Editor’s Twitter:  https://twitter.com/jackinatus

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1001 Inventions That Changed the World

1001 Inventions That Changed the World

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  • Publisher: Thunder Bay Press (April 12, 2022)
  • Length: 960 pages
  • ISBN13: 9781645178200

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1001 Inventions That Changed the World

Edited by jack challoner, $ 24.99 usd ( $ 33.99 cad).

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  • Pages: 960 pp.
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  • ISBN 13 : 9781645178200

1001 Inventions That Changed the World  is an enthralling guide to the world’s most important scientific and technological advances. Authoritatively written by a team of historians, scientists, and anthropologists, this book tells the stories behind these innovations, presenting a comprehensive history of the world through invention and discovery. From stone tools and fire at the dawn of humankind to today’s self-driving cars, inventions have moved society forward at a remarkable pace. This informative volume shows just how much some of the inventions that we take for granted have transformed the world.

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1001 inventions that changed the world

1001 inventions that changed the world

By Challoner, Jack.

Published 2009. by Barron's, Hauppauge, NY

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About The Book

We wait excitedly everyday for the next version of the iPhone or the upgraded software for the Android smart phone to be announced. But did we ever stop to think about the evolution of the then fusty and bulky cordless telephone to the current paper-thin, palm-sized cell phones that we use today? Author Jack Challoner, in his enlightening book, 1001 Inventions That Changed The World, takes us on an astounding journey through hundreds of inventions, from the simple paperclip to the life-saving antibiotic, that have truly changed and simplified the world that we live in.

This book is an illustrative guide that explains the origin and development of innumerous inventions that we take for granted in our everyday lives. From the ordinary toothbrush to the discovery of the oral contraceptive, from the designing of the laptop to the creation of the zipper, 1001 Inventions That Changed The World describes the years of breakthrough scientific and technological research and development and the impact it's had on the way we live. It really is an eye opener to the discovery of life's most trivial and uncomplicated inventions. It also explains the development of the most complex scientific and technological advancements, including the atomic bomb and genetically modified organisms.

1001 Inventions That Changed The World takes us back 6000 years to the invention of the wheel. It mentions some of the world's most profound and famous inventors and their interesting quotes and provides nearly 700 illustrative photos complemented by intriguing summaries of the world's most ingenious inventions. This book was published in 2009 and is available in hardcover.

  • Print length 960 pages
  • Language English
  • Publisher B E S Pub Co
  • Publication date 1 March 2009
  • Dimensions 17.15 x 6.35 x 20.96 cm
  • ISBN-10 0764161369
  • ISBN-13 978-0764161360
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1001 Inventions That Changed The World Since 26,00,000 BCE [English]

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"History Magazine," June/July 2009 "

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ B E S Pub Co; For the Us & Can ed. edition (1 March 2009)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 960 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0764161369
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0764161360
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2 kg 90 g
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 17.15 x 6.35 x 20.96 cm

About the authors

Jack challoner.

Always frustrated by lack of clarity in books he read as a child, Jack long felt the need to make the amazing things that science and technology have achieved accessible to a wide audience. After studying physics in London, he trained as a science and maths teacher, then worked at London's Science Museum, in the education department and in their flagship interactive gallery, Launch Pad.

Jack left the museum in 1991 to write science and technology books, and to write and perform science shows in museums, libraries and schools. He's been doing all that ever since, with nearly forty books to his name. He also works as a consultant on other people's science books, and sometimes in television, helping to develop new ideas or work up existing ones.

He is also a musician and singer, writing, producing and performing music. He lives in Bristol, England.

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1001 Inventions: That Changed the World Paperback – 2 Feb. 2009

  • Print length 960 pages
  • Language English
  • Publisher Cassell
  • Publication date 2 Feb. 2009
  • Dimensions 16.1 x 5.8 x 20.9 cm
  • ISBN-10 1844036111
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  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Cassell; 1st edition (2 Feb. 2009)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 960 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1844036111
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1844036110
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 16.1 x 5.8 x 20.9 cm
  • 355 in Encyclopaedias for Young Adults
  • 661 in Children's Encyclopaedias & Subject Guides
  • 988 in History of Engineering & Technology

About the authors

Jack challoner.

Always frustrated by lack of clarity in books he read as a child, Jack long felt the need to make the amazing things that science and technology have achieved accessible to a wide audience. After studying physics in London, he trained as a science and maths teacher, then worked at London's Science Museum, in the education department and in their flagship interactive gallery, Launch Pad.

Jack left the museum in 1991 to write science and technology books, and to write and perform science shows in museums, libraries and schools. He's been doing all that ever since, with nearly forty books to his name. He also works as a consultant on other people's science books, and sometimes in television, helping to develop new ideas or work up existing ones.

He is also a musician and singer, writing, producing and performing music. He lives in Bristol, England.

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1001 inventions that changed the world by general editor, Jack Challoner ; preface by Trevor Baylis.

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Home › Best Of The Best

6 Important Inventions That Changed The World Forever

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By Amy Chodroff

Reviewed by Sophia Naughton

Aug 06, 2024

A wooden wheel

A wooden wheel (Photo by Bizoner on Shutterstock)

Think about the last time you used your smartphone, hopped in your car, or flipped on a light switch. It’s easy to take these everyday conveniences for granted, but there once was a time when there were no phones, only horses and buggies, and light came solely from candles or the sun. Which inventions are the best of all time? Everyone’s opinion differs, but we’ve looked at nine websites to develop a list of what the experts say are the greatest inventions of all time. We compile our lists by combing through existing expert rankings and weeding out the most mentioned. The answers may surprise you! Do you agree or disagree? Comment below.

StudyFinds compiles lists of consensus picks featured on credible review sites. We aim to lay out top consumer research finds for you by bringing expert rankings to one place.

What are the best inventions of all time, 1. the wheel.

Horse-drawn wooden wagon

Imagine a world without cars, planes, trains, or anything that requires a wheel. Before the wheel was invented in 3500 B.C., we couldn’t transport much over land. The tricky part wasn’t the wheel itself but connecting it to a stable platform. As David Anthony from Hartwick College explained to Live Science , the real genius was the wheel-and-axle concept, which required perfectly round holes and strong axles.

Many think the wheel is the greatest invention because it revolutionized how we move people and things. The Mesopotamians invented it for pottery, and it took 300 years to attach it to a chariot. We often overlook this essential piece of engineering today, but the wheel-and-axle transformed transportation and haulage, as Cad Crowd explains.

This game-changer for agriculture, trade, and transportation became the basis of many modern technologies. Originating from rolling objects on tree trunks, according to Pickvisa , the oldest record of the wheel is a Sumerian pictogram from 3500 B.C.

2. Printing Press

Books and other printed materials would still be created by hand without the invention of the printing press which comes in at number two on our list. German inventor Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press between 1440 and 1450, using a new hand mold technique to produce metal movable type quickly. This revolutionized book production and spread knowledge rapidly, so says Live Science .

The printing press launched the original Information Age, making knowledge as accessible as sunlight and as affordable as ever. Thanks to this invention — groundbreaking works like the Bible could be widely read and shared. According to ScienceABC , this revolutionized the spread of information, transforming how we learn and communicate.

According to Interesting Engineering , woodblock printing dates back to the 9th century in China, but Gutenberg’s press improved on this idea and introduced it to the West. By 1500, 20 million books and pamphlets were being produced in Western Europe thanks to his innovation.

3. Lightbulb

Lightbulb

Thank goodness Thomas Edison never gave up on trying to invent the lightbulb or we would still be reading by candlelight. Famous Scientists notes Joseph Swan created the light bulb in 1860, but since it glowed only for a few hours, Edison is credited with inventing the modern light bulb .

Not only did the lightbulb bring electricity into our homes, but it had an unexpected impact on our sleep patterns. Before, people went to bed at nightfall and slept in segments, with periods of wakefulness in between, according to Live Science . Now, we stay up later and aim for a solid seven to eight hours of uninterrupted sleep.

Pickvisa agrees the lightbulb is one of the most useful and important inventions ever. Edison developed a way to use electricity to illuminate carbonized threads inside an air-evacuated bulb, creating a lasting light source, and revolutionizing how we live.

Someone holding a compass in the forest

Number four on our list is the compass. It was invented in China during the Han dynasty, but not used for navigation until the Song Dynasty. Before that, ancient mariners used the stars but that didn’t work well on cloudy nights or during the day. The compass was made of lodestone, a naturally magnetized iron ore, whose attractive properties had been studied for centuries, notes Live Science . Once the technology spread to the west, mariners could navigate safely day or night.

With GPS now leading the way, the compass has taken a back seat in navigation. But let’s not forget its crucial role in early land and sea exploration . Used in China around 300-200 B.C.E., the compass guided us through the Age of Discovery. Cad Crowd points out it helped European countries amass wealth and power, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution. According to Interesting Engineering , the first written description of sailors using a magnetized needle is in a European book written in 1190. By that time, it’s believed using a compass was commonplace.

5. Telephone

Single Pole Magneto Telephone used at the Philadelphia Exhibition by Alexander Graham Bell

You can thank Alexander Graham Bell in part for the smartphone in your pocket today. He was awarded the first patent for the electric telephone on March 7, 1876, and made the first call to his assistant three days later. According to Live Science , Bell’s inspiration came from his family, with his father’s work in speech elocution and his wife’s and mother’s experiences with hearing loss .

Though Alexander Graham Bell’s phone was very different from today’s smartphones, his invention paved the way for essential technology, and Inc. calls it the greatest invention of all time, which is hard to disagree with. The original telephone revolutionized global communication and business by converting the human voice into electronic signals. Pickvisa notes the original phone was just as indispensable as smartphones are now.

6. Penicillin

Penicillin and a syringe

A medical invention that has saved countless lives rounds out our list! Most of us have taken penicillin to clear up an infection, but before 1928, it didn’t exist. Alexander Fleming’s discovery of mold-killing bacteria in a Petri dish led to penicillin’s development. By 1944, it was mass-produced and used by WWII servicemen, according to Live Science .

Tom Triumph points out that the first patient treated with US-made penicillin in 1942 used half the total supply, but by 1945, the U.S. was producing 646 billion units per year. The first ad posted after mass production read: “Thanks to PENICILLIN …He will come home.” Pickvisa believes this is further proof that penicillin is one of the best inventions of all time.

Sources used to create our list:

  • Live Science
  • Tom Triumph
  • Boss Magazine
  • Science ABC
  • Famous Scientists
  • Interesting Engineering

Note: This article was not paid for nor sponsored. StudyFinds is not connected to nor partnered with any of the brands mentioned and receives no compensation for its recommendations. This article may contain affiliate links in which we receive a commission if you make a purchase.

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About Amy Chodroff

Amy Chodroff is a recovering Morning Radio Show Host and award-winning broadcaster who recently retired from DFW’s Morning News on KLIF in Dallas. Fondly known as the “Chief Googler” by her friends, it was a seamless transition for StudyFinds to enlist her expertise for their “Best of the Best” franchise. Amy has an innate curiosity and a penchant for thorough research before any purchase and she’s constantly on the hunt for top-notch products. Outside of her digital explorations, Amy loves to explore the world with her husband and is the proud mother of two adult daughters. You can also find Amy on the pickleball court, perfecting her dink and drop shots.

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The potential health benefits of gallic acid: therapeutic and food applications.

book review of 1001 inventions that changed the world

1. Introduction

2. chemical structure and various sources, 3. identification and quantification techniques, 3.1. chromatography techniques, 3.1.1. high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), 3.1.2. gas chromatography (gc), 3.1.3. high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc), 3.2. capillary electrophoresis (ce), 3.3. spectroscopic techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), 3.4. other techniques, 4. biological and therapeutic properties, 4.1. antibacterial activity, 4.1.1. modification of cytoplasmic membrane function, 4.1.2. disruption of intracellular functions.

Sample/Matrix TypeBacterial StrainsAntibacterial AssayResultsMechanism of ActionReferences
GA-grafted chitosan Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Enterococcus faecalis
Listeria monocytogenes
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhimurium
Shigella flexneri
Broth dilution method
Time–kill experiment against E. coli and S. aureus
OM and IM permeabilization assay
MIC values from unmodified chitosan are 64–128 μg/mL against Gram-positive bacteria and 512–1024 μg/mL against Gram-negative bacteria while MIC values from GA-grafted chitosan are 16 to 64 μg/mL against Gram-positive bacteria and 128 to 512 μg/mL against Gram-negative bacteria. GA-grafted chitosan (I) at MIC suppressed both E. coli bacterial growth for 24 h and S. aureus bacteria. Moreover, over the MIC values, no viable cells were observed. OM and IM permeabilization experiments indicated that GA-crafted chitosan influenced the integrity of the membrane Disruption of the cell membranes by GA-crafted chitosan. S. aureus and E. coli cells undergo cell membrane damage resulting in the release of their cellular components into the surrounding environment, becoming finally empty[ ]
3D chitosan–GA complexesE. coli
S. aureus
Broth dilution method3D chitosan–GA complexes demonstrated a higher antimicrobial capacity than 3D chitosan alone, with an inhibition percentage of around 83% more than 3D chitosan alone, regardless of the bacterial strain and concentration used, indicating that the adsorption of GA effectively increases the antimicrobial activity of 3D chitosanND[ ]
Native pectin (Na-Pe) acylated with GA (Ac-Pe)E. coli
S. aureus
OD methodThe inhibition rate of the pectin against E. coli and S. aureus improved from 2.93% and 8.92% (Na-Pe) to 26.95% and 42.18% (Ac1-Pe) and 31.56% and 47.87% (Ac2-Pe), respectivelyND[ ]
GA-loaded ovalbumin
(OVA)–chitosan (CS) nanoparticles
Morganella morganii
E. coli
Plate count methodThe number of M. morganii was 1.7 × 10 CFU/mL for pectin film, 8.7 × 10 CFU/mL for GA–pectin film, 5.5 × 10 CFU/mL for pectin film with OVA/CS nanoparticles, and 3.2 × 10 for GA-loaded OVA/CS nanoparticles. On the other hand, compared with pure pectin film (2.7 × 10 CFU/mL), the pectin film with GA-loaded OVA/CS nanoparticles (5.8 × 10 CFU/mL) could retard the growth of E. coli

Moreover, the quantity of histamine (toxic compound produced during food spoilage) was also measured, showing that the growth rate of this amine in salmon fillets treated with the pectin coating with GA-loaded OVA/CS nanoparticles was the lowest (51.6%) compared with the control group (140.0%)
ND[ ]
Chitosan (Ch) and zinc oxide nanoparticle-loaded gallic acid films, (Ch-ZnO@galB. subtilis
E. coli
Agar well diffusion assayThe results of the antibacterial activity of Ch-ZnO@gal revealed that the antimicrobial activity is linearly related to the amount of
GA in the nanoparticles, Ch-ZnO@gal3 (70 mg of ZnO@gal) being the most efficient film against both B. subtilis and E. coli bacteria
The released ROS from the ZnO@gal, together with Zn ions, attack the negatively charged cell wall, which leads to leakage and ultimately death of bacteria[ ]
PVDF-grafted GA (PVDF-g-PGAL)S. aureus
E. coli
Plate growth inhibition assayM0 (unmodified PVDF) showed minimal or no inhibition zones, indicating no antibacterial activity. In contrast, M3 (PVDF-grafted GA) showed clear zones of inhibition around the membrane, indicating antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Furthermore, M3-SO Na (PVDF-grafted GA + sodium sulphonate) showed higher inhibition zones compared to M3, due to the increased hydrophilicity of the membraneThe hydrophilic membrane reduces the chances of bacterial colonies establishing themselves and proliferating on its surface. In addition, hydrophilic surfaces attract water molecules, creating a thin aqueous layer on the membrane surface. This layer can inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, as bacteria prefer to adhere to dry surfaces[ ]
Commercially obtained GAK. pneumoniaeBroth dilution method K. pneumoniae growth was reduced at 5 and 10 mM GA concentrations, but not at 2.5 mMGA may affect the iron availability in K. pneumoniae, thus possibly repressing the cps transcription (the inhibition in the production of capsules reduces bacterial virulence)[ ]
Commercially obtained GAE. coli
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus
L. monocytogenes
Broth dilution method, physicochemical characterization of the bacterial surfacesGA had antimicrobial activity against the bacteria tested, with a MIC of 1500 mg/mL for E. coli, 500 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa, 1750 mg/mL for S. aureus, and 2000 mg/mL for L. monocytogenes. In addition, GA also had bactericidal activity due to the MBC values for GA: 5000 mg/mL for E. coli, 500 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa, 5250 mg/mL for S. aureus, and 5500 mg/mL for L. monocytogenesGA led to irreversible changes in membrane properties (charge, intra- and extracellular permeability, and physicochemical properties) through hydrophobicity changes, a decrease in negative surface charge, and the occurrence of local ruptures or pore formation in the cell membranes, with a consequent leakage of essential intracellular constituents[ ]
Commercially obtained GAS. flexneri- Broth dilution method
- Time-dependent killing assay
Antibacterial assays to elucidate the mechanism of action: viability assay, integrity of cell membrane, FESEM analysis
- GA showed a MIC value of 2 mg/mL and MBC value of 8 mg/mL against Sh. Flexneri.
It showed that GA led to inhibitory effects, which was evidenced by reduced cell viability, destroyed cell membranes, and changes in bacterial morphology
GA effectively inhibited Sh. flexneri activity and its biofilm formation by regulating the expression of the mdoH gene and the OpgH protein (mutations in mdoH that affect OpgH function may reduce bacterial virulence)[ ]
Commercially obtained GAProteus spp.
E. coli
Pseudomonas spp. Salmonella spp.
Streptococcus spp.
S. aureus
Bacterial growth inhibition assay with OD measurement
Petri dish biofilm assay
Measurement of cell biomass concentration and EPS quantification
Different concentrations (1–200 mg/L) of GA showed antimicrobial effects by reducing the growth of single and multispecies bacteria (12–86%). Higher concentrations (100–200 mg/L) of GA had prominent inhibitory effects on biofilm formation. Further, GA (20–200 mg/L) exhibited a 93.43% biomass reduction and 88.6% EPS (polysaccharide) reductionGA can reduce biofilm formation and EPS, where it is suspected to be the major reason of biofilm development[ ]
Commercially obtained GAStreptococcus mutansBroth dilution method
Antibiofilm assays (pH drop test and proton permeability test)
GA showed a MIC value at 250 μg/mL, although GA did not inhibit the adherence of S. mutans in sub-MIC values. Regarding the antibiofilm assay, GA showed antimicrobial activity, reducing the number of viable cells ( vs. ). Moreover, GA sensitized the cells to acidification, thereby reducing the glycolysis and acid production in the biofilmThe biofilms treated with GA showed a different architecture–structure: less compact and less dense due to a reduction in the synthesis of glucans (produced by a downregulated expression of gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD genes in the biofilms). These changes in the biofilm structure occurred because of the bactericidal activity, reduction of soluble alkaline glucans, and acidogenicity of S. mutans by GA[ ]
Commercially obtained GAPaenibacillus larvaeMicrodilution method
Agar well diffusion assay
Spore germination assay
The MIC and MBC values of GA against P. larvae were 125 and 250 μg/mL GA (200 mg/mL) produced an average inhibition halo of 17.7 ± 0.39 mm against P. larvae in the agar well diffusion assay. In the presence of 125 and 250 μg/mL GA, spore germination rates were reduced to 83.9% and 18.7%, respectivelyGA resulted in the leakage of proteins and nucleic acids (vital intracellular components of the bacteria), leading to bacterial death. Moreover, GA-mediated membrane and intracellular damage, together with its capacity for restricting biofilm formation, increase bacterial susceptibility to other antibacterial agents and eventually cause lethal effects[ ]

4.1.3. Programmed Cell Death (PCD)

4.2. antioxidant activity, 4.3. anticancer mechanisms of ga, 4.4. antiviral activity, 4.5. anti-alzheimer activity, 4.6. anti-inflammatory, 4.7. anti-diabetes.

ModelConditionMain FindingsReference
RatsIn vivo- Dose-dependent decreases in IL-6 and TNF-α levels.[ ]
Suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cellsIn vitro- In IPEC-J2 cells, GA pretreatment significantly decreased the elevated expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-8 genes induced by LPS.[ ]
Control inflammation in NAFLD and NASHIn vitro- By activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HepG2 cells, GA reduced the fat accumulation induced by palmitic acid.[ ]
Nrf2 antioxidant response element signaling pathwayIn vitro and in vivo- The PM10 groups exhibited a substantial increase in epithelial permeability and inflammatory markers.
- Additionally, there was a notable reduction in the expression of Nrf2 and its upstream regulator genes.
[ ]
Mice, suppressed interleukin-33 and group 2 innate lymphoid cells-- GA was found to lower IL-13 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and to reduce IL-33 expression in lung tissue. This effect is accomplished by inhibiting MyD88 expression and downregulating NF-κB signaling pathways, leading to a reduction in IL-33 production.[ ]
Al O -induced myocardial injury-- ↓ CPK, LDH, CK-MB, MDA, LDL, TNF-α, and TG
- ↑ SOD, HDL, CAT, and GSH
[ ]
STZ-induced oxidative stress in testis of rats-↓ TNF-α, NOS2, VEGF, and MDA[ ]
Mice, enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose transporters via Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways.2–20 µM- GA treatment enhanced insulin sensitivity by activating the Akt signaling pathway rather than the AMPK signaling pathway.[ ]
Mice, enhances lipid profile, glycemic and liver function8.436 mg- Promotes the repair of tissue damage in the pancreas and liver.
- GA regulates autophagy in a diabetic cell model using Rin-5F cells.
[ ]
Mice50 mg/kg- GA regulated lipid peroxidation (measured by TBARS) and antioxidant enzymes (GPX, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) in the liver and kidney, which are affected by diabetes-related complications caused by hyperglycemia.[ ]
- Mice
4- and 9-month-old groups
- APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic
30 mg/kg through gavage- LTP
- Aβ1–42 aggregation
- Cognitive deficits
- Expression of synaptic marker proteins
[ ]
STZ-induced diabetic rat20 mg/kg- Reduces TNF-α levels, while increasing the upregulation of adiponectin and PPARγ mRNA.[ ]
Rat, Aβ hippocampal injection50, 100, 200 mg/kg- Hippocampal LTP[ ]
Pheochromocytoma12
cells
GA: Aβ
2.0: 1.0 M
- Toxicity
- K-CN fibril formation
[ ]
Mice, scopolamine-induced amnesia10 mg/kg- AChE activity
- Transfer latency in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test
- Duration spent in the target quadrant during the Morris water maze (MWM) test
[ ]
Rat, i.p. injection of TMT 8 mg/kg50, 100 mg/kg- Hippocampal level of TNF-a
- Hippocampal level of BDNF
[ ]
Mice, via mTOR/PPARγ/AMPK signaling3 mg- Decreased expression levels of p-AMPK and increased levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), LOX-1, NF-κB, COX-2, and p-mTOR.[ ]

4.8. Anti-Obesity

4.9. anti-hypertensive, 5. food applications, 5.1. active packaging systems, 5.1.1. fish and seafood products.

Food ProductsFilm/Coating MatrixGA ConcentrationOther Active CompoundsStorage ConditionsHighlightsReferences
Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) filletsPectin5% (w/v)-20 days, 4 °C□ Lower TVB-N, lipid oxidation, and total sulfhydryl groups
□ The coated samples showed the highest sensory quality rating
[ ]
CS15 mMPA10 days, 4 °C□ CS-grafted GA showed a higher GR (110.82 mg GA/g) than CS-grafted PA (62.63 mg PA/g)
□ Higher thermal, rheological, and antioxidant properties than pure CS
□ Delayed the deterioration of texture, color, and sensory quality
[ ]
Tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) filletsPE + CS1% (w/w)-14 days, 4 °C□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
□ Inhibited TVC and TVB-N
□ Lower TBARS value on day 14
[ ]
Collagen + zein1–10% (w/w)-10 days, 4 °C□ The electrospun fibers exhibited a smooth nanostructure with no beads
□ GA formed hydrogen bonds with the protein matrix
□ Prolonged the shelf life of the fillets for at least two days, especially at a concentration of 8%
[ ]
Pacific mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus) filletsCS5% (w/v)-12 days, 4 °C□ Inhibited protein decomposition, nucleotide breakdown, microbial growth, and lipid oxidation up to 6 days
□ Delayed the deterioration of sensory quality
[ ]
Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) fillets 10 wt% -14 days, 4 °C□ Decreased microbial growth in more than two log cycles
□ Lower TVB-N and TBARS values
[ ]
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) filletsZein + gelatin 1 gPL15 days, 4 °C□ Higher average diameter with well-distributed morphology
□ Improved thermal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties
□ The combined films effectively inhibited TVC, TVB-N, lipid oxidation, and texture deterioration up to 3 days
[ ]
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) filletsGelatin + CS0.2% (w/v)CO15 days, 4 °C□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
□ The combined coatings prolonged the shelf life of the fillets up to 5 days
[ ]
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) filletsAgarose0.0350–0.1373 g-15 days, 4 °C□ GA was grafted onto the C -OH of D-galactose in agarose, with a highest GR of 13.73%
□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
□ Lower viscosity, gel strength, and gelling temperature
□ Inhibited microbial growth and lipid oxidation
[ ]
PorkCS5 mL-18 days, 4 °C□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
□ Lower TVB-N and TBARS values
□ Prolonged the shelf life of the pork meat from 6 to 18 days
[ ]
0.2 and 0.4% (w/w)-20 days, 4 °C□ Higher antioxidant activity
□ Lower lipid oxidation and myoglobin oxidation
□ Improved the safety and quality of samples in MAP environment
[ ]
Collagen + CSNSPL15 days, 4 °C□ Improved structural and UV barrier properties
□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
□ Prolonged the shelf life of the pork meat by approximately 5 days
[ ]
CYS + CS40 g-One day, 25 °C□ Better light transmittance and thinner thickness
□ Improved the tensile strength
□ Improved the quality of pork during storage compared to PE film packaging
[ ]
BeefCS0.1 and 0.3% (w/v)-21 days, 4 °C□ Reduced spoilage bacteria count, TVB-N, and TBARS
□ Delayed lipid oxidation and color deterioration
[ ]
Gelatin + CS0.5%CGA and RES12 days, 4 °C□ Lower TVC, TVB-N, and TBARS values
□ The combined coatings prolonged the shelf life of beef at least 3–6 days
[ ]
CANSZIF-812 days, 4 °C□ Improved mechanical strength and UV barrier properties
□ Reduced WVP, MC, and SR
□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
[ ]
StrawberryCS15 mM-14 days, 4 °C, under UV-A light□ Higher reduction of E. coli compared to the control after 180 min exposure to UV-A
□ The photo-irradiated coatings did not significantly affect the mold decay incidence in strawberries
□ The firmness value did not show significant differences during storage
[ ]
BananamPLA0.0301 g-14 days, 25 °C□ Improved mechanical and antioxidant properties
□ Retained the firmness and green peel color of bananas after storing for 14 days
[ ]
MangoCS or CG0.075 or 0.15% (w/v)-14 days, 20 °C, 60–70% RH□ Lower pH, TSS, and TSS/acid ratio
□ Higher antioxidant activity (lower IC50 values) after one week of storage
□ Delayed ripening during two weeks of storage
[ ]
Cherry tomatoCSGA/CS ratio of 1:3 (w/w)-10 days, 15 °C□ Improved antioxidant activities in scavenging hydroxyl, DPPH, and superoxide anion radicals
□ Protected the ascorbate–glutathione cycle of cherry tomatoes
□ Inhibited enzymatic browning
[ ]
PLA-PBAT1, 5, and 10 wt%TA20 days, 25 °C□ Improved tensile strength and UV barrier properties
□ High antimicrobial activity against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, especially for those containing 10 wt% GA
□ Enhanced the shelf life of cherry tomatoes for up to 20 days of storage at room temperature
[ ]
Green chiliCS + pullulan5, 10, and 15 wt%-18 days, 25 °C□ Improved tensile strength, WVP, and oxygen and UV barrier properties, especially for those containing 15 wt% GA
□ Lower overall migration than the acceptable limit of 10 mg dm
□ Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
[ ]

5.1.2. Meat Products

5.1.3. fruits and vegetables, 5.2. functional foods, 6. disadvantages of ga in human health and food products, 6.1. toxicity, 6.2. interaction with drugs and nutrients, 6.3. sensory impact in food products, 7. conclusions and future perspectives, author contributions, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Sample/Matrix TypeSample PretreatmentSample PreparationAnalytical
Method
Analytical ConditionsGA ConcentrationReferences
Longan seed (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) and mango kernel (Mangifera indica L.) (Singapore)Longan seed and mango kernel: freeze-dried (FD)
(−50 °C, 24 h)

Mango kernel:
dried at 160 °C, then ground and stored at −20 °C
Longan seed:
(1) FD/EtOH extraction al 70 °C, 1 h
Mango kernel
(2) FD/EtOH extraction at 70 °C, 1 h
(3) FD/MeOH extraction at 70 °C, 1 h
(4) FD/MeOH and hydrolysis at 35 °C, 16 h
(5) FD/MeOH and hydrolysis at 85 °C, 2 h
(6) 160 °C-dried/MeOH extraction at 70 °C, 1 h
(7) 160 °C-heated/MeOH extraction and hydrolysis at 35 °C, 16 h
(8) 160 °C-heated/MeOH extraction and hydrolysis at 85 °C, 2 h
RP-HPLC/DADColumn: Shim-Pack VP-ODS column (250 × 4.6 mm) with a guard column GCP-ODS (10 × 4.6 mm); MP: H O–AA (97:3, v/v) (A) and MeOH (B) in gradient mode: 10% B for 10 min to 70% B in 40 min; Tª: 40 °C; FR: 0.9 mL/min; λ = 280 and 360 nm[GA] (mg/100 g seeds)

(1) 23.3
(2) 185
(3) 20.0
(4) 84.1
(5) 163
(6) 414
(7) 535
(8) 838
[ ]
Nigella sativa seeds (Nagpur, India)Seeds were dried in air, ground, sieved, weighed and stored in an airtight container at room temperatureN. sativa powder was dissolved in 10 mL of MeOH, filtered, and distilled under reduced pressure.RP-HPLC/DADColumn: C18 (MakeGrace) (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm); MP: ACN:H O (60:40, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.00 with 0.05% PA was used in isocratic mode; Tª: RT; FR: 0.5 mL/min; λ = 210 nm[GA]: 0.4736 µg/mL[ ]
Five commercial pomegranate juices (PJ) with different brands (Mahshahr, Iran)Samples were stored at 4 °C 5 mL of each sample was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was filtered and diluted to 50 mL with distilled water; 10 mL of the above solution was transferred into a volumetric flask, and after the addition of α–cyclodextrin, adjusting the pH to 3.0 and filling it to the mark with 10% EtOH:H O, it was sonicated for 20 min.RP-HPLC/DADColumn: C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm); MP: ACN/diluted with PA 25.0 × 10 mol/L (15:85, v/v) in isocratic mode; FR: 1.0 mL/min; λ = 240 nm[GA] (mg/L)

PJ1: 3.98
PJ2: 2.41
PJ3: 1.30
PJ4: 3.00
PJ5: 4.98
[ ]
Grape
juice (GJ) and wine (W) (Sub-Middle São Francisco Valley, Brazil)
Sorting and separation of GJ varieties (GJA, GJB, GJC, GJD, GJE) and W varieties: WF, WG, WHGJ/W previously diluted 500 μL + 1000 μL in phase A.RP-HPLC/DADColumn: Zorbax Eclipse Plus RP-C18 (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) with a guard column C18 (12.6 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm); MP: 0.1 M PA in H O (pH 2.0) (A) and 0.5% PA in MeOH (B) in a gradient mode: 0–5 min: 5% B; 5–14 min: 23% B; 14–22 min: 26% B; 22–25 min: 80% B; Tª: 35 °C; FR: 0.8 mL/min; λ = 280 nm[GA] (mg/mL)

GJA: 4.5 ± 0.4
GJB: 3.6 ± 2.9
GJC: 16.7 ± 3.5
GJD: 7.6 ± 1.2
GJE: 6.5 ± 1.0
WF: 26.4 ± 1.1
WG: 24.7 ± 1.0
WH: 16.9 ± 2.6
[ ]
Skins, pulps, seeds, canes, and leaves from grapes (V. vinifera L) (Urmia, Iran) Sorting, separation, and crushing of different parts of grape varieties: Muscat Alexanderia (MA), Hosseini (Hos), Ghara Shira (GShi), Agh Shani (AG), Ghara Shani (GSha), and Ghara Ghandome (GG) UAE: Powdered grape parts were weighed and mixed with 5 mL. MeOH:HCl (99:1, v/v) for ultrasonic extraction at 25 °C and a frequency of 35 kHz for 20 min. Then, samples were taken out and left at RT for 30 min. The extract was filtered and the remaining solids were extracted again under the same conditions.RP-HPLC/DADColumn: C18, (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and pre-column; MP: H O:THF:TFA (98:2:0.1, v/v/v) (A) and MeOH:THF:TFA (98:2:0.1, v/v/v) (B) in a gradient mode: 17% B for 2 min: 17% B for 2 min increasing to 25% B after 5 min to 35% B after a further 8 min and to 50% B after a further 5 min; Tª: 25 °C; FR: 1 mL/min; λ = 278 nm[GA] (μg/g)

MA: skin: 122 ± 7, pulp: 109 ± 5; seed: 87 ± 3; cane: 118 ± 4; leaf: 1.4 ± 0.1; Hos: skin: 143 ± 6, pulp: 128 ± 7, seed: 87 ± 5, cane: 102 ± 4, leaf: 0.9 ± 0.1; GShi: skin: 238 ± 13, Pulp:153 ± 8, seed: 77 ± 4, cane: 132 ± 8, leaf: 1.3 ± 0.2; AG: skin: 220 ± 13, pulp: 178 ± 8, seed: 77 ± 4, cane: 141 ± 7, leaf: 1.9 ± 0.2; GSha: skin: 319 ± 17, pulp: 192 ± 10, seed: 91 ± 5, cane: 153 ± 8, leaf: 2.6 ± 0.2; GG: skin: 127 ± 7, pulp: 87 ± 4, seed: 67 ± 4, cane: 101 ± 6, leaf: 1.1 ± 0.1
[ ]
Three different varieties of Camellia seed oils (China)C. sinensis (CS): (1) H. Xinyang; (2) J. Lushan; (3) S. Rizhao; (4) H. Enshi; (5) Z. Hangzhou; (6) F. Quanzhou
C. oleifera (CO): (7) A. Huangshan; (8) J. Ganzhou; (9) G. Liuzhou; (10) H. Chenzhou; (11) H. Huaihua; (12) F. Shanming
C. chekiangoleosa (CC): (13) J. Dexing; (14) Z. Kaihua; (15) H. Loudi

All kinds of Camellia seeds were dried, unshelled, and crushed to obtain oil. The oil samples were placed in glass bottles, and stored in the dark at RT until further extraction
Liquid–liquid extraction assisted by centrifugation.HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSHPLC conditions: Column: SPURSIL-C18 (150 × 2.1 mm, 2.1 µm); MP: 0.1% AA in H O (A) and 0.1% AA in ACN (B) in a gradient mode: 0–20 min, 0–50% B; 20–25 min, 50–100% B; Tª: 30 °C; FR: 0.4 mL/min. ESI conditions: negative ionization mode; capillary: 4000 V; nebulizer pressure: 30 psi; fragment voltage: 140 V; drying gas FR: 9 L/min; gas Tª: 190 °C; N sheath gas Tª: 350 °C; N sheath gas FR: 10 L/min; Scan range, m/z: 100–1000 in full scan mode; collision energy: 10–40 eV. Quantitative analysis was performed by HPLC-QqQ-MS with the following gradient elution: 0–30 min, 0–10% B; 30–50 min, 10–40% B; 50–55 min, 40–0% B.[GA] (μg/g)

CS1: 2.2114 ± 0.0069
CS2: 2.3097 ± 0.0239
CS3: 1.9689 ± 0.0113
CS4: 2.5764 ± 0.0099
CS5: 1.8805 ± 0.0019
CS6: 2.3964 ± 0.0201
CO7: 0.5150 ± 0.0011
CO8: 0.4640 ± 0.0051
CO9: 0.9720 ± 0.0102
CO10: 1.5580 ± 0.0014
CO11: 0.5169 ± 0.0051
CO12: 0.7012 ± 0.0009
CC13: 1.7910 ± 0.0062
CC14: 1.4881 ± 0.0098
CC15: 1.1243 ± 0.024
[ ]
Two varieties of Psidium guajava L. (Motril, España)Pyrifera (Pyr) and pomifera (Pom) varieties of P. guajava L. were air-dried and crushedUAE: samples were extracted (×3 times) with 15 mL of EtOH: H O mixture (80:20, v/v) for 10 min at RT, centrifuged for 15 min at 6000 rpm. The pooled supernatants were evaporated, dissolved in 2 mL of MeOH/H O (50:50, v/v), and stored at −20 °C in the dark until analysis.HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSHPLC conditions: Column: Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 µm); MP: 1% AA in H O (A) and ACN (B) in a gradient mode: 0 min, 0.8% B; 2.5 min, 0.8% B; 5.5 min, 6.8% B; 11 min, 14.4% B; 17 min, 24% B; 22 min, 40% B; 26 min, 100% B; Tª: 25 °C; FR: 0.8 mL/min. ESI conditions: negative ionization mode; capillary: 3500 V; nebulizer pressure: 50 psi; fragment voltage: 3500 V; drying gas FR: 12.0 L/min; gas Tª: 370 °C; N sheath gas Tª: 350 °C; N sheath gas FR: 10 L/min; Scan range, m/z: 50–1500 in full scan mode; collision energy: 30–45 eV. [GA] (mg/g leaf d.w)
(Pyr): 0.060 ± 0.008
(Pom): 0.223 ± 0.003
[ ]
Pulp, peel, seed, and husk of Keitt mangoSamples were separated, FD, milled, and kept at −18 °C until useSolid–liquid extraction:
Free polar fraction of mango (FPF): FD powder samples were dissolved in 10 mL of solution of MeOH/H O (80:20, v/v) and placed for 15 min at RT in an ultrasonic bath. The mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 1000× g, and the supernatant was stored. This process was repeated twice.
HPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-TOF-MSHPLC conditions: Column: Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 µm); MP: 1% AA in H O (A) and ACN (B) in a gradient mode: 0 min, 0.8% B; 5.5 min, 6.8% B; 16 min, 20% B; 20 min, 25% B; 25 min, 35% B; 29 min, 100%; Tª: 25 °C; FR: 0.8 mL/min. λ: 240, 280, and 330 nm. ESI conditions: negative ionization mode; capillary: 3500 V; nebulizer pressure: 50 psi; fragment voltage: 3500 V; drying gas FR: 12.0 L/min; gas Tª: 370 °C; N sheath gas Tª: 370 °C; N2 sheath gas FR: 10 L/min; Scan range, m/z: 50–1500 in full scan mode; collision energy: 30–45 eV.[GA] (mg/100 g leaf d.w)

FPF
Pulp: 2.08 ± 0.02
Peel: 12.18 ± 0.39
Seed: 17.55 ± 0.74
Husk: 2.48 ± 0.05

BPF
Pulp: 0.019 ± 0.001
Peel: 0.718 ± 0.062
Seed: 0.310 ± 0.015
Husk: 0.487 ± 0.017
[ ]
Red and yellow araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) (Pelotas, Brazil)Red araçá (RA) and yellow araçá (YA) were separated and lyophilized for 72 h. FD samples were milled and stored at −18 °C until analysisExtraction of extractable phenolic compounds (EPC): 5 mL of MeOH: H O (8:2, v/v) acidified with 0.35% FA was added to FD samples and vortexed for 3 min. The extract was centrifuged at 3000× g for 5 min (4 °C), and the supernatant was placed in a rotary evaporator to remove the MeOH.
Extraction of non-extractable phenolic compounds (NEPC): The NEPC fraction was obtained from acid hydrolysis of the solid product generated in the EPC extraction. The pellet was added to 20 mL of MeOH acidified with HCl (15%, v/v) for 15 min at 90 °C. The extract was centrifuged and placed in a rotary evaporator as before.
LC-DAD-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MSHPLC conditions: Column: C18 Synergy Hydro-RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 4 µm); MP: 0.5% FA in H O (A) and 0.5% FA in ACN (B) in a gradient mode: 99:1 (v/v) A/B to 50:50 (v/v) A/B over 50 min and then from 50:50 (v/v) A/B to 1:99 (v/v) A/B over 5 min. λ: 280 and 320 nm. ESI conditions: negative ionization mode; capillary: 3000 V; nebulizer pressure: 50 psi; fragment voltage: 3500 V; drying gas FR: 8.0 L/min; gas Tª: 370 °C; N sheath gas Tª: 310 °C; N2 sheath gas FR: 10 L/min; Scan range, m/z: 50–1500 in full scan mode; collision energy: 30–45 eV.[GA] (μg/g)

RA-EPC: 9.9 ± 0.5
RA-NEPC: 34.1 ± 2.1

YA-EPC: 7.4 ± 0.3
YA-NEPC: 11.1 ± 0.9
[ ]
Seven samples of different types of red wine (Bahia,
Brazil)
Samples were stored at 4 °C in the dark: Shiraz (1), Cabernet Sauvignon (2), Cabernet Sauvignon/Shiraz (3), Cabernet Sauvignon/Shiraz (4), Shiraz (5), Shiraz (6), Cabernet Sauvignon/Shiraz (7)Liquid extraction: NaCl, Na S O , and acidified ethyl acetate were added to each wine, and samples were subjected to ultrasonication for 7 min. After that, the samples were dried and the solid residue was spiked with pyridine, BSTFA, and 1% TMS. GS-MSThe Tª program was the following: initial temperature of 80 °C, for 1 min, from 80 to 250 °C with a rate of 20 °C/min, 6 °C/min to 300 °C, and finally increased at 20 °C/min to 320 °C, and held for 24 min.
ND about GS-MS procedure
[GA] (mg/L)
(1): 21.4 ± 1.7
(2): 27.1 ± 4.0
(3): 47.2 ± 5.7
(4): 49.4 ± 6.0
(5): 46.4 ± 6.3
(6): 56.3 ± 5.6
(7): 54.1 ± 3.7
[ ]
Divya-Swasari-Vati (DSV) (Haridwar, India)NDPowdered DSV were dissolved in 10 mL H O:MeOH (20:80, v/v) while sonicated for 20 min.HPTLCHPTLC plates: 10 × 10 cm plates for fingerprinting, and 20 × 10 cm plates, for quantification on aluminum-backed plates coated with a 0.20 mm layer of silica gel 60 F solvent system: two solvent systems, ethyl acetate/toluene/formic acid (10:9:1, v/v/v), and ethyl acetate/formic acid/acetic acid/water (10:1:1:2.3, v/v/v/v).[GA]: 3226.0 ± 610.4 µg/g[ ]
Honey (Western Australia)Four different varieties of honey were collected:

(A) Calothamnus spp. honey (B) Agonis flexuosa honey
(C) Corymbia calophylla honey
(D) Eucalyptus marginata honey
Liquid–liquid extraction: 2 mL of deionized water was added to the honey sample and vortexed. The resulting solution was then extracted three times with 5 mL DCM and ACN (1:1, v/v). The combined extracts were dried and stored at 4 °C.HPTLCHPTLC plates: silica gel 60 F254 plates 10 × 20 cm; solvent system: toluene/ethyl acetate/formic acid (2:8:1, v/v/v) and toluene/ethyl acetate/formic acid (6:5:1, v/v/v); λ: 254 nm.[GA] (µg/g)

(A): 1.64 ± 0.00
(B): n.d.
(C): 5.84 ± 0.00
(D): n.d.
[ ]
Dodonaea angustifolia
leaves (DALs) and flower (DAF) (Ethiopia)
Samples were washed, cut into smaller pieces (<45 µm), dried at RT, and groundUAE: samples were extracted (twice) in 25 mL of MeOH at 35 °C for 15 min. The extracts were centrifuged at 10× g for 20 min and the supernatant was filtered and stored. HPTLCHPTLC plates: precoated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates (20 × 10 cm, 100 µm); solvent system: toluene/ethyl acetate/FA/MeOH (20:12:4:8, volume ratio); λ: 254 to 450 nm; humidity: 44–46%[GA] (mg/100 g)

DAL: 32.26 ± 1.55
DAF: 53.64 ± 1.21
[ ]
Leaves of Ricinus communis Linn (Shanghai, China)Three samples of the leaves of R. communis L (1, 2, 3) were all dried at 60 °C for 2 h and then pulverized. Powdered samples were dispersed in
MeOH in a water bath at 60 °C for 3 h. After cooling, it was sonicated for 30 min and filtered. The extract was diluted using 50 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) before CE analysis.
CE-ADA ±30 kV high-voltage dc power supply provided a separation voltage between the ends of the capillary. The inlet of the capillary was held at a positive potential and the outlet of the capillary was maintained at ground. The separations were carried out in a 40 cm length of 25 µm i.d. and 360 µm o.d. fused silica capillary. The CE system was assembled at Tª 25 °C. The detection electrode was a 300 µm diameter carbon disc electrode at a detection potential of +0.90 V and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE), as the reference electrode was used in combination with a BAS LC-4C amperometric detector.[GA] (mg/g)

(1): 11.48
(2): 9.627
(3): 6.778
[ ]
Alperujo samples from one olive oil (Córdoba, Spain)Samples were taken directly from the production line and stored at −20 °C until analysisAlperujo was placed in MeOH–H O (1:3, v/v) for 13 min under ultrasonic irradiation (duty cycle 0.5 s, output amplitude 10%, applied power of 450 W, with the probe placed at 3 cm from the top surface of the extraction cell). During extraction, FR changed at 2 mL/min every 40 s, and after extraction was completed, DMF was added to the extract. Then, the sample was diluted using MeOH, and before introduction into the CE system, the extract was centrifuged for 3 min at 3000 rpm. CE-DADThe running buffer used was a solution of 45 mM H BO (pH 9.6), adjusted with NaOH to pH 10 and with 5% MeOH. Extracts were electrokinetically injected by application of 25 kV for 4 s. The analysis voltage was 27 kV, being the average current ∼110 A, Tª 30 °C, and λ: 210 nm. To maintain the capillary under optimal working conditions, its surface was regenerated after each run by sequential washing with water (2 min), 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (2 min), 1 min waiting, followed by the running buffer (10 min). [GA]: 12.48 ± 0.4 µg/g[ ]
Leaves from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and
Ligustrum lucidum (Ioannina, Greece)
The samples were washed and pulverized into a fine powderOregano leaves were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet apparatus for 6 h, while sage, rosemary, and L. lucidum leaves were subsequently extracted with hexane and ethyl acetate in a Soxhlet apparatus for 6 h. Furthermore, L. lucidum leaves were subjected to two more treatments: macerated in MeOH for 7 days in the dark at RT and boiled with distilled water for 1 h. All the extracts were filtered, freeze-dried, and stored at −20 °C. H-NMRNMR experiments were performed at 295 K on a Bruker 500 spectrometer equipped with a TXI cryoprobe. Samples were dissolved in DMSO-d . All chemical shifts were measured with reference to the internal standard TSP-d (δ = 0.000 ppm) of a given concentration (0.03 mM). All spectra were acquired with an acquisition time of 1.818 s, relaxation delay 5 s, 64 K data points, 90° pulse length, and optimum low-power radiofrequency irradiation for the water signal pre-saturation. H NMR spectrum of the artificial mixture of phenolic acids found 2.94 mM GA[ ]
Green tea samples (C. sinensis) (Guangzhou, China)Different varieties of green tea were pulverized and stored until use.1.5 mL Milli-Q water was added to 50 mg pulverized green tea and kept at 70 °C with continuous shaking for 25 min. The extract was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 min, and the supernatant was stored until analysis. H-NMR 600 µL of the sample was mixed with 100 µL of TSP-d –D O solution and analyzed in a Bruker 600 spectrometer at 600.13 MHz proton frequency; 128 scans of 38.460 data points were acquired, with a spectral width of 9600 Hz (16 ppm), pulse width of 12.34 ms, acquisition time of 4.0 s, relaxation D1 of 10 s, flip angle of 90°, and constant gain of 181. [GA] (mg/g)

(1) 0.34
(2) 1.58
(3) 1.88
(4) 1.31
(5) 1.73
(6) 1.63
[ ]
Leaves from green tea of the cultivars C. sinensis Yabukita and YutakamidoriND100 mg of green tea from each cultivar was sprayed with liquid N and subjected to microextraction in 1 mL of CD OD (0.05% TMS). Then, sonication and centrifugation were performed at 12,000 rpm for 10 min
Each, and the supernatant was stored until analysis.
H HR-MAS NMR H HR-MAS qNMR spectra were acquired on a Bruker 400 (9.4 T) spectrometer at 400.13 MHz, equipped with 4 mm four channel ( H; C; N; H) HR-MAS probe and gradient field in the direction of the magic angle (θ = 54.74°). All acquisitions were performed with an interpulse delay time of 5 × T , a recycle delay of 20 s (D1), 256 transients, AQ of 4.89 s, and 64 K points during the acquisition, using a spectral window of 8012.820 Hz.GA was identified via a singlet at δ 7.10[ ]
Different water samples matrices, including tap (1), mineral (2), and river (3) (Iran)Before the determination of GA in samples, 500 mL of each sample were filtered through Whatman filter paper, and the samples were stored at 4 °C until analysis and processed within 1 week of collectionAn ultrasonic processor operated at 40 kHz with a power of 130 W was used as the source of ultrasound for the enhanced recovery of GA. UV–VisThe volume of eluent (EtOH), sonication time, amount of sorbent, and pH were the parameters to optimize. [GA] (ng/mL)
(1): 995.43
(2): 984.35
(3): 990.71
[ ]
Green lentils
(Saskatoon, SK, Canada)
Initial preparation of the samples involved the removal of lipids: samples were dried, dehulled. and defatted with hexane (1:5, w/v) for 5 min at RT. This procedure was repeated
twice more, and samples were stored at −20 °C.
Black hull soluble (BHS); black whole soluble (BWS); black dehull soluble (BDS); green hull soluble (GHS); green whole soluble (GWS); green dehull soluble (GDS); black hull insoluble-bound (BHI); black whole insoluble-bound (BWI); black dehull insoluble-bound (BDI); green hull insoluble-bound (GHI); green whole insoluble-bound (GWI); green dehull insoluble-bound (GDI)
Soluble phenolic compounds (SPCs): 10 mL of MeOH/acetone/H O (1:1:1, v/v/v) was added to defatted samples and then sonicated for 20 min at 40 °C. The supernatant was then filtered and stored. Non-soluble phenolic compounds (NSPCs): Residues after the extraction of soluble phenolics were hydrolyzed using 2 M NaOH while stirring for 4 h at RT, then using 6 M HCl, and then centrifuged at 2000× g for 5 min. The supernatant was then extracted with hexane and then with diethyl ether/ethyl acetate 1:1 (v/v), four times. The solvent was then removed using a rotary evaporator, and then reconstituted in MeOH and stored at −20 °C until use.(ESI)-MS-MS500 µL of both SPC and NSPC were injected into a mass spectrometer through direct diffusion at a rate of 10 µL/min. The individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the negative mode along with 4045 (v) ion spray voltage, 16.1 (arb) sheath gas, 2.4 aux gas, 325 °F ion transfer tube Tª, and 30 °C vaporizer Tª.[GA] (μg/g)

SPC:
(BHS): 96.0 ± 2.0
(BWS): 2.8 ± 0.5
(BDS): 0.9 ± 0.2
(GHS): 4.0 ± 0.2
(GHS): 1.4 ± 0.1
(GDS): 1.1 ± 0.0

NSPC:
(BHI): 489.9 ± 38.9
(BWI): 1.6 ± 0.5
(BDI): 1.5 ± 0.2
(GHI): 104.1 ± 2.4
(GHI): 0.9 ± 0.0
(GDI): 2.6 ± 0.2
[ ]
Alcohol beverages (sherry and fruit wines and cognac 1 and 2)No sample pretreatment is necessary and the procedure is rapidA test solution containing 5–150 µg of GA, 1.5 mL of fresh 8 × 10 M
4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate, 2.5 mL of 1 M HCl, and water up to a volume of 25 mL was sequentially added to vessels with ground stoppers. A
single (polyurethane foam) PUF tablet was placed in each vessel, and after an unspecified period, tablets were removed and dried, and their diffuse reflectance was measured.
DRSDiffuse reflectance values were measured on “Uniphot” portable reflectometer–colorimeter. The GA concentration was obtained using a Kubelka–Munk calibration curve, F (R) = f (C), where F (R) is the Kubelka–Munk function at 410 nm and C is the concentration of GA in µg/mL[GA] (µg/mL)

Sherry wine: 43 ± 3
Fruit wine: 77 ± 5
Cognac 1: 18 ± 2
Cognac 2: 38 ± 2
[ ]
Study Model and
Administration Way
Dose
mg/kg
GA
Antioxidant Activity
Therapeutic OutcomeReferences
Mice with diabetic nephropathy induced with methylglyoxal, oral administration30Decreases MDA, miR-192, miR-204, albuminuria, and Nrf2; increases antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, glyoxalase1, and miR-29aMitigates kidney damage by reducing oxidative stress markers[ ]
Elastase emphysema in rats, oral administration30Lowers MDA and NF-κB levels; increases GS, SOD, CAT, Nrf2, and HO-1 levelsReduces ischemia/reperfusion injury and histological damage[ ]
Paraquat liver injury in rats, oral administration50 or 100Lowers TG, AST, ALT, ALP, MDA, PC, IL-1β, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels; increases HDL-C, FRAP, SOD, and CAT levelsImproves histological damage[ ]
Metabolic syndrome in rats, oral administration20Increases SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH; decreases ROS, LPO, TNF-α, and IL-1βReduces oxidative stress and enhances recognition memory, hippocampal dendritic spines, and antioxidant enzymes[ ]
Paclitaxel neuropathy in mice, intravenous injection20 or 40Lowers LPO, TNF-α, and MPO levels; increases GSH levelReduces thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia symptoms[ ]
Quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats, oral administration200Increases GPx and CAT levels; decreases caspase-3, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levelsProtects against oxidative damage[ ]
Carbon tetrachloride liver fibrosis in rats, oral administration100Lowers AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, and MDA; increases SOD, CAT, and GSH levelsPrevents oxidative damage in emphysema[ ]
Streptozotocin diabetes in rats, oral administration10, 50, 100Decreases LPO and increases GSH levelsLowers oxidative stress and improves depressive-like behavior[ ]
COPD-linked lung inflammation/emphysema in mice, intraperitoneal injection100Lowers IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, LPO, PC, MMP-9, MMP-2; increases GSH and TIMP-1 levelsDecreases oxidative stress and histological damage[ ]
Nicotine-induced testicular injury in mice, intraperitoneal injection20Lowers NO and MDA levels; increases FRAP and SOD levelsReduces histological damage and increases sperm quality and testosterone[ ]
Sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in rats, oral administration30Lowers creatine kinase-MB, MDA, and NO levels; increases white blood cells, platelets, MCV, hemoglobin, MCH, GPx, GSH and SOD levelsReduces histological damage of the heart[ ]
Isoproterenol-induced ischemia/reperfusion in rats, oral administration50Increases SERCA2a and SOD levels; lowers LDH and creatine kinase-MB levelsImproves cardiac function and reduces cardiac hypertrophy[ ]
STZ diabetes in rats, oral administration20 or 40Reduces MDA markers; enhances antioxidant enzymes like GSH, SOD, and CATReduces oxidative stress and prevents glomerular damage and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis[ ]
Bisphenol A toxicity in rats, oral administration50 or 200Scavenges ROS; boosts SOD, CAT, and GSH antioxidants; decreases levels of urea, LPO, creatinine, uric acid, IL-6, and IL-1βMitigates oxidative damage and reduces kidney morphological damage[ ]
Paraquat toxicity in rats, oral administration50 or 100Lowers uric acid, creatinine, PCI, IL-1β, and MDA levels; enhances SOD and CAT activityReduces oxidative stress and kidney morphological damage[ ]
Diclofenac toxicity in rats, oral administration50 or 100Reduces serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, MDA, IL-1β, and NO levels; enhances SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH levelsPrevents oxidative damage and kidney morphological damage[ ]
Cyclophosphamide toxicity in mice, oral administration30Reduces BUN, KIM-1, NGAL, IL-1β, TNF-α, and creatinine levels; enhances antioxidants like SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSHMitigates kidney damage by reducing oxidative stress markers[ ]
Cisplatin toxicity in rats, oral administration40Lowers creatinine, LncRNA TUG1, Bax, caspase-3, Bcl-2, BUN, MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α levelsPrevents oxidative damage and kidney morphological damage[ ]
Glyoxylic acid kidney stone formation in mice, intraperitoneal injection50Decreases MDA, Lcn2 mRNA, KIM1 mRNA, creatinine, BUN, OPN, TNF-α, IL-1β, renal tubular injury, and CaOx crystal deposition; increases 4-HNE, Nrf2, HO-1 levelsReduces deposition of kidney stones and oxidative stress[ ]
Hyperuricemia in mice, oral administration100Decreases BUN, uric acid, Cys-C, MDA, IL-1β, COX-2, TGF-β1, and GLUT9 levels; increases CAT, OAT1, OAT3, and GPx levelsReduces kidney morphological damage[ ]
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in rats, intraperitoneal injection50Decreases IL-1β, ROS, and LPO levels; increases SOD and CAT levelsReduces neuronal loss, motor ability issues, and oxidative stress markers, and learning and memory improved[ ]
Hypothyroidism in rats, oral administration50Lowers ATF4, PERK1, p-eIF2α, GADD153, GADD34, caspase-12, Bax, ATF6α, IRE1a, and p53; increases eIF2α and Bcl-2 levelsPrevents oxidative damage and reduces morphological damage in CA3 hippocampal region[ ]
Ketamine toxicity in rats, oral administration10, 25, 50Lowers ROS, PC, and LPO levels; increases NPSH levelsReduces oxidative stress[ ]
HFD obesity in db/db mice, oral administration100Lowers AST, ALT, cholesterol, TG, LPO, SREBP1, and SREBP2 levels; increases GST, GPx, SOD, and CAT levelsReduces oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis and histological damage[ ]
Cyclophosphamide toxicity in mice, oral administration100, 200, or 400Increases SOD and GSH levelsImproves histological damage, reduces micronucleus and DNA strand breaks, and decreases oxidative stress markers by increasing antioxidant enzymes[ ]
Thioacetamide liver fibrosis in rats, oral administration20Lowers AST, total bilirubin, ALT, ALP, MDA, TGF-β1, p-Smad3, and miR-21 levels; increases miR-30, SOD, CAT, and miR-200 levelsImproves histological damage[ ]
Zearalenone reproductive dysfunction in rats, oral administration40Increases CAT, GPx, GST, GSH, SOD and TSH levels; decreases RONS, LPO, MPO, NO, and TNF-α levelsIncreases testicular function enzymes, reproductive hormones, and sperm quality; reduces histological damage[ ]
Cisplatin ovarian damage in rats, oral administration2.5 or 5Lowers MDA, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels; increases CAT levelReduces histological damage[ ]
TAC cardiac hypertrophic remodeling in mice, oral administration20Lowers IL-1β, IL-6, gp130, CaNA, p-ERK1/2, MCP-1, EGFR, p-STAT3, and p-AKT levelsReduces myocardial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, and histological damage[ ]
Study Model Dose Anticancer ActivityTherapeutic OutcomeReferences
Glioblastoma cell in rats50 and 100 mg/kgActivates mitochondrial apoptotic pathway90% reduction in tumor size and lower brain oxidative damage[ ]
DU145 prostate cancer cells in mice25, 50, and 100 µg/mLInitiates mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, inhibits cell growth at G2/M phases by activating Chk1 and Chk2 and inhibiting Cdc25C and Cdc2 activitiesReduced cancer cell survival and induced cell cycle arrest[ ]
A375S2 human melanoma cells in mice100 µmol/LPromotes apoptosis, downregulates Bcl-2, upregulates BaxMarked inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis[ ]
Breast cancer MCF-7 human cell lineGA, paclitaxel, and carboplatin in various concentrationsCell cycle arrest at the G2/M phaseGA boosted the efficacy of paclitaxel and carboplatin, induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells, and increased the expression of P53, Bax, and CASP-3[ ]
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in human cells and rats10, 20, and 40 µg/kgInhibits EGFR activation and reduces the CARM1-PELP1 complexInhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in NSCLC human cells, contributing to reduced tumor growth in vivo in rats[ ]
Colon cancer in rats20 and 50 mg/kg body weightReduces lipid peroxidation products like TBARS, LOOH, and CD, increases antioxidant levels like SOD, CAT, GSH, GR, and GPx, and lowers ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels in DMH-treated ratsStrong chemopreventive effect on DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis[ ]
Human bladder cancer T24 cell line6.25, 12.5, 25 µg/mLInhibits cell proliferation by disrupting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathwaysInhibits T24 cell proliferation and metastasis, and leads to apoptosis; pro-apoptotic activity linked with mitochondrial dysfunction and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling inhibition[ ]
Leukemia and its resistant sublines (HL60 cell HL60/VINC HL60/M2) in human cellsEleven concentrations ranging from 10–500 µMAlters cell cycle distribution and increases cell population in sub-G1 phase, modulates ROS production in a time- and dose-dependent mannerCytotoxic activity against human promyelocytic leukemia-sensitive HL60 line and its resistant sublines, showing different MDR phenotypes: HL60/VINC (overexpressing P-gp) and HL60/M2[ ]
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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Hadidi, M.; Liñán-Atero, R.; Tarahi, M.; Christodoulou, M.C.; Aghababaei, F. The Potential Health Benefits of Gallic Acid: Therapeutic and Food Applications. Antioxidants 2024 , 13 , 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081001

Hadidi M, Liñán-Atero R, Tarahi M, Christodoulou MC, Aghababaei F. The Potential Health Benefits of Gallic Acid: Therapeutic and Food Applications. Antioxidants . 2024; 13(8):1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081001

Hadidi, Milad, Rafael Liñán-Atero, Mohammad Tarahi, Marios C. Christodoulou, and Fatemeh Aghababaei. 2024. "The Potential Health Benefits of Gallic Acid: Therapeutic and Food Applications" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081001

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  23. 1001 inventions that changed the world

    Edited by MARC Bot. import existing book. January 21, 2010. Created by ImportBot. Imported from Library of Congress MARC record . 1001 inventions that changed the world by Jack Challoner, 2009, Barron's edition, in English - 1st U.S. ed.

  24. 6 Important Inventions That Changed The World Forever

    Books and other printed materials would still be created by hand without the invention of the printing press which comes in at number two on our list. German inventor Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press between 1440 and 1450, using a new hand mold technique to produce metal movable type quickly.

  25. Antioxidants

    Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic acid found in fruits and vegetables, has been consumed by humans for centuries. Its extensive health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, have been well-documented. GA's potent antioxidant capabilities enable it to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and protect cells from damage ...