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24 Presentation Statistics You Should Know in 2022

Written by: Mahnoor Sheikh

Looking for relevant and up-to-date presentation statistics to guide your next presentation?

A great presentation not only looks beautiful, but also manages to engage the audience and helps them remember important information after it’s finished.

In this article, we’ve curated a list of interesting and useful presentation statistics that will help you design and deliver stunning presentations that leave a strong impact.

Before we dive in, here’s a short selection of 8 easy-to-edit presentation templates you can edit, share and download with Visme. View more templates below:

Presentation Statistics [Infographic]

Check out the infographic below to view a visual summary of all the presentation statistics. If you want to read the full post with all the details, keep scrolling.

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Presentation Statistics on Fear of Public Speaking

Does the thought of giving a presentation make you feel nervous?

You’re not alone. Millions of people all over the world are affected by glossophobia, or a fear of public speaking.

In fact, studies have estimated that 75% of adults are affected by a fear of public speaking.

Glossophobia can affect a person in multiple ways.

They may experience anxiety, feel uncomfortable in large gatherings or even feel embarrassed when speaking in public—all of which can lead to lower self-esteem.

Speaking of anxiety, did you know that 90% of anxiety that people feel right before giving a presentation is due to lack of preparation?

This shows us how important it is to rehearse well before a presentation. Not doing so can lead to difficulty in speaking, sweaty palms and overall a presentation that could have been better.

Presentation Statistics on Design

A beautiful presentation can not only help you create a great first impression in front of your audience, but can also make you feel more confident while you’re presenting.

In fact, studies show that 91% of presenters feel more confident when presenting with a well-designed slide deck.

But designing a presentation that’s stunning and effective isn't as easy as you might think. If you’re a non-designer, you might find it tricky to put together a nice-looking slide deck using basic presentation software.

You’re not the only one. Research shows that 45% of presenters find it difficult to design creative layouts for their presentations.

If you’re using a drag-and-drop presentation maker like Visme , you don’t need to worry about finding beautiful layouts. You can access a large library of fully designed presentation templates and themes that you can use to create your own slide deck in minutes.

Creating beautiful presentations requires the use of high-quality visuals that add value to your content and make your slides look more engaging.

But the type of visuals you use largely affects the aesthetic appeal and effectiveness of your presentation, and finding the right ones can be challenging.

According to studies, 41% of presenters find it challenging to find and use great visuals in their presentations.

You also need to choose the right fonts for your presentation. The fonts you choose should be clear and attractive, as well as consistent with your brand.

Research shows that 7% of presenters find it challenging to look for attractive fonts to use in their presentations.

This means that the ideal presentation software should have a large library of fonts available for presenters to choose from.

Now, when it comes to designing, you’re probably wondering whether you should design your presentation yourself or hire a professional to do it for you.

Interestingly, a study showed that 65.7% of presenters prefer to design presentations on their own, with no help from a professional designer.

This shows that presenters like having total control over what their presentation looks like. It helps them better prepare and know their way around the slides.

But designing a presentation can take time, especially if you want it to look beautiful.

According to research, 47% of presenters put in more than 8 hours into designing their presentations.

This statistic makes sense, considering that a well-designed presentation requires you to look for external resources, such as images and data. You might even need to spend hours creating graphs and charts out of spreadsheets.

If you’re creating a business presentation, you probably want to use your company’s brand colors. Surprisingly, there are plenty of presenters who don’t agree with that.

According to studies, 35.3% of presenters actually prefer to use bright and vibrant colors to make their presentations look more engaging, instead of using their actual brand colors.

Considering that engagement is highly important during a presentation, this makes a lot of sense.

However, you should always try not to use colors that clash too much with your brand, as they may negatively impact your brand image.

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Presentation Statistics on the Art of Presenting

A memorable presentation involves more than just a beautiful slide deck and well-researched content. It’s just as important, if not more, to have great presenting skills.

According to SOAP presentations , the elements that contribute most to effective presentations include voice (38%) and non-verbal communication (55%).

The actual content of your presentation only makes up about 7%.

This shows how important it is to have good presentation skills, as it can largely determine whether your presentation is a success or not.

Plus, research shows that it can take as little as 5 seconds for the audience to determine whether a presenter is charismatic or not.

If they find you uncharismatic, they might lose interest or even stop listening to you.

Body language.

A key part of presentation skills is your body language. The more comfortable you are in your skin, the more likely you’ll be to deliver a powerful presentation.

For starters, you need to make enough eye contact with your audience to engage them.

According to research, the ideal amount of eye contact to make an emotional connection with your listeners is between 60% and 70% .

Another important thing to consider is how you carry yourself in front of your audience. The way you pose or walk around on the stage can determine how well you present.

Studies show that power posing , such as open arms, keeping your hands on your hips and a straight back, can increase confidence and reduce stress during a presentation.

So, the next time you’re presenting, make sure you don’t stay in a corner huddled up behind the podium. You need to look confident if you want to feel confident.

Storytelling.

The way you present information can have a huge impact on how your audience processes that information.

Some people like to simply state facts and figures. But is that really effective?

Not if you want your audience to remember your message.

Research shows that people are 22 times more likely to remember a fact when it’s been told in the form of a story.

Humans love stories. A strong narrative can enable people to make sense of information faster because it helps them see how that information relates to them.

Another study showed that after a presentation, 63% of attendees were able to remember stories, while only 5% could remember statistics.

The next time you want to present a statistic or fact, think about how you can relate it to people and their lives. Wrap it in a story so they’re able to process it more effectively and remember it after your presentation.

Presentation Statistics on Audience Engagement

If your presentation fails to engage your audience, you might not get your point across or make a strong impact.

You need to grab their focus so they stay hooked to your presentation till the very end. This task, though, is not as easy as it sounds.

According to Prezi, 4 in 5 business professionals said they shifted their focus away from the speaker in the last presentation they attended.

And let’s face it. Presentations can often get boring, especially when the speaker is droning on and on about a topic.

In fact, a research showed that 79% of people agree that “most presentations are boring.”

So, how do you make a boring presentation interesting? How do you get your audience to sit up in their seats and focus?

Studies show that the key to engaging your audience is to make them feel involved in your presentation. Of course, storytelling is one of the best ways to do that.

The study by Prezi showed that 55% of people find that a great story is what mainly helps them focus during a presentation.

Another way to get your audience involved with your presentation is to interact with them during the presentation.

In fact, studies show that if a presenter does all the talking without letting the audience participate, then audience engagement drops by 14% .

This is why you should make sure your presentation is interactive. For example, you could ask your audience questions throughout your presentation to keep them feeling involved.

Presentation Statistics on PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is the most widely used presentation software in the world.

In fact, more than 35 million PowerPoint presentations are given each day to over 500 million audiences. But does that make PowerPoint the best presentation software out there?

According to studies, most people stop listening to a PowerPoint presentation within 10 minutes .

While not the most effective presentation software, PowerPoint is still immensely popular.

Despite having dozens of newer and better options for creating presentations, 89% of people still use PowerPoint to put together their slideshow.

But their reason for doing so isn’t always the tool’s effectiveness.

In fact, the top three reasons why people still use PowerPoint to create presentations is because they’re familiar with the tool (73%), they find it easy to use (59%) or they simply don’t have a choice (43%).

Learn From These Presentation Statistics

Did you enjoy the presentation statistics above? Keep these facts in mind before your next presentation to make sure your message hits home.

If you’re looking for a powerful and easy-to-use alternative to PowerPoint, check out Visme’s online presentation maker . It’s free!

Create beautiful presentations faster with Visme.

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About the Author

Mahnoor Sheikh is the content marketing manager at Visme. She has years of experience in content strategy and execution, SEO copywriting and graphic design. She is also the founder of MASH Content and is passionate about tea, kittens and traveling with her husband. Get in touch with her on LinkedIn .

Home » Statistics » 37+ Presentation Statistics You Need To Know

• 37+ Presentation Statistics You Need To Know

Statistics can be dry and boring, but when it comes to presentations, they are your best friend.

By understanding some key presentation statistics , you can make sure that your next presentation is as effective as possible.

Presentations are an effective way to communicate information to an audience . However, if they are not done correctly, they can be a complete waste of time.

When planning your next presentation, you need to keep a few presentation statistics in mind in order to slay your next presentations and leave your audience stunned and impressed!

Presentation skills are the ability to communicate clearly and effectively when presenting information to an audience. Presentation skills include both the ability to  deliver a presentation that is engaging, compelling, informative, educational, transformative, enlightening, or instructive  as well as the ability to create effective visual aids that support the presentation.

Key Takeaways:

• The two elements which contribute the most to the presentation are voice (38%) and non-verbal communication (55%). The content of the presentation is only about 7%. (Business Insider)
• In a recent survey, 47% of presenters responded they invested more than 8 hours in designing a presentation. (Infographics Design Team)
• When facts are told in the form of a story, 63% of the audience remembers them whereas only 5% could remember the statistics. (Drugstore News)
• More than 35 million PowerPoint presentations are given every day to over 500 million people. (Forbes)
• Most people stop listening to a presentation after the initial 10 minutes. (Forbes)
• Only 4.9% of people outsource their presentation design work. (Infographics Design Team)

General Presentation Statistics

1. about 75% of people are generally terrified of giving presentations.

(Journal of Education and Educational Development)

Takeaway: Giving presentations sure is a daunting task for a few. For some people, it’s enjoyable while for others, it’s stress-inducing. According to this statistic, about 75% of people are genuinely terrified of giving presentations. If you’re one of the 75% of people who gets nervous before presentations, don’t worry! You’re not alone. Just remember to breathe and take your time. The more prepared you are, the better you will do.

2. 90% of people experience glossophobia or other forms of anxiety before giving a presentation

Takeaway: This stat goes hand-in-hand with the one above. Glossophobia is the fear of public speaking , and it is very common. In fact, 90% of people experience some form of anxiety before giving a presentation. If you’re feeling anxious about your upcoming presentation, don’t hesitate to reach out to a friend or family member for support. The more you practice, the more confident you will become.

3. According to a survey conducted, 91% of people claimed they feel confident with a well-prepared and well-designed presentation

(Presentation Panda)

Takeaway: This stat is very reassuring. It means that as long as you take the time to prepare and design your presentation well, you will be in good shape. Remember to always start with a strong introduction and end with a powerful conclusion. If you do this, your audience is sure to remember your presentation long after it’s over. According to this stat, around 91% of people feel very confident when they are well-prepared so this indicates that the key to a successful presentation is to be well-prepared and well-organized.

4. The two elements which contribute the most to the presentation are voice (38%) and non-verbal communication (55%). The content of the presentation is only about 7%

(Business Insider)

Takeaway: This stat is a bit surprising but it definitely makes sense. Your voice and non-verbal communication play a much bigger role in your presentation than the actual content. This means that you need to be aware of your body language and tone of voice throughout the entire presentation. If you come across as bored or uninterested, your audience will likely feel the same way. Make sure to practice in front of a mirror so that you can see how you come across to others. The more you practice, the more your presentation will be a success.

5. 79% of people confess that they find presentations boring

Takeaway: This stat is a bit disheartening but it’s important to know nonetheless. If you’re planning on giving a presentation, chances are that your audience might find it boring. This means that you need to work extra hard to make sure that your presentation is engaging and interesting. One way to do this is to use visuals and graphics. People are more likely to remember information if it is presented in a visually appealing way. Another way to keep your audience engaged is to tell stories. Stories are a great way to connect with your audience and make your presentation more memorable.

6. Audience engagement level is at 92% when attendees are allowed to participate in the presentation

(Salescrunch)

Takeaway: This stat is very encouraging. It means that if you allow your audience to participate in your presentation, they are much more likely to be engaged. There are a few different ways you can do this. You can ask them questions, have them participate in polls or surveys, or even give them a chance to ask you questions at the end of the presentation. The more interactive your presentation is, the more successful it will be.

7. 65.7% of people prefer to design presentations on their own, without seeking any help from a design professional

(Infographics Design Team)

Takeaway: This stat is interesting because it shows that a majority of people prefer to design their own presentations. This means that if you’re feeling confident, you can go ahead and design your presentation on your own. However, if you’re not sure where to start or if you need some help, don’t hesitate to reach out to a professional. They will be able to help you put together a presentation that is sure to impress your audience.

8. In a recent survey, 47% of presenters responded they invested more than 8 hours in designing a presentation.

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of time and effort goes into designing a successful presentation. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, remember that it’s important to take your time and make sure that everything is perfect. The more time you spend on your presentation, the better it will be. If you keep these statistics in mind, you will be sure to give a successful presentation that will engage and interest your audience. Remember to be well-prepared, use visuals, tell stories, and allow your audience to participate. With a little bit of effort, you can create a presentation that is sure to wow your audience.

9. A study shows that people are 22 times more likely to remember a fact when it is told in the form of a story

Takeaway: This stat is very interesting and it definitely has implications for presentations. If you want your audience to remember the information in your presentation, tell them a story. Stories are a great way to connect with your audience and make your presentation more memorable. When you’re telling a story, make sure to focus on the emotional aspects. This will help your audience to connect with the story and remember the information.

10. When facts are told in the form of a story, 63% of the audience remembers them whereas only 5% could remember the statistics

(Drugstore News)

Takeaway: This stat is very similar to the previous one. It shows that stories are much more effective than statistics when it comes to remembering information. This means that if you want your audience to remember your presentation, focus on telling stories. Make sure to focus on the emotional aspects of the story and connect with your audience. This will help them to remember the information in your presentation.

Presentation Design Statistics

11. 41% of people find it difficult to incorporate visuals and graphics into their presentations to make them more appealing.

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of people struggle with incorporating visuals into their presentations. If you’re one of those people, don’t worry, you’re not alone. The good news is that there are a few different ways to incorporate visuals into your presentation. You can use charts and graphs, photos, or even videos. Whatever you do, make sure that the visuals are relevant to the information in your presentation.

12. About 7% of the presenters’ struggle in choosing the right type of font for their presentation

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of people have trouble choosing the right font for their presentation. When you’re choosing a font, make sure that it is easy to read and that it is appropriate for the tone of your presentation. You also want to make sure that the font is large enough so that everyone in the audience can see it. This is one of the core factors which you need to focus on while designing a presentation to ensure that it’s a success.

13. More than 35 million PowerPoint presentations are given every day to over 500 million people

Takeaway: This stat shows that PowerPoint is one of the most popular presentation tools. If you’re giving a presentation, there’s a good chance that you’ll be using PowerPoint. When you’re using PowerPoint, make sure to use it in a way that will engage your audience. Use visuals and stories to keep your audience interested.

14. About 35.3% of people prefer to use vibrant and bright colors in their presentations

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of people prefer to use vibrant and bright colors in their presentations. When you’re choosing colors for your presentation, make sure to choose ones that are appropriate for the tone of your presentation. You also want to make sure that the colors are easy on the eyes and won’t cause eye strain. The right colors are bound to make your presentation a success.

15. Around 45% of people face difficulties while designing a creative design layout for their presentation

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of people have trouble designing a creative presentation. If you’re one of those people, don’t worry, you’re not alone. The good news is that there are a few different ways to design a creative presentation. You can use charts and graphs, photos, or even videos. Whatever you do, make sure that the visuals are relevant to the information in your presentation. Also, try not to use too much flashy visuals as they appear to strain the eyes and might make your audience uncomfortable.

16. Most people stop listening to a presentation after the initial 10 minutes

Takeaway: This stat shows that most people lose interest in a PowerPoint presentation after the first ten minutes. This is also because PowerPoint presentations are usually the same ones so people often get bored. This is why it’s so important to engage your audience from the very beginning. Use stories and visuals to keep your audience interested. Also, make sure to keep your presentation short and to the point.

17. 89% of people still prefer to use PowerPoint for designing presentations

Takeaway: This stat shows that PowerPoint is still the most popular presentation tool. If you’re giving a presentation, there’s a good chance that you’ll be using PowerPoint. When you’re using PowerPoint, make sure to use it in a way that will engage your audience. Use visuals and stories to keep your interest in your presentation.

18. Around 4.9% of people outsource their presentation design work

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of people outsource their presentation design work. If you’re one of those people, don’t worry, you’re not alone. The good news is that there are a few different ways to design a creative presentation. You can use charts and graphs, photos, or even videos. Whatever you do, make sure that your content is relevant.

19. “An ideal presentation should have 10 slides and should be only 20 minutes in length”

(Guy Kawaski)

Takeaway: This stat shows that an ideal presentation should only be 20 minutes long. This is because people often get bored after the first ten minutes. So make sure to keep your presentation short and to the point. Another thing to remember is the 3 seconds rule which means that you only have 3 seconds to capture the attention of your audience. Also, use visuals and stories to engage your audience from the very beginning.

Presentation on Stage Statistics

20. it takes the audience on average 5 seconds to determine whether a presenter is charismatic or not.

Takeaway: This stat shows that it only takes the audience a few seconds to determine whether a presenter is charismatic or not. So if you’re giving a presentation, make sure to be charismatic from the very beginning. Use your body language and voice inflection to engage your audience. Also, try to smile and make eye contact with your audience members.

21. The ideal amount of eye contact for a presenter that is required to build an emotional connection with the audience is between 60% to 70%

(Quantified)

Takeaway: This stat shows that you need to make eye contact with your audience members in order to build an emotional connection. So if you’re giving a presentation, make sure to maintain eye contact with your audience members. Try to smile and use your body language to engage your audience.

22. Power Posing in a presentation can help increase confidence and reduce stress while giving a presentation

(TheCareerCafe)

Takeaway: This stat shows that power posing can help increase confidence and reduce stress while giving a presentation. So if you’re feeling nervous before your presentation, try to do some power poses. Stand up straight, put your hands on your hips, and take a few deep breaths. This will help you relax and feel more confident.

23. 55% of people confess that a great story helps them to focus on a presentation

Takeaway: This stat shows that a great story can help people to focus on a presentation. So if you’re giving a presentation, make sure to use stories to engage your audience. Use visuals and body language to tell the story. Also, try to make the story relevant to your presentation topic so your audience can relate to your presentation and show maximum engagement.

24. 35% of millennials claim that they would only like to engage in a presentation that has a great story or a compelling theme

Takeaway: This stat shows that millennials want to engage in a presentation that has a great story or a compelling theme. So in order to engage millennials in your presentation, you need to ensure that it has a strong and compelling story that makes your audience relate to whatever you are presenting.

25. 70% of presenters believe that presenting interactive content helps to engage the audience

Takeaway: This stat shows that presenters believe that interactive content helps to engage the audience. So if you’re giving a presentation, make sure to use interactive content such as polls, quizzes, or even games. This will help to keep your audience engaged and interested in your presentation.

26. 68% of people believe that interactive presentations are more memorable

Takeaway: This stat shows that people believe that interactive presentations are more memorable. So if you’re looking to give a presentation that your audience will remember, make sure to use interactive content. This will help to keep your audience engaged and interested in your presentation.

27. Presentations with visual aid are 43% more engaging as compared to those without

Takeaway: This stat shows that presentations with visual aid are more engaging as compared to those without. So if you’re looking to engage your audience, make sure to use visuals in your presentation. Use charts, graphs, or even photos and videos to help tell your story. This will help to keep your audience engaged and interested in your presentation.

28. Experts recommend only using 1 slide for 1 idea for maximum audience retention

Takeaway: This stat shows that experts recommend only using one slide for one idea. So if you’re looking to engage your audience and ensure that they remember your presentation, make sure to use one slide for each idea. This will help to keep your audience focused on your presentation and prevent them from getting lost or confused.

Business Presentation Statistics

29. 71% of people prefer using their company’s branding in their presentation.

(Beautiful.ai)

Takeaway: This stat shows that people prefer using their company’s branding in their presentations. So if you’re looking to engage your audience, make sure to use your company’s branding in your presentation. This will help to make your presentation more recognizable and memorable.

30. The average person spends about 40 hours per month preparing presentations

(SlideGenius)

Takeaway: This stat shows that the average person spends about 40 hours per month preparing presentations. So if you’re looking to give a great presentation, make sure to spend adequate time preparing for it. This will help to ensure that your presentation is well-organized and engaging.

31. Only 15% of people find it easy to create a presentation that is in line with their company’s branding guidelines

Takeaway: This stat shows that only 15% of people find it easy to create a presentation that is in line with their company’s branding guidelines. This is because the branding guidelines help to capture the target market as well and to obtain maximum results by targeting the market to a specific audience.

32. 61% of people spend more time coming up with the presentation’s content rather than its design

Takeaway: This stat shows that 61% of people spend more time coming up with the presentation’s content rather than its design. This is because people believe that compelling and interactive content is more important than an aesthetically pleasing design.

33. It is estimated that about $30 billion is spent on presentations every year

Takeaway: This stat shows that a lot of money is spent on presentations every year. So if you’re looking to give a great presentation, make sure to spend adequate time and money on it. This will help to ensure that your presentation is well-organized, engaging, and memorable.

34. The average cost of designing a professional presentation is between $500 to $2000

Takeaway: This stat shows that the average cost of designing a professional presentation is between $500 to $2000. So if you’re looking to give a great presentation, make sure to spend adequate time and money on it.

35. On average, people only remember about 50% of the information presented to them after a week

Takeaway: This stat shows that on average, people only remember about 50% of the information presented to them after a week. So if you’re looking to ensure that your audience remembers your presentation, make sure to review the key points at the end of your presentation. This will help to reinforce the main ideas and help your audience retain the information.

36. People can remember up to 80% of the information if it is presented visually

Takeaway: This stat shows that people can remember up to 80% of the information if it is presented visually. So if you’re looking to ensure that your audience remembers your presentation, make sure to use visuals such as images, charts, and graphs. This will help to make the information more memorable and easier to understand.

37. When asked, 62% of people said that they would like to see more visuals in presentations

Takeaway: This stat shows that when asked, 62% of people said that they would like to see more visuals in presentations. So if you’re looking to engage your audience, make sure to use more visuals in your presentation. This will help to make the information more memorable and easier to understand.

Presentation skills are important because they can help you to better engage with your audience and deliver information in a more concise and memorable way. Additionally, having strong presentation skills can help you to advance in your career or build your business.

Wrapping Up

Presentations are a great way to engage your audience and deliver information in a concise and memorable way. However, it is important to spend adequate time and money on your presentation in order to ensure that it is well-organized, engaging, and informative. Use these statistics as a guide to help you create a great presentation that will leave a lasting impression on your audience.

Effective presentations can be the key to success in many different areas of life. Whether you’re presenting to a group of potential clients or delivering a speech at your cousin’s wedding, nailing your presentation can make all the difference.

Creating an effective presentation is no easy feat– it takes time, effort, and often money to put together a great presentation. But the payoff can be huge, so it’s important to understand the basics of what goes into a great presentation.

We hope these presentation statics were helpful and gave you some insights into how to make your next presentation a success! If you have any questions or would like help creating your next presentation, leave us a comment below!

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https://presentationpanda.com/blog/new-presentation-statistics/

https://www.infographicdesignteam.com/blog/presentation-statistics/

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https://drugstorenews.com/news/1-0-people-dont-remember-your-presentation

https://www.forbes.com/sites/chriswestfall/2019/10/19/the-3-step-strategy-for-powerful-powerpoint-presentations/?sh=701be95a2632

https://www.businessinsider.com/things-to-know-before-giving-a-presentation-2015-1

https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2014/04/30/why-powerpoint-presentations-always-die-after-10-minutes-and-how-to-rescue-them/#7a0ff2c278ba

https://guykawasaki.com/

http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/rule/pubs/2017/Tskhay_etal(2017_LQ).pdf

https://www.quantified.ai/blog/eye-contact-a-declining-communications-tool/

https://thecareercafe.co.uk/blog/10-amazing-facts-about-presentations-for-2020/

https://blog.prezi.com/3-must-have-story-elements-to-create-a-strong-presentation/

https://blog.prezi.com/the-state-of-attention-2018-infographic/

https://prezi.com/the-science/

https://blog.prezi.com/the-2018-state-of-presentations/

https://www.duarte.com/presentation-skills-resources/perfect-your-slide-design/

https://www.slidegenius.com/blog/author/inna-e/page/2

Eisha Gul is a part of Weshare’s writing team. She has social media marketing experience for over 4 years and has been writing in-depth guides and articles about the industry ever since.

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• Joel Schwartzberg

Demystify the numbers. Your audience will thank you.

While a good presentation has data, data alone doesn’t guarantee a good presentation. It’s all about how that data is presented. The quickest way to confuse your audience is by sharing too many details at once. The only data points you should share are those that significantly support your point — and ideally, one point per chart. To avoid the debacle of sheepishly translating hard-to-see numbers and labels, rehearse your presentation with colleagues sitting as far away as the actual audience would. While you’ve been working with the same chart for weeks or months, your audience will be exposed to it for mere seconds. Give them the best chance of comprehending your data by using simple, clear, and complete language to identify X and Y axes, pie pieces, bars, and other diagrammatic elements. Try to avoid abbreviations that aren’t obvious, and don’t assume labeled components on one slide will be remembered on subsequent slides. Every valuable chart or pie graph has an “Aha!” zone — a number or range of data that reveals something crucial to your point. Make sure you visually highlight the “Aha!” zone, reinforcing the moment by explaining it to your audience.

With so many ways to spin and distort information these days, a presentation needs to do more than simply share great ideas — it needs to support those ideas with credible data. That’s true whether you’re an executive pitching new business clients, a vendor selling her services, or a CEO making a case for change.

• JS Joel Schwartzberg oversees executive communications for a major national nonprofit, is a professional presentation coach, and is the author of Get to the Point! Sharpen Your Message and Make Your Words Matter and The Language of Leadership: How to Engage and Inspire Your Team . You can find him on LinkedIn and X. TheJoelTruth

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A Beautiful, Creative Way to Present a Statistic in PowerPoint (Tutorial)

Yousef "yoyo" abu ghaidah.

• May 2, 2018

Looking for a creative way to present an important statistic?

Look no further.

In this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to design a slide so beautiful that it gives your statistic justice. You won’t even need to use Photoshop, Excel, or any of that stuff; all you need is PowerPoint, an image of your choice, and a dash of creativity.

The end result will look something like this.

1. Find a PNG Image To Use

Before designing anything, your first job is to find a picture that can be used to present your key statistic.

The goal is to find an image in a Portable Network Graphic (PNG) format. PNGs are one of the few image types available that can handle transparency. Transparency, in this context at least, refers to the lack of a background. If you’re interested, SitePoint has fantastic write up on different image file types that you can check out .

One more thing: don’t go for just  any  image. Choose a high-quality photo that follows the BARE principle .

Once you found what you’re after, bring it into your slide canvas, and position it wherever you’d like.

2. Turn Your Image into a Bar Chart

Select your slide and duplicate it by pressing Ctrl + D . You should now have two identical slides that you can play around with.

Go to your first slide, click on the image, and then go to  Format Tab . Click on  Color and choose the  Grayscale option.

Now go to your second slide .  This time you’re going to pick a color overlay. To do this, click on your image and go to  Format > Color > More Variations . Choose whatever color you’d like.

You should have two slides with different color patterns, like so:

Now click on the image on your second slide (the colored one). Click  Crop in the  Format   Tab .

This is where things get interesting. Crop the image to reflect your statistic. If, for example, your statistic highlights 30% of something, then crop the image until you have 30% of it left.

Don’t bother being precise. Nobody is going to take out a ruler and start measuring whatever is on your slide. Just go for something indicative.

Now, press Ctrl + C to copy your cropped image. Head to your first slide (the one with the grayscaled image), and press  Ctrl + V to paste it.

Voila, you just created a creative bar chart using images. You can now delete your second slide and move on.

3. Express Your Statistic With Text

So you’re done with the illustrative part. Awesome. Now, type out your statistic to reflect the illustration you made.

Don’t be afraid to be creative  in this step. Use a combination of different fonts, font sizes, shapes and colors to really bring out your message.

A Creative Solution That Works Perfectly

See how powerful PowerPoint is? A lot of users don’t even know they can do something like this, let alone do it easily.

By going through these three easy steps, you too can create a slide that expresses key statistics in an intuitive way.

Now it’s your turn; go ahead and create a slide similar to the one in this tutorial.

If you run into any problems, or just want to show me what you’ve made, then just drop a line in the comments section.

Awesome! I loved that!

Thanks Toqeer!

Very cool!! Thanks so much for sharing !

very creative.. thank you !!

You’re welcome!

Thanks a bunch! <3

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May 24, 2024

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[UPDATED] Top Presentation Statistics for 2023

Decktopus shared a survey and collected data on presentation related trends and tendencies. The survey results reflect the responses of over 300+ participants, with significant participation from business professionals, academics and student bodies.

What's Inside?

Data is everything. Especially as 2022 is just around the corner, it is becoming increasingly important for companies to collect data from their users to gain valuable insights and improve their product offerings. Further, this data could be used to help develop the industry and user experience trends in general. For this very purpose, Decktopus shared a survey and collected data on presentation related trends and tendencies. The survey results reflect the responses of over 300+ participants, with significant participation from business professionals, academics and student bodies. The optimal length of a presentation for an audience member is about 10 slides.

1. The optimal length of a presentation for an audience member is about 10 slides.

Audience members do not prefer exorbitantly long presentations or super short presentations. When given the option, the average preference for slide numbers were either 5-9 slides or 10-14 slides as opposed to 5-9 or 15-19 slides. This shows that an average audience member prefers that you keep your slide number to about 10 slides.

2. People prefer about one fourth of the slide to be composed of text at most.

It is a super common pitfall for anyone creating a presentation. You want to deliver on content, and you think the best way to do it is overload your slides with text. But, you are wrong; most survey takers prioritize visual aids and design elements before text and absolutely HATE text-heavy slides. Why? Simple: it is difficult to follow and sustain the audience's attention. This is why about half the survey takers said they preferred the text to take up no more than a fourth of the slide. If you are having difficulty maintaining the text portion to a certain limit, consider using tools like Decktopus that offer limits on text per slide.

3. 100% of people think a slide should include visuals.

While there were variations in how much of the slide should be visuals, one thing was clear from the survey results: no visuals is not an option. While about 60% of participants said they prefer to see some visuals on slides, the remaining 40% said visuals are an absolute must in presentations. It is a known fact that visuals are becoming increasingly important elements in presentations, and you should consider them as key assets in your presentation. Refer to the visual aids in Decktopus for free image, gif and icon libraries.

4. About a fifth of the participants said they looked at another screen constantly during presentations.

The reasons may vary, but it seems that it is relatively easy to lose attention on the presentation with many technological gadgets lying around at your disposal. About half the participants said this tendency depended on either the presentation topic, or more importantly how engaging the presenter was. Thankfully, there are ways to keep your audience members engaged rather than looking at their phones. For tips on how to deliver an engaging presentation, follow our blog: “What makes for a good presentation?”

5. Most people have an attention span of 10 to 15 minutes for a standard presentation.

Survey takers said they preferred a presentation to be no longer than 15 but not shorter than 10 minutes long. If a presentation is too short, you might find yourself unclear about the message or the material. Conversely, if it is too long, it becomes ever more difficult to sustain audience attention and engagement.

6. People consider “the story” the most important and memorable part of a presentation.

A presentation should be telling a story. Evidently, participants agreed as they placed the story as the number one thing they remember after the presentation. The remainder of the participants said that video, statistics, images and questions were less important than stories, yet still essential elements of the presentation experience.

7. Audience members primarily expect a presenter to interact with them.

There are many things that make a presenter shine through as they deliver the content of their presentation. But, according to our survey results, proper audience interaction comes first. This is followed by clear speech, eye contact and loud voice. For more information on public speaking tips, refer to our blog on “How to Deliver the Perfect Presentation” .

8. Most people create at least one presentation per week.

This figure varies drastically from person to person; in fact, while about 10% of participants said they created presentations daily, about 30% of participants said they created presentations 1-3 times a month. The general numbers accounted for one presentation being created every week per member; which means 55 presentations a year per person! Can you imagine how many presentations that adds up to for, say, a company, or a country? Quite a lot…

9. The most amount of presentations are created for academic purposes.

There is, understandably, a huge variety when it comes to what kind of topics people create presentations for. While about 32% of participants said that they most often create presentations for homework or course assignments, around 21% said they used presentations for internal team and project updates. The remaining 12% most often created sales proposals, another 12% startup pitches, and finally 4% investor updates. This also means that about 2/3rds of presentations are created for business purposes or commercial needs. What an interesting bunch! Looking to find creative presentation ideas you had never heard of before? Read our blog on “Creative presentation ideas ”.

10. Most people don’t mind having to present remotely with the new conditions Covid-19 is imposing.

While it is clear that Covid-19 has brought on a whole new way of living and working, it seems it might have helped many people suffering with public speaking or presentation related anxieties. While 33% of participants said they found it somewhat difficult to present remotely, an overwhelming majority of the participants said that they didn’t mind having to present remotely. What’s more about a quarter of participants said they actually preferred it! This is a significant result showing that online presentation tools are actually super helpful in helping people who experience fear of public speaking.

11. Many fellow Decktopus users were extremely proud of their last presentation.

Almost all presentation statistics and figures published to this day show that many people are not proud of the latest presentation they made. Most account it to limited time for preparation or dislike of public speaking, but, nevertheless, they found their presentation performance unsatisfactory. But, about 80% of participants ranked their last presentation as a 4 or 5(5 being the proudest)! Thus, the result of our survey is an anomaly and there is only one explanation: most of our survey participants were Decktopus users and they are proud to use the best presentation tool out there .

12. Almost three quarters of people reuse the same slide deck at least once.

Previous surveys show that people find it difficult to locate appropriate and suitable templates for their decks and stick with one once it is remotely acceptable. Further, building a deck from scratch is severely daunting. That is perhaps why about 75% of participants said they reused the same slide deck at least once to this day, with around 30% of them reusing the same deck over 5 times.

13. It takes most people at least a couple of hours to put together a 10 slide presentation.

Preparing a decent looking presentation is no easy feat. Perhaps this is why over 60% of participants said it took them at least a couple hours to put together 10 slides, with a staggering 12% saying it took them about a week. You may be asking what all this time is being used on: we asked our participants the same question! Apparently while half of their time is spent on preparing the content, the entirety of their remaining effort  is distributed across these dimensions:  handling the design, integrity, theme, fonts, visuals of the presentation and collaborating with others on the presentation. There are ways to go around these hardships; check out alternative presentation tools like Decktopus to find the easiest way.

14. About half of people think content matters before anything else while preparing a presentation.

While we spend over half our time worrying about things like design elements, we are actually forgetting the main priority: content. While preparing slides 40% said they prioritize text and general content before anything. Further, about 25% said they focused on images, 15% on quotes and 10% on video. The reason why modern presentation tools like Decktopus are sought out as much is because they understand that when it comes to making a presentation, the creator wants to first and foremost focus on the content while not having to deal with design related secondary elements.

15. The biggest grievances modern presentation makers have are the time they spend and their design related efforts.

The gaps in current presentation tools are leading to exorbitant amounts of money, effort and time lost. When asked their biggest issue with presentation tools 31% said they take up too much time, while another 31% said they end up with bad presentation designs. The remaining participants pointed to high learning curves and limited usability. These facts and figures show that these gaps in the presentation industry required a solid replacement that would minimize the time and effort wasted on presentation preparation.

16. Most people think presentation tools should first and foremost offer design related aids.

Presentation tools should capitalize on design, while the user focuses on content. In fact, 42% of participants said presentation tools should offer many design, theme, template related options. The remaining portion of the participants said tools should either offer a limited amount of options specifically tiered to your presentation topic, or offer ready assets like images, gifs, icons. Thankfully, there is a presentation tool that offers them all; you guessed it, it is Decktopus!

17. A majority of people think presentations should be mandatory at school.

This idea is heavily debated. While previous findings suggest a duality between people who think pushing students to present will help them overcome their public speaking fear, the remainder thinks this is undue pressure on young adults. On our survey, 65% said that presentations should be mandatory at school, while 35% preferred that they weren’t, showing a preference for challenging students to work on their presentation skills. For more information on student accounts on presentation, read our blog: “Why Students Hate Giving Presentations”.

18. 1 in 2 people look for alternative solutions to not start their presentations from scratch.

About 50% of people start their presentations from scratch but find it extremely difficult to complete it from step 0. In contrast, 21% said they look for templates, 15% said they worked on an existing template, and 8% said they recycle a used presentation. This shows that about 50% of all presentation makers look for alternative solutions so that they don’t have to start from scratch. Thankfully, presentation tools like Decktopus allow you the options to both start from scratch and build from templates.

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So, what does all of this mean for you and your next presentation? Well, we’ve found that the sweet spot seems to be around 10 slides. And remember, less is more when it comes to text on slides – aim for one fourth or less. Additionally, make sure each slide has a visual component to keep audience members’ attention focused on you. Finally, be aware that most people have an attention span of 10 to 15 minutes, so don’t overdo it! To get more tips about making successful presentations, subscribe to our newsletter. We promise not to overload your inbox but will send you interesting stats like these every few weeks.

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Why and How to Bring Statistics Into Your Speech

November 24, 2017 - Dom Barnard

Using statistics in public speaking is a powerful way to add a quantifiable and persuasive aspect to your message. It provides a basis on which you can build an argument, prove a statement, or support an idea.

The key to using statistics is being able to extract meaning and patterns from data in a way that your audience can understand.

In this article, we’ll explain why statistics are important, how to choose the right statistic and how to integrate it into your presentation for maximum impact.

Why use statistics in your speech?

It can be very time consuming finding the right statistic to include in your presentation. Added to this is the possibility that an audience member questions whether the data is reliable. However, statistics can add a range of benefits to your presentation:

• Add realism to your presentation  – numbers and data are a good way to ground your presentation and being reality to your presentation. For example, stating that ‘wearing a seatbelt could save your life in a crash at 60mph’, is not as impactful as ‘you have a 20% chance of surviving a 60mph crash if you don’t wear a seatbelt’.
• Increase your credibility  – using a statistic shows that you’ve done research and are knowledgeable about the subject matter. Also, if you use a statistics from a trusted source (e.g. the NHS), it will boost your credibility.
• Make your presentation memorable  – interesting statistics will stay with your audience long after the presentation finishes.
• Emotionally impact your audience  – you can increase the emotional impact to your audience by including relevant, usually shocking, statistics, for example ‘in sub-Saharan Africa,  almost 60% of youth  between the ages of about 15 and 17 are not in school.’

Hans Rosling  using statistics in his TED talk – ‘Insights on HIV, in stunning data visuals’.

How do you choose the right statistic?

After you’ve decided to use statistics in your presentation, you need to find the right one for the message you’re delivering. It’s easy to get lost in the huge number of statistics out there, not all of them accurate. With so much data, how do you decide which statistic to use?

Here are several factors to consider when making your choice of statistic:

• Make it surprising  – your aim is to have your audience members leave the presentation and say to their friends, ‘Let me tell you about this interesting statistic I heard…’
• Leave the greatest impact on your audience  – you’ll need to do some  audience analysis  for this one. Once you have found the demographic or interested of your audience, you’ll be able to find a relevant statistic.
• Validate your message or argumen t – be careful not to include statistics just because they are interesting. They must be closely tied to your message or supporting points. If it isn’t relevant to your speech, your audience may remember the statistic, but they won’t remember you or your message.

Where do these statistics come from?

Statistics can come from a number of sources, here are some common ones:

• Presenting findings from research by understanding which results are meaningful and significant in the context of your presentation.
• Results from a survey and discussion of key findings, such as the average and extremes of that survey.
• Comparisons of data and benchmarking results along with competitive data and public data.
• Social media surveys with your existing audience. You can easily set these up on Twitter and Facebook.

Watch this TED talk on  3 ways to spot a bad statistic .

Weaving the statistic into your speech

It’s important to provide context for your statistic. Just adding a statistic on its own, no matter how interesting, will not have the desired effect.

For example, if I told you Snapchat has 170 million daily users, you might think that is a huge number for a social app. However, if I also told you Facebook has 1.37 billion daily users, this allows you to interpret the statistic in a more meaningful context.

Here are some tips for bringing your statistic into your speech:

• Compare how the statistic changes over time. The most powerful aspect may be to see how the value has changed from one week to the next, or from one year to the next.
• Bring your statistic to life by  telling the story  of one of the numbers. For example, if your statistic is about the number of billionaires in the world, you might begin by telling the story of Mark Cuban, and then reveal that he is only one of over 2,000 such billionaires.
• Don’t rely on your audience understand how the statistic is relevant. Explain the connection between the statistic and your message. A direct approach is usually best, such as ‘This is important because…’

Delivering the statistic for maximum impact

So you’ve found the right statistic, added it to your speech in an effective way, now you need to deliver that statistic for maximum impact.

Here are some techniques you can use to increase:

• Speak slower than your normal rate  – this will signal the importance of the statistic and allow you to clearly articulate your words. Read this on how to  slow down your talking .
• Use body language to demonstrate the magnitude  – standing with your arms wide open, for example, creates a sense of size.
• Pause immediately before the statistic  – this helps create suspense.
• Pause immediately after the statistic  – to give your audience time to process the meaning.
• Use facial expressions  – to convey the appropriate reaction. (i.e. show your own shock, surprise, sadness, etc.)
• Hint at its importance  – you can do this earlier in the speech to build suspense (e.g. ‘In the first section of the presentation, I’m going to reveal a statistic that will change the way you view politics) or use a quicker approach (e.g. ‘If you remember one thing from this speech, remember this…’)
• Add a slide with the statistic highlighted  – if you are speaking with slides, you might show a slide that links with your statistic. You could use a chart to highlight the magnitude of the number, or you could use a photograph to strike a more emotional tone.

Helping your audience understand the statistic

• Use statistics that are easily understood. Many people understand what an average is but not many people will know more complex ideas such as variation and standard deviation.
• Use reputable sources for the statistics you present in your speech, such as government websites, academic institutions and reputable research organizations and research think tanks.
• Many people try and avoid statistics, so when presenting data explain the context and use visual aids if possible.
• When presenting graphs, make sure that the key points are highlighted, the graphs are not misleading and the axes are clearly labelled

Examples of great statistics in presentations

Here are some statistics which, if used in the right context, would leave an impact with your audience and make your presentation more memorable.

• Stat #1 – Google gets over 100 billion searches a month [ source ]
• Stat #2 – B2B companies that blogged 11+ times per month had almost 3X more traffic than those blogging 0-1 times per month [ source ]
• Stat #3 – There are more people alive today than have ever died [ source ]
• Stat #4 – 72% of adult internet users use Facebook [ source ]
• Stat #5 – 91% of people say ads are more intrusive today than two years ago. [ source ]
• Stat #6 – In a room of just 23 people there is a 50% probability of two people having the same birthday. [ source ]
• Stat #7 – There are more possible iterations of a game of chess than there are atoms in the known universe [ source ]

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Top Presentation Insights & Statistics [2024]

In an era dominated by digital communication, the art of presentation transcends mere aesthetics to become a fundamental skill in information dissemination and persuasion across various industries. The INK PPT editorial team, through rigorous research and comprehensive data collection, has compiled pivotal statistics to provide a robust overview of the current landscape of presentation techniques . This blog serves as a definitive guide, empowering professionals to harness the power of effective presentation to achieve both personal and professional milestones.

Vital Statistics:

Usage and engagement:.

• Approximately 47% of presenters tailor their presentations to specific occasions, emphasizing the importance of customized presentations (Source: INK PPT)
• High-quality visuals can increase content engagement by up to 80%, underlining the critical role of design (Source: Venngage)
• Over 50% of speakers reuse their presentation slides, indicating the value of creating versatile content (Source: Storydoc)
• Presentations with stories are 22 times more memorable than those with only facts, showcasing the power of narrative (Source: Duarte)
• Nearly 60% of presenters believe engaging presentations are key to career advancement (Source: Forbes)
• 91% of professionals feel more confident when using a well-designed slide deck (Source: Visme)
• About 35% of presenters prefer using vibrant and colorful visuals in their presentations (Source: Beautiful.ai)
• Only 15% of slides are heavily text-based, with most presenters opting for more visual content (Source: Decktopus
• Nearly 79% of audiences prefer interactive presentations that allow them to participate (Source: SlideTeam
• 53% of presenters use their slides multiple times, highlighting the need for adaptable content (Source: Presentation Panda)
• 68% of presenters believe that presentations significantly influence their professional image (Source: Visme)
• Over 90% of presenters agree that strong presentation skills are crucial for success (Source: Duarte)
• 55% of people find presentations with compelling stories more engaging (Source: Storydoc)
• Only 7% of presenters find selecting appealing typefaces easy (Source: Beautiful.ai)
• 41% of presenters find it challenging to incorporate high-quality graphics into their presentations (Source: SlideTeam)
• Over 70% of business professionals turn their attention away during presentations that lack engagement (Source: Decktopus)
• Maintaining eye contact during a presentation can significantly enhance emotional connection with the audience (Source: Visme)
• Only a quarter of presenters are confident in their public speaking skills (Source: Presentation Panda)
• The ability to summarize complex information concisely is the most challenging aspect for 45% of presenters (Source: Duarte)
• Most presenters start their preparation with a content outline, highlighting the importance of structured information flow (Source: Beautiful.ai)

Design Preferences and Trends:

• A significant majority of users prefer visually attractive presentations over plain, text-heavy ones, with 67% favoring well-designed slides (Source: Visme)

• The use of infographics leads in engagement over other visual formats, signaling their effectiveness in capturing audience attention (Source: Beautiful.ai)

• Over 60% of designers emphasize the importance of color psychology in presentation design (Source: Duarte).

• Interactive elements such as polls and quizzes are used by 40% of presenters to increase audience engagement (Source: Venngage)

• Customized templates are preferred by 35% of professionals to reflect their brand identity effectively (Source: SlideTeam)

• The trend towards minimalistic design is growing, with 30% of presenters opting for cleaner and more straightforward layouts (Source: Presentation Panda)

• Data visualization tools are employed by over 50% of presenters to make complex data more understandable (Source: Visme)

• Nearly 25% of presenters use animation to enhance their narrative and keep the audience engaged (Source: Beautiful.ai)

• The demand for mobile-optimized presentations is increasing, with 47% of initial outreach decks viewed on mobile devices (Source: Decktopus)

• Over 30% of presentations now incorporate video, reflecting the rising importance of multimedia (Source: Storydoc)

•  Augmented reality (AR) is starting to be integrated into presentations for immersive experiences (Source: SlideTeam)

• Over 20% of presenters are now using cloud-based presentation tools for better accessibility and collaboration (Source: Presentation Panda)

• The use of bold and dynamic color schemes is on the rise, preferred by 11.8% of presenters to capture attention (Source: Visme)

• More than 15% of presenters acknowledge the challenge of finding a standout design amidst clutter (Source: Duarte)

• The preference for high-definition images is noted by 25.5% of presenters, emphasizing the importance of visual clarity (Source: Beautiful.ai)

• Sustainability in presentation design is gaining traction, with presenters increasingly opting for eco-friendly**materials (Source: Venngage)

• Custom icons and unique visual elements are now being integrated by 18.6% of presenters to enhance their unique brand voice (Source: SlideTeam)

• The preference for more natural and earthy tones in presentation design has been noted by about 9.8% of presenters, indicating a shift towards more subdued color palettes (Source: Presentation Panda)

• The integration of professional design services is increasing, with 4.9% of presenters now choosing to hire experts for presentation crafting (Source: Visme)

• The use of augmented reality in presentations is being explored by a growing number of designers to provide interactive and immersive experiences (Source: Beautiful.ai)

Industry Growth and Importance

• The demand for interactive and dynamic presentation tools is on the rise, reflecting a growing market (Source: Decktopus)

• A substantial 70% of professionals believe that presentation skills are crucial for career advancement (Source: Duarte)

• Presentation software market growth is being driven by increasing emphasis on digital storytelling and the need for remote communication (Source: Visme)

• Over 55% of executives identify presentation skills as a determinant in professional success and leadership (Source: Forbes)

• Organizations increasingly recognize the direct correlation between effective presentation and business outcomes (Source: Storydoc)

• The education sector is adopting presentation tools rapidly to enhance learning experiences and engagement (Source: SlideTeam)

• Trends indicate a shift towards more collaborative presentation tools in corporate environments (Source: Presentation Panda)

• Market analysis suggests a 50% increase in the use of presentation software in small to medium businesses over the next five years (Source: Visme)

• The rise in freelance and consultant roles has spiked the usage of presentation tools for pitches and proposals (Source: Beautiful.ai)

• With the on going global shift to remote work, presentation tools that support real-time collaboration are seeing higher adoption rates (Source: Decktopus)

• Environmental considerations are beginning to play a significant role in the development of presentation tools, promoting sustainability (Source: Storydoc)
• The healthcare sector’s increasing reliance on presentations for training and communication underscores the tool's versatility (Source: SlideTeam)
• Financial institutions are leveraging sophisticated presentation tools for data visualization and client reports (Source: Presentation Panda)
• The integration of AI in presentation software is enhancing customization and audience engagement (Source: Visme)
• Global sales teams are increasingly dependent on advanced presentation tools to streamline communication across different regions (Source: Beautiful.ai)
• The demand for security in presentation tools is rising, particularly in sensitive industries like defense and banking (Source: Decktopus)
• Educational institutions are prioritizing tools that facilitate interactive learning through presentations (Source: Storydoc)
• The growth in consumer electronics usage is pushing developers to optimize presentation software for tablets and smartphones (Source: SlideTeam)
• There is a growing emphasis on accessibility features in presentation tools to ensure inclusivity (Source: Presentation Panda)
• The rising popularity of cloud-based presentation platforms indicates a shift towards more flexible and accessible presentation solutions (Source: Visme)

Emerging Trends:

• Predictions suggest a shift towards video as the dominant format in presentations by 2025, pointing to the increasing integration of multimedia elements (Source: Storydoc)
• Emerging technologies like virtual reality are set to revolutionize presentations, offering immersive experiences to remote audiences (Source: SlideTeam)
• Artificial intelligence is being increasingly utilized to automate design processes and enhance presentation personalization (Source: Visme)
• There is a noticeable trend towards the gamification of presentations to increase engagement and retention (Source: Beautiful.ai)
• Remote presentation tools are evolving to offer more interactive features like real-time polling and audience feedback (Source: Decktopus)
• The integration of 3D elements in presentations is growing, providing more dynamic and engaging visual experiences (Source: Duarte)
• Augmented reality presentations are becoming more accessible, offering new ways to interact with content (Source: Storydoc)
• Sustainability is becoming a key consideration in presentation design, influencing choices in materials and practices (Source: SlideTeam)
• The demand for platform-agnostic presentation tools is increasing, allowing presentations to be delivered across various devices seamlessly (Source: Presentation Panda)
• The use of data-driven insights to guide presentation content and design is becoming more prevalent (Source: Visme)
• Microlearning through bite-sized presentations is gaining traction in educational and corporate settings (Source: Beautiful.ai)
• Cloud-based presentation platforms are emphasizing security features to protect sensitive information (Source: Decktopus)
• The shift towards minimalist design continues, focusing on simplicity and clarity in presentations (Source: Storydoc)
• Mobile-first design is being prioritized to accommodate the increasing number of mobile users accessing presentations (Source: SlideTeam)
• The use of narrative storytelling within presentations is being emphasized for its powerful impact on audience engagement (Source: Presentation's Utility in Professional and Personal Contexts)

How Useful is Presentation:

• Facilitates Clearer Understanding: Presentations break down complex information into digestible parts, making it easier for the audience to grasp and remember crucial details.
• Enhances Professional Image: A well-executed presentation boosts the presenter's credibility, portraying them as knowledgeable and well-prepared.
• Aids in Decision Making: Effective presentations can influence decision-making processes by clearly laying out facts and figures in an engaging manner.
• Increases Audience Engagement: By incorporating interactive elements, presentations can keep the audience engaged and active, leading to higher information retention.
• Promotes Effective Communication: Presentations provide a structured way to communicate ideas, ensuring that key messages are conveyed efficiently and effectively.
• Supports Skill Development: Preparing and delivering presentations helps individuals improve their public speaking, critical thinking, and technological skills.
• Boosts Confidence: Mastery in presenting boosts confidence, as individuals feel more equipped to handle public speaking and professional discussions.
• Facilitates Networking: Presentations at conferences and seminars open avenues for networking by showcasing expertise to a broader audience.
• Drives Innovation: Presenting challenging concepts and new ideas can stimulate creativity and innovation within a team or industry.
• Enhances Educational Experiences: In educational settings, presentations can be a dynamic tool for teaching complex subjects in an understandable way.
• Supports Business Strategies: In business, strategic presentations can align teams and stakeholders with organizational goals and tactics.
• Catalyzes Change: Persuasive presentations have the power to inspire action and effect change, whether in social, environmental, or business contexts.
• Improves Sales Performance: Sales presentations tailored to the audience can significantly increase the likelihood of closing deals.
• Enables Global Reach: Online presentations can reach a global audience, breaking geographical barriers and opening up international opportunities.
• Strengthens Brand Identity: Consistent style and messaging in presentations reinforce brand identity and help in maintaining a professional image.
• Encourages Collaboration: Interactive presentations encourage participation and collaboration among teams, enhancing group dynamics and output.
• Simplifies Reporting: Regular update presentations can keep stakeholders informed about progress and challenges without overwhelming them with details.
• Guides Training Efforts: In corporate training, presentations are invaluable for introducing new processes and guidelines effectively.
• Supports Advocacy Efforts: For NGOs and advocacy groups, presentations are crucial tools for educating the public and rallying support.
• Fosters Cultural Exchange: In diverse settings, presentations can be used to share cultural insights and foster understanding among different groups.

By leveraging the strategic advantages offered by effective presentation skills , professionals alike can enhance their impact, reach broader audiences, and achieve significant milestones in their careers and personal growth.

Reference Link:

• Venngage - https://venngage.com/blog/presentation-design-statistics/  
• Beautiful.ai - https://www.beautiful.ai/blog/business-presentation-statistics-you-should-know-in-2022  
• Decktopus - https://www.decktopus.com/blog/top-presentation-statistics-for-2021  
• Duarte - https://www.duarte.com/19-powerful-presentation-stats/  
• Forbes - https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2014/09/25/new-survey-70-percent-say-presentation-skills-critical-for-career-success/?sh=26a9f0a88890
• ICAO - https://www.icao.int/annual-report-2019/Pages/the-world-of-air-transport-in-2019-statistical-results.aspx  
• SlideTeam - https://www.slideteam.net/blog/25-ways-to-show-statistics-in-a-presentation
• Storydoc - https://www.storydoc.com/blog/presentation-statistics  
• Visme -  https://visme.co/blog/presentation-statistics/  
• INK PPT- https://www.inkppt.com/post/mastering-business-presentations-strategies-for-success

Call to Action

Ready to take your presentations to the next level? Find a broader range of modern, editable, and downloadable PowerPoint templates at INK PPT . Whether you need PowerPoint templates for marketing or business presentations , we've got you covered. Visit our website today and discover the appropriate template to elevate your next presentation. Don’t forget to share your experiences and any tips you might have for creating stunning PowerPoint presentations !

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About the Author

Aayush Jain - Crafting Stories from the Heart

As a passionate explorer, I see crafting the perfect story as embarking on a refreshing Himalayan journey. Every narrative is an adventure, a voyage of imagination, meticulously molded into captivating presentations. I'm here to guide you, ensuring your story becomes an unforgettable odyssey, with each creation as a vibrant landscape ready to captivate eager audiences.

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Introduction to Statistics

(15 reviews)

David Lane, Rice University

Copyright Year: 2003

Publisher: David Lane

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Terri Torres, professor, Oregon Institute of Technology on 8/17/23

This author covers all the topics that would be covered in an introductory statistics course plus some. I could imagine using it for two courses at my university, which is on the quarter system. I would rather have the problem of too many topics... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This author covers all the topics that would be covered in an introductory statistics course plus some. I could imagine using it for two courses at my university, which is on the quarter system. I would rather have the problem of too many topics rather than too few.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

Yes, Lane is both thorough and accurate.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

What is covered is what is usually covered in an introductory statistics book. The only topic I may, given sufficient time, cover is bootstrapping.

Clarity rating: 5

The book is clear and well-written. For the trickier topics, simulations are included to help with understanding.

Consistency rating: 5

All is organized in a way that is consistent with the previous topic.

Modularity rating: 5

The text is organized in a way that easily enables navigation.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The text is organized like most statistics texts.

Interface rating: 5

Easy navigation.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I didn't see any grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

Nothing is included that is culturally insensitive.

The videos that accompany this text are short and easy to watch and understand. Videos should be short enough to teach, but not so long that they are tiresome. This text includes almost everything: videos, simulations, case studies---all nicely organized in one spot. In addition, Lane has promised to send an instructor's manual and slide deck.

Reviewed by Professor Sandberg, Professor, Framingham State University on 6/29/21

This text covers all the usual topics in an Introduction to Statistics for college students. In addition, it has some additional topics that are useful. read more

This text covers all the usual topics in an Introduction to Statistics for college students. In addition, it has some additional topics that are useful.

I did not find any errors.

Some of the examples are dated. And the frequent use of male/female examples need updating in terms of current gender splits.

I found it was easy to read and understand and I expect that students would also find the writing clear and the explanations accessible.

Even with different authors of chapter, the writing is consistent.

The text is well organized into sections making it easy to assign individual topics and sections.

The topics are presented in the usual order. Regression comes later in the text but there is a difference of opinions about whether to present it early with descriptive statistics for bivariate data or later with inferential statistics.

I had no problem navigating the text online.

The writing is grammatical correct.

I saw no issues that would be offensive.

I did like this text. It seems like it would be a good choice for most introductory statistics courses. I liked that the Monty Hall problem was included in the probability section. The author offers to provide an instructor's manual, PowerPoint slides and additional questions. These additional resources are very helpful and not always available with online OER texts.

Reviewed by Emilio Vazquez, Associate Professor, Trine University on 4/23/21

This appears to be an excellent textbook for an Introductory Course in Statistics. It covers subjects in enough depth to fulfill the needs of a beginner in Statistics work yet is not so complex as to be overwhelming. read more

This appears to be an excellent textbook for an Introductory Course in Statistics. It covers subjects in enough depth to fulfill the needs of a beginner in Statistics work yet is not so complex as to be overwhelming.

I found no errors in their discussions. Did not work out all of the questions and answers but my sampling did not reveal any errors.

Some of the examples may need updating depending on the times but the examples are still relevant at this time.

This is a Statistics text so a little dry. I found that the derivation of some of the formulas was not explained. However the background is there to allow the instructor to derive these in class if desired.

The text is consistent throughout using the same verbiage in various sections.

The text dose lend itself to reasonable reading assignments. For example the chapter (Chapter 3) on Summarizing Distributions covers Central Tendency and its associated components in an easy 20 pages with Measures of Variability making up most of the rest of the chapter and covering approximately another 20 pages. Exercises are available at the end of each chapter making it easy for the instructor to assign reading and exercises to be discussed in class.

The textbook flows easily from Descriptive to Inferential Statistics with chapters on Sampling and Estimation preceding chapters on hypothesis testing

I had no problems with navigation

All textbooks have a few errors but certainly nothing glaring or making text difficult

I saw no issues and I am part of a cultural minority in the US

Overall I found this to be a excellent in-depth overview of Statistical Theory, Concepts and Analysis. The length of the textbook appears to be more than adequate for a one-semester course in Introduction to Statistics. As I no longer teach a full statistics course but simply a few lectures as part of our Research Curriculum, I am recommending this book to my students as a good reference. Especially as it is available on-line and in Open Access.

Reviewed by Audrey Hickert, Assistant Professor, Southern Illinois University Carbondale on 3/29/21

All of the major topics of an introductory level statistics course for social science are covered. Background areas include levels of measurement and research design basics. Descriptive statistics include all major measures of central tendency and... read more

All of the major topics of an introductory level statistics course for social science are covered. Background areas include levels of measurement and research design basics. Descriptive statistics include all major measures of central tendency and dispersion/variation. Building blocks for inferential statistics include sampling distributions, the standard normal curve (z scores), and hypothesis testing sections. Inferential statistics include how to calculate confidence intervals, as well as conduct tests of one-sample tests of the population mean (Z- and t-tests), two-sample tests of the difference in population means (Z- and t-tests), chi square test of independence, correlation, and regression. Doesn’t include full probability distribution tables (e.g., t or Z), but those can be easily found online in many places.

I did not find any errors or issues of inaccuracy. When a particular method or practice is debated in the field, the authors acknowledge it (and provide citations in some circumstances).

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

Basic statistics are standard, so the core information will remain relevant in perpetuity. Some of the examples are dated (e.g., salaries from 1999), but not problematic.

Clarity rating: 4

All of the key terms, formulas, and logic for statistical tests are clearly explained. The book sometimes uses different notation than other entry-level books. For example, the variance formula uses "M" for mean, rather than x-bar.

The explanations are consistent and build from and relate to corresponding sections that are listed in each unit.

Modularity is a strength of this text in both the PDF and interactive online format. Students can easily navigate to the necessary sections and each starts with a “Prerequisites” list of other sections in the book for those who need the additional background material. Instructors could easily compile concise sub-sections of the book for readings.

The presentation of topics differs somewhat from the standard introductory social science statistics textbooks I have used before. However, the modularity allows the instructor and student to work through the discrete sections in the desired order.

Interface rating: 4

For the most part the display of all images/charts is good and navigation is straightforward. One concern is that the organization of the Table of Contents does not exactly match the organizational outline at the start of each chapter in the PDF version. For example, sometimes there are more detailed sub-headings at the start of chapter and occasionally slightly different section headings/titles. There are also inconsistencies in section listings at start of chapters vs. start of sub-sections.

The text is easy to read and free from any obvious grammatical errors.

Although some of the examples are outdated, I did not review any that were offensive. One example of an outdated reference is using descriptive data on “Men per 100 Women” in U.S. cities as “useful if we are looking for an opposite-sex partner”.

This is a good introduction level statistics text book if you have a course with students who may be intimated by longer texts with more detailed information. Just the core basics are provided here and it is easy to select the sections you need. It is a good text if you plan to supplement with an array of your own materials (lectures, practice, etc.) that are specifically tailored to your discipline (e.g., criminal justice and criminology). Be advised that some formulas use different notation than other standard texts, so you will need to point that out to students if they differ from your lectures or assessment materials.

Reviewed by Shahar Boneh, Professor, Metropolitan State University of Denver on 3/26/21, updated 4/22/21

The textbook is indeed quite comprehensive. It can accommodate any style of introductory statistics course. read more

The textbook is indeed quite comprehensive. It can accommodate any style of introductory statistics course.

The text seems to be statistically accurate.

It is a little too extensive, which requires instructors to cover it selectively, and has a potential to confuse the students.

It is written clearly.

Consistency rating: 4

The terminology is fairly consistent. There is room for some improvement.

By the nature of the subject, the topics have to be presented in a sequential and coherent order. However, the book breaks things down quite effectively.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

Some of the topics are interleaved and not presented in the order I would like to cover them.

Good interface.

The grammar is ok.

The book seems to be culturally neutral, and not offensive in any way.

I really liked the simulations that go with the book. Parts of the book are a little too advanced for students who are learning statistics for the first time.

Reviewed by Julie Gray, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Arlington on 2/26/21

The textbook is for beginner-level students. The concept development is appropriate--there is always room to grow to high higher level, but for an introduction, the basics are what is needed. This is a well-thought-through OER textbook project by... read more

The textbook is for beginner-level students. The concept development is appropriate--there is always room to grow to high higher level, but for an introduction, the basics are what is needed. This is a well-thought-through OER textbook project by Dr. Lane and colleagues. It is obvious that several iterations have only made it better.

I found all the material accurate.

Essentially, statistical concepts at the introductory level are accepted as universal. This suggests that the relevance of this textbook will continue for a long time.

The book is well written for introducing beginners to statistical concepts. The figures, tables, and animated examples reinforce the clarity of the written text.

Yes, the information is consistent; when it is introduced in early chapters it ties in well in later chapters that build on and add more understanding for the topic.

Modularity rating: 4

The book is well-written with attention to modularity where possible. Due to the nature of statistics, that is not always possible. The content is presented in the order that I usually teach these concepts.

The organization of the book is good, I particularly like the sample lecture slide presentations and the problem set with solutions for use in quizzes and exams. These are available by writing to the author. It is wonderful to have access to these helpful resources for instructors to use in preparation.

I did not find any interface issues.

The book is well written. In my reading I did not notice grammatical errors.

For this subject and in the examples given, I did not notice any cultural issues.

For the field of social work where qualitative data is as common as quantitative, the importance of giving students the rationale or the motivation to learn the quantitative side is understated. To use this text as an introductory statistics OER textbook in a social work curriculum, the instructor will want to bring in field-relevant examples to engage and motivate students. The field needs data-driven decision making and evidence-based practices to become more ubiquitous than not. Preparing future social workers by teaching introductory statistics is essential to meet that goal.

Reviewed by Mamata Marme, Assistant Professor, Augustana College on 6/25/19

This textbook offers a fairly comprehensive summary of what should be discussed in an introductory course in Statistics. The statistical literacy exercises are particularly interesting. It would be helpful to have the statistical tables... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

This textbook offers a fairly comprehensive summary of what should be discussed in an introductory course in Statistics. The statistical literacy exercises are particularly interesting. It would be helpful to have the statistical tables attached in the same package, even though they are available online.

The terminology and notation used in the textbook is pretty standard. The content is accurate.

The statistical literacy example are up to date but will need to be updated fairly regularly to keep the textbook fresh. The applications within the chapter are accessible and can be used fairly easily over a couple of editions.

The textbook does not necessarily explain the derivation of some of the formulae and this will need to be augmented by the instructor in class discussion. What is beneficial is that there are multiple ways that a topic is discussed using graphs, calculations and explanations of the results. Statistics textbooks have to cover a wide variety of topics with a fair amount of depth. To do this concisely is difficult. There is a fine line between being concise and clear, which this textbook does well, and being somewhat dry. It may be up to the instructor to bring case studies into the readings we are going through the topics rather than wait until the end of the chapter.

The textbook uses standard notation and terminology. The heading section of each chapter is closely tied to topics that are covered. The end of chapter problems and the statistical literacy applications are closely tied to the material covered.

The authors have done a good job treating each chapter as if they stand alone. The lack of connection to a past reference may create a sense of disconnect between the topics discussed

The text's "modularity" does make the flow of the material a little disconnected. If would be better if there was accountability of what a student should already have learnt in a different section. The earlier material is easy to find but not consistently referred to in the text.

I had no problem with the interface. The online version is more visually interesting than the pdf version.

I did not see any grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

I am not sure how to evaluate this. The examples are mostly based on the American experience and the data alluded to mostly domestic. However, I am not sure if that creates a problem in understanding the methodology.

Overall, this textbook will cover most of the topics in a survey of statistics course.

Reviewed by Alexandra Verkhovtseva, Professor, Anoka-Ramsey Community College on 6/3/19

This is a comprehensive enough text, considering that it is not easy to create a comprehensive statistics textbook. It is suitable for an introductory statistics course for non-math majors. It contains twenty-one chapters, covering the wide range... read more

This is a comprehensive enough text, considering that it is not easy to create a comprehensive statistics textbook. It is suitable for an introductory statistics course for non-math majors. It contains twenty-one chapters, covering the wide range of intro stats topics (and some more), plus the case studies and the glossary.

The content is pretty accurate, I did not find any biases or errors.

The book contains fairly recent data presented in the form of exercises, examples and applications. The topics are up-to-date, and appropriate technology is used for examples, applications, and case studies.

The language is simple and clear, which is a good thing, since students are usually scared of this class, and instructors are looking for something to put them at ease. I would, however, try to make it a little more interesting, exciting, or may be even funny.

Consistency is good, the book has a great structure. I like how each chapter has prerequisites and learner outcomes, this gives students a good idea of what to expect. Material in this book is covered in good detail.

The text can be easily divided into sub-sections, some of which can be omitted if needed. The chapter on regression is covered towards the end (chapter 14), but part of it can be covered sooner in the course.

The book contains well organized chapters that makes reading through easy and understandable. The order of chapters and sections is clear and logical.

The online version has many functions and is easy to navigate. This book also comes with a PDF version. There is no distortion of images or charts. The text is clean and clear, the examples provided contain appropriate format of data presentation.

No grammatical errors found.

The text uses simple and clear language, which is helpful for non-native speakers. I would include more culturally-relevant examples and case studies. Overall, good text.

In all, this book is a good learning experience. It contains tools and techniques that free and easy to use and also easy to modify for both, students and instructors. I very much appreciate this opportunity to use this textbook at no cost for our students.

Reviewed by Dabrina Dutcher, Assistant Professor, Bucknell University on 3/4/19

This is a reasonably thorough first-semester statistics book for most classes. It would have worked well for the general statistics courses I have taught in the past but is not as suitable for specialized introductory statistics courses for... read more

This is a reasonably thorough first-semester statistics book for most classes. It would have worked well for the general statistics courses I have taught in the past but is not as suitable for specialized introductory statistics courses for engineers or business applications. That is OK, they have separate texts for that! The only sections that feel somewhat light in terms of content are the confidence intervals and ANOVA sections. Given that these topics are often sort of crammed in at the end of many introductory classes, that might not be problematic for many instructors. It should also be pointed out that while there are a couple of chapters on probability, this book spends presents most formulas as "black boxes" rather than worry about the derivation or origin of the formulas. The probability sections do not include any significant combinatorics work, which is sometimes included at this level.

I did not find any errors in the formulas presented but I did not work many end-of-chapter problems to gauge the accuracy of their answers.

There isn't much changing in the introductory stats world, so I have no concerns about the book becoming outdated rapidly. The examples and problems still feel relevant and reasonably modern. My only concern is that the statistical tool most often referenced in the book are TI-83/84 type calculators. As students increasingly buy TI-89s or Inspires, these sections of the book may lose relevance faster than other parts.

Solid. The book gives a list of key terms and their definitions at the end of each chapter which is a nice feature. It also has a formula review at the end of each chapter. I can imagine that these are heavily used by students when studying! Formulas are easy to find and read and are well defined. There are a few areas that I might have found frustrating as a student. For example, the explanation for the difference in formulas for a population vs sample standard deviation is quite weak. Again, this is a book that focuses on sort of a "black-box" approach but you may have to supplement such sections for some students.

I did not detect any problems with inconsistent symbol use or switches in terminology.

Modularity rating: 3

This low rating should not be taken as an indicator of an issue with this book but would be true of virtually any statistics book. Different books still use different variable symbols even for basic calculated statistics. So trying to use a chapter of this book without some sort of symbol/variable cheat-sheet would likely be frustrating to the students.

However, I think it would be possible to skip some chapters or use the chapters in a different order without any loss of functionality.

This book uses a very standard order for the material. The chapter on regressions comes later than it does in some texts but it doesn't really matter since that chapter never seems to fit smoothly anywhere.

There are numerous end of chapter problems, some with answers, available in this book. I'm vacillating on whether these problems would be more useful if they were distributed after each relevant section or are better clumped at the end of the whole chapter. That might be a matter of individual preference.

I did not detect any problems.

I found no errors. However, there were several sections where the punctuation seemed non-ideal. This did not affect the over-all useability of the book though

I'm not sure how well this book would work internationally as many of the examples contain domestic (American) references. However, I did not see anything offensive or biased in the book.

Reviewed by Ilgin Sager, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri - St. Louis on 1/14/19

As the title implies, this is a brief introduction textbook. It covers the fundamental of the introductory statistics, however not a comprehensive text on the subject. A teacher can use this book as the sole text of an introductory statistics.... read more

As the title implies, this is a brief introduction textbook. It covers the fundamental of the introductory statistics, however not a comprehensive text on the subject. A teacher can use this book as the sole text of an introductory statistics. The prose format of definitions and theorems make theoretical concepts accessible to non-math major students. The textbook covers all chapters required in this level course.

It is accurate; the subject matter in the examples to be up to date, is timeless and wouldn't need to be revised in future editions; there is no error except a few typographical errors. There are no logic errors or incorrect explanations.

This text will remain up to date for a long time since it has timeless examples and exercises, it wouldn't be outdated. The information is presented clearly with a simple way and the exercises are beneficial to follow the information.

The material is presented in a clear, concise manner. The text is easy readable for the first time statistics student.

The structure of the text is very consistent. Topics are presented with examples, followed by exercises. Problem sets are appropriate for the level of learner.

When the earlier matters need to be referenced, it is easy to find; no trouble reading the book and finding results, it has a consistent scheme. This book is set very well in sections.

The text presents the information in a logical order.

The learner can easily follow up the material; there is no interface problem.

There is no logic errors and incorrect explanations, a few typographical errors is just to be ignored.

Not applicable for this textbook.

Reviewed by Suhwon Lee, Associate Teaching Professor, University of Missouri on 6/19/18

This book is pretty comprehensive for being a brief introductory book. This book covers all necessary content areas for an introduction to Statistics course for non-math majors. The text book provides an effective index, plenty of exercises,... read more

This book is pretty comprehensive for being a brief introductory book. This book covers all necessary content areas for an introduction to Statistics course for non-math majors. The text book provides an effective index, plenty of exercises, review questions, and practice tests. It provides references and case studies. The glossary and index section is very helpful for students and can be used as a great resource.

Content appears to be accurate throughout. Being an introductory book, the book is unbiased and straight to the point. The terminology is standard.

The content in textbook is up to date. It will be very easy to update it or make changes at any point in time because of the well-structured contents in the textbook.

The author does a great job of explaining nearly every new term or concept. The book is easy to follow, clear and concise. The graphics are good to follow. The language in the book is easily understandable. I found most instructions in the book to be very detailed and clear for students to follow.

Overall consistency is good. It is consistent in terms of terminology and framework. The writing is straightforward and standardized throughout the text and it makes reading easier.

The authors do a great job of partitioning the text and labeling sections with appropriate headings. The table of contents is well organized and easily divisible into reading sections and it can be assigned at different points within the course.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

Overall, the topics are arranged in an order that follows natural progression in a statistics course with some exception. They are addressed logically and given adequate coverage.

The text is free of any issues. There are no navigation problems nor any display issues.

The text contains no grammatical errors.

The text is not culturally insensitive or offensive in any way most of time. Some examples might need to consider citing the sources or use differently to reflect current inclusive teaching strategies.

Overall, it's well-written and good recourse to be an introduction to statistical methods. Some materials may not need to be covered in an one-semester course. Various examples and quizzes can be a great recourse for instructor.

Reviewed by Jenna Kowalski, Mathematics Instructor, Anoka-Ramsey Community College on 3/27/18

The text includes the introductory statistics topics covered in a college-level semester course. An effective index and glossary are included, with functional hyperlinks. read more

The text includes the introductory statistics topics covered in a college-level semester course. An effective index and glossary are included, with functional hyperlinks.

Content Accuracy rating: 3

The content of this text is accurate and error-free, based on a random sampling of various pages throughout the text. Several examples included information without formal citation, leading the reader to potential bias and discrimination. These examples should be corrected to reflect current values of inclusive teaching.

The text contains relevant information that is current and will not become outdated in the near future. The statistical formulas and calculations have been used for centuries. The examples are direct applications of the formulas and accurately assess the conceptual knowledge of the reader.

The text is very clear and direct with the language used. The jargon does require a basic mathematical and/or statistical foundation to interpret, but this foundational requirement should be met with course prerequisites and placement testing. Graphs, tables, and visual displays are clearly labeled.

The terminology and framework of the text is consistent. The hyperlinks are working effectively, and the glossary is valuable. Each chapter contains modules that begin with prerequisite information and upcoming learning objectives for mastery.

The modules are clearly defined and can be used in conjunction with other modules, or individually to exemplify a choice topic. With the prerequisite information stated, the reader understands what prior mathematical understanding is required to successfully use the module.

The topics are presented well, but I recommend placing Sampling Distributions, Advanced Graphs, and Research Design ahead of Probability in the text. I think this rearranged version of the index would better align with current Introductory Statistics texts. The structure is very organized with the prerequisite information stated and upcoming learner outcomes highlighted. Each module is well-defined.

Adding an option of returning to the previous page would be of great value to the reader. While progressing through the text systematically, this is not an issue, but when the reader chooses to skip modules and read select pages then returning to the previous state of information is not easily accessible.

No grammatical errors were found while reviewing select pages of this text at random.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

Several examples contained data that were not formally cited. These examples need to be corrected to reflect current inclusive teaching strategies. For example, one question stated that “while men are XX times more likely to commit murder than women, …” This data should be cited, otherwise the information can be interpreted as biased and offensive.

An included solutions manual for the exercises would be valuable to educators who choose to use this text.

Reviewed by Zaki Kuruppalil, Associate Professor, Ohio University on 2/1/18

This is a comprehensive book on statistical methods, its settings and most importantly the interpretation of the results. With the advent of computers and software’s, complex statistical analysis can be done very easily. But the challenge is the... read more

This is a comprehensive book on statistical methods, its settings and most importantly the interpretation of the results. With the advent of computers and software’s, complex statistical analysis can be done very easily. But the challenge is the knowledge of how to set the case, setting parameters (for example confidence intervals) and knowing its implication on the interpretation of the results. If not done properly this could lead to deceptive inferences, inadvertently or purposely. This book does a great job in explaining the above using many examples and real world case studies. If you are looking for a book to learn and apply statistical methods, this is a great one. I think the author could consider revising the title of the book to reflect the above, as it is more than just an introduction to statistics, may be include the word such as practical guide.

The contents of the book seems accurate. Some plots and calculations were randomly selected and checked for accuracy.

The book topics are up to date and in my opinion, will not be obsolete in the near future. I think the smartest thing the author has done is, not tied the book with any particular software such as minitab or spss . No matter what the software is, standard deviation is calculated the same way as it is always. The only noticeable exception in this case was using the Java Applet for calculating Z values in page 261 and in page 416 an excerpt of SPSS analysis is provided for ANOVA calculations.

The contents and examples cited are clear and explained in simple language. Data analysis and presentation of the results including mathematical calculations, graphical explanation using charts, tables, figures etc are presented with clarity.

Terminology is consistant. Framework for each chapter seems consistent with each chapter beginning with a set of defined topics, and each of the topic divided into modules with each module having a set of learning objectives and prerequisite chapters.

The text book is divided into chapters with each chapter further divided into modules. Each of the modules have detailed learning objectives and prerequisite required. So you can extract a portion of the book and use it as a standalone to teach certain topics or as a learning guide to apply a relevant topic.

Presentation of the topics are well thought and are presented in a logical fashion as if it would be introduced to someone who is learning the contents. However, there are some issues with table of contents and page numbers, for example chapter 17 starts in page 597 not 598. Also some tables and figures does not have a number, for instance the graph shown in page 114 does not have a number. Also it would have been better if the chapter number was included in table and figure identification, for example Figure 4-5 . Also in some cases, for instance page 109, the figures and titles are in two different pages.

No major issues. Only suggestion would be, since each chapter has several modules, any means such as a header to trace back where you are currently, would certainly help.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

Easy to read and phrased correctly in most cases. Minor grammatical errors such as missing prepositions etc. In some cases the author seems to have the habbit of using a period after the decimal. For instance page 464, 467 etc. For X = 1, Y' = (0.425)(1) + 0.785 = 1.21. For X = 2, Y' = (0.425)(2) + 0.785 = 1.64.

However it contains some statements (even though given as examples) that could be perceived as subjective, which the author could consider citing the sources. For example from page 11: Statistics include numerical facts and figures. For instance: • The largest earthquake measured 9.2 on the Richter scale. • Men are at least 10 times more likely than women to commit murder. • One in every 8 South Africans is HIV positive. • By the year 2020, there will be 15 people aged 65 and over for every new baby born.

Solutions for the exercises would be a great teaching resource to have

Reviewed by Randy Vander Wal, Professor, The Pennsylvania State University on 2/1/18

As a text for an introductory course, standard topics are covered. It was nice to see some topics such as power, sampling, research design and distribution free methods covered, as these are often omitted in abbreviated texts. Each module... read more

As a text for an introductory course, standard topics are covered. It was nice to see some topics such as power, sampling, research design and distribution free methods covered, as these are often omitted in abbreviated texts. Each module introduces the topic, has appropriate graphics, illustration or worked example(s) as appropriate and concluding with many exercises. An instructor’s manual is available by contacting the author. A comprehensive glossary provides definitions for all the major terms and concepts. The case studies give examples of practical applications of statistical analyses. Many of the case studies contain the actual raw data. To note is that the on-line e-book provides several calculators for the essential distributions and tests. These are provided in lieu of printed tables which are not included in the pdf. (Such tables are readily available on the web.)

The content is accurate and error free. Notation is standard and terminology is used accurately, as are the videos and verbal explanations therein. Online links work properly as do all the calculators. The text appears neutral and unbiased in subject and content.

The text achieves contemporary relevance by ending each section with a Statistical Literacy example, drawn from contemporary headlines and issues. Of course, the core topics are time proven. There is no obvious material that may become “dated”.

The text is very readable. While the pdf text may appear “sparse” by absence varied colored and inset boxes, pictures etc., the essential illustrations and descriptions are provided. Meanwhile for this same content the on-line version appears streamlined, uncluttered, enhancing the value of the active links. Moreover, the videos provide nice short segments of “active” instruction that are clear and concise. Despite being a mathematical text, the text is not overly burdened by formulas and numbers but rather has “readable feel”.

This terminology and symbol use are consistent throughout the text and with common use in the field. The pdf text and online version are also consistent by content, but with the online e-book offering much greater functionality.

The chapters and topics may be used in a selective manner. Certain chapters have no pre-requisite chapter and in all cases, those required are listed at the beginning of each module. It would be straightforward to select portions of the text and reorganize as needed. The online version is highly modular offering students both ease of navigation and selection of topics.

Chapter topics are arranged appropriately. In an introductory statistics course, there is a logical flow given the buildup to the normal distribution, concept of sampling distributions, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, regression and additional parametric and non-parametric tests. The normal distribution is central to an introductory course. Necessary precursor topics are covered in this text, while its use in significance and hypothesis testing follow, and thereafter more advanced topics, including multi-factor ANOVA.

Each chapter is structured with several modules, each beginning with pre-requisite chapter(s), learning objectives and concluding with Statistical Literacy sections providing a self-check question addressing the core concept, along with answer, followed by an extensive problem set. The clear and concise learning objectives will be of benefit to students and the course instructor. No solutions or answer key is provided to students. An instructor’s manual is available by request.

The on-line interface works well. In fact, I was pleasantly surprised by its options and functionality. The pdf appears somewhat sparse by comparison to publisher texts, lacking pictures, colored boxes, etc. But the on-line version has many active links providing definitions and graphic illustrations for key terms and topics. This can really facilitate learning as making such “refreshers” integral to the new material. Most sections also have short videos that are professionally done, with narration and smooth graphics. In this way, the text is interactive and flexible, offering varied tools for students. To note is that the interactive e-book works for both IOS and OS X.

The text in pdf form appeared to free of grammatical errors, as did the on-line version, text, graphics and videos.

This text contains no culturally insensitive or offensive content. The focus of the text is on concepts and explanation.

The text would be a great resource for students. The full content would be ambitious for a 1-semester course, such use would be unlikely. The text is clearly geared towards students with no statistics background nor calculus. The text could be used in two styles of course. For 1st year students early chapters on graphs and distributions would be the starting point, omitting later chapters on Chi-square, transformations, distribution-free and size effect chapters. Alternatively, for upper level students the introductory chapters could be bypassed with the latter chapters then covered to completion.

This text adopts a descriptive style of presentation with topics well and fully explained, much like the “Dummy series”. For this, it may seem a bit “wordy”, but this can well serve students and notably it complements powerpoint slides that are generally sparse on written content. This text could be used as the primary text, for regular lectures, or as reference for a “flipped” class. The e-book videos are an enabling tool if this approach is adopted.

Reviewed by David jabon, Associate Professor, DePaul University on 8/15/17

This text covers all the standard topics in a semester long introductory course in statistics. It is particularly well indexed and very easy to navigate. There is comprehensive hyperlinked glossary. read more

This text covers all the standard topics in a semester long introductory course in statistics. It is particularly well indexed and very easy to navigate. There is comprehensive hyperlinked glossary.

The material is completely accurate. There are no errors. The terminology is standard with one exception: the book calls what most people call the interquartile range, the H-spread in a number of places. Ideally, the term "interquartile range" would be used in place of every reference to "H-spread." "Interquartile range" is simply a better, more descriptive term of the concept that it describes. It is also more commonly used nowadays.

This book came out a number of years ago, but the material is still up to date. Some more recent case studies have been added.

The writing is very clear. There are also videos for almost every section. The section on boxplots uses a lot of technical terms that I don't find are very helpful for my students (hinge, H-spread, upper adjacent value).

The text is internally consistent with one exception that I noted (the use of the synonymous words "H-spread" and "interquartile range").

The text book is brokenly into very short sections, almost to a fault. Each section is at most two pages long. However at the end of each of these sections there are a few multiple choice questions to test yourself. These questions are a very appealing feature of the text.

The organization, in particular the ordering of the topics, is rather standard with a few exceptions. Boxplots are introduced in Chapter II before the discussion of measures of center and dispersion. Most books introduce them as part of discussion of summaries of data using measure of center and dispersion. Some statistics instructors may not like the way the text lumps all of the sampling distributions in a single chapter (sampling distribution of mean, sampling distribution for the difference of means, sampling distribution of a proportion, sampling distribution of r). I have tried this approach, and I now like this approach. But it is a very challenging chapter for students.

The book's interface has no features that distracted me. Overall the text is very clean and spare, with no additional distracting visual elements.

The book contains no grammatical errors.

The book's cultural relevance comes out in the case studies. As of this writing there are 33 such case studies, and they cover a wide range of issues from health to racial, ethnic, and gender disparity.

Each chapter as a nice set of exercises with selected answers. The thirty three case studies are excellent and can be supplement with some other online case studies. An instructor's manual and PowerPoint slides can be obtained by emailing the author. There are direct links to online simulations within the text. This text is very high quality textbook in every way.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Graphing Distributions
• 3. Summarizing Distributions
• 4. Describing Bivariate Data
• 5. Probability
• 6. Research Design
• 7. Normal Distributions
• 8. Advanced Graphs
• 9. Sampling Distributions
• 10. Estimation
• 11. Logic of Hypothesis Testing
• 12. Testing Means
• 14. Regression
• 15. Analysis of Variance
• 16. Transformations
• 17. Chi Square
• 18. Distribution-Free Tests
• 19. Effect Size
• 20. Case Studies
• 21. Glossary

Ancillary Material

• Ancillary materials are available by contacting the author or publisher .

About the Book

Introduction to Statistics is a resource for learning and teaching introductory statistics. This work is in the public domain. Therefore, it can be copied and reproduced without limitation. However, we would appreciate a citation where possible. Please cite as: Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia Course of Study (http://onlinestatbook.com/). Project Leader: David M. Lane, Rice University. Instructor's manual, PowerPoint Slides, and additional questions are available.

About the Contributors

David Lane is an Associate Professor in the Departments of Psychology, Statistics, and Management at the Rice University. Lane is the principal developer of this resource although many others have made substantial contributions. This site was developed at Rice University, University of Houston-Clear Lake, and Tufts University.

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“Statistics is the grammar of science.” – Karl Pearson

Data and statistics are part of almost every sector and are used to understand and drive results.

These are essential tools to make decisions, answer important questions, summarize big data, recognize patterns, prove theories, etc.

A good presentation gets the backing of data and statistics, but data alone will not guarantee the success of a presentation.

How you choose to present that data either doubles or decimates the impact of your presentation.

While you get weeks working on the charts and numbers, your audience gets only a few minutes to go through the content. So, it becomes all the more imperative that you present it in the most comprehensible way possible for them to understand and remember.

Unfortunately, most of us, at some point, have sat through presentations where the slides didn’t make much sense, and we had to rely on the speaker to know more.

So, take the help of these pointers to turn your complex numbers into interesting information. Let’s begin.

Tips to Deliver Statistics and Analytics in an Impactful Manner

Your presentation might look boring and lengthy if not presented well. Here are some quick tips to make your data lively and impactful.

1. Graphics are the Way to Go

Imagine a slide with a lot of data and numbers presented just like that. How difficult would it be to make sense of it or to read it?

Graphics and visuals are the most powerful way to present numbers. It can make your data easy to understand, livelier, and better accessible to your audience. Graphics and visuals help break down complex and intricate information into readable content.

Keep these tips in mind when using graphics-

Your visuals should not overlap the text and vice versa.

The graphics should be in alignment with your brand and the broader theme of the presentation.

Choose the right graph. For example, a bar graph is apt when you want to compare, and a line graph can be used to depict changes over time.

You can use pre-designed presentation templates featuring relevant graphics and charts to complement your statistical and analytical data and present it in a simple yet trendy way.

Stories and Analogies are Incredibly Powerful

Do you know what mnemonics and memory palaces do? They help you associate the things you want to remember with certain other easy-to-remember things (which you already know).

It took you a lot of time to craft all that information in your presentation, and consider it a bonus if people will remember parts of it later on.

Storytelling is one of the most potent ways to capture attention and aid memory retention. Try to weave a story around the data to help people understand and recollect the data better.

Analogies will help soften the impact of everything technical and non-understandable into something familiar to the audience.

For example, if your presentation is about business growth, you can highlight the increase in numbers with what took you to reach there, i.e., how you improved the website’s visibility, interface, etc.

For more understanding, watch this video displaying a few stunning examples of data storytelling.

3. Highlight Points that Your Data is Illustrating (Inference)

When you present data on the slides , it is not that the numbers hold the real value but the inference drawn from it. Remember to highlight well how the statistics and analytics support your major points.

Don’t leave the decoding part to the audience, or your audience won’t be able to process the relevancy of your argument. When you want to connect the statistic with an inference, make sure the transition is clear with terms such as ‘the numbers show,’ ‘this data proves,’ ‘this figure/chart illustrates,’ etc.

The transitions are critical to bringing everyone’s attention to the most important part of relating to and explaining the conclusions. Not everyone likes to crunch numbers, so highlight the inference in such a way that there is no scope of confusion left for people.

4. Your Data Should be Visible

It sounds obvious, right? But it is a common mistake while placing data on the slides. When you have a lot of information to share, with only so much place on a single slide, it might so happen that some content is aptly visible on a laptop but not so much from a distance in the actual presentation.

To avoid the debacle of having to translate poorly visible numbers and labels, practice your presentation by having people sit as far away as in the actual presentation. Make sure that each slide is clearly visible and readable with all information.

It will also help you align and tweak the material on the slides (keeping only the relevant and required content).

5. Share Only One Piece of Information

When you have a lot of information to share, it becomes an impulse to share everything you know. It is also hard to filter out information that you can exclude from relevant figures. And last, a lot of presenters feel that they are required to share all the information they present - on the slides - as well.

Chaos on the slides with too many details and overuse of the negative space – yes, it will show people the work you have done and the data you have collected, but it will be just that. It will confuse your audience and miss the point for you.

Include data points that significantly support your main argument, and it should be one point on one slide/chart. Enquire yourself what’s the most important learning that you want people to take from that data. Convey that to people.

If you have multiple key points, present each with new visualizations. It will help you demarcate your presentation neatly into understandable chunks and help people remember better. Also, refrain from including unnecessary information that doesn’t directly affect your main point.

6. Use Colors Wisely

Colors will help you differentiate between figures and charts. It can help people figure out the before and after clearly. Presenting the data in black and white wouldn’t be impactful.

Remember to use colors consistently when presenting the same values in a chart . You wouldn’t want your audience confused and draw inaccurate conclusions by highlighting a similar figure in different colors. You can also use brand colors in your presentation to appear more professional.

Another way of using the colors in a user-friendly way is by matching the axis and series colors when you are presenting a dual-axis chart. It will help your audience match the series with the respective axis easily. There are a lot of other ways in which you can use colors to bring coherency and life to your data.

7. You can Present the Data in Stages

Animating your charts will make the data look less intimidating and help people derive more information from the figures. Presenting your data in stages will enhance comprehension and give everyone time to process it properly.

For example, let’s say you are showing the sale of 2 products. You can show the chart in 3 stages by explaining the axes in one, then a chart for the sale of product X as a base (2nd stage), and after that for product Y (3rd stage).

PowerPoint has a chart animation feature that lets you do it by series or category.

The technique will aid you in presenting your data effectively and efficiently.

8. Go Simple

Don’t scare your audience with a barrage of numbers. You have had time to soak in everything you want to tell, but this won’t be the case with people sitting in front. Try to be simple with the data you are presenting. For instance, keep the format of your number simple. Don’t make people count the number of zeroes like 10000 vs. 1000000.

Try to include decimals (skip unnecessary decimals) for numbers that are close to each other in a range of values and not for numbers as far away as 2-90%. If your numbers are within a few percent range of each other, it is important to use decimals.

Another factor that can help simplify your data is keeping the numbers right-aligned always. It can help people scan the numbers (to study), which becomes a little harder in the case of center-aligned numbers.

9. Initiate with the End

Try to start by giving the bottom line up front. Let us explain what it means. Your audience will naturally scan your slide from top to bottom. Your titles should give a clear picture of your chart. Rather than going for vague titles and letting people fumble through the slides to figure out the key message – share a clear title that will immediately let them know what to look for in the slide.

For example, let’s say your chart is about a certain product’s growth over other products. Go for a title that says Product C’s growth over the last quarter. Your audience will automatically start scanning the relevant figures related to this product and save time and effort.

Your slide title should be point specific and reinforce the main point. Try not to go for generic words and phrases serving no functional purpose.

10. Remember to Present to the Audience

One mistake that you can make while presenting statistics and analytics is focusing too much on your slides. After all, even you wouldn’t remember all the figures.

It can be detrimental for you as a presenter, as you would not be able to connect to your audience and might look uncompetitive. Therefore, try to keep your gaze on the audience, for they will be able to understand better when you speak while maintaining eye contact.

You can keep cue cards for your reference and look at your slides here and there while emphasizing a point to the audience.

In a Nutshell

Incorporating data and statistics to add credibility to a presentation is a common practice. And finding relevant data is not difficult either. However, how you choose to present that data will define the impact of your presentation.

Keep these above tips in mind to make your figures speak to the audience efficiently.

They will make your presentation appear crisp and appealing and bring life to your statistics and analysis.

Also, remember your presentation should have a clear take-home message. People should know what they are supposed to do with what you have shared. You can include a clear CTA in your presentation to guide everyone better.

About the Author

Ashish Arora is Co-Founder of SketchBubble, a leading provider of result-driven, professionally built PowerPoint templates .

Travelling the world to gather new creative ideas, he has been working in the digital marketing space since 2007 and has a passion for designing presentations.

Continue to: Presenting Data Top Tips for Effective Presentations

See also: Statistical Analysis: Understanding Statistical Distributions Industries Where Employers Value Data Analytics Skills 7 Things That Can Help You Improve Your Data Collection Skills

Interesting Presentation Statistics You Need to Know

A good presentation helps you win new projects and investments, get management approvals, influence decision-makers and stakeholders, establish yourself as a thought leader in the industry, and more. By leveraging the power of presentations, you can boost your brand image, increase sales, and open doors to new opportunities for your business. 

You will be surprised to know that in a survey , approximately 10% of respondents said they created presentations on a daily basis, while 30% of them created presentations 1-3 times per month. 

In this article, we have included many such shocking statistics that will help you understand various aspects of presentations. Let’s take a look!

1. Presentations are Created to Accomplish Various Goals

What statistics say:.

In a survey , 47% of speakers stated that they designed presentations with the objective of summarizing complex information to make it easier for their audience to understand the content.

According to a source , 24.5% created slide decks to entertain and inspire their audiences. 16.7% created presentations to share a case study of personal experiences or tell a story to their audiences. 

2% of speakers paid attention to sharing specific facts and statistics, while 9.8% of speakers focused on breaking down complex topics into smaller inputs to enable the audience to understand the key takeaways. ( source )

According to a survey , 32% of participants create presentations for course assignments or homework. 21% of people create presentations for project updates and internal teams. The rest 12% create startup pitches while the other 12% create sales proposals. 4% create presentations for investor updates. In a nutshell, approximately ⅔rds of presentations were meant for business needs.

Expert Tips:

Each presentation is delivered to accomplish a specific goal – it could be to educate, inform, persuade, activate, inspire, or entertain. A good presentation combines all these goals; however, one goal should be the backbone. So, to ensure your presentation’s success, invest some time figuring out what you want to achieve.

For setting presentation goals, you first need to research your audience to understand their needs and wants. Then write your goals. After that, find the overlap between your and your audience’s goals and align your presentation’s objectives with them. 

2. Re-engaging the Inactive Audience is Crucial 

According to a source , the average attention span of the audience is only 8 to 10 minutes. The participation levels of the audience begin to drop off after 30 minutes ( source ). 

In a survey , almost 50% of the respondents admitted to engaging in something other than listening during a co-worker’s presentation – 28% were busy sending a text message, 27% checking email, and 17% fell asleep. 

So, it’s important to re-engage the audience from time to time to make them understand and retain your message. An engaged audience connects with your content emotionally and logically and actively participates in your presentation.

Presenters have only 3 seconds to hook the audience ( source ). You can use the following tips to make the most of those few moments and grab the audience’s attention-

• Begin your presentation impressively. You can include a thought-provoking question, anecdote, quote, fact, statistic, or eye-pleasing visual for a memorable start.
• Focus on data visualization to make complex information and concepts comprehensible.
• Back your presentations with facts and figures to increase audience retention by 30% .
• Incorporate live polls, videos, and icebreaker questions to turn the disengaged audience into active ones. 
• Invite a few members to the stage and ask them to share their ideas, opinions, and feedback on the topic.

3. Presentation Skills are a Must for Career Growth

In a survey (conducted by Prezi and published by Forbes ), about 70% of the people who present regularly accepted that presentations are critical to their work success. 

According to a survey, executives with excellent presentation skills are 50% more likely to get promotions than those who don’t have these skills. ( citation source )

In a study, it was found that professionals who leverage presentation opportunities to put across and strengthen their brand message get a 33% higher recognition rate in their industry. ( citation source )

In a survey conducted among Fortune 500  companies, executives agreed that 40% of progress in their careers is due to their ability to present ideas effectively. ( citation source )

Startup founders with excellent presentation skills have 50% more chances to secure investment in comparison to those who don’t have these skills. ( citation source )

According to a report, job candidates who demonstrated strong presentation skills and abilities during interviews had 30% more chances to receive job offers. ( citation source )

The importance of presentation skills in the career growth and workplace can’t be overlooked. Presentations are delivered not just to get approval from management or pitch a client but also to share project updates with the team, provide insights into the company’s financial status to stakeholders, etc.

Effective presentation skills help reduce stress levels, improve other crucial career skills, boost leadership qualities, and acquire and retain clients. So, master these skills and open doors to various opportunities!

4. Visuals Make Your Presentations More Convincing

According to surveys, 84.3% of presenters prefer designing visually focused presentations. ( citation source )

According to studies , 41% of presenters face challenges finding and using visuals in their presentations.

34.3% of presenters mostly use stock photos and photographs in their presentations. 18.6% use original charts and graphics. 7% use icons and illustrations. 6.9% use GIFs and memes. 5% use screenshots. ( source )

Image Source

Presentations supported with visual aids are 43% more convincing than the same presentations without visuals. ( source )

It takes just ¼ of a second to process symbols and pictures by the audience. ( source )

High-quality visuals, such as charts, images, infographics, etc., add a layer of interest, creativity, insights, emotional impact, and credibility to your textual information and make your presentation more inclusive and memorable.

Follow these tips while choosing visuals:

• Don’t use visuals merely for beautifying your slides; use them with a purpose.
• Choose visuals that best complement and strengthen your core message. 
• Opt for high-definition visuals to ensure clarity on all screen sizes.
• Choose the right color for your visuals that reflect your emotions and brand identity.

5. A Concise Presentation Leaves a Lasting Impression

In a survey, 2% of speakers said their presentation lasted between 45 and 60 minutes. Only 6.9% said their presentation concluded in less than 25 minutes. ( citation source )

25% of your presentation time should be reserved for a Q&A session. ( source )

• Follow the 10/20/30 PowerPoint rule to make your presentations concise.
• Include only relevant content in your slides. 
• Instead of text, use data visualization to showcase complex numbers and statistics.
• Learn the skills to master long presentations .

6. Design Can Make or Break Your Presentation

47% of presenters who created a deck on their own said it took them over 8 hours to create it. ( source )

According to research , 45% of presenters encounter difficulty in designing creative layouts for their presentations.

7% of presenters face problems in finding eye-pleasing fonts for their presentations. ( source )

According to a study , 65.7% of presenters don’t seek professional help for designing presentations; they prefer to do it on their own. Only 4.9% prefer to hire or seek help from designers.

29.4% of speakers agreed that they designed some parts of their presentations themselves and also sought assistance from a designer. ( source )

60% of presenters said despite using a template the last time while working on PowerPoint or Google Slides, they were not confident in their work. ( source )

According to 42% of people, presentation tools should focus on offering design-related aids. ( source )

Presentations speak volumes about your brand and business. Cluttered, disorganized, and unprofessional-looking slides overwhelm your audience and deviate them from the core message. So, instead of settling down for a boring and dull presentation, learn PowerPoint design principles and the latest trends to design your slides outstandingly. And if design is not your forte, you can hire or seek help from design specialists .

7. Pre-Designed Presentation Templates are a Great Savior

In a survey , 31% respondents admitted that they invest too much time in creating a presentation with the help of a tool. 31% said the design of presentations created using tools are not impressive.

Approximately 50% of presenters started creating their presentation from scratch; however, they found it difficult to complete. 21% said they searched for templates, 15% agreed that they worked on an existing template, and 8% preferred recycling a used presentation. ( source )

In a survey , 75% of participants stated that they had reused the same slide deck at least once to this day. Approximately 30% of them have reused the same deck over five times.

In a survey , 8.9% of presenters stated that they faced difficulty in finding a clutter-free template or design.

Designing slides from scratch is tedious and time-consuming, especially if you are running short of time or you don’t possess design skills. In such a case, pre-designed templates come to your rescue, which lets you customize the design elements effortlessly. 

While choosing the PowerPoint templates , consider the following points:

• The topic of your presentation.
• Your audience – whether they are corporate executives, medical professionals, students, etc.
• If the template is 100% editable and offers customer support services.
• Does the template have visuals relevant to your content?
• Is the template multipurpose and reusable?

8. Audience Prefers Story in Presentations

Researchers found that out of 500 TED Talks, 65% that went viral included personal stories. ( source )

According to 90% of people, a strong narrative in a presentation is important for engaging the audience. ( source )

Researchers at Ohio State demonstrated that people can get so engrossed in a story that they hardly notice the world around them. ( source )

46% of presenters believe that crafting an engaging story is the hardest part of presentation creation.

55% of people agreed that content with a great story engages them. ( source )

Audiences are 22 times more likely to recollect a fact if it is woven into a story. ( source )

An overarching story makes your information and data more relatable to the audience, taking them on a journey and eliciting emotional responses. Moreover, stories contextualize your presentations and encourage the audience to take action.

Keep the following points in mind while crafting a story for your presentation:

• Create your story around 3 elements: trust/authenticity, creativity, and relevance.
• The story must relate to the goals and challenges of your target audience.
• The story must tap into the audience’s emotions.
• Use relevant images and visuals to complement and strengthen your story.

9. PowerPoint is Still the #1 Preferred Tool

Despite having dozens of better presentation creation tools at their disposal, 89% of presenters still prefer to use PowerPoint. ( source )

73% of presenters use PowerPoint because they are familiar with this tool, 59% of presenters find it easy to use, while 43% have no choice other than to use it. ( source )

Approximately 35 million PowerPoint presentations are created every day. ( source )

PowerPoint has revolutionized the presentation world . With its seamless compatibility with a wide range of operating systems and devices, intuitive design, vast library of pre-designed templates, and other user-friendly features, PowerPoint is the preferred choice of many presenters from different professional spheres.

Whether a beginner or an experienced presenter, you can make the most of PowerPoint like a pro by learning useful tips and tricks . 

10. Color Psychology Can Boost Your Presentation Design  

35.3% of presenters prefer using vibrant and bright color palettes over brand colors. Only 16.7% of presenters use corporate, cool, and blue colors. ( citation source )

According to a statistical report , 11.8% of presenters prefer darker and bolder color patterns, 9.8% like natural and earthy tones, and 7.8% prefer red and fiery color schemes. Only 3.9% like subtle and pastel colors.

Colors have the power to influence the perceptions, behavior, and emotions of the audience. By picking the right colors for your presentations , you can reinforce brand identity, enhance understanding and memory retention, and evoke a distinct mood.

Consider the following points while selecting color for your presentation:

• Use colors sparingly for titles, icons, text, backgrounds, calls to action, and other important elements.
• Use a maximum of 3 or 4 colors per slide to create visual hierarchies.
• The chosen colors should have enough brightness and contrast to be visible clearly on different screen sizes and lighting conditions.
• Don’t be afraid to experiment with different colors to identify the right color scheme that best complements your content.
• Use primary, secondary, and tertiary colors sparingly to create harmony, contrast, and balance.

11. Constant Practice Considerably Reduces Presentation Anxiety 

In a survey (published by Forbes ), 20% of respondents said they would do almost anything to avoid presenting.

90% of the anxiety we feel before making a presentation comes from a lack of preparation. ( source )

A study states that professionals who regularly involve themselves in presentation skill development activities report a 40% increase in message retention by their audiences and a 60% improvement in audience engagement. ( citation source )

A 75% decrease in presentation anxiety was reported by individuals who regularly engaged in public speaking practice sessions. ( citation source )

Fear and anxiety while delivering presentations are inevitable, no matter whether you are presenting for the first time or the 50th time. However, these feelings can be substantially controlled by practicing regularly . 

With constant practice, you:

• learn to handle distractions on the stage .
• get familiarized with your material, which boosts your confidence.
• identify speaking flaws and work on them to deliver an outstanding presentation on the stage.
• learn better time management that enables you to deliver your presentation on time without missing any information.
• learn to use different elements of body language to create maximum impact.

12. Presentation Delivery Affects Audience Engagement

In a survey , 4 out of 5 professionals stated that they lost their focus due to the poor delivery skills of the presenter.

91% of presenters feel more confident delivering presentations with a well-designed slide deck . ( source )

In a survey , 46% of respondents admit that they get distracted during a co-worker’s presentation for many reasons: irrelevant content, monotonous presentation style, technology glitches, etc.

According to studies , effective and impactful presentations are 38% your voice, 55% non-verbal communication, and only 7% your content.

75% of presenters would like to improve their presentation skills. ( source )

Non-verbal expression is 65% to 93% more influential than text. ( source )

Usually, audiences forget what you said; however, they remember how you make them feel. Even if the structure, design, and content of your presentation are appealing, the poor delivery can ruin the impact. So, you must pay attention to your presentation delivery as well.

Here are a few tips to improve your delivery:

• Instead of choosing the presentation tool that you are most familiar with, select the one that best fits your delivery. For example, you need different tools for one-on-one presentations and presenting to a boardroom full of CEOs and senior executives. Similarly, webinars and conferences need different tools than an in-person team meeting in a room. 
• Don’t use unclear accents, words, or terms. If you use a specific term or word, explain its context.
• When delivering presentations, pay heed to the vocal expression (volume, tone, and pitch of your voice).

13. Content-Focused Design: A Seamless Integration of Text and Visuals

40% of presenters prioritize content and text while preparing slides. 15% focus on quotes, 25% on images, and 10% on video. ( source )

In a survey , 33.3% of respondents said they started creating their presentations with an outline or content instead of thinking about design. 4.9% thought about the presentation design or theme, giving the content a last thought. 32.4% of presenters considered the content and design simultaneously.

Both content and design matter in a presentation. Remember, good content alone can’t compensate for poor or below-par design and vice versa.

A content-focused design approach is recommended to deliver a valuable experience to the audience. Outline your content first and then decide the visuals and design to fit the content. This approach helps you structure your slides well, resonating with the presentation’s theme and the audience’s expectations.

14. Virtual Presentations are Here to Stay

Harvard Business Review authors say 80% of corporate presentations nowadays are delivered remotely.

In a survey , a quarter of respondents said they prefer presenting remotely, while 33% found it difficult to deliver remote presentations.

Virtual presentations are the new normal now. They offer several benefits, such as a wider reach regardless of time zone and location, cost-effectiveness, convenience and flexibility for attendees, etc. One thing to remember is that in-person and virtual presentations need different delivery approaches. 

Below are a few tips to ace your virtual presentations :

• Be camera-confident.
• Dress appropriately, as it affects your confidence.
• Make your slides interactive to keep the audience engaged.
• After the presentation, share the link to the recorded meeting with your audience and schedule a follow-up meeting.

15. Adding Interactivity is a Game-Changer for Presentations

81% of marketers believe in the effectiveness of interactive content for engaging the audience. ( source )

Presentations that incorporate two-way interaction are likely to persuade 65% of people more easily. ( source )

68% of people believe that presentations with interactive elements are more memorable. ( source )

• Integrate quizzes, polls, music, narratives, audio, and video clips to add a layer of interactivity to your presentations.
• Encourage your audience to share the stage and ask questions or share their thoughts, feedback, and viewpoints.
• Enrich your presentations with animated stories and data visualizations.
• You can integrate AR and VR technologies into your product demonstration and orientation presentations to take your audience on a virtual journey.

These statistics will help you get valuable insights and aid you in your next presentation creation. If you have more such statistics, do share them in the comments below.

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CAREER & HIRING ADVICE

Statistics presentation: how to present stats in an interesting way.

• Ryan Bradshaw
• June 11, 2023

Businesses have a great need to understand statistics. After all, that’s how businesses directly understand how to increase their sales. Because of this perceived need, plenty of businesses and individuals seek to present statistics interestingly.

Unfortunately, statistics don’t sound like an engaging topic on their own.

It’s possible to present statistics in a way that’ll hook your audience. In this post, we’ll cover a few tips on how statistics presentation is done engagingly.

Use an Online Infographic Maker

An infographic maker lets you create visually appealing data displays that communicate information more interestingly than a simple presentation. It can help viewers absorb information and identify patterns and trends quickly and easily. The editor allows you to add the following:

• data charts
• detailed graphs

Examples include maps and timelines, as well as animated gifs and videos. You can also customize the look of the infographic by changing the color scheme, font, and even animations.

Using an amazing free infographic maker online , you can create an engaging statistical infographic that breaks down complex information in a way that is easy to understand and visually appealing.

Create Simple Storylines

When statistics are presented as a story, it is easier to comprehend. Take the time to get to know the data that you are presenting. Create a natural story arc that goes along that data.

Geared toward your audience, the story should be set up such that their minds are encouraged. This is to make connections between the data and their own experiences.

This helps to make your presentation more relatable and leaves your audience with a deeper understanding of the figures. Making the story humorous or adding a positive spin to the figures can help to keep the audience more engaged with the topic.

Craft Meaningful Questions

Questions help your audience make connections between the data and the topic. This can catalyze conversations and further engagement.

Questions can also help start breakout conversations in which your audience is forced. This is to critically analyze the information you are sharing.

Ask open-ended questions that help your audience think deeply about the implications of the stats you’re presenting.

You can also go one step further and encourage people in the room to come up with their questions. This allows people to draw their conclusions. This creates a more vivid and meaningful experience.

Integrate Comparisons and Context

One way to do this is to consider how to make stats seem more real by integrating comparisons and context into your presentation. If you are presenting stats on a particular subject, you could compare them to stats from similar past events or trends.

This can help people to better connect with and understand the data more effectively. Providing the context for the data being presented allows people to have a full understanding of the information presented.

Learn Effective Statistics Presentation Today

Statistics can be intimidating, but if you know how to present them interestingly and engagingly, you can deliver a powerful speech. Follow these tips to make sure your statistics presentation stands out and successfully conveys your message.

Take action now and start crafting your impressive stats presentation today!

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[Updated 2023] Top 50 Data and Statistics PowerPoint Templates Used by Analysts Worldwide!

Deepali Khatri

“Without data, you’re just another person with an opinion.” – Late W. Edwards Deming, a leading management thinker and authority in the field of quality.

Data, like pictures, tell stories. They can make people pause and think about a problem, rally people for a cause, and convince people with logic and hard facts. A presentation is all about persuasion; for this, you must present data visually appealingly.

One of the most popular ways to share your data with your audience is infographics. These make your presentation eye-catching and more engaging.

RELATED READ: Top 10 One Page Data and Statistics Templates To Make Your Business Decisions More Prominent

Creating visual content in marketing is not a piece of cake. This is why we take all the pain and bring high-grade data and statistics templates, be it charts, graphs, or other data visualization, to help you present your data in a way the audience can easily understand.

Whether it is market trend analysis, company performance, summary statistics, social media usage, or any other topic, we offer you predesigned, fully editable (excel-linked) data PPT templates to evaluate and analyze data that will further help you in decision-making. All you have to do is replace the sample data with your data, and your presentation will be ready in no time.

Here we present the top 40 data and statistics PowerPoint templates that will assist you in interpreting data more efficiently and easily.

Statistics PowerPoint PPT Template Bundles -1

Click Here to Get This Statistics PowerPoint PPT Template Bundles

This presentation template provides the framework for conducting and inserting your data in this wonderfully-designed comprehensive, complete deck. The structure is provided, with the title on each slide giving full details on what will be added. For instance, a graphical representation of data using statistical measures is one such slide; a financial analysis slide will add that element of authority to your presentation. Statistical icons on investment marketing, poll graph, etc., provide that much-needed variety and showcase your expertise. Download this template now to make a real impact!

Social Media Key Statistics PPT Professional Files -2

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With social media the rage, it is critical for businesses to know they're two-bit about the platform and take steps to ensure that they can gain from it. Use this presentation template to know about the parameters that dictate social media penetration in terms of the standard business information that companies look for, like urbanization, penetration of social media among segments of the population (categorized according to age or income or any other relevant parameter to your line of business). The number of internet users and the percentage of active social media users are also documented. Unique mobile users on social media and active mobile social users (all from the population in your market) can be represented to help you plan your product launch or the next big marketing push. Download this template now to get a feel of harnessing the social media phenomenon for your business needs.

Data Presentation Statistics Example of PPT Presentation-3

Get This Pre-Designed Data Presentation Statistics Example of PPT Presentation

This year-wise PPT Presentation helps you depict data on say sales or profit percentages or growth in a particular product category. The template is designed to ensure that a top management personnel can understand the business trajectory and suggest remedial measures. For now, the scale is 1-100, but at the cost of repetition, please bear in mind that each of these templates is 100% customizable and editable. If your scale is different, it will take just a click to set this template up that way. Download now to start preparing for your next big data, presentation now!

Statistics PPT Template with Demographics Market Segment-4

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Use this PPT Presentation to highlight how market segments and the demography of customers interact to provide you with the perfect potion for business success. If you do not win, you can analyze this data to arrive at a meaningful strategy for your business. The color codes help you either have four markets or four demographic segments and understand their interaction (What’s even more fabulous is that the templates are editable so that you can add your legends as well). Download this template to showcase your expertise in how statistics and data can be visually represented to tell a story for you to take action on and make an intelligent business decision.

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Grab this Customizable Statistical Analysis PowerPoint Layout

Analyze the business data and its effectiveness through this amazingly curated statistical analysis PowerPoint graphic. This deck consists of 30 slides that let you examine and analyze the data to reach an effective business decision. Showcase the statistical results and predictive analytics benefits. Define various processes and showcase how data is collected, integrated and analyzed using this customizable statistical analysis template.

Online Travelling Stats PowerPoint Guide-6

Download this Easy-To-Use Online Travelling Stats PowerPoint Layout

Prepare your travel plans by comparing various parameters involved in tours and execute the best deal. Conduct a comparative analysis between the deals offered by various websites. Describe your concept and interact with your market for customer acquisition. Group your ideas at one place via this amazingly designed online traveling stats PPT guide.

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Expand your market share by boosting up the sales of your product by incorporating this readily available social media PowerPoint slide design. Conduct a proper analysis of the revenue generated from these social media sites. Social media is an essential marketing tool for marketers to promote their brand. Understand the social media behavior of your target audience with this editable doughnut chart template. It can be viewed on a standard screen and a widescreen as well. Click on the download button now and grab this template now.

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Grab this Editable Improve Statistics Sample Presentation PPT Template

Download this improve statistics template to improve your business value. Analyze your business information using this slide that will enable you to take effective decisions. The slide will help you analyze your business stock market which lets you make a better and informed investment decision. The readymade PPT template can also be used in the areas of finance, marketing, research and development.

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Get this amazingly curated product usage Facebook stats PPT template

This slide consists of a man’s portrait that can be used to showcase various parameters with percentages. The product usage Facebook stats slide can also be used to depict the traffic derived from Facebook for your brand. Also, you can easily segregate the customers based on their buying pattern, consumption pattern, demographic and other factors and present it front of your viewers for better understanding.

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Click Here to Download this Content Management System PowerPoint Slide Design

The CMS PPT template will let you manage and organize web content. Share entire process of managing content and mention the steps. You can easily plan, develop, manage, preserve and evaluate the content within an organization. This PPT slide will let you create, manage and modify content on the website without any requirement of specialized technical knowledge. Also, taking the assistance of this template one can keep the content updated. Guide your workforce the ways and techniques they should adopt to manage content efficiently.

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Get this Readily Available limitation of Statistics PPT Slide Show

Showcase the business limitation of statistics using this 8 stage limitations of statistics PPT slide. Display various aspects hindering your outcomes and familiarize your employees and subordinates with different problem-solving techniques. Devise strategies to overcome the limitations and present the plans formulated in front of your viewers.

Population Demographic Statistics Bar Chart-12

Download this Pre-Designed Population Demographic Statistics Bar Chart PowerPoint Example

This PPT template will let you display data set as a breakdown of males and females. Depict the total number of males and females working in your business organization. An increase in the population of a particular area can also be displayed taking advantage of this readily available demography statistics bar chart template.

Demand Statistics PowerPoint Slide Themes-13

This demand statistics PowerPoint slide design will let you predict the demand of goods and services. Analyze the demand patterns over the past few years and make production estimates accordingly. A clear estimate will help you in reducing the risks involved in business activity. Make important business decisions by forecasting the demand through this professionally curated demand statistics PPT layout.

Statistics Results PPT Inspiration Gallery-14

Download this Amazingly Designed Statistics Results PPT Guide

The template consists of two windows, one consisting of a bar graph and the other consisting of circular diagram depicting some percentage rates associated with different categories. Complex data can be easily represented via this easy to use PPT slide design. Professionals from various backgrounds can incorporate this slide to deliver impactful presentations.

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Get this retention acquisition statistics PowerPoint slide show

Improve the customer satisfaction rate and showcase the same using this retention acquisition statistics template. The acquisition statistics PPT slide will let you gain and retain more customers. Define various benefits of customer acquisition via this creatively designed PowerPoint template. Also, the slide helps in building result-oriented business marketing techniques for your company.

Data Driven 3D Pie Chart For Business Statistics PowerPoint Slides-16

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Showcase the size of market segments your organization is dealing in. display the company’s performance in different quarters. Present the revenue generated from various segments. This template can also be used for allocating budget and for comparing profit percentages of different products. Provide a clear understanding of various concepts with this statistical tool rather than explanative documents.

Bar Graph For Year Based Chart And Financial Details Flat PowerPoint Design-17

Click Here to Get this Bar Graph for Year Based Chart and Financial Details PPT Template

Incorporate this template for finance and marketing related presentations. Portray business or financial strategy, growth patterns and other financial aspects using this professionally designed growth graph statistics PPT layout. You can also employ this slide to track liquidity, budget, expenses and cash flows. Set valuable financial goals that result in growth and success.

 Donut Chart with Icons for Data Driven Statistics-18

Get this Customizable Donut Chart PowerPoint Slide

Represent percentage or numerical proportions of the data with the help of this predesigned donut chart icon for data-driven statistics. Display the relative size of the market segment your organization is dealing with. This slide can also be incorporated to depict the relationship of different parts to the whole. Compare the profit percentage of different products that your organization is selling. Display the data, facts and numerical proportions in an organized way via this amazingly designed customizable donut chart PPT slide show.

Employee Engagement Statistics PowerPoint Slide Rules-19

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This employee engagement PowerPoint template will let you showcase employee’s satisfaction with data driven approach. Our designers at SlideTeam have created this template to keep you updated of latest market trends. Employ this PowerPoint layout to showcase your employees the significance of their contributions. Incorporate the template to present the ways to improve productivity. Enrich the work experience for employees taking the advantage of this customizable employee engagement statistics PPT slide.

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Get this Trends Statistics Diagram Sample PowerPoint Presentation Slide

Provide an accurate estimate about costs, demand, sales and price and make a sound decision by incorporating trends statistics diagram PPT template. The slide will help the user make a report on business planning based on the predictions and assumptions. The slide can also be used in the field of science for the purpose of taking sound decisions and for finding out patterns in the given data.

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Increase the engagement of your audience on digital and social media channels taking the assistance of this readymade PowerPoint slide design. This PPT slide will let you grab the attention of your viewers and will also assist you in boosting up the conversion rate. Showcase the benefits and service you provide to the customers taking the advantage of this content ready PPT layout.

Data-Driven 3D Bar Chart for Research In Statistics PowerPoint Slides-22

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Present your project stats in front of your team members with the help of this editable data driven 3D bar chart for research in statistics template. Highlight various metrics that will assist you in showcasing your improving or dropping stats of the project. Presentations on topics like research and development, research management, technological and product development data can be conveniently delivered.

Financial Sales Growth Chart -23

Click Here to Download this Statistics Result Shows Financial Growth PPT Guide

Develop a formal record of financial activities of your business organization and make a financial statement with the help of this professionally designed financial sales growth chart PPT template. Add the required details for financial statements in just single slide and present it in front of your audience. Compile the list of financial statements like the balance sheet, cash flow statement, and income statement and present it in a format that can be easily understood by the viewers.

Project Status Kpi Dashboard Showing Portfolio Statistics And Workflow Phase-24

Get this Project Status KPI Dashboard Showing Portfolio PPT Slide Show

Convey your message graphically with this six-stage presentation PPT slide. This project status PPT template can be employed to deal with the topics like project health card, project status, project performance, etc. this template consists of bar chart graphs and pie charts that can be used to depict workflow phases, project planning and execution, initiation of a project, and other similar topics.

Business Strategy Consultant Growth Bar Chart Powerpoint Templates -25

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Display the growth patterns of your business organization using this business growth bar chart PowerPoint template. This slide will let you measure change over time. One can also devise a strategy to reach the set targets and goals. Mention various steps one needs to follow to accomplish desired goals. Incorporate the template and provide a clear understanding of the formulated plans to your audience.

Four Staged Pricing Table With Right And Wrong Symbol Flat PowerPoint Design-26

Click Here to Download this Id Four Staged Pricing Table with Right and Wrong Symbol PPT Diagram

Achieve consistency in pricing practices and keep a check on price with the help of this four staged pricing table with right and wrong symbol PowerPoint slide design. Manage your menu strategy and showcase the different product items of your organization and their prices. Present the pricing of various products or service offerings available to customers. Portray the prices at which the product is sold in different market segments using this pricing table PPT template.

Skill Matrix Report Presentation Slide PPT Diagrams-27

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Manage your organization’s human resource by incorporating this skill matrix report PPT slide. Represent your analysis effectively and convey the message in an organized manner. Display the assessment of a company’s workforce in areas like communication, leadership, self-development, job responsibility, critical thinking, decision making, etc. This nine-stage process template is best tool to analyze skills of employees in various fields.

Business Performance Dashboards With New Customers And Gross Profit-28

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The template consists of a chart, bar graph, pie chart and map that can be used as the best tool to represent the company’s performance. Explain the techniques of achieving the goals and the timeframe within which these can be achieved. You can also insert your own text in the slide. Analyze and evaluate the areas where you need improvement taking the advantage of this business performance dashboard PowerPoint slide show.

Bar Graph With Business Analysis Icons Flat PowerPoint Design-29

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Have a balance report of business performance through this creatively designed bar graph PowerPoint diagram. Evaluate organizational performance in different market segments and devise strategies on the basis of evaluation. Present the profits or revenue earned from different products using this easy-to-use editable PowerPoint slide show.

Multiple Charts Showcasing Email Marketing Analysis Presentation Slides-30

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Analyze the success of your email marketing by evaluating its performance through this amazingly curated multiple chart PowerPoint layout. Also, the template assists you in analyzing the effectiveness of your marketing campaign. The template consists of conversion rate, bounce rate, unsubscribe rate. This slide will let you improve the ROI of your marketing campaign. Develop effective and result oriented business strategies for your business organization.

Year In Review Business PowerPoint Ideas-31

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Evaluate the activities of the business organization done in the past years. Have a complete overview of the business and get to know where your business is heading towards. Display the number of assets your organization had in the past years. Remove the sample text and insert your own text in place in this 100% editable PowerPoint slide show. Inform your audience about the total taxes paid and the revenue of your business organization.

Pie Chart And Line Chart Data-Driven Analysis PowerPoint Slides-32

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Deliver impactful PPT presentation on business and marketing related topics with the assistance of this professionally designed PowerPoint slide show. The template consists of a line chart and a pie chart that can be used to present various numerical proportions. Showcase the market trend analysis using this customizable PowerPoint layout. Draw out conclusions for your business requirement with this easy to understand PPT charts.

Business Butterfly Bar Chart PowerPoint Graph-33

Download this Business Butterfly Chart PowerPoint Graph

The template can be used to make comparison in organizational data. Employ the slide to compare different products your organization is dealing in or compare two different market segments. Conducting a proper comparison will help you focus on the key areas that need improvement. Conduct a comparative analysis of your profits of different years and find out the ways you can increase the profits.

Column Chart PowerPoint Layout-34

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Display change over time by comparing column length via this amazingly designed column chart PPT layout. Incorporate this template to represent categorical data. Demonstrate different categories of sales and the performance of different products over the past few years. This rectangular bar chart PPT slide show can also be utilized for making a comparison in the sales report.

Multiple Charts For Business Growth Presentation Images-35

Click Here to Download Multiple Charts for Business Growth Presentation Template

This is a 2-stage process template consisting of donut charts and bar charts for business growth. Display the growth of your business organization taking the assistance of this visually appealing multiple charts PowerPoint template. Use this process and convey the concept of multiple charts in a way that can be easily understood by the audience. Compare your performance with that of your competitors and devise strategies to overcome the hurdles in your way to success.

Project Activity Gantt Chart Timeline-36

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Showcase the timeline for your business activities on weekly basis. This is an easy way to schedule your activities and track the progress of your project. Project managers can make use of this project activity PPT layout for keeping the track of business activities. Elucidate the time taken to complete one task and display the milestones that are to be achieved. List down the activities on the basis of their priority and guide your workforce the ways to complete them.

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This technically designed multiple charts for sale dashboard PPT template will let you evaluate your sales performance. Analyze how the business entity is performing from past few years. Find out the possible solutions to enhance organizational productivity and company’s sales. Monitors your employees’ performance for achieving the set targets. Identify the high and low performing sales team and employees through this sales metrics dashboard.

Multiple Charts Sample Presentation PPT-38

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Reduce your real business expenses and find out the ways of increasing profits by incorporating this multiple charts PowerPoint slide show. This template consists of charts, graphs, grids and tables, etc. identify the sales prices for different clients and the percentage each one is contributing to overall sales. Display the number of orders by different clients with this engaging charts PPT slide.

Business Sales Stats Sample Of PPT-39

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Present the data related to business sales using this readily available business sales statistics of PPT. data presented using such bar chart template can be analyzed quickly. Get a clear idea of the company’s sales. One can easily analyze how a particular product is performing in various market segments. Evaluate the collected information in a standardized way.

Data-Driven Line Chart Diagram PowerPoint Slides-40

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Showcase the conclusion of a project that has been initiated in the past. This line chart PPT template can also be used by the network, marketing, and production companies. Depict the complete information of a project along with the ups and downs. One can also incorporate the template to compare the sales of three different products and can easily find out which product is performing well.

These are the 40 best templates for data and statistics that can assist you in your next project or presentation. Go for the template you like the most!

FAQs on Data and Statistics

What is data and statistics used for.

Data and Statistics are a profound body of knowledge and a research tool that has only recently come into its own due to the proliferation of computers, artificial intelligence and the need for big data analytics. In essence, data is a piece of information about the world that is usually numerical (it can be qualitative as well) and lets us in on how large, small, huge or little things are. Statistics is the application of mathematical tools and analysis on data to derive conclusions that have everyday applications and meaning, after representing it visually as well. Statistics also helps us decide or predict what the next set of data will look like.

What is the best way to present statistics?

The best way to present statistics is through a business dashboard, a ultimately all information that entrepreneurs decide to process have to lead them to make better calls. A dashboard does it perfectly through its emphasis on clutter-free data and use of statistical tools to decide that for this kind of business use, only such parameters are relevant. For instance, at the end of the financial year, businesses are interested in profit, earning per share and equity, so only these make it to a statistical dashboard.

What are types of data?

Broadly, data is either qualitative or quantitative. We have two further subdivisions of discrete or continuous data in numerical or quantitative data. Discrete data always has finite values. Continuous data, on the other hand, is data that can have many values from a given set of data points. E.g., temperature range. Qualitative data, further, has nominal data akin to data on a particular characteristic that people or things can be differentiated into at all times: Eg, hair color, geography where they live, etc. Ordinal data, however, rank people and things into categories based on attributes like height, wealth, etc.

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Statistics for applications, lecture 1: introduction to statistics.

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Blog Graphic Design 15 Presentation Design Statistics to Know For 2019 [Infographic + Templates]

15 Presentation Design Statistics to Know For 2019 [Infographic + Templates]

Written by: Nadya Khoja Jun 19, 2018

The ability to give a captivating presentation is something that seventy percent of American employees believe is a crucial skill required to finding success at work.

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Whether you’re standing in front of 5 people, or 5000 people, it goes without saying that there is a lot of pressure that comes with delivering a talk and putting together a slide deck that effectively gets your thoughts across to an audience, and  engages that audience.

I’ve attended many different conferences and panels, and spoken at many events in the past few years. It’s always a little bit daunting to get in front of a room full of strangers who, without a doubt, have high expectations of the content I’m about to share…as well as the delivery of my presentation.

Nearly every conference organizer I speak with tells me the same thing:  that their audience typically responds best to actionable content. Plus, I should share something that is not only memorable, but that can be applied immediately by those in attendance .

Oh, but those aren’t the only requirements, of course…

I’ve got to present this information without access to any notes, I have a limited amount of time, I need to avoid incorporating too much text in my slides, and we can’t forget that every single person in the room, despite having the job title of “marketer”, comes from vastly different backgrounds and organizations.

So what’s the takeaway here? Well it’s clearly a lot harder than it seems to deliver a captivating and valuable presentation than may have previously been assumed .

Now I’ll be honest with you–I’m not the strongest public speaker, so it’s difficult for me to just “wing-it” when I get up on stage. I need a lot of cues and structure in my slide decks to help me stay on track, and keep a good pace in order to consistently grab the attention of my audience.

What I’ve learned from giving dozens of presentations in the past year is that every audience seems to respond very well and very strongly to the visual nature of my slide decks . I have almost no text, and in some cases, I have close to 150 slides in a 20 minute presentation.

Despite how many slides I use, I’ve been told specifically from a number of attendees that they are able to clearly remember almost everything I cover in that time. In fact, many have come up to me after a session to recap all of the things they learned and how they plan on applying those tactics to their own jobs.

Am I telling you this simply to brag about how great of a presenter I am? Maybe a little bit. But the main point I want to make is that I’m actually not the only speaker who places such a strong focus on creating visually appealing presentations .

I decided to reach out to speakers from all of the conferences I’ll be attending this year to find out what their processes are for compiling their slide decks in order to make them as engaging and actionable as possible.

They answered 15 different questions, and using those responses our design team actually created customized presentation templates that are available for you to use .  Click on the link to check out these  presentation templates . 

The results from the survey are below.

Presentation Design Statistics to Know for 2019:

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1. What was the main goal that presenters were trying to achieve with their slide decks?

When asked, 47% of speakers surveyed stated that their main objective when designing their presentations was to summarize complex information so that it would be easier for their audience to digest the content.

Other goals that presenters had were to create slide decks that entertained and inspired their audiences (24.5%) and to tell a story or to share a case study of personal experiences with their audiences (16.7%).

Some speakers were also more focused on sharing specific statistics and facts with their audiences (2%) or breaking down specific topics or strategies into smaller inputs and tactics that their audience could take away (9.8%).

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2. Did they typically design their own presentations and slides, or did they outsource the work to another designer?

The same speakers were also asked about the design process of their presentations, and if they had a tendency to design their decks on their own, or out-sourced their work to a freelancer, agency or an in-house designer.

What was surprising was that the majority, that being 65.7% of presenters, actually designed all of their presentations on their own , and only 4.9% would hire someone to do it for them. But 29.4% of speakers stated that they did some of the design work themselves, and also got some assistance from a designer.

3. How long did it take speakers to design their own slide decks and presentations?

CREATE THIS INSTAGRAM IMAGE Of those who designed a presentation on their own, 47% said that it took them more than 8 hours to simply design the deck , 28.5% said it took them between 5 and 8 hours to design their presentations and 19.6% said it took them between 1 and 3 hours.

After speaking to our support team to identify how long users on Venngage were spending on their presentation designs, on average those who used an existing presentation template spent between 45 minutes to 2 hours to complete a slide deck. However the users who started from scratch and chose to begin with a blank canvas took between 8 and 12 hours to complete a design.

Browse our library of professionally designed engaging presentation templates to save time creating engaging slide decks.

4. Were their slides typically more text-heavy or more visually focused?

Next we asked presenters whether their decks consisted primarily of visual content or were more text-heavy in nature, and a shocking 84.3% said that their presentations were highly visually focused .

When we surveyed marketers last year to identify how they were using visual content in their marketing efforts , on average the use of visual content in articles increased by 130% from 2015 to 2016 due to the higher engagement levels with visually-focused blog content.  

5. What percentage of their slide decks consisted of text?

Only 15.7% of speakers surveyed said that their presentation decks were more text-heavy, and the majority (54.9%) stated that less than 25% of their presentations consisted of text.

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6. Which types of visuals were most frequently included in presentations?

When asked what types of visuals were used in their presentations, 34.3% of speakers and presenters reported that they predominantly used photographs and stock photos in their presentations, but as we learned from our survey on visual content, only 7.6% of marketers claimed that photography and stock photos resulted in high-engagement.

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The majority (41.5%) had stated they had seen higher engagement rates from visuals such as infographics and original graphics.

But only 18.6% of presenters admitted to using original graphics, or charts in their presentations, and 15.7% said they primarily used illustrations and icons. One individual surveyed even went a step further and said:

“Charts and support elements are my biggest stumbling block. I am a practitioner and usually have a really good idea about the story I would like to tell but when it comes down to finding the right graph or free template to help me, I stumble. It’s really, really hard to find good support elements!”

A lot of emphasis is placed on incorporating good storytelling in a presentation, which admittedly is crucial to an engaging presentation, but unfortunately not enough focus is placed on data visualization and using graphs and charts as a supporting element in that story. You can read more about chart design best practices here .

In addition to this, 24.5% of speakers said they used a lot of screenshots and only 6.9% said they used mostly memes and gifs.

7. How many slides on average were included in their presentations?

As I mentioned above, I have a tendency to use a lot of slides in my presentations because it helps me stay on track, but it also keeps the pace of the presentation up, so I was surprised to see that only 3.9% of presenters surveyed used more than 120 slides in their talks, followed by 9.8% who used between 90 and 120 slides.

The majority, being 41.2% said that they only included between 21 and 40 slides in their presentations.

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Now if you’ve ever heard of the 10/20/30 rule by Guy Kawasaki, you know that he claims presentations should only have 10 slides and last 20 minutes, but this is a bit of an outdated belief system if you ask me.

The reason being that the modern audience has vastly shorter attention spans than they did even a decade ago .

In fact, apparently the average attention span has dropped from 12 seconds in the year 2000, down to 8 seconds in 2018.

8. How many minutes did their presentations run for?

Keeping this in mind, you need to keep your audience constantly stimulated and offer continuous visual cues to accompany each new thought. We see this a lot today in YouTube videos where frame changes and energy changes occur every 10 seconds , and a new point is made every 30 to 60 seconds.

And considering that 41.2% of speakers surveyed said they now have to give presentations that last anywhere between 45 and 60 minutes, and only 6.9% said their presentations last less than 25 minutes, you need to do everything in your power to avoid losing their interest.

9. What percentage of their presentations consisted of their brand colors?

We also asked how much of their presentations included their own brand colors, and 48% said that less than 25% of their presentations consisted of branded color schemes . That being said, 20.6% said that more than 80% of their presentations consisted of brand colors and only 6.9% said they used their branding between 40% to 60% of the time.

For the most part, slide decks were either incredibly brand focused, or not at all.

You can upload your own brand colors and fonts when you use Venngage’s Brand Kit. Click here to see.

10. Had they ever gotten feedback from their audience specifically for their presentation design?

If you’ve ever given a talk at a conference, you understand that audience feedback goes a long way. So we asked these speakers if they had ever received any feedback specifically about their presentation design itself.

For the most part, 64.7% of speakers said they had received positive feedback on their presentation designs and only 1% said they had received negative feedback on their design (if you’re the 1%, please let us help you).

But 34.3% said they actually never received any feedback on their designs at all .

Now I’d like to take this opportunity to brag again, if that’s okay, and it’s to say that 90% of the time the feedback I receive is on the engaging and memorable nature of my slides’ design and style .

What I’m getting at, is in many cases if the design of your presentation is truly outstanding, people will comment on it. If they say nothing, there is a strong chance that the design didn’t stand out in their minds.

Delivering a memorable presentation is something all speakers strive to achieve, and you need to keep in mind that your audience is spending anywhere between 25 and 60 minutes staring at your slides, not at you.

And if you’re slides contain valuable information and look good, the chances of your audience taking pictures and sharing those pictures online is much higher (and as marketers we all love shareable content, don’t we?).

11. How proud were they of the overall design of their slide decks, on a scale of 1 to 10?

We also asked these speakers how proud they were of their slide design on a scale of 1 to 10, and 52.8% said their pride fell somewhere between an 8 and a 10.

Only 3% rated themselves a 4 or lower, and 44.2% fell somewhere in between a 5 and a 7.

Explore a range of creative presentation templates so that you can create a slide deck you are truly proud of.

Unfortunately, design comes as an afterthought to many presenters, and that makes sense since conference attendees typically decided whether or not to sit in on a talk based on the content, not the look of the presentation.

But the use of visuals is an enhancement to that content that will in turn have an impact on information recall .

12. What kinds of color palettes did they prefer using in their presentation design?

Since we already addressed that most speakers shied away from using their brand colors in their presentations, we wanted to learn a bit more about what types of color schemes and palettes they were drawn to.

Bright and vibrant color palettes ranked the highest, with 35.3% of speakers leaning towards this option, followed by 16.7% who stated they prefered corporate, cool and blue tones in their presentations.

In addition to that, 11.8% said they liked bolder and darker color schemes, and 9.8% said they prefered more earthy and natural tones. Only 7.8% of people stated that they prefered fiery and red tones, and 3.9% said they liked color schemes that were more subtle and consisted of pastel tones.

The remaining 14.7% selected the “Other” option, and shared a much wider range of specific color schemes, most of which consisted of their specific brand colors, or variations of the above palettes (such as “Neon” or “Brown tones”).

13. How frequently did they reuse the same slide deck, or give the same presentation?

As mentioned above, many speakers spent over 8 hours when it came to designing a presentation, so it only makes sense that they would repurpose or reuse that presentation a few times.

In fact, 53% said they reused the same slide deck between 2 and 4 times , and 19.6% said that gave the same presentation more than 8 times. On top of that, 14.7% said they gave the same talk between 5 and 8 times, and 12.7% said they gave the talk only 1 time.

It’s also worth noting that some people commented that even if they didn’t use the exact same presentation multiple times, they would repurpose certain parts or ideas multiple times in different talks.

14. What was their process for getting a presentation ready?

I was interested in learning what the process was for preparing a presentation or slide deck, and 33.3% of those surveyed said they typically started with the content or an outline, and then broke down their script or notes to plug into a deck. For these individuals, design came as a last thought .

Similarly, 26.5% said they started with a skeleton of the entire presentation and then added the design elements to that.

Only 4.9% of people said they would think about the overall theme or design of the presentation, and figure out the exact content later on, whereas 32.4% actually built the content and the presentation simultaneously.

The remaining 2.9% had a variety of more specific processes for their own presentation design, such as determining the audience level first, or starting by talking out loud and letting their natural expertise guide the flow of the overall presentation.

15. What were the most difficult parts of putting together a slide deck?

Finally we asked speakers to tell us everything they found most difficult about putting together their slide decks and 45.1% said they struggled primarily with figuring out how to summarize and condense their content so it would fit in a good presentation.

Ironically, this was also one of the most common goals many of the speakers had. Then 42.2% said they struggled with formatting their presentations in a way that would keep their audience excited and engaged.

As I recommended of course, a possible solution to this struggle is to keep the pace up by changing the slide with every new thought.

And next 25.5% said they struggled with finding good visual assets to include in their presentation, such as charts, photographs and illustrations. Finally, 8.9% said they had a hard time finding a design or a template that stood out from all the noise and clutter.

There were some other results as well that ranged quite a bit where people stated that they struggled with the actual rehearsal of their presentations, or finding the right pacing and flow to accompany the format of their decks. Again I think a solution here is to structure the slide deck in a way so that with each new thought or phrase, the slide changes.

Venngage offers a range of customizable charts, an image library and unique illustrations that you can drag right into your presentation template . Sign up for free .

Based on the findings from this survey, it appears that overall the slide decks of MarTech speakers will continue to place a very strong focus on visual content and cues, rather than heavy use of text.

More and more presenters are spending a lot of time trying to summarize their content in a way that helps educate and engage their audiences, and a clear struggle that many presenters face is figuring out how to format and design their presentations in a way that can accomplish this.

How to make presentations that engage your audience: 5 proven presentation templates that will help

As promised, below you will find five custom templates that the Venngage Design Team put together based on the results of this survey . Our goal is to provide you with templates that not only save you time, but are fully equipped with all the components of an engaging presentation.

1. Use bright and vibrant color schemes to make your information pop

Based on the survey results, we learned that a lot of speakers and presenters are drawn towards brighter and more vibrant color schemes. So we took that into consideration in designing each of these custom engaging templates.

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2. Avoid including too much text on your slides

As you can imagine, your audience doesn’t want to be bombarded with text when they are experiencing your presentation, so try not to include too much text in your slides. Get straight to the point or use photographs, screenshots and illustrations to help get your point across visually.

3. Include graphs and charts to help summarize complex data

If you have survey results , or a lot of data to share with your audience, rather than simply listing out the raw data in your presentation, try to use charts and graphs to help simplify and condense that complex information. It will make it a lot easier for your audience to interpret your findings, and keep them more engaged overall.

4. Use icons to provide visual cues and draw connections

If you’re struggling to figure out how to make your presentations more visual, you can use icons to create visual cues, or draw connections from the text-heavy content in your slides. Icons will help your audience better recall the information you cover during your talk.

5. Focus on summarizing the key points of your content

And if you’re still struggling to figure out how to summarize your key points in an effective and engaging way, try focusing on the “main headers” that structure your content. These are usually your key points and is ultimately the information your audience will want to walk away with at the end of your presentation.

You can explore a wide range of engaging presentation templates and designs here and ensure that the next time you deliver your own presentation, your audience leaves motivated and educated.

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7 Tips for Designing a Persuasive Presentation [Presentation Design Guide + Templates]

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Statistics PowerPoint Templates & Presentation Slides

Download Statistics PPT templates and presentation slides to communicate statistics to an audience. Our 100% editable statistics templates are fully compatible with PowerPoint and Google Slides.

These attractive-looking Statistics Templates can help you prepare slides for presentations illustrating your data without complications. Check these statistics slide templates for PowerPoint presentations, including lines, graphs, icons, shapes, and other aesthetics to illustrate your slides with powerful graphics.

Featured Templates

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Whether you are a researcher, a business professional, an educator, or a student, these statistics templates for PowerPoint and Google slides are a great method for representing numbers. They feature bar graphs, pie charts, line plots, and scatter plots. You can pick the one that looks best for your project, customize its content, and complete a professional presentation in just minutes.

Additionally, these versatile presentation templates for statistics allow us to change their theme, regardless of whether you work in PowerPoint, Google Slides, or Apple Keynote. These time-saver tools for data representation are a must-have. Go through our extensive statistic template collection and complete your projects today!

What is a Stats Slide?

A “Stats Slide” is a slide within a presentation that visually presents statistical data, often in graphs, charts, tables, or other graphical representations. It conveys quantitative information, such as numbers, percentages, trends, comparisons, and other data-related insights, to the audience.

How do You Present Statistics in Slides?

To present statistics in slides effectively, follow these steps:

• Choose the right visuals, which include bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, and tables.
• Make it simple and focus your slide on the most relevant and important information; you don’t need to use all the data.
• Use clear labels and titles that convey the main message of the data.
• Explain the data by giving a piece of background information.
• Be consistent about the design theme throughout your presentation.
• Use your organization color(s) or thoughtfully choose color(s) to avoid excessive use of color that can distract from the main message.
• Avoid overwhelming the slide with too much text; use short, impactful bullet points to highlight key insights.
• Keep it Visually stunning.
• Make sure you cite sources where you get those statistics to maintain credibility.

What is the Purpose of a Statistics Slide?

The purpose of a statistics slide is to provide a clear and concise representation of complex data. It helps the presenter communicate key information quickly and effectively, making the data more understandable and memorable for the audience.

How to Show Statistics in PPT?

To show statistics in a PowerPoint (PPT) presentation:

• Create a new slide by clicking the “New Slide” button or pressing Ctrl + N.
• Select a slide layout that accommodates the statistics you want to present.
• If presenting numerical data, choose the “Chart or Graph” option, select the appropriate chart type (bar, line, pie, et cetera), and input your data into the chart.
• Customize the chart’s appearance, labels, colors, and other elements to make it stunning and informative.
• Add titles, labels, and necessary text to explain the data’s significance.
• Adjust fonts, colors, and layout as needed.
• Preview the slide to ensure the data is correctly presented and easily understood.
• Practice Delivery

Using statistics slides effectively can enhance your presentation by making complex data accessible and engaging to your audience.

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Statistics Presentation Template

Statistics presentation

Transcript: Should Sotto Resign? 3 out of 30 people don't have a stand in the issue 5 out of 30 people don't want Sotto to resign 22 out of 30 people want Sotto to resign CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Jessa Anecito Jeo Galisim Thea Reyes Zyb Roca Timothy Toledo Statistics Presentation : SAMPLE SIZE NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Statistics Presentation

Transcript: By: Whitney Clavijo And Barbara Lacayo Table Of Contents *Hypothesis *Procedure *Research *Data &Conclusion We gathered all our research from the internet Our sample results: A:11 Students (1-0,2-1,3-2,5-3,0-4,0-5,0-6^) B:19 Students (1-0,5-1,6-2,7-3,0-4,2-5,0-6^) C:15 Students (2-0,6-1,3-2,2-3,2-4,0-5,0-6^) D:4 Students (1-0,0-1,2-2,0-3,1-4,1-5,0-6^) F:1 Students (1-0,0-1,0-2,0-3,0-4,0-5,0-6^) Research *Create Student Surveys *Survey Students and take down Info *Number the surveys and and randomly select 50 students Procedure Ho: Students with more siblings will have higher Grade Point Averages due to sibling assistance Conclusion According to the Data collected and the sampled, the more siblings one has the worse off the student is likely to do in school. Possible Bias could be solely having younger siblings that are to young to influence school work or siblings who have moved out, therefore not around to contribute to such influence. Hypothesis Data Overall the information gathered explained that siblings actually do have a positive impact on One's Grade point average AP Statistics Final Exam

STATISTICS PRESENTATION

Transcript: 1600 William Gilbert electricus Thomas Browne Otto Von Guericke Robert Boyle Stephen Gray Benjamin Franklin PRESENTED BY: twitter 1994 google + october 3, 1991 MOJARES, LESTER EANE Laptop 1765 OCAMPO, JEABELLE facebook august 5, 1991 2011 LAYCO, JOHN PAUL january 30, 1992 WELCOME... uno! youtube Graphical representation Tables skype Statistics and Probabilities

Transcript: Niemz, M., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(6), 562-570. Rosen, L.D., Whaling, K., Carrier, L.M., & Cheever, N.A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior. Seidman, G. (2013). Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 402-407. A hierarchical multiple regression was performed and adjusted for demographics Determined which variables provided significant prediction in a simultaneous regression More time online and more FB impression management related to more clinical symptoms of major depression More FB friends, fewer symptoms of dysthymia Predictors of mania: more FB general use, more FB impression management, more FB friends Predictors of narcissism & histrionic PD: more FB friends, more impression management, and more general use General use and impression management also predicted more signs of ASPD & compulsive disorders Predictors of paranoia & schizoid PD: more FB general use and fewer FB friends Predictors of mania: More general FB use, more FB impression management, and more FB friends Limitations Methods Hypotheses & Methods References 18.3% of sample were pathological internet users, 51% had limited symptoms, and 30.5% had no symptoms Pathological internet users had lower self-esteem and were more socially disinhibited more online friends, friendlier, more liberated and open, more likely to share secrets Pathological internet use caused problems in academic, social, and interpersonal areas of life Males had a higher average number of pathological symptoms (M=2.6) than females (M=1.5) ANOVA showed this was statistically significant, p<.01 Positive correlation between hours spent online and PI symptoms, p<.01 No significant relationship between PIU and GHQ, p=.118 Not evidence based Not a broad demographic studied mostly college/young adult age No longitudinal data Mostly self-report--people lie! What do we do with this information? 184 undergraduate students participated in an online survey for extra credit Big Five assessed with Snacier's (1994) version of Goldberg's Big 5 markers Belongingness four scales two assessing belongingness behaviors two assessing motivations Self-presentation six scales two assessing self-presentational behaviors one assessing attention-seeking motivation three assessing the extent to which FB was used to express actual, hidden, and ideal self-aspects Teens, young adults, & adults (N=1143) completed an anonymous online questionnaire assessing internet and technology related behaviors, as well as symptoms of psychopathology Clinical symptoms of psychological disorders measured with the MCMI-III: Million Multiaxial Clinical Inventory Questions specific to FB usage: frequency of reading postings, posting status updates, posting photos, commenting on posts or statuses, commenting on photos, "checking in", changing or updating profile, browsing profiles, browsing photos, “liking” things, adding or requesting new friends, FB chatting, joining or creating events, playing games, joining or creating groups also asked about # of friends and how many they’d actually met Purpose: Past research has shown mixed results with regard to psychopathology and social networking use Some studies have shown positive correlations with SNS frequency of use and MDD, others have shown negative correlations or no relationship Studied if FB use, technology attitudes, and anxieties were predictive of personality and/or mood disorders Hypotheses: Adults who use more technology & media, particularly social media, will show increased clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders Adults who show more negative attitudes toward technology will show increased clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders Is Facebook Creating "iDisorders"? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes, and anxiety Prevalence of Pathological Internet Use among University Students and Correlations with Self-esteem, the GHQ, and Disinhibition. G. Seidman Methods Stats and Results Purpose: Internet Addiction Disorder (Pathological internet use) is a growing problem. Past studies have shown that PI users are more likely to be male, college-age, have lower self-esteem, and be less inhibited than the general population. Symptoms of IAD: withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and depression when not online, tolerance (e.g. spending longer amounts of time in chat rooms), mood-altering, and preoccupation with one's online activities This study aimed to replicate past findings and see if they were applicable to the British college population. L.D. Rosen, K. Whaling, S. Rab,

Transcript: (cc) photo by medhead on Flickr One 89 Southern Utah University Student surveyed: 30 Men 59 Women Is GPA affected by different factors of a student’s school routine? Three Two

Transcript: Sample Size: 342 People Mean: 3 Mode: 0 Median: 3 Standard Deviation: 3.4 Sample Proportion: 40% Margin of Error: 5% Population Proportion: 35% - 40% It is not normal distribution by emma calvert and taylor rufer Summary 0- 86 1- 75 2- 48 3- 30 4- 19 5- 23 6- 3 7- 3 8- 2 9- 2 10- 51 Sampling Method Overall one can come to the conclusion that in your teenage years you either have a lot of relationships, or not many at all. Sure there's a middle ground, but it's not as large as the two extremes are. So for those of y'all worrying about being single during your high school experience, don't. Using the internet to collect data was a pretty good move because it allowed us to have a large sample size and a margin of error on the smaller side. Statistical Data special thank you to reddit and the hangouts crew Self Selected- People are choosing to take the survey, they didn't have to Convenience- We just posted it on the internet, didn't do anything special or try super hard. We just let it do its own thing Random- It all depended on who was on the internet that day and happened to see that random post How Many Romantic Relationships Have You Had? Statistics Presentation

Transcript: -3.09 -3.09 -2.09 -4.09 -6.91 5.91 -0.09 -6.09 -0.09 -5.09 1.91 -3.09 5.91 4.91 -0.09 1.91 -1.09 -3.09 0.91 -1.09 0.91 1.91 0.91 Name x-x̅ 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 0 Frequency 6 10 5 2 Low (Minimum) = 0 Quartile 1 = 0 Quartile 2 (Median) = 1 Quartile 3 = 2 High (Maximum) = 3 x Cap'n'Crunch Cocoa Trix Apple Jack Corn Chex Corn Flake Nut & Honey Smacks MultiGrain Cracklin' Grape-Nuts Honey N Nutri-Grain Product 19 Total Raisin Wheat Oatmeal Life Maypo Quaker Muesli Cheerios Special K 64.49 49.04 22.72 24.01 14.72 42.14 0.8 47.93 -0.1 -5.75 26.99 24.32 12.59 15.37 0.89 21.26 9.67 -18.94 14.68 -12.13 -4.43 23.17 12.58 Section 6: Create a Scatter Plot Draw an Appropriate Graph for the Categorical Data 5 Number Summary 12 12 13 11 22 21 15 9 15 10 17 12 21 20 15 17 14 12 16 14 16 17 16 Math 13: Statistics Group Project Our categorical data was focused on the manufacturers for 23 different brands of cereal. Looking at the table, there are 6 different manufacturers for the cereals in the sample. Kelloggs produces the most amount of cereal, being the manufacturer responsible for 34.78%. The next manufacturer is General and is responsible for 30.43%. Ralston and Quaker Oats are equal in production, each being responsible for 13.04%. Finally, the manufacturers Post and America are the least prominent, each only being responsible for 4.35%. Section 7: Determine Correlation Coefficient -20.87 -15.87 -10.87 -5.87 2.13 7.13 -8.87 -7.87 1.13 1.13 14.13 -7.87 2.13 3.13 -9.87 11.13 -8.87 6.13 16.13 11.13 -4.87 12.13 14.13 x 0 1 2 3 Mean= 26/23 = 1.13 Mode = 1 Cap'n'Crunch Cocoa Trix Apple Jack Corn Chex Corn Flake Nut & Honey Smacks MultiGrain Cracklin' Grape-Nuts Honey N Nutri-Grain Product 19 Total Raisin Wheat Oatmeal Life Maypo Quaker Muesli Cheerios Special K 9.55 9.55 4.37 16.73 47.75 34.93 0.01 37.09 0.01 25.91 3.65 9.55 34.93 24.11 0.01 3.65 1.19 9.55 0.83 1.19 0.83 3.65 0.83 Σ(x-x̅)²=18.68 In regards to numerical data, we chose to use the amount of fat in grams in 23 different cereal brands. The mean amount of fat is 1.13 grams and the mode is 1, meaning most of the 23 brands have 1 gram of fat. In the 23 brands of cereal, the lowest amount of fat is 0 grams while the highest is 3 grams. When arranged in order from least to greatest, the lower quartile is 0, the middle quartile or median is 1, and the upper quartile is 2. It also has a standard deviation of 0.92. Fat (g) 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 0 (x-x̅)(y-ȳ) Thank You!! Section 5: Description of Findings Section 3: Mean, Median, 5 Number Summary Group 10: Keycee Alvarez, Julian Bayani, Liming Liang Section 4: Calculating Standard Deviation 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 435.56 251.86 118.16 34.56 4.54 50.84 78.68 61.94 1.28 1.28 199.66 61.94 4.54 9.8 97.42 123.88 78.68 37.58 260.18 123.88 23.72 147.14 199.66 (Frequency)(x) 0 10 10 6 18 23 28 33 41 46 30 31 40 40 53 31 41 42 29 50 30 45 55 50 34 51 53 Manufacturer Quaker Oats General General Kelloggs Ralston Kelloggs Kelloggs Kelloggs General Kelloggs Post General Kelloggs Kelloggs General Ralston General Quaker Oats America Quaker Oats Ralston General Kelloggs Name Cap'n'Crunch Cocoa Trix Apple Jack Corn Chex Corn Flake Nut & Honey Smacks MultiGrain Cracklin' Grape-Nuts Honey N Nutri-Grain Product 19 Total Raisin Wheat Oatmeal Life Maypo Quaker Muesli Cheerios Special K Assigned Data Section 1: Choose one set of Numerical and Categorical Data Categorical Data Numerical Data CRRating(y) x-x̅ 0.76 0.02 0.02 1.28 1.28 1.28 0.02 0.02 0.02 3.5 1.28 0.02 0.76 1.28 0.02 0.02 0.76 0.76 0.02 0.02 3.5 0.76 1.28 Numerical: Fat (g) || Categorical: Manufacturer of Cereal 0.87 -0.13 -0.13 -1.13 -1.13 -1.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 1.87 -1.13 -0.13 0.87 -1.13 -0.13 -0.13 0.87 0.87 -0.13 -0.13 1.87 0.87 -1.13 One of the data sets assigned to us was carbs. Among the 23 brands of cereal, the mean is 15.09. Additionally, the standard deviation for this data set is 3.57. The second data set assigned to us was the Consumer Report Rating, or the CRRating. The mean rating is 38.87 and the standard deviation for this data set is 10.46. Assigned Data: Carbs and CRRating Section 2: Choose the Type of Graph for Each Data Set Name (x-x̅)² Carbs(x) (x-x̅)² (y-ȳ)² y-ȳ

Transcript: Both of these variables have influence on the topic yet one is the one being manipulated and the other is one that could make the study's findings wrong. Although both of these are studies they are in their own way different. A confounding variable is one that influences the dependent or outcome variable but cannot be separated from the independent variable. Experimental Study An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. For example, someone's age might be an independent variable. Other factors (such as what they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch) aren't going to change a person's age. In fact, when you are looking for some kind of relationship between variables you are trying to see if the independent variable causes some kind of change in the other variables, or dependent variables. A confounding variable, also known as a third variable or a mediator variable, can adversely affect the relation between the independent variable and dependent variable. This may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly. The results may show a false correlation between the dependent and independent variables, leading to an incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis. References: http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/help/user_guide/graph/variables.asp http://explorable.com/confounding-variables Statistics Book Thanks for listening to our presentation! 1.5 as an observational study uses what you see, an experimental you try something new to view the changes between variables Imagine that you were interested in whether karaoke singers who are more animated would receive more applause from the audience. You could visit a restaurant that has karaoke and observe karaoke singers during one evening. You could rate each karaoke singer with respect to how animated the singer was. Moreover, you could rate the degree of applause that each singer received. You could then determine whether there was any correlation between how animated the singers were and the applause that they received from the audience. Independent Variable: Observational Study Group Members: KayCee Michael Abbott Michael Howard JoAnna Brennen Observational and Experimental Studies LETS GO! In an observational study, the researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations Unfortunately, when the researchers do a crosscheck with their peers, the results are ripped apart, because their peers live just as long - maybe there is another factor, not measured, that influences both drinking and living age? The weakness in the experimental design was that they failed to take into account the confounding variables, and did not try to eliminate or control any other factors. In an experimental study, the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables A group of students is interested in knowing if the number of times they can sink a basketball is related to the color of the basketball. The students shoot a series of baskets and record their success using a regulation colored basketball. They then switch to a blue colored basketball and shoot the same series of baskets. For example, a research group might design a study to determine if heavy drinkers die at a younger age.They proceed to design a study, and set about gathering data. Their results, and a battery of statistical tests, indeed show that people who drink excessively are likely to die younger. In this presentation you will learn about two kinds of statistical studies and two kinds of variable Confounding Variable The independent variable in an experimental study is the one being manipulated by the researcher. The independent variable is also called the explanatory variable. The resulting variable is called the dependent variable or the outcome variable.

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[Q] Is it a good idea to read interpretations of graphs from notes in a presentation?

I have a graduation project presentation tomorrow, and reading from notes while presenting is allowed.

The data analysis part of my graduation project has tons of graphs, and I find it really hard to memorize every point to mention about these graphs and their interpretations. Would I still appear professional while reading from notes? Any advice?

Update: another idea that came to my mind is that if the interpretation is too long, I can just add it to the slides and read it from there. I know reading slides is bad practice, but I still wanted to share the idea with you.

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• 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report

A PDF accessible version will be posted as soon as the ongoing accessibility and accommodation updates are concluded. Your patience is appreciated.

If you have questions about the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report, please email  [email protected] .

• Message From the Secretary of State

Dear Reader:

Human trafficking is a stain on the conscience of our society.  It fuels crime, corruption, and violence.  It distorts our economies and harms our workers. And it violates the fundamental right of all people to be free.

Around the globe, an estimated 27 million people are exploited for labor, services, and commercial sex.  Through force, fraud, and coercion, they are made to toil in fields and factories, in restaurants and residences.  Traffickers prey on some of the world’s most marginalized and vulnerable individuals – profiting from their plight.

The State Department’s annual Trafficking in Persons Report provides the world’s most comprehensive assessment of this abhorrent practice, as well as efforts by governments and stakeholders around the globe to combat it.  By measuring progress in 188 countries – including the United States – we are advancing President Biden’s commitment to prevent trafficking, prosecute perpetrators, and protect survivors.

Even as this resource covers long-standing forms and methods of trafficking, it also examines the growing role of technology in both facilitating exploitation and countering it.

Digital tools have amplified the reach, scale, and speed of trafficking. Perpetrators use dating apps and online ads to recruit victims.  They use online platforms to sell illicit sexual content.  They leverage encrypted messaging and digital currencies to evade detection.

At the same time, technology is also one of our most powerful tools to combat this enduring scourge.  Mobile phones, social media platforms, and artificial intelligence make it possible for advocates and law enforcement to raise greater awareness about the rights of workers and migrants, locate victims and perpetrators of online sexual exploitation, and analyze large amounts of data to detect emerging human trafficking trends.

As technology makes it easier for traffickers to operate across geographies and jurisdictions, those of us committed to rooting out this horrendous crime – in government, businesses, civil society – can and must work together and coordinate our efforts.

I am grateful to everyone who contributed to this report, especially the State Department’s Human Trafficking Expert Consultant Network, who helps ensure our findings and recommendations are informed by those with lived experience of human trafficking.

I also want to recognize our TIP Report Heroes who have been essential partners in this work.  For the past 20 years, the Department of State has honored more than 170 such champions of human dignity and decency from over 90 countries – survivors, government leaders, law enforcement officials, lawyers, social workers.  Many of them have put their own safety at risk to support victims and share their stories.

The courage and persistence of survivors and advocates like these humble and inspire us all as we continue working to build a safer and more just world.

Antony Blinken

• Message From the Ambassador-at-Large

Innovation drives successful anti-trafficking work.  As criminals continually adapt to take advantage of new vulnerabilities and opportunities to exploit others, we must persistently keep pace with a rapidly evolving trafficking landscape.  This year’s introduction examines the role of digital technology, which has had a profound impact on trafficking methods and trends in recent years.  Traffickers use online platforms to recruit, groom, defraud, coerce, and exploit victims, taking advantage of the potential for anonymity offered by online spaces.  At the same time, when harnessed effectively, digital technology can strengthen our anti-trafficking response, providing opportunities for stakeholders to strengthen prevention efforts, protect victims, and partner with survivors and other stakeholders to combat the crime.

In our fight against human trafficking, we must constantly strive to connect and unite through innovation, including optimization of our use of digital technology.  Traffickers take advantage of the ever-shifting nature of the internet to exploit others; it is imperative that we too embrace technology to counter this trend.   Digital technology has given us new ways to prevent trafficking, protect victims, prosecute bad actors, and forge global partnerships to combat this crime.  This year’s report highlights a range of successful and promising innovations that set us on that path.  Developing partnerships and empowering communities most affected by human trafficking are key to combating this crime.  This report examines, for example, how current efforts to prevent and address forced labor are buoyed by strategic partnerships with workers, including worker-led approaches to advancing labor rights and standards.

The internet can provide spaces to share information, for example to train and educate youth regarding online safety, empower workers to know and protect their rights, and educate vulnerable populations to recognize indicators of exploitation.  Digital tools can provide human trafficking victims with streamlined access to services such as hotlines, peer support and therapy, and other resources for technical training and financial literacy to help survivors navigate the exit and recovery stages of human trafficking.  Technological advances can increase the speed and accuracy of data collection, an area that when harnessed effectively can aid in the identification of trafficking patterns and trends.  Stakeholders can use technology to strengthen communication and information-sharing tools that incorporate workers’ voices, increase transparency and accountability in supply chains, and streamline collaboration and data-sharing among stakeholders.

This year’s introduction also covers a topic of personal importance to me as a former prosecutor.   Utilizing strategic investigative processes can effectively shift the burden of proof away from a reliance on victim testimony, which can endanger and retraumatize victims, and onto the prosecuting authority to both strengthen criminal justice procedures and better facilitate the safety and long-term well-being of victims and survivors.  Strengthening partnerships with survivors and innovating for greater inclusion of historically marginalized communities such as those with disabilities, are crucial to the anti-trafficking movement.  Survivors must continue to be consulted early and often in the development and implementation of anti-trafficking work.  Their firsthand knowledge of the ways in which traffickers are utilizing technology for exploitation is critical to ensure effective prevention, protection, and prosecution efforts.

Governments have a responsibility to guide and leverage efforts, including the use of digital technology, to protect the rights and safety of their citizens; however, governments cannot do this alone.  Collaboration and partnerships among stakeholders – governments, tech companies, NGOs, survivor communities, and financial institutions – are more important than ever to creating a safer world without human trafficking.  A fierce commitment to innovation has the power to renew and strengthen the deep connections that bind together all of us working to end human trafficking.  The United States is proud to work alongside our partners at home and overseas as we document and disseminate efforts to end this terrible crime while also recognizing the heroes whose work around the globe brings hope to victims, empowerment to marginalized communities, and motivation to continue our collective efforts.

• Human Trafficking Defined

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), defines “severe forms of trafficking in persons” as:

• sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or
• the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

A victim need not be physically transported from one location to another for the crime to fall within this definition.

Exploring the Role and Impacts of Digital Technology on Human Trafficking

In today’s rapidly evolving world, technology is often a double-edged sword.   While technology has provided innovative solutions to preventing and addressing human trafficking, it has also prompted complex ethical questions and created new opportunities for criminals, including human traffickers, to be increasingly sophisticated in exploiting individuals for profit.   Traffickers use technology to recruit, control, market and exploit vulnerable individuals while also evading detection.   Traffickers do this, for example, by using the Internet to advertise and sell children online for sex, advertise false jobs on social media platforms that are actually human trafficking schemes, transfer cryptocurrency to other traffickers, and perpetuate online scam operations.   At the same time, anti-trafficking stakeholders are using technological innovations to prevent human trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers.   The 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) introduction explores the challenges associated with digital technology in the fight against human trafficking and highlights how it can be used effectively by the anti-trafficking community.

Defining “Digital Technology”

Digital technology refers to an ever-expanding set of electronic systems and resources that facilitate learning, communication, entertainment, and more.   Examples include hardware, such as computers, smartphones and mobile devices, and robotics; software, including mobile applications, geolocation, online games, financial databases, web-based and cloud-based systems, and artificial intelligence (AI); and other online services, such as websites, video streaming, blogs, and social media.   For the purposes of this report, digital technologies are explored through their use by traffickers as well as by key anti-trafficking stakeholders and beneficiaries.

The Intersection between Digital Technology and Human Trafficking

One way digital technology and human trafficking can intersect occurs when traffickers use online platforms to exploit victims.   While not a novel phenomenon, renewed attention was brought to the issue because many people shifted their daily activities online at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.   Reports from several countries demonstrated drastic increases in online commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking, including online sexual exploitation of children (OSEC), and demand for and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM).   Traffickers have continued to advance schemes to exploit individuals using digital tools to groom, deceive, control, and exploit victims.   Some of these schemes lure individuals hundreds of miles away, including across borders, while others do not require them to leave their homes.  Increasingly, victims and survivors of human trafficking have shared that they first connected with their traffickers online.   While traffickers continue to refine and advance their use of digital technologies, governments and other anti-trafficking stakeholders must do the same to combat human trafficking.

How Traffickers Use Technology to Facilitate Trafficking

Human traffickers use a wide range of tactics to manipulate and exploit victims—using technology at every stage of their criminal activities, from the initial planning and execution of the scheme to the way in which they coerce, monitor, and maintain individuals to further their exploitative purpose and increase their profits.

Traffickers use the Internet to facilitate the identification and grooming of potential victims.   Traffickers often target and victimize individuals in vulnerable situations such as those experiencing conflict, natural disasters, poverty, challenging home lives, systemic oppression, or a combination of hardships.   The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) identified “hunting” and “fishing” as two common strategies perpetrators use to deceive and recruit victims.   According to UNODC, online platforms help traffickers search proactively and anonymously for a specific type of individual who they believe is particularly susceptible to further their scheme (the hunting process), or passively attract potential victims by posting online and waiting for a response (the fishing process).   Perpetrators may use social media, online advertisements, websites, dating apps, and gaming platforms – or fraudulent or deceptive duplications of such tools – to hide their true identity through fake accounts and profiles while interacting with potential victims.   Once potential victims are identified and contact is established, communication through the Internet serves as a powerful tool to deceive individuals with false promises of education, employment, housing, or romantic relationships only to lure them into labor and sex trafficking situations.   For example, a trafficker may create an online business website, perhaps posing as a talent recruiter, on which they often include realistic photos to gain a victim’s trust and make them believe the opportunity is authentic and will help advance their career or improve their life.   In these cases, traffickers trick the victim into believing they can legitimately earn income not only for themselves, but for their families as well.   As trust is established, the trafficker manipulates and traps the individual in an exploitative situation through force, fraud, or coercion.   Tactics such as threatening physical abuse or harm to an individual, their reputation, future employment, financial prospects, or their loved ones, are used by traffickers to foster fear.   The internet can also serve as a platform to escalate the exploitative scheme further, including via sextortion.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines sextortion as a serious crime that occurs when a perpetrator threatens to distribute private and sensitive material if the victim does not provide images of a sexual nature, sexual favors, or money.   The perpetrator, who often poses as a love interest, entices individuals to send sensitive images, which the victim believes are being shared privately, but the perpetrator then uses the images to control and coerce their victims to produce more images, perform sexual favors, or give money in cases involving sex trafficking or forced labor.   In addition to blackmailing the victims for large sums of money, traffickers may also use the content to generate additional revenue by selling the sensitive material on illicit platforms.

Additionally, traffickers can use the Internet to facilitate forced criminality, an increasingly common mechanism involving traffickers coercing their victims to engage in or support criminal activities ranging from working as part of online scam operations to commercial sex.   In online scam operations, traffickers largely recruit victims through deceitful job listings online, confine them in gated compounds, and force them to engage in online criminal activity under threat of serious harm.   Online scam operations include illegal online gambling, cryptocurrency investment schemes, and romance scams, all of which involve the victim of trafficking forming relationships with individuals in order to defraud them of significant sums.   Some traffickers compel victims to continue to work by threatening that if they seek help, they will be prosecuted for the unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked; while others are simply unaware that they are trafficking victims.

In sum, traffickers use digital tools like the Internet to amplify the reach, scale, and speed of their trafficking operations.   While the methods and means may have evolved with technological developments, the exploitation at the heart of trafficking persists, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive and innovative approaches to investigate and combat this crime.

Challenges and Risks Technology Presents for the Anti-trafficking Community

Digital technology has broadened the scope and scale of operations for traffickers as it allows the flexibility to target and exploit victims across the world while remaining hidden and more difficult to trace.   Traffickers adapt their schemes to take advantage of the obscurity available with new online tools, such as hiding behind anonymization tools or software, and benefiting from loose regulations of online platforms.   These challenges make it increasingly difficult for law enforcement and anti-trafficking stakeholders to identify and implement coordinated solutions fast enough to effectively combat technology-facilitated human trafficking.  Constant evolution in digital technology and the ways in which it is being used also makes it difficult to concentrate efforts or decipher trafficking indicators on a given platform, because law enforcement agencies must continuously adapt their tactics, develop technical expertise, and collaborate with technology companies to effectively combat trafficking.   Additionally, NGOs and service providers with data relevant to the field may struggle with how to effectively share information while considering data ownership and ensuring privacy is being maintained and protected.

Cross-Sector Coordination Challenges  

Traffickers have widened their reach by communicating with and recruiting victims globally, which has created a need for greater global coordination among anti-trafficking stakeholders and technology experts.   These stakeholders face several challenges to coordinating a global response, including navigating diverse legal frameworks to address technology-facilitated human trafficking that transcends borders.   It is often difficult to determine which jurisdiction has authority to investigate and prosecute perpetrators and coordinate international investigation efforts involving multiple countries.   Even when the jurisdiction is established, the necessary evidence gathering and coordination often results in lengthier processes, causing further strain on law enforcement agencies.   Traffickers also take advantage of and operate with impunity due to gaps, inadequacies, or loopholes in laws and regulations to address technology-facilitated trafficking and associated activities.

The lack of sufficient funding for research and training on traffickers’ exploitation of digital tools can leave the anti-trafficking field responding reactively rather than proactively.   Capacity and resources are particularly acute challenges for law enforcement in regions with limited access to advanced technology.  Several technology-based anti-trafficking tools exist for data mining; however, many regions are unable to take advantage of these resources due to a lack of technological infrastructure and digital literacy.   Victims may also find themselves isolated and unable to easily seek help in geographical areas with limited technological capabilities, and poor internet connectivity or coverage may affect their ability to receive information and services from anti-trafficking NGOs in a timely manner.

Data Privacy, Protection, and Access

Data protection, data analysis, and data sharing are crucial methods of using digital technologies to prevent, identify, and reduce instances of human trafficking, but practitioners must consider potential negative effects on the safety and well-being of victims and survivors.   Collecting and sharing data on human trafficking cases, including victims’ personally identifiable information (PII) can be essential for law enforcement and victim support efforts, but could raise serious data privacy concerns for victims and survivors should their information be inadvertently released to the public through data breaches, which has become a common issue with digital technology in general.   NGOs and technology companies often use data mining techniques to support law enforcement in investigating offenses but may lack appropriate security protocols to properly safeguard the data and protect victims’ PII from bad actors.   Different standards for ensuring data privacy and protections across countries and concerns around national security hinder effective information sharing between governments.   Frameworks for data collection, storage, and sharing of personal data are often different, complicating international cooperation.   Governments should consider strengthening digital literacy and infrastructure, where possible, to improve data security standards and procedures, while listening to the recommendations from anti-trafficking stakeholders, including those with lived experiences of trafficking, to assess the best mechanisms for gathering, analyzing, and sharing data related to victims and survivors.    

Encryption & Anonymity

Encryption systems are one way to safeguard data in digital interactions including in web browsing, messaging apps, and financial transactions.   Such systems prevent third parties from accessing data by turning readable data into a scrambled code that can only be recovered by the receiver’s system, ensuring that only authorized parties can access the original data.   Anonymizing technology provides a high level of privacy and obscures the connection between an individual’s online activity and their real identity.   Encryption systems found in many online platforms are designed to protect the privacy and security of all online users; however, these systems and anonymizing technologies such as virtual private networks (VPNs), can also offer protection to bad actors, allowing them to avoid detection and accountability.

As with any crime, heightened anonymity may pose a major challenge for law enforcement and anti-trafficking stakeholders in identifying traffickers and their co-conspirators, whether it is the creator of a fraudulent social media account or author of an online advertisement scam.   Traffickers increasingly benefit from and rely on the protection that digital tools offer as it amplifies an offender’s ability to anonymize themselves through the entire transactional process – from the recruitment and the solicitation to the management of the transactions and relationships to the payment.  Virtual currency has even enabled a distance between those making and receiving payments and the movement of the money.  Traffickers may also hide their IP addresses and encrypt their communications, such as emails, chat messages, and file transfers.   Together this allows greater physical separation between the offender and the offense, impacting the crime itself and law enforcement’s ability to intercede.

Media or Misinformation

The proliferation of social media and online forums have increased the potential for false narratives and misinformation about human trafficking to circulate online and skew public perceptions of the crime.   Even accurate reporting on human trafficking cases and issues may unintentionally minimize the wide range of potential trafficking experiences.   Unfortunately, the most sensationalized and misleading stories tend to attract the most attention and mispresent what human trafficking is while also shifting focus away from more prevalent forms of trafficking and from marginalized populations whose exploitation may not receive the same coverage.   Such reports may also create a singular or limited perception within communities of what human trafficking looks like, perpetuating stereotypes and interfering with prevention efforts or victims’ ability to self-identify.

The Promise of Technology in Monitoring and Combating Human Trafficking

Technology also plays an important role in investigating and countering human trafficking.   Digital technology, including mobile applications, social media campaigns, and online hubs, can be used to further share information, resources, and training on human trafficking.   It can also be used to improve access to online support services for victims, survivors, and vulnerable populations.   Organizations are using data analytic tools to help identify current trends in fraudulent recruitment, map complex supply chains for links to forced labor, and detect emerging human trafficking schemes.   These tools help support information sharing used to bolster identification, investigation, and prosecution efforts by providing means to integrate and analyze data from multiple sources.

Enhancing Education and Outreach Efforts

Digital technology and literacy expand the reach of prevention efforts to raise awareness and educate the public on human trafficking globally.   Given the increase in online activity among children, governments and parents should even further prioritize education around online safety for children and youth, and could take advantage of online tools to inform children of the risks related to the internet.   Fortunately, there are already a number of beneficial training tools for young people using social media and mobile applications, as well as for parents and guardians, that help support early interventions to prevent technology-facilitated trafficking of youth.   One example of how technology is being used for public awareness is through online campaigns including the Can You See Me? campaign administered by A21, a global anti-trafficking organization in the United States, aimed at informing the general public on how to spot signs of human trafficking and where to report it.

Technology is also being used to improve awareness and outreach efforts to support worker engagement and empowerment.   Commonly used messaging apps and social media platforms, as well as specially designed worker engagement and empowerment platforms, are used to educate workers on their labor rights, including the right to organize; access legal and social services; and connect with legitimate employers and jobs.   Some tools also offer responsible employment training for managers, provide secure grievance mechanisms for workers, aggregate worker survey responses, and provide feedback opportunities, allowing workers to share information about their recruitment and work experiences.   One promising example comes from Polaris, an NGO based in the United States.   Through its Nonechka project, Polaris collaborated with technology partner Ulula on a platform that allows farmworkers in Mexico and now in the United States to share their experiences, including information on risky recruitment and employment processes.   This information also helps Polaris formulate prevention strategies, as well as inform workers about their rights, wages, and working conditions and how to access general services locally including emergency, transitional, or long-term services.

Victim Services

Digital technology tools can aid victims during the exit and recovery phases of a human trafficking experience.   Technology can play a pivotal role in victim identification, employing various methods and platforms for finding victims online and allowing for self-reporting exploitation.   For example, the Canadian NGO Center for Child Protection (C3P) operates Project Arachnid , a web crawler that searches for known CSAM.   When such material is detected, C3P sends a notice to the provider asking that the material be removed. The NGO Thorn also has an AI-powered tool that detects CSAM and tools that aid law enforcement in child sex trafficking investigations.   While digital investigative techniques, including those that make use of AI, can assist in trafficking detection, investigation, and successful prosecutions, basic communication tools such as messaging apps, SMS and text, and phone channels also offer lower-tech and straightforward avenues for victims to communicate with service providers in real time.   Successful tools to advance victim services include those that facilitate and increase access to victim resource hotlines, virtual peer community spaces, and financial inclusion resources.   There are also online tools to bolster training and technical assistance for professionals who wish to support victims and survivors during the aftermath of victimization and to navigate the criminal justice system.   Most of these tools are mobile applications and leverage web- and cloud-based solutions for victim services.   The GraceCity App, for example, developed by anti-trafficking advocates in Sacramento, California, is a mobile application that offers victims and survivors details on the community resources in their area.   The app can canvass thousands of first responders and provide users with useful resources including nearby NGOs, medical professionals, social workers, and therapists.   Technologically enhanced interventions can be instrumental in overcoming challenges to victim identification, outreach, and intervention, providing real-time communication channels that are accessible, secure, and more efficient in providing immediate assistance tailored to the individual’s situation and unique needs.

Data Collection and Sharing Efforts

As mentioned earlier, data collection, data analysis, and data sharing are crucial components of using digital technologies to prevent, identify, and reduce instances of human trafficking.   Anti-trafficking stakeholders have created tools and established new initiatives to improve their data collection and sharing to support investigation and prosecution efforts.   For example, social media and communication platforms are rich sources of information for law enforcement investigations, but combing through large-scale datasets can be time consuming and labor intensive.   A diverse group of stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, civil society organizations, private sector businesses, and information technology professionals developed technology tools to assist in anti-trafficking efforts.   These tools help anti-trafficking stakeholders collect and analyze vast amounts of qualitative and quantitative data through techniques such as data mining, machine learning, and natural language processing.   These digital tools not only enhance the utility and speed of traditional data collection methods used for case management and investigative purposes, but also make it easier for anti-trafficking actors to analyze the data to share real-time insights that better equip the field to address and combat trafficking.   Despite this potential, reports show that NGOs have traditionally underutilized such tools due to lack of knowledge, access, expertise, and funding, and more information is needed to better understand barriers to use.    

Anti-trafficking applications can help investigators perform pattern analyses from big-data searches encompassing structured and unstructured data from sources including social media.   These analyses allow investigators to understand traffickers’ online activities as well as their most frequently used platforms and profiles used to target and mislead victims.  For example, the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC), developed by the International Organization for Migration, brings together anti-trafficking organizations from around the world to make human trafficking data publicly available in a central, accessible online platform.   The goal of CTDC is to break down information sharing barriers and equip the anti-trafficking community with reliable data. CTDC offers primary, individual-level data scrubbed of personally identifiable information on victims of human trafficking that can be used to track human trafficking trends globally.

From identifying trafficking patterns to increasing accountability within supply chains to prevent forced labor, the multifaceted nature of data collection and sharing requires multidisciplinary partnerships for the benefits of data-related solutions to fully materialize.   Data collection and sharing among several anti-trafficking stakeholders is key to effectively developing anti-trafficking policies, identifying victims, prosecuting the perpetrators, and mapping where and how traffickers and transnational criminal networks operate.   Collaboration on data collection and sharing should particularly be encouraged between sectors and stakeholders equipped with capabilities to collect data and gather intelligence and insights.   Such stakeholders should include NGOs, survivor-led organizations, individuals with lived experience of human trafficking, and intelligence or investigative agencies.   The Traffik Analysis Hub is another example of a global solution that supports joint analysis of large AI-generated data sets, providing partners with the ability to pool data assets to generate new insights into patterns and hotspots of trafficking incidents.   Information from the Traffik Analysis Hub, which was developed with the support of IBM, is also shared with law enforcement so actions can be taken to disrupt trafficking operations.   The ability to use large quantities of data and data analytics also helps to minimize the use of individual victim information and victim testimony to support trafficking prosecutions.

However, the collection and analysis of large data sets present several significant risks and challenges including privacy and data security concerns, misuse of data, and bias and inaccuracies that could result from reliance on large data collections.   To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to implement data protection measures to ensure ethical data collection practices and protect individual’s right to privacy.

• Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead

The Role of Government

Governments have the responsibility to regulate the use of technology, including in anti-trafficking efforts, such as disincentivizing the abuse of online resources for trafficking.   Efforts to legislate and regulate tech companies to better prevent and address human trafficking will have broader impacts in areas such as privacy, security, and innovation, so careful consideration with a wide range of stakeholders will be needed.

Right now, government approaches to addressing emerging issues in the digital era continue to be fragmented, in part due to the scale and speed at which digital technology evolves.   Inconsistent policies make it difficult to combat tech-facilitated crimes due to their transnational and multi-jurisdictional elements.   Some governments are recognizing the importance of regulating digital platforms to protect and further national security, economic development, and human rights priorities and many have begun developing policies around the production, deployment, and use of digital technologies.   Collaboration and coordination at the international and national level will make it harder for perpetrators to continue their illicit activities.

Globally, government investment in digital technologies for anti-trafficking efforts remains low, despite significant potential.   Private sector and civil society stakeholders, including those with lived experience, will be critical to identifying additional government-funded research and development necessary to channel the positive aspects of technology and protect those who use it.   An OSCE and Tech Against Trafficking analysis found that out of 305 technology tools readily available to combat human trafficking, only 9 percent were developed through government investments.   Consideration should also be given as to how best to develop and share existing tech tools in regions of the world that lack such tools.    

The Role of Law Enforcement

Law enforcement agencies are tasked with combating technology-facilitated human trafficking by monitoring online platforms, investigating suspicious activity, and prosecuting perpetrators.   Law enforcement agencies can continuously look for new ways to proactively investigate trafficking cases by harnessing technological innovations to collect evidentiary material.   For proactive investigations, agencies can focus on increasing internal capacity to integrate data analytics and artificial intelligence tools into casework, as well as collaborate and coordinate with NGOs and technology companies in tool development, training, and information sharing – with due regard to privacy safeguards.

Law enforcement agencies have found ways to leverage technology to help identify, track, and monitor illicit activity by following its digital footprint.   A digital footprint could include online activity, from websites visited to social media posts published, and can help paint a clearer picture of a trafficker’s identity, location, and criminal activity.   Such publicly available digital evidence is often helpful in building a trafficking case.

Examples of law enforcement leveraging online data to support criminal investigations include:

• In September 2023, The Netherlands, supported by EUROPOL, coordinated a 3-day investigation targeting online criminal activities that enable human trafficking.   Law enforcement from 26 countries alongside representatives from European Labor Authority, European Police College (CEPOL), INTERPOL, OSCE, and International Justice Mission, focused on identifying online platforms and social media to recruit victims for sexual and labor exploitation.   This led to identifying 11 suspected human traffickers and 45 potential victims.
• In 2023, Operation Synergia led by INTERPOL, targeted human trafficking rings linked to cyber scam centers.   Partnering with a leading creator of cybersecurity technology, Group-IB’s Threat Intelligence and High-Tech Crime Investigation teams collected and shared information with INTERPOL and other law enforcement agencies to locate over 2,400 IP addresses associated with cybercrime, leading to the removal of the servers.   Over 60 law enforcement agencies from 50 countries participated in the search and seizure of 1,300 malicious servers and electronic devices, shutting down 70 percent of identified cybercrime command servers while the remaining 30 percent are under investigation.

Law enforcement agencies must be better resourced to combat technology-facilitated human trafficking or use technology for human trafficking investigations.   This can be achieved through greater investment in staff, training, and software.   Law enforcement officers must be trained on monitoring and evaluating online platforms and developing technical knowledge.   Law enforcement agencies can deepen their capabilities by establishing cybercrime units tasked with data analysis and decryption technology.   Cooperation protocols with NGO and private sector partners will further data sharing and the design and deployment of new tools that are victim-centric and trauma- and survivor-informed.   Multilateral knowledge exchange should also be considered when developing technology tools to prevent traffickers from exploiting the gaps in capacity and legislation between law enforcement agencies.   Governments should also focus on implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children to address legislation gaps.   Lastly, law enforcement agencies with access to victims’ personal data must have protection standards in place on the collection and storage of such personal data.

The Role of the Financial Sector

The financial sector also plays a vital role in combating human trafficking.   According to the International Labour Organization, human trafficking is responsible for an estimated $236 billion in illicit profits annually.   All forms of currency, including both traditional and digital assets (e.g. cryptocurrency), can be laundered, requiring a multidimensional approach involving legislative measures, collaboration between justice and financial sectors, technological innovations, and ethical considerations to detect their use in criminal enterprises.   The financial sector’s role extends beyond upholding regulatory frameworks, often guided by promising practices in the area of corporate responsibility.  As illicit proceeds from human trafficking can intersect with formal financial systems at any stage of a human trafficking crime, it is essential that financial institutions proactively manage the risk of technology-facilitated human trafficking and train staff on the financial indicators and techniques used by human traffickers to launder money.   Coordination in this area should also include financial institutions working with law enforcement, technology companies, and survivors to inform their efforts, including on the development of training programs to enhance the ability of frontline staff and other industry professionals to detect transactions connected to human trafficking, how and when to intervene, and how to determine when a third party is benefitting from the exploitation of another.

Globally, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is the standard-setting body for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism and weapons proliferation.   More than 200 countries have agreed to implement FATF recommendations, which provide guidance for member countries to identify, assess, and understand money laundering and illicit finance risks and to mitigate those risks.   Since 2019, the FATF has included guidance on how to assess and mitigate risks associated with digital assets and digital asset service providers, including recommendations on how member jurisdictions should regulate cryptocurrency transactions.   Countries are encouraged to adapt FATF recommendations to their specific context to establish or enhance efforts to tackle illicit financial transactions.

Following digital financial transactions human traffickers leave behind can identify broader criminal networks and make it more difficult to profit from human trafficking.   For this reason, responsible innovation in technology and proactive partnerships between governments, financial institutions, law enforcement, and civil society experts, including those with lived experiences are an important part of identifying illicit financial activity associated with human trafficking and safeguarding financial systems against human trafficking, money laundering, terrorist financing, and other serious financial crimes.

The Role of NGOs

NGOs are one of the primary users and drivers of the development of anti-trafficking technological tools, algorithms, and programs and use digital technology to provide survivors easier access to resources and support services such as online counseling and helplines.   NGOs are also well-positioned to build strong partnerships with and bridge the gap between technology companies, governments, survivors, and community organizations to enhance the creation and broaden the use of essential anti-trafficking application services.   NGOs can use these relationships to advocate for and consult on the creation of standardized response frameworks, data privacy for victims when using anti-trafficking technology tools, and solutions to other emerging concerns around technology.    

A result of a partnership between NGOs and international organizations (IOs) to advance work under the UN’s Global Compact on Decent Work in Global Supply Chains, the Interactive Map for Businesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Organizations was developed to be a user-friendly repository database that tracks global and local initiatives and organizations that businesses can partner with on anti-trafficking efforts.   The map provides NGOs an opportunity to optimize coordination, research, awareness, and prevention efforts through the ability to identify specific industry initiatives to combat human trafficking via a filter tool that organizes data based on industry, geography, or issue, among others.

The Role of the Technology Industry

The technology industry, while providing many benefits can also inadvertently create environments that facilitate trafficking and other crimes, including by creating a space that facilitates unsupervised access to children.  Many companies acknowledge that the popularity and simplicity of user-friendly application services contribute to unsafe environments by providing traffickers with easy access to communicate, advertise, and coordinate illicit activity. Some technology companies have taken steps to address these challenges, but ongoing efforts are needed to enhance security measures, improve content moderation, and collaborate with law enforcement to prevent technology from being used by bad actors for illicit activities. Technology can play several roles to include using data and algorithm tools to detect human trafficking patterns, identify suspicious and illicit activity, and report such activity to law enforcement.   Technology companies play a pivotal role in protecting victims and vulnerable individuals from being exploited through the use of their online platforms and must be part of the solution to combat human trafficking.

Some technology companies are increasingly investing in better language models and machine learning to allow computers to learn from and make predictions based on data trends.   These tools are a useful resource as they may provide law enforcement agencies with powerful tools to more efficiently target illicit activity and possible cases for investigation, but they are not required.   Language models can detect, translate, and categorize key words used by traffickers to identify trafficking communication patterns.   It can be used to aid international investigations and target traffickers since they often recruit individuals in different countries primarily communicating through technology and internet platforms in the victims’ native language.   Alongside language models, other machine learning tools have the ability to cross reference various data sets, such as combining law enforcement data and transit trends, to help stakeholders formulate specific algorithms that can trace traffickers’ patterns.   These tools can enhance collaboration between law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders, as well as quickly close the gap for countries that may not have established effective tools to track or investigate human trafficking.   As developers continue to build and enhance anti-trafficking applications for protection, prevention, or prosecution functions, they must be designed to tackle the unique challenges and scenarios that arise in the context of human trafficking.

Regardless of the progress provided by technology tools, it is crucial that anti-trafficking stakeholders be cautious of becoming overly reliant on using AI and facial recognition technology to identify victims of human trafficking and the traffickers.   These tools should enhance, not replace, existing methods.   Developers, policymakers, and anti-trafficking leaders seeking to improve anti-trafficking efforts with AI and facial recognition tools should prioritize establishing data privacy rights and ensuring individuals’ information is protected throughout data-sharing processes.

Taking Action: Considerations for Anti-Trafficking Stakeholders

Harnessing technology to advance the shared goal of governments, law enforcement actors, technology companies, and civil society to eliminate human trafficking will require proactive efforts by all actors to resolve the complex, often contradictory byproducts of technological progress.   Governments can adopt policies and legislation that recognize human traffickers’ use of technology and incentivize the positive use of technology tools to investigate and counter human trafficking, and must coordinate implementation of these policies through collaboration with the technology sector, the financial sector, anti-trafficking NGOs, and lived experience experts who can help build capacity to monitor online spaces, train staff, develop technology tools, and cultivate technical expertise.   Law enforcement entities can use technology to conduct data analytics on traffickers, their connections, and their modus operandi to inform human trafficking investigations and related money laundering activities, bolster the identification of victims online, and enhance safety nets.   Governments can also strengthen data security from unauthorized access to better protect victims and investigations and find technology-based solutions that further privacy, safety, and trust.   Multilateral forums offer important venues for governments to share best practices and develop new policies and standards that uphold current international frameworks but are also tailored to regional and local trafficking situations and existing technological capabilities.

NGOs can advocate for policies and tech solutions that empower vulnerable individuals, strengthen access to services, advance digital learning, and further privacy protections.   Local communities, NGOs, and those with lived experience know current trafficking trends and how technology is being used to facilitate crimes, and thus can recommend ways to enhance trauma-informed and victim-centric tech solutions and ways to get tech tools in the hands of those who most need them.   The technology sector should work to ensure their online platforms are being used for legitimate purposes and ensure privacy and safety for users.   The technology sector can also invest in new technologies that include detecting and countering child sexual abuse material, livestreaming trafficking offenses, and fraudulent cyber scams or job offers among other crimes occurring on their platforms.   Governments, anti-trafficking NGOs, companies, and innovators can also employ routine audits of technology tools as digital technologies evolve to limit negative consequences and better guarantee efficient, sustainable means to address human trafficking.

Collaborative efforts allow all relevant parties to inform and promote best practices for the responsible and safe use of technology by a variety of actors, including individuals vulnerable to technology-facilitated trafficking.   The challenge is immense, but political will, resource investments, innovation, and partnerships will help prevent traffickers’ use of technology for exploitation, and instead amplify and scale the best applications that assist all anti-trafficking stakeholders in meeting our obligations to combat the newest continuously evolving aspects of this pernicious crime.

• Understanding Human Trafficking

“Trafficking in persons” and “human trafficking” are umbrella terms—often used interchangeably—to refer to a crime whereby traffickers exploit and profit at the expense of adults or children by compelling them to perform labor or engage in commercial sex.  When a person younger than 18 is used to perform a commercial sex act, it is a crime regardless of whether there is any force, fraud, or coercion involved.

The United States recognizes two primary forms of trafficking in persons:  forced labor and sex trafficking.  The basic meaning of these forms of human trafficking and some unique characteristics of each are set forth below, followed by several key principles and concepts that relate to all forms of human trafficking.

More than 180 nations have ratified or acceded to the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (the UN TIP Protocol), which defines trafficking in persons and contains obligations to prevent and combat the crime.

The United States’ TVPA and the UN TIP Protocol contain similar definitions of human trafficking.  The elements of both definitions can be described using a three-element framework focused on the trafficker’s 1) acts; 2) means; and 3) purpose.  All three elements are essential to form a human trafficking violation.

Forced Labor

Forced Labor, sometimes also referred to as labor trafficking, encompasses the range of activities involved when a person uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the labor or services of another person.

The  “acts”  element of forced labor is met when the trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains a person for labor or services.

The  “means”  element of forced labor includes a trafficker’s use of force, fraud, or coercion.  The coercive scheme can include threats of force, debt manipulation, withholding of pay, confiscation of identity documents, psychological coercion, reputational harm, manipulation of the use of addictive substances, threats to other people, or other forms of coercion.

The  “purpose”  element focuses on the perpetrator’s goal to exploit a person’s labor or services.  There is no limit on the location or type of industry.  Traffickers can commit this crime in any sector or setting, whether legal or illicit, including but not limited to agricultural fields, factories, restaurants, hotels, massage parlors, retail stores, fishing vessels, mines, private homes, or drug trafficking operations.

All three elements are essential to constitute the crime of forced labor.

There are certain types of forced labor that are frequently distinguished for emphasis or because they are widespread:

Domestic Servitude

“Domestic servitude” is a form of forced labor in which the trafficker requires a victim to perform work in a private residence.  Such circumstances create unique vulnerabilities.   Domestic workers are often isolated and may work alone in a house.  Their employer often controls their access to food, transportation, and housing.  What happens in a private residence is hidden from the world – including from law enforcement and labor inspectors – resulting in barriers to victim identification.  Foreign domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to abuse due to language and cultural barriers, as well as a lack of community ties.  Some perpetrators use these types of conditions as part of their coercive schemes to compel the labor of domestic workers with little risk of detection.

Forced Child Labor

The term “forced child labor” describes forced labor schemes in which traffickers compel children to work.  Traffickers often target children because they are more vulnerable.  Although some children may legally engage in certain forms of work, forcing or coercing children to work remains illegal.  Forms of slavery or slavery-like practices – including the sale of children, forced or compulsory child labor, and debt bondage and serfdom of children – continue to exist, despite legal prohibitions and widespread condemnation.  Some indicators of forced labor of a child include situations in which the child appears to be in the custody of a non-family member and the child’s work financially benefits someone outside the child’s family; or the denial of food, rest, or schooling to a child who is working.

Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking encompasses the range of activities involved when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to compel another person to engage in a commercial sex act or causes a child to engage in a commercial sex act.

The crime of sex trafficking is also understood through the “acts,” “means,” and “purpose” framework.  All three elements are required to establish a sex trafficking crime (except in the case of child sex trafficking where the means are irrelevant).

The  “acts”  element of sex trafficking is met when a trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, patronizes, or solicits another person to engage in commercial sex.

The  “means”  element of sex trafficking occurs when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion.  Coercion in the case of sex trafficking includes the broad array of means included in the forced labor definition.  These can include threats of serious harm, psychological harm, reputational harm, threats to others, and debt manipulation.

The  “purpose”  element is a commercial sex act.  Sex trafficking can take place in private homes, massage parlors, hotels, or brothels, among other locations, as well as on the internet.

Child Sex Trafficking

In cases where an individual engages in any of the specified “acts” with a child (under the age of 18), the means element is irrelevant regardless of whether evidence of force, fraud, or coercion exists.  The use of children in commercial sex is prohibited by law in the United States and most countries around the world.

Key Principles and Concepts

These key principles and concepts relate to all forms of trafficking in persons, including forced labor and sex trafficking.

Human trafficking can take place even if the victim initially consented to providing labor, services, or commercial sex acts.  The analysis is primarily focused on the trafficker’s conduct and not that of the victim.  A trafficker can target a victim after a victim applies for a job or migrates to earn a living.  The trafficker’s exploitative scheme is what matters, not a victim’s prior consent or ability to meaningfully consent thereafter.  Likewise, in a sex trafficking case, an adult victim’s initial willingness to engage in commercial sex acts is not relevant where a perpetrator subsequently uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the victim and cause them to continue engaging in the same acts.  In the case of child sex trafficking, the consent of the victim is never relevant as a child cannot legally consent to commercial sex.

Neither U.S. law nor international law requires that a trafficker or victim move across a border for a human trafficking offense to take place.  Trafficking in persons is a crime of exploitation and coercion, and not movement.  Traffickers can use schemes that take victims hundreds of miles away from their homes or exploit them in the same neighborhoods where they were born.

Debt Bondage

“Debt bondage” is focused on human trafficking crimes in which the trafficker’s primary means of coercion is debt manipulation.  U.S. law prohibits perpetrators from using debts as part of their scheme, plan, or pattern to compel a person to work or engage in commercial sex.  Traffickers target some individuals with an initial debt assumed willingly as a condition of future employment, while in certain countries traffickers tell individuals they “inherited” the debt from relatives.  Traffickers can also manipulate debts after the economic relationship begins by withholding earnings or forcing the victim to assume debts for expenses like food, housing, or transportation.  They can also manipulate debts a victim owes to other people.  When traffickers use debts as a means to compel labor or commercial sex, they have committed a crime.

The Non-Punishment Principle 

A victim-centered and trauma-informed approach is key to successful anti-trafficking efforts.  A central tenet of such an approach is that victims of trafficking should not be inappropriately penalized solely for unlawful acts they committed as a direct result of being trafficked.  Effective implementation of the “non-punishment principle,” as it is increasingly referred to, not only requires recognizing and embracing the principle in regional and national laws, but also increasing proactive victim identification.

State-Sponsored Human Trafficking

While the TVPA and UN TIP Protocol call on governments to proactively address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens into sexual slavery or forced labor schemes.  From forced labor in local or national public work projects, military operations, and economically important sectors, or as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, officials use their power to exploit their nationals.  To extract this work, governments coerce by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits, withholding salaries, failing to adhere to limits on national service, manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and members of minority groups, threatening to punish family members, or conditioning services or freedom of movement on labor or sex.  In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a “government policy or pattern” of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers.

Unlawful Recruitment or Use of Child Soldiers

Another manifestation of human trafficking occurs when government forces or any non-state armed group unlawfully recruits or uses children – through force, fraud, or coercion – as soldiers or for labor or services in conflict situations.  Children are also used as sex slaves.  Sexual slavery, as referred to here, occurs when armed groups force or coerce children to “marry” or be raped by commanders or combatants.  Both male and female children are often sexually abused or exploited by members of armed groups and suffer the same types of devastating physical and psychological consequences associated with sex trafficking.

Accountability in Supply Chains

Forced labor is well documented in the private economy, particularly in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction, and domestic work; but no sector is immune.  Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well.  Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive industries where activities are often remote and lack meaningful government presence.  Governments should hold all entities, including businesses, accountable for human trafficking.  In some countries, the law provides for corporate accountability in both the civil and criminal justice systems.  U.S. law provides such liability for any legal person, including a business that benefits financially from its involvement in a human trafficking scheme, provided that the business knew or should have known of the scheme.

Topics of Special Interest

• Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is one of the least reported and least understood forms of trafficking – but one that experts believe may be growing.  Like sex trafficking and labor trafficking, it is ultimately a crime that exploits human beings for economic profit.  Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is “a form of trafficking in which an individual is exploited for their organ, including by coercion, deception and abuse of a position of vulnerability.”  The crime is sometimes confused with organ trafficking; however, organ trafficking refers more broadly to the illicit trade or exchange of organs for financial or other material gain.  In organ trafficking, the focus is on the organ itself; conversely, with trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, the focus is on the individual.  The key global anti-trafficking instrument, the Palermo Protocol, defines exploitation to include at a minimum “the removal of organs,” alongside sexual exploitation, forced labor, and slavery or slavery-like practices.

Often, in cases of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, would-be donors are tricked into organ donation.  Common deceptions include being told human beings have three kidneys or that kidneys regenerate after being removed, or being falsely told they will experience no negative side effects from a kidney removal (in fact, kidney donors may face serious lifelong medical challenges and be unable to work).  Although kidneys are the most common organ involved, other organs and tissues, such as livers, corneas, or skin, are also sought, although notably the Palermo Protocol’s definition covers only exploitation for the removal of organs, not of tissues or cells.  Victims may not be paid at all, or they may receive some payment; importantly, an individual can still be a victim of trafficking in persons or other human rights abuses even if they received some form of payment.

The 2022 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons noted trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal constituted only 0.2 percent of detected victims of trafficking compared to the much higher numbers for sex trafficking and forced labor.  UNODC has warned “existing barriers to reporting suggest that the full scale of this phenomenon is not yet known.”  The report also noted an uptick in cases (from 25 in 2017 to 40 in 2018), though the overall numbers are small.  Between 2008 and 2022, UNODC reported 700 victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal while noting “the scale of the problem is likely to be much larger.”

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is difficult to detect for several reasons.  Data-collection efforts are scarce, and some instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal may be mistakenly classified or prosecuted as organ trafficking.  Moreover, unlike sex trafficking and labor trafficking, which can take place over months or years, trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal usually involves a brief, often one-time, interaction.  Like other forms of trafficking, transactions have increasingly shifted online and become more sophisticated, facilitating the emergence of smaller networks, and even independent brokers and suppliers, which may be more difficult to track.

Both the 2020 and 2022 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and a 2021 INTERPOL report suggest North Africa and the Middle East have the highest share of detected victims, in part due to the prevalence of large vulnerable communities, limited access to medical care, and corruption.  The media and some NGOs have also reported instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal for ritual purposes.  However, instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal can occur worldwide.  In a case recently prosecuted in the United Kingdom, the victim was recruited in Nigeria and brought to London, where the organ removal was to take place (see inset box for additional information).  In another case reported by the BBC in late 2023, revealing the connection between organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, Pakistani police arrested eight members of an organ-trafficking ring that “lure[d] vulnerable patients from hospitals” and conducted transplants “often without the patient knowing;” several people died from these procedures.

The government of the People’s Republic of China, in particular, has been accused of systematically forcibly removing organs from political prisoners.  For example, a group of UN human rights experts noted in 2021:

Forced organ harvesting in China appears to be targeting specific ethnic, linguistic, or religious minorities held in detention, often without being explained the reasons for arrest or given arrest warrants, at different locations.  We are deeply concerned by reports of discriminatory treatment of the prisoners or detainees based on their ethnicity and religion or belief.

(Note:  forced organ harvesting is not a term defined in the Palermo Protocol, but the phrase is commonly used to describe trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal.)

While there is a need for additional studies and reporting to thoroughly assess the geographic and numeric scope of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, stakeholders are taking steps to attempt to address the issue.  A number of regional instruments, including the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs, the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, recognize organ removal as a form of trafficking-related exploitation.

Experts have also proposed ideas to increase the supply of legally donated organs, with the intention of making trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and organ trafficking less lucrative.  These ideas include transitioning deceased organ donation from an opt-in to an opt-out system; implementing paired exchanges matching donors and patients; creating awareness campaigns targeted at potential donors, including addressing barriers to altruistic organ donation and providing guidance on how to prevent trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal; building the capacity of law enforcement to detect and investigate these cases; and improving transparency and reporting around transplantation.

Twenty-one-year-old “Daniel” (not his real name) scraped out a living selling mobile-phone accessories at an outdoor street market in Lagos, Nigeria, but he thought his luck took a turn when he was offered a “life-changing opportunity” to work in the United Kingdom.   The people he believed were his employers instructed him to take a blood test, which he thought was required to secure a visa.   The people he had been working with put him on a flight and confiscated his passport.   Within days of arriving in London, Daniel was taken to the Royal Free Hospital, where doctors discussed the risks of the upcoming “operation” – something Daniel knew nothing about.   Seeing his confusion, the doctors sent Daniel away – but did not notify authorities.   Later, Daniel overheard a conversation among those who had brought Daniel to the UK speaking about sending him back to Nigeria to remove his kidney.   Scared, Daniel escaped, sleeping on the streets for several days until walking into a police station and telling his story.   Daniel’s bravery eventually led to the UK’s first prosecution of – and convictions for – human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal.   A prominent Nigerian politician and his wife who had arranged the trafficking scheme to provide their daughter with a kidney transplant, as well as a Nigerian doctor, were convicted in 2023.

This story was published by the BBC, Organ Harvesting:   Trafficked for His Kidney and Now Forced into Hiding , June 26, 2023 ( https://www.bbc.com/news/65960515 ); for additional details, see the Crown Prosecution Service, Updated with Sentence: Senior Nigerian Politician Jailed Over Illegal UK Organ-Harvesting Plot , May 5, 2023 ( https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/updated-sentence-senior-nigerian-politician-jailed-over-illegal-uk-organ-harvesting-plot ).

• Connecting the Dots:  Preventing Forced Labor by Empowering Workers

Forced labor, a form of human trafficking, is universally condemned yet prevalent in nearly every industry globally.  The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports forced labor has grown in recent years – with no region of the world or private sector industry spared – and the majority of forced labor takes place in the private economy, meaning forced labor is connected to global supply chains.  These facts demand a re-examination of current efforts to prevent and address forced labor, including the need to elevate the voice and agency of workers and place them at the center of prevention efforts through strategic partnerships.  In addition, particular focus should be placed on vulnerable populations, such as migrant workers.  ILO research shows the rates of forced labor among migrant workers are higher if migration is irregular or poorly governed, or where recruitment practices are unfair or unethical.

Although prosecuting specific traffickers and assisting individual victims are critical for governments combating forced labor, successful interventions to prevent forced labor require a range of stakeholders willing to visualize and address broader systemic issues centered on worker’s labor rights, including those of migrant workers, as well as supply chain power imbalances.  For governments, this may require additional resources and oversight of workplaces, especially in key sectors where forced labor is often present; better monitoring of the labor recruitment industry; increased outreach to and protections for migrant workers; and improved screening measures by well-trained officials targeting populations at greater risk of exploitation.  For the private sector, it will mean proactively supporting workers and their ability to advocate for themselves, setting clear expectations of suppliers, and rooting out practices that create environments ripe for exploitation.

Worker-led Approaches to Prevent Forced Labor 

Over time, policymakers, academics, and other stakeholders have expanded their thinking to encompass worker-led approaches to address the vulnerabilities of workers and prevent forced labor.  Such approaches include advancing labor rights and standards – including freedom of association, collective bargaining, and the remediation of labor rights abuses – as well as worker-driven approaches that include migrants.  Research has demonstrated workers are most vulnerable to forced labor if they do not know their rights, are excluded from labor protection laws, and lack access to grievance mechanisms.  Workers in the informal sector and women and girls, who often face gender-based violence and harassment in the workplace, can be particularly vulnerable.  One of the most effective ways to prevent worker exploitation is to guarantee workers’ full rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining.  Independent and democratic labor unions, led by workers, are best able to represent workers’ collective interests at multiple levels, including at the national, subnational, regional, and international levels.  Collaborating with local workers, regional international organizations, and global union federations, these unions can reach the most vulnerable workers, organize across a labor sector, and advocate for key policy changes, including responsible migration management.  As a result, they are well positioned to engage powerful transnational companies to address forced labor in their supply chains.

According to ILO’s Director of the Bureau for Workers’ Activities, there have been positive developments over time with unions reaching outside of their traditional base to include the unionization of self-employed workers.  Many unions have also expanded to include more informal economy, migrant, and domestic workers, which is key as many of these workers are governed by a variety of working arrangements, including fixed-term and temporary contracts.

This diversification of representation is important as unions allow workers to negotiate for better working conditions, influence the laws and policies that impact them, and remediate labor rights abuses.  Unions play a pivotal role in securing legislated labor protections and rights, such as legally entitled wages and benefits, occupational safety and health protections, overtime pay, and medical leave.  Union-led efforts help raise the wages for the lowest paid and least skilled workers and lead to fewer hours of unpaid overtime work.  Unions play crucial roles in identifying labor rights abuses and enforcing rights on the job.  One of the most effective ways to prevent the exploitation of migrant workers is by guaranteeing their right to join unions in destination countries.  The multiplier impact is notable, as industries with strong union representation tend to have lower levels of labor rights abuse, the worst forms of child labor, and forced labor.

Where there is an absence of unions, there at least should be effective, secure mechanisms for worker communication and grievances.   Governments should strongly encourage employers to provide mechanisms so workers can advocate for their rights, discuss workplace issues of concern and interest, and communicate grievances, even if that takes place outside a formal union mechanism.  Such mechanisms are essential to preventing forced labor, as they position workers, including migrant workers, to better protect themselves against coercion, deception, discrimination, and other forms of exploitation.

Promising Practices in Improving Labor Conditions 

Several examples stand out as raising labor conditions for workers.  

Dindigul Agreement, India

Indian women and the Dalit-worker led union Tamil Nadu Textile and Common Labor Union (TTCU) signed in April 2022 a historic agreement with clothing and textile manufacturers and major fashion companies to end gender-based violence and harassment at factories in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.  This enforceable brand agreement resulted in multinational companies committing to support a worker- or union-led program at certain factories or worksites.  An assessment a year later by the multi-stakeholder oversight committee found that the workers are now effectively able to detect, remediate, and prevent gender-based violence and harassment.  In addition, the TTCU has conducted peer education training of more than 2,000 workers and management, held more than 30 meetings with management to resolve grievances, and recruited 58 workers as monitors to help remediate gender-based violence and harassment throughout the factory units.

Freedom of Association for Garment Workers, Honduras 

In the decade that has followed Honduran workers signing an agreement with major brand Fruit of the Loom, close to 50 percent of all Honduran garment workers are now employed at a factory where an independent union represents the workforce.  As a result of this signed collective bargaining agreement, workers have won increased wages and benefits and witnessed a reduction in verbal harassment and gender-based violence.

While unionization rates vary considerably across the globe, the ILO notes other encouraging examples.  In Uzbekistan, trade unions have organized seasonal workers and facilitated dual affiliation to different unions in other countries.  In Moldova, unions have begun to establish agreements with unions in destination countries so that migrants have protection when working abroad .  In Benin, Botswana, and Mauritius, trade unions have set up Joint Trade Union Councils, which have drawn up joint declarations, charters, and protocols on the modalities of working together in national social dialogue fora.  In Lithuania and Ukraine, unions have established structures of cross-border collaboration to improve the recruitment and representation of truck drivers in both countries.  

Overall, research has also shown that unionization has spillover effects that extend beyond union workers.  Competition means workers at nonunionized firms also often see increased wages and improved workplace safety norms.  Union members improve communities through heightened civic engagement and increased voter rates.  Unions can also boost business’ productivity by giving experienced workers more input into decisions that design better, more cost-effective workplace procedures.

Milestones, Momentum, and Motivation   

Over the last several years, government and private sector attention has become focused on resilient supply chains, and there are increasing supply chain transparency and due diligence policies, regulations, and laws globally.  In addition, various initiatives have been developed to raise the importance of workers’ agency.  It is notable that flower-sector leader Bloomia’s entire cut-flower supply chain, which encompasses farms in the United States, Chile, and South Africa, will now be certified for human rights protections by the Fair Food Program, pioneers in the worker-driven social responsibility model with its partnerships among retailers, growers, and workers.  Combined, the Partnership for Workers‘ Rights, launched by the United States and Brazil at the 2023 UN General Assembly; the Multilateral Partnership for Worker Organizing, Empowerment, and Rights (M-POWER), which is part of the U.S. Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal; and the 2023 U.S. Presidential Memorandum on Advancing Worker Empowerment, Rights, and High Labor Standards present a unique opportunity to proactively advance worker empowerment in the short and long term while simultaneously preventing labor rights violations and abuses, especially forced labor.  The independent UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery made a key theme for 2024 the role of trade unions and worker organizations in preventing contemporary forms of slavery.

The timing is ideal for all stakeholders committed to preventing forced labor to fully embrace the importance of supporting, elevating, and improving labor standards, bringing workers’ voices to the policy formulation and decision-making table, and working to help the public and private sector enforce rules against unfair labor practices.  Governments should take every step to use a whole-of-government approach to advance worker rights and address gaps in labor rights protection and compliance, including for migrant workers; the private sector should see free and fair unions as critical partners in competing in the global economy while protecting workers; and other civil society  stakeholders should ensure that workers’ voices are incorporated early and often, especially when their equities are at stake.

• Human Trafficking in Cuba’s Labor Export Program

Each year, the Cuban government sends tens of thousands of workers around the globe under multi-year cooperation agreements negotiated with receiving countries.  While medical missions remain the most prevalent, the Cuban government also profited from other similarly coercive labor export programs, including those involving teachers, artists, athletes and coaches, engineers, forestry technicians, and nearly 7,000 merchant mariners worldwide.    According to a report published by the Cuban government, by the end of 2023, there were more than 22,000 government-affiliated Cuban workers in over 53 countries, and medical professionals composed 75 percent of its exported workforce.  The COVID-19 pandemic increased the need for medical workers in many places around the world, and the Cuban government used the opportunity to expand its reach by increasing the number of its medical personnel abroad through the Henry Reeve Brigades, which Cuba first initiated in 2005 to respond to natural disasters and epidemics.  Experts estimate the Cuban government collects $6 billion to $8 billion annually from its export of services, which includes the medical missions.  The labor export program remains the largest foreign revenue source for the Cuban government.

There are serious concerns with Cuba’s recruitment and retention practices surrounding the labor export program.  While the conditions of each international labor mission vary from country to country, the Cuban government subjects all government-affiliated workers to the same coercive laws.  Cuba has a government policy or pattern to profit from forced labor in the labor export program, which includes foreign medical missions.  The Cuban government labels workers who leave the program without completing it as “deserters,” a category that under Cuban immigration law deems them as “undesirable.”  The government bans workers labeled as “deserters” and “undesirables” from returning to Cuba for eight years, preventing them from visiting their families in Cuba.  It categorizes Cuban nationals who do not return to the country within 24 months as having “emigrated.”  Individuals who emigrate lose all their citizen protections, rights under Cuban law, and any property they left behind.  These government policies and legal provisions, taken together, coerce workers and punish those seeking to exercise freedom of movement.  According to credible sources, by 2021, the Cuban government had sanctioned 40,000 professionals under these provisions, and by 2022, there were approximately 5,000 children forcibly separated from their parents due to the government’s policies surrounding the program.

Complaints filed with the International Criminal Court and the UN indicate most workers did not volunteer for the program, some never saw a contract or knew their destination, many had their passports confiscated by Cuban officials once they arrived at their destination, and almost all had “minders” or overseers.  According to the complaints and survivors, Cuban heads of mission in the country subjected workers to surveillance, prevented them from freely associating with locals, and imposed a strict curfew.  Cuba also confiscated between 75 and 90 percent of each worker’s salary.  As a result of the well-founded complaints and information about the exploitative nature of Cuba’s labor export program, at the end of 2023, the UN Special Rapporteur for Contemporary Forms of Slavery filed a new communication outlining the persistent concerns with the program, particularly for Cuban workers in Italy, Qatar, and Spain.

While exploitation, including forced labor, of workers remains the primary concern with the program, Cuba’s practices can also negatively impact a host country’s healthcare system.  Survivors of the program have reported being forced by the Cuban in-country mission director to falsify medical records and misrepresent critical information to justify their presence and need to local authorities.  Some individuals reported discarding medications, fabricating names, and documenting medical procedures that never occurred.  When medical workers refused to comply with the demands of the Cuban in-country mission director, they faced punishment and retaliation.  While the Cuban government promotes workers as highly skilled medical professionals and specialists, these workers often lack adequate medical training to treat complex conditions.  These practices are unethical, negligent, exploitative, and risk the lives of those they serve.

Governments should make efforts to combat human trafficking, and this includes not purchasing goods or services made or provided with forced labor.  Governments that utilize Cuba’s labor export programs despite the serious concerns with the program should at a minimum conduct frequent and unannounced labor inspections to screen these workers for trafficking indicators and employ victim-centered interviewing techniques.  These host governments should ensure all Cuban workers are subject to the same laws, regulations, and protections as for other migrant workers and that they are not brought via a negotiated agreement with the Government of Cuba that limits these protections or exempts Cuban workers from Wage Protections Systems or other tools designed to strengthen transparency.  Officials should ensure workers maintain complete control of their passports and medical certifications and can provide proof of full salary payment to bank accounts under the workers’ control.  They should scrutinize medical reports produced by these workers, offer protection for those who face retaliation and punishment for terminating their employment, and raise awareness of trafficking risks for all foreign workers, including government-affiliated Cuban workers.

• Nothing About Us Without Us:   Human Trafficking and Persons with Disabilities

Human traffickers often take advantage of persons in vulnerable situations including individuals who lack access to services and programs or rely on the assistance of others.  Among this group of potential targets are persons with disabilities, who represent about 16 percent of the world’s population, or 1.3 billion people, according to the World Health Organization.

Of course, these 1.3 billion people are not monolithic.  Some people have a disability from birth; others experience disability later in their lifetime.  Some disabilities are life-long, and others may be temporary.  A disability can be visible, such as a physical disability, or non-apparent, such as an intellectual or psychosocial disability.  People with disabilities are of every age, race, sex and sex characteristics, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, economic status, and nationality.

Professors Andrea Nichols and Erin Heil have noted the “heightened risk as well as heightened prevalence” of human trafficking involving persons with disabilities, although the authors acknowledged the paucity of existing research.  Even when research about persons with disabilities is conducted, it rarely addresses additional intersecting identities, such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or migratory status, that can exacerbate marginalization.

The intersection between disability and human trafficking can be cyclical.  On the one hand, persons with disabilities are more likely to be targeted by traffickers; on the other hand, the experience of being trafficked can lead to or exacerbate existing disabilities through physical injuries or emotional trauma that in turn could heighten vulnerability.

Even with access to support, persons with disabilities face increased risk of exploitation.  A caregiver may exploit their position to victimize the person they are assisting.  Persons with disabilities who receive financial assistance may be exploited for those benefits.  As the Human Trafficking Legal Center has explained with respect to the situation in the United States:  “While persons with disabilities may be trafficked into sex or labor, many cases include one additional element:  the theft of Social Security or disability benefits.  The opportunity to steal government benefits provides an added incentive for traffickers to target persons with disabilities.”  Persons with disabilities across the globe who receive benefits face similar challenges.

In light of this situation, it is perhaps not surprising that the centerpiece of the United States’ statutory framework to combat trafficking, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), was promulgated in part as a reaction to the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Kozminski , 487 U.S. 931 (1988), a case involving two men with intellectual disabilities held in what justices referred to as “slave-like” conditions on a farm.  In the case, the Court held that the law banning “involuntary servitude” was limited to circumstances involving “the compulsion of services by the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion.”  However, Congress subsequently passed the TVPA, which recognized that psychological coercion and threats of nonviolent coercion can be every bit as powerful as physical force in overcoming the will of targeted individuals.

In 2009, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission brought a case involving Henry’s Turkey Service, which exploited 32 intellectually disabled men at a farm in Atalissa, Iowa.  For more than 30 years, the men endured physical and mental abuse and received virtually no pay.  The jury awarded the men what at the time was the largest-ever award in an employment-discrimination case – $240 million – although it was later reduced to $1.6 million due to a federal cap in the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Not only did the TVPA arise in part from trafficking crimes involving persons with disabilities, one of the first major trafficking prosecutions in the United States involved persons with disabilities.  In that case, dozens of immigrants with hearing disabilities, including young children, were forced to work 18-hour days as trinket vendors in New York City.  Traffickers targeted persons with disabilities who were also young migrants and did not speak English, exemplifying how disability can intersect with other forms of vulnerability.  Sadly, this form of exploitation of persons with disabilities continues to this day.

The TIP Report enhanced its coverage of the intersection of disability and trafficking, with the 2023 TIP Report referencing persons with disabilities in 65 country narratives, up from about 50 in the 2022 TIP Report.  These references also highlighted the existence or lack of specialized services for persons with disabilities who are victims of trafficking, and the particular challenges faced by persons with physical or intellectual disabilities.

The U.S. Department of State’s disability rights work is led by Special Advisor on International Disability Rights Sara Minkara.  In this appointed position, Ms. Minkara leads the comprehensive strategy to promote and protect the rights of persons with disabilities across U.S. foreign policy.  Special Advisor Minkara embodies the slogan “nothing about us without us,” which is often used by disability rights advocates to insist that persons with disabilities participate fully in policies affecting them.  The role of Special Advisor on International Disability Rights was first held by Judy Heumann, who served in the position from 2010 to 2017 and is widely regarded as the “mother of the disability rights movement.”  Sadly, Ms. Heumann passed away in March 2023, leaving behind an indelible legacy of disability advocacy in the United States and around the world.

From left:  Former Special Advisor on International Disability Rights (SAIDR) Judy Heumann, SAIDR Sara Minkara, and Special Assistant to the Special Advisor Hanah Nasri attend a celebration of the anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act at the official residence of the Vice President of the United States in July 2022.  Photo courtesy of Hanah Nasri. (Photo was published in State Magazine in March 2023:  https://statemag.state.gov/2023/05/0523office/ ) .

• Key Trafficking Issues in the Western Hemisphere Region

Human trafficking manifests itself differently around the world.  In the Western Hemisphere – North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean – there are broad commonalities in trafficking trends countries face and how their governments and authorities approach the crime.  Below is an overview of shared issues in the region to illustrate the overall situation and coordinate the anti-trafficking efforts of governments and other stakeholders .  These regional issues are extrapolated from the individual narratives for the countries in the region, including the United States.

Unprecedented irregular migration in the region affects all Western Hemisphere countries.  Migrants and asylum seekers are especially vulnerable to sex trafficking and forced labor, including by large and small organized criminal groups.  Migrants who rely on migrant smugglers are at particularly high risk of exploitation as many assume debt to pay migrant smugglers.  Irregular migration may also include individuals already exploited by traffickers, as victims may be motivated to migrate and seek protection elsewhere.  While some countries enacted policies aimed at reducing migrants’ vulnerability to trafficking by providing temporary residency and access to formal employment, education, healthcare, and other services, we encourage all countries faced with irregular migration challenges to prevent trafficking and prioritize screening among migrants.

Countries across the region generally have a good understanding of and response to sex trafficking, especially in identification of women who are victims.  Governments also undertake and emphasize the importance of law enforcement and criminal justice approaches to address trafficking, even if implementation is uneven.  Many governments seek to tackle both internal and transnational human trafficking.  In broad terms, there is political will in many countries to address human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking.

Weak efforts targeting forced labor remain a concern in the Western Hemisphere.  Governments generally focus on addressing sex trafficking and have weaker, poorly enumerated procedures to prosecute labor traffickers and protect victims of forced labor.  Labor inspectorates are underfunded and understaffed and typically have limited or no authority to inspect informal sector worksites where many victims are exploited, especially along changing migration routes.  Governments’ lack of attention to labor trafficking leaves victims unprotected in multiple sectors, including agriculture , mining , logging, maritime, and service .

Traffickers also exploit many victims in forced criminality .  Organized crime groups, including gangs and illegal armed groups, exploit girls in child sex trafficking, force children into street begging, forcibly recruit or use child soldiers, and coerce and threaten young men and women to transport drugs, commit extortion, act as lookouts, or commit acts of violence, including murder.  Organized crime groups target groups of migrants unable to enter a country due to border restrictions or awaiting asylum decisions, including at the U.S.-Mexico border.  State-sponsored forced labor is also a concern, specifically Cuba’s labor export program, including its medical missions – which the Cuban government continues to profit from by subjecting workers to forced labor and exploitation.

Gaps in trafficking victim protection are another broad concern in the Western Hemisphere.  For years governments have lacked (or failed to provide the necessary) financial and human resources to screen for and identify trafficking victims and provide them trauma-informed services.  Some governments have developed policies and protocols for screening victims and referring them to care, but implementation has been inconsistent or ineffective.  In addition, governmental interagency coordination is weak, with working groups often disjointed and disempowered, which is particularly detrimental to the cross-sectoral collaboration needed for victim protection efforts.  These problems are particularly notable among migrants, whom governments rarely screen for trafficking indicators.

Furthermore, governments make weak screening and identification efforts even with underserved populations and marginalized groups recognized as at high risk to trafficking, including Afro-descendant, Indigenous, and LGBTQI+ persons, as well as members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants, refugees, and displaced persons.  These populations also frequently experience discrimination from authorities, often making them fearful to report crimes or access care and justice.  Finally, there are insufficient trafficking-specific services for victims, particularly for men and boys, in most countries across the region.  Governments refer identified trafficking victims to support systems designed to serve other populations, such as migrants, individuals experiencing homelessness, or victims of gender-based violence, which do not meet the specific needs of trafficking victims.  Similarly, access to justice and services is concentrated in large urban areas, while the most vulnerable individuals frequently live in rural areas with limited government presence.  Lack of victim-centered and trauma-informed services can hinder victim identification, prevent healing, increase risk of re-trafficking, and fuel impunity by making survivors less likely to participate in the case against their traffickers.

Criminal justice responses and definitions of trafficking are concerning across the region.  Many governments have weaknesses in their legal systems and uneven judicial application of trafficking laws, including levying fines in lieu of imprisonment for trafficking crimes, imposing penalties not commensurate with those for other crimes, and failing to criminalize all forms of child sex trafficking.  Judges, in particular, may lack adequate training in applying trafficking laws and coercive methods traffickers use, which impacts their decisions and sentences.  Impunity for trafficking crimes fosters misperceptions about trafficking among both policymakers and the public.  Inadequate law enforcement efforts and insufficient capacity-building for law enforcement and other first responders hinders or impacts efforts in low-capacity countries , especially in the Caribbean.  Governments with limited resources often do not recognize or implement low-cost/high-impact anti-trafficking policies.  Official complicity within law enforcement, the prison system, and local government facilitates trafficking crimes across some governments, but criminal prosecution of complicit officials lags behind the already low number of convictions of other traffickers.  Child sex trafficking and extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse are also pervasive concerns, particularly due to the increased use of social media and online platforms to recruit victims.  Many officials conflate human trafficking with other crimes, including migrant smuggling, child labor, sexual violence against children, illegal commercial sex, and illegal adoption.  Because of this confusion, governments may misidentify trafficking victims, fail to give them adequate support, and therefore underreport trafficking crimes.  These problems lead to inadequate data collection and reporting on human trafficking and, therefore, an incomplete understanding of the extent of the crime in the hemisphere.

• A Framework for Balancing Prosecution, Prevention, and Victim Protection Priorities in Criminal Justice Systems

Holding human traffickers accountable is an essential component of the Palermo Protocol’s “3P” paradigm of prosecuting traffickers, protecting victims, and preventing the crime.   Prosecutions make powerful statements that human trafficking will not be tolerated, and perpetrators will be held accountable, and because it is important to recognize that prosecution, protection, and prevention efforts are all inextricably intertwined.   Victims are better able to assist in investigations and prosecutions when they have access to robust protections, and successful prosecutions protect individual victims from revictimization in addition to preventing the convicted trafficker from exploiting others.

Supporting victims throughout the criminal justice process is critical.   Cases often move slowly, leaving victims anxious about the uncertainty of the outcome, fearful of retaliation, re-traumatized by having to recount traumatic events, frustrated by proceedings that can disrupt their lives, and embarrassed, ashamed, or ostracized when information about their victimization becomes public.   These feelings of anxiety, uncertainty, trauma, frustration, and fear can be further intensified by the distrust of authorities that traffickers often instill and manipulate to compel victims’ silence and their compliance with the traffickers’ commands.   Victims often experience conflicting pressures from authorities encouraging them to cooperate, traffickers seeking to silence them, and their own efforts to put traumatic events behind them.   For some survivors, the opportunity to speak out, be believed, and play an active role in bringing traffickers to justice can be empowering and vindicating.   Yet for many, the process can be harrowing, especially when they do not receive sufficient services and support.

The difficulties victims often experience during investigations and prosecutions can further intensify the challenges authorities face when seeking to hold perpetrators accountable, protect their communities, and prevent traffickers from harming others.   In striving to bring traffickers to justice without unduly burdening, re-traumatizing, or endangering victims, prosecutors continually balance the interests of justice, public safety, and protection of the community with the rights and interests of individual victims.   Successful strategies for navigating these challenges will inevitably vary to some extent according to the relevant laws and criminal justice systems across various jurisdictions but the promising practices highlighted below can aid in effectively balancing these complex considerations in a wide range of contexts.   The end goal is to enhance support for victims and decrease the burdens they experience during the criminal justice process regardless of whether they are testifying — while also strengthening investigations and prosecutions to increase accountability for traffickers.

Vigorous Victim Protections at All Stages of the Criminal Justice Process

The best way for authorities to support human trafficking survivors is to ensure the provision and continuity of comprehensive services at all stages of the criminal justice process, including in coordination with civil society organizations who specialize in victim services.   Children survivors require specialized care and interventions.   Robust victim protections, including comprehensive victim-centered, trauma-informed services, are essential to support victims in rebuilding their lives, providing the security and stability they need to safely participate in the criminal justice process, and enabling them to recall and recount their experience.   Such services should include access to identity documents, mental health and medical services, housing, and other forms of relief to support physical and mental healing.   In addition, survivors should have access to legal support and services, ideally through an independent legal advocate.   This support should be tailored to assist the survivor with a range of legal needs, whether related to navigating the investigation and prosecution of the criminal case against the trafficker, to immigration relief, or other legal matters.

Investigators, prosecutors, and victim service providers should collaborate closely to ensure that the victim is stabilized and supported before expecting meaningful participation in the criminal justice process.   Trauma can impede a victim’s ability to recall and recount relevant events, so investigators and prosecutors should develop advanced expertise in victim-centered, trauma-informed, culturally appropriate methods for stabilizing survivors, building rapport, and conducting effective interviews.   Effective interviewing may entail consistent use of professional interpreters to ensure clarity of communication and often benefits from the use of specialized techniques that incorporate the expertise of survivor leaders.   These practices can make the victim’s participation in the process less burdensome and traumatic.   They can also strengthen prosecutions by eliciting more accurate statements, minimizing discrepancies that could later be used to attack the victim’s credibility, and enabling the victim to provide more detailed information that could lead to other sources of evidence.

Protection and services for trafficking victims should not be conditioned on whether the trafficker is charged or convicted.   In cases where a foreign victim chooses to return to their home country, relocation assistance should be provided and authorities should proceed with prosecutions involving repatriated victims when possible, by having them present evidence virtually where authorized by law or by funding their return travel for court proceedings as necessary.   Access to comprehensive support is not only in the best interest of survivors- it also increases the likelihood they will feel sufficiently safe and empowered to assist in the investigation and prosecution.   Whether survivors testify against the trafficker or provide more limited assistance to law enforcement, support for their long-term well-being should be a priority even after the case is closed.

Developing Evidence to Decrease Reliance on Victim Testimony

Another best practice in prosecuting trafficking cases is the use of strategic investigative processes to develop evidence that supports the statements or testimony of trafficking survivors.   In human trafficking prosecutions, every piece of evidence counts because each piece of corroborating evidence is important to reduce reliance on victim testimony, preventing undue credibility attacks, and to increase the likelihood of conviction.

All human trafficking victims who provide statements, declarations, or testimony are inevitably subjected to credibility challenges, whether by jurists in inquisitorial systems that decide whether the victim’s statements are sufficiently reliable or by the defense in adversarial systems.   Victims’ credibility is often scrutinized based on issues such as delays in reporting their victimization, trauma-related inconsistencies in recalling and recounting certain details, or involvement in unlawful acts related to their victimization.   Corroborating evidence can be essential to countering such credibility attacks, increasing the likelihood of the victim’s statements or testimony being believed, and leading to higher rates of convictions.   Investigators and prosecutors should engage in early and continuous collaboration to assess ways to pursue other sources of evidence beyond victim testimony and to corroborate available statements and evidence through sources such as electronic records, physical evidence, and other potential witnesses.

In some cases, other admissible evidence uncovered during a thorough investigation may minimize the need for victim testimony and can become essential to enabling a prosecution to proceed even if the victim is not able to participate in the trial.   Even evidence that provides only limited circumstantial corroboration of one small aspect of a trafficker’s conduct can, when combined with other evidence, provide significant substantiation of a survivor’s account.   Investigators and prosecutors should clearly communicate to survivors that they are not “responsible” for the successful investigation and prosecution, that services and protections are not dependent on the outcome of the criminal case, and that authorities are responsible for gathering relevant evidence from all available sources.   Such evidence can also significantly reduce the burdens felt by the victim and the risks of re-traumatization associated with participating as a witness.

Victim-Centered, Trauma-Informed Charging and Prosecution Practices

One of a prosecutor’s most serious responsibilities is to utilize all available avenues to protect the victim and prevent witness intimidation efforts that could compromise both the victim’s sense of safety and the integrity of the investigation.   Such avenues include seeking court orders, including restraining orders, orders of protection, and no-contact orders to prohibit the defendant from attempting to contact the victim either directly or indirectly.   They also include working with law enforcement and victim advocates to prepare a safety plan and document any attempted contact.   Prosecutors should encourage survivors to seek help from a trusted point of contact with the police or other authorities and to immediately disclose to the prosecutor or advocate any attempt by the traffickers to contact them.   Documented attempts to contact or intimidate the victim should be used in appropriate instances to bring additional obstruction-of-justice or witness tampering charges and may be relevant to explain a victim’s reluctance to cooperate as a witness or recant earlier statements.   Proof of the trafficker’s efforts to contact the victim may also allow the prosecutor to introduce otherwise inadmissible evidence.

Even if the survivor is able and willing to testify, the prosecutor should introduce corroborating evidence to bolster and support their testimony, which is especially important when a survivor’s trauma has caused inconsistency in their statements or memory.   Prosecutors may also consider using expert testimony in appropriate instances to explain the impacts of trauma on memory and recall.   Admissible evidence may include the survivor’s medical records, testimony from first responders or other witnesses to relevant incidents, certain statements made by the accused, electronic messages, physical evidence recovered from relevant locations, and video recordings.   Additional evidence gathered using well-designed and implemented strategic investigative processes can in some instances serve, when possible, as a substitute for the victim’s critical testimony, either completely or on select issues, if the victim becomes unavailable or has difficulty testifying effectively.

Unfortunately, despite all efforts to develop other evidence, some cases of the underlying trafficking offenses cannot proceed without the testimony of the victim.   In those instances, certain practices can be used to pursue prosecutions and accountability while minimizing undue burdens and adverse impacts on survivors.   Prosecutors can strategically focus charges on the most readily provable aspects of the criminal conduct such as assaults, threats, financial crimes, possession of illicit images, or witness tampering, which may be less reliant on victim testimony but may still provide significant opportunities to hold offenders accountable.   Prosecutors can also seek to resolve cases through guilty pleas in appropriate instances to secure substantial justice without the need for victim testimony at trial.

When a victim does need to testify, prosecutors should file all applicable motions to limit the scope of their testimony to relevant facts and preclude inappropriate cross-examination about the victim’s prior bad acts or sexual history.   When allowed by law, prosecutors should consider seeking the court’s permission to present the victim’s testimony virtually or in any other manner that preserves the defendant’s right to confront the accuser while physically separating the victim from the defendant.   Victim services and security should be provided throughout all stages of trial preparation, trial, and sentencing.

Human trafficking survivors with lived experience are uniquely positioned to provide insight, guidance, and expertise on establishing appropriate support systems, strategic investigative processes, and prosecutorial practices that allow victims to be heard and supported at all stages of investigations and prosecutions.   Incorporating survivor-informed expertise is essential to providing the security, stability, and support survivors need to participate safely and effectively as witnesses, while reducing the burdens and risks of re-traumatization often associated with the criminal justice process and strengthening efforts to hold traffickers accountable.

• The Intersection of Forced Marriage and Human Trafficking

The question of whether forced marriage constitutes a human trafficking crime is complex, and the answer can vary depending on the circumstances of the forced marriage and the applicable national laws.

Governments around the world have taken different approaches to the issue, both in terms of the laws they have enacted and of the way those laws are implemented in practice.   While the governing international law on trafficking in persons, the UN TIP Protocol, allows for flexibility in how State Parties criminalize human trafficking under domestic legislation, establishing exploitative intent is critical to considering whether the conduct constitutes trafficking in persons.

What is forced marriage?

The 2022 update to the U.S. Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally defines forced marriage as a marriage at any age that occurs without the free and full consent of both parties, including anyone under the age of 18 who is not able to give full consent.   Forced marriage may occur when family members or others use physical or emotional abuse, threats, fraud, or deception to obtain an individual’s agreement.   In such cases, an individual cannot be considered to have consented to the marriage.   The terms “early marriage” and “child marriage” are often used interchangeably to refer to any marriage in which at least one of the parties has not attained the age of 18.   There is overwhelming evidence that child, early, and forced marriages can increase individuals’ vulnerability to future exploitation and abuse – with long-term consequences for their health, wellbeing, safety, and opportunities.

Is Forced Marriage a Form of Trafficking under International Law?

Article 3 of the UN TIP Protocol defines “trafficking in persons” to require three essential elements—an act, conducted using one or more means, for an exploitative purpose.   Article 3 does not list forced marriage explicitly as a form of exploitation; instead, it provides that “exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.”   Accordingly, when a forced marriage involves any of the acts, means, and purposes of exploitation listed in Article 3, it would be considered trafficking under the UN TIP Protocol.   For example, forced marriages that also involve forced labor or services, or slavery or practices similar to slavery would also be trafficking in persons if the relevant acts and means are present.   However, the non-exhaustive list of forms of exploitation in Article 3 allows State Parties to decide to expand the list of forms of exploitation within their own domestic definition of trafficking in line with the purpose and scope.

While the UN TIP Protocol does not explicitly include forced marriage within the definition of trafficking, many stakeholders argue that if all the elements of trafficking are present (i.e., there is an act, a prohibited means, done for the purpose of exploiting another person), it should not matter that the exploitation takes the form of a forced marriage.   These stakeholders point to the identical practices used by unscrupulous recruiters who are paid by business owners or prospective husbands to deceive and obtain the consent of individuals to marry “loving wealthy husbands” or accept “lucrative job offers,” in both instances only to leave victims trapped and exploited.

Countries that have chosen to include forced marriage within their domestic definitions of trafficking, either explicitly or implicitly, have taken three common approaches:

Forced Marriage Included as a Form of Exploitation

By leaving the list of forms of exploitation under Article 3 open-ended, the UN TIP Protocol allows State Parties to choose to expand the list of forms of exploitation included under domestic anti-trafficking laws.   As such, some countries have chosen to include forced marriage as an exploitative purpose under their respective anti-trafficking laws.   Several countries have taken this approach, including, but not limited to: Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Cambodia, Chad, Costa Rica, Croatia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Kenya, Lithuania, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Seychelles, and Uganda.

“Practices Similar to Slavery” Interpreted to Include Some Forms of Forced Marriage

Other countries interpret the inclusion of “practices similar to slavery” within Article 3 of the UN TIP Protocol to include certain forms of forced marriage.   “Practices similar to slavery” is defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery.   Under Article 1(c) of this convention, “practices similar to slavery” refers to, inter alia, “Any institution or practice whereby: (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person …”   For countries that use this definition of “practices similar to slavery” to interpret the scope of the definition of trafficking in persons under the UN TIP Protocol, some, but not all, forms of forced marriage could constitute trafficking in persons.

Forced Marriage and Trafficking in Persons as Distinct Crimes .

It is also worth mentioning that there are many countries that choose to address forced marriage and trafficking in persons as separate offenses.   In its 2020 Issue Paper “Interlinkages Between Trafficking in Persons and Marriage,” the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) acknowledges the viability of these different approaches and explains that there is “no one-size-fits-all approach to most effectively counter cases involving interlinkages between trafficking in persons and marriage.”

Establishing Exploitative Intent is Critical in All Approaches

At the heart of the question of whether a forced marriage constitutes a human trafficking crime is the question of whether the intention was to exploit a person or persons through the marriage.   Recently, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union recognized the gravity of and increasing linkages between forced marriages and human trafficking. They formally adopted a directive noting that the exploitation of forced marriages “fall[s] within the scope of offenses concerning trafficking in human beings…to the extent that all the criteria constituting those offenses are fulfilled.”

While States that choose explicitly to include forced marriage within their definition of exploitation, or implicitly, through the inclusion of “practices similar to slavery,” consider “forced marriage as inherently exploitative,” such an interpretation is neither required nor shared by all States.   As UNODC explains,

…cultural and national contexts are relevant in determining exploitation, especially in relation to forced and servile marriage.   Cultural and other context-specific factors can play a role in shaping perception of what constitutes exploitative conduct for the purposes of establishing that trafficking has occurred.

Marriages generally involve domestic work and sexual relations between spouses, neither of which is generally understood to constitute abuse or exploitation.   However, there are circumstances in which individuals may be exploited in connection with each of these under the guise of marital obligations.   Taking into consideration the cultural and national contexts in which marriages transpire is a complex but necessary task when determining whether all three elements of a human trafficking offense are present in a case involving forced marriage.

While it is understood forced marriage is inherently harmful, rooted in gender inequality, and can often dramatically increase the risks of individuals to trafficking in persons, gender-based violence (GBV), and other abuses or crimes, it is important to acknowledge there may be circumstances in which a forced marriage has occurred, but the offense of human trafficking has not, because the purpose of the marriage was not to exploit another individual.   For example, in some communities, even an untruthful allegation of sexual indiscretion or promiscuity can irreparably damage a girl’s prospects of marriage or place her in physical danger.  Parents in these communities may attempt to protect their daughters by marrying them at a young age to avoid such allegations and safeguard their reputations.  Similarly, families who live in refugee camps or other unstable situations where there is high prevalence of multiple forms of violence, including GVB, may view marriage as a protective mechanism that will prevent their daughters from being victims of physical or sexual violence or offer them greater economic security.   In these instances, such marriages commonly occur without an individual giving their full, free, and informed agreement to marry.   By definition, such an arrangement would constitute a forced marriage and depending on the country, potentially a violation of domestic criminal laws.   However, if no one involved in arranging the marriage (not the spouse, parents, matchmaker, etc.) is participating for the purpose of exploiting the individual , then the necessary elements of trafficking in persons are not met.   Other crimes or human rights abuses may have occurred and should be addressed, but the specific crime of human trafficking has not occurred because the marriage was not for the purpose of exploitation.   To the contrary, taking into account the relevant cultural and social norms, these actors may believe they are acting in the best interest of the individual.   As in all criminal cases, the knowledge and intent of the individual matters and therefore, in the case of forced marriages as a potential trafficking crime, one must consider if an individual intended to exploit someone, or whether they intended, even misguidedly and mistakenly, to do what was believed to be in the individual’s best interest.   These complicated dynamics must be determined in other trafficking contexts as well.

Therefore, when allegations of forced marriage are presented, they must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine whether they constitute trafficking in persons.   Such an assessment neither legitimizes forced marriage nor detracts from serious concerns around such practices.   Rather, it simply ensures the appropriate criminal prosecution, protection, and prevention responses are utilized to address the conduct in question because, as UNODC explains, “….qualifying a particular type of conduct as trafficking in persons has extensive consequences for both the alleged perpetrators and victims of the crime.”

* NOTE:   U.S. law does not explicitly recognize forced marriage as a “severe form of trafficking in persons” or reference it in criminal trafficking laws.   Therefore, forced marriage, per se, is not automatically considered a form of trafficking in persons under U.S. law.   The facts and circumstances of the forced marriage must be considered to determine whether the conduct falls under a relevant definition or legal provision.   Generally, if the person forced to marry is also compelled to work or to engage in commercial sex, then the forced marriage would likely fall within the definition of trafficking in persons and be a crime under U.S. law.   Because the definition of “severe forms of trafficking in persons” established under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act governs the Department’s minimum standard assessments for the purposes of the TIP Report, the Department accordingly includes governments’ efforts to combat forced marriage if there is credible evidence that those efforts address forced marriage in which the objective of the marriage was to exploit another person for labor or services or commercial sex.

An Example of When a Forced Marriage Involved Human Trafficking:   United States of America v. Zahida Aman, et al.

In United States of America v. Zahida Aman, et al., the United States successfully prosecuted and convicted three individuals for trafficking crimes relating to a forced marriage.   On January 24, 2023, the traffickers were sentenced to five, ten, and 12 years of imprisonment, respectively, and ordered to pay restitution to the victim.   The case serves as an example of how forced marriage and human trafficking can intersect and result in complex and devastating exploitation of vulnerable individuals, as abuse often goes undetected for long periods of time due to its hidden nature within the confines of familial relationships.

A federal jury sitting in Richmond, Virginia, found defendants Zahida Aman, Mohammad Nauman Chaudhri, and Mohammad Rehan Chaudhri guilty of conspiracy to commit forced labor for compelling the domestic labor of a Pakistani woman for 12 years.   The jury further found defendant Aman guilty of forced labor and document servitude, and defendant Rehan Chaudhri guilty of forced labor.

According to the evidence presented in court, defendant Zahida Aman arranged for her son’s marriage to the victim in 2001.   The victim moved to the United States and lived in a house in Midlothian, Virginia, with her husband and the three defendants (the husband’s mother and his two brothers).   The defendants compelled the victim to serve the family as a domestic servant, using physical and verbal abuse, restricting communication with her family in Pakistan, confiscating her immigration documentation and money, and eventually threatening to separate her from her children by deporting her to Pakistan.

The defendants slapped, kicked, and pushed the victim, even beat her with wooden boards, and on one occasion hog-tied her hands and feet and dragged her down the stairs in front of her children.   Even after the victim’s husband moved away, the defendants kept the victim in their Virginia home, often forcing her to perform increasingly laborious tasks… 

The evidence further showed that the defendants required the victim to work every day, beginning early each morning.   They restricted her food, forbade her from learning to drive or speaking to anyone except the defendants’ family members and prohibited her from calling her family in Pakistan.

Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice

• 2024 TIP REPORT HEROES

This year marks a major milestone—the 20th anniversary of the TIP Report Heroes awards program.   Each year, the Department of State honors individuals around the world who have devoted their lives to the fight against human trafficking.   These individuals include NGO workers, lawmakers, government officials, survivors of human trafficking, and concerned citizens.   They are recognized for their tireless efforts—despite some working in challenging environments where human trafficking concerns remain pervasive and facing resistance, opposition, or threats to their lives—to protect victims, punish offenders, and mitigate the underlying factors that cause vulnerabilities traffickers often target.

For more information about current and past TIP Report Heroes, please visit the TIP Report Heroes Global Network at www.tipheroes.org .

Al Amin Noyon Manager BRAC Migration Centre

Md. Al-Amin, or Noyon, is a welcoming first face to trafficking survivors and migrants as they return to Bangladesh.  As a fellow trafficking survivor, Noyon is uniquely qualified and motivated to help them rebuild their lives. In his capacity as manager of the BRAC Migration Welfare Centre onsite at the Dhaka airport, Noyon has supported more than 34,000 Bangladeshi trafficking survivors and migrants over the last 15 years.

Born to a family of modest means, Noyon’s dream of a better life turned into a nightmare when he was exploited in trafficking in Malaysia in 2007, beaten, tortured, and held captive in the jungle.  But as the 41-year-old now shares, that is not how his story ends.  His motivation to support fellow survivors has long motivated him to serve as a member of ANIRBAN (‘the flame that will not fade ‘ ), a trafficking support platform made up of survivors who raise awareness about human trafficking and advocate for survivors and their rights.

Noyon believes education is one of the best ways to insulate Bangladesh’s next generation from the perils of human trafficking.  He assists with safe migration campaigns at schools across Bangladesh and has supported thousands of students whose families are migrants or trafficking survivors secure academic scholarships.

Known by anti-trafficking stakeholders in the Bangladesh government, multilateral organizations, and likeminded partners, Noyon steadfastly supports others despite very real risks to his own safety.

Marcela Martinez Activist/Lawyer

Ms. Martinez is an accomplished Bolivian lawyer from La Paz and a leading anti-trafficking activist, who has demonstrably changed the direction of Bolivian and regional efforts to combat trafficking in persons, providing hope for families affected by human trafficking in Bolivia.

In 2017, Ms. Martinez formed the Social Responsibility Area of her law firm, from which the #RedAlertTempranaZar 🦋 hashtag operates.  This hashtag is modeled after the Amber Alert system in the United States to help activate searches for victims in Bolivia.  They also provide training, talks, workshops, and prevention webinars to schools, universities, neighborhood associations, and other civil society organizations.  To date, more than 18,000 volunteers participate in the network and have helped authorities locate more than 150 victims.

Ms. Martinez’s work has been instrumental in the prosecution of traffickers, protection of survivors, and prevention of victims.  She helped draft and lobbied for the passage of the first comprehensive Bolivian national law that gives law enforcement and prosecutors new tools and resources to combat trafficking in persons.  She also created the National Trafficking in Persons Council to coordinate all Bolivian government efforts to fight human trafficking.

She was part of the NinaSonko Heart of Fire Women’s Circle, which provides support and holistic and business coaching to survivors of trafficking and violence and supports social reintegration.  She has also served as a trainer through UNODC, training judges, prosecutors, and police officers on victim care at the national level.  Through her tireless efforts, Ms. Martinez has reduced human trafficking in Bolivia.

Maria Werlau Founder/Executive Director Free Society Project

Maria Werlau is co-founder and Executive Director of Free Society Project, also known as Cuba Archive, a non-profit think tank that defends human rights through information.  She began in 2009 researching, documenting, and denouncing exploitation and forced labor in Cuba’s labor export program and advocating for its victims and survivors.  In 2010, she published her first academic work on the issue and authored an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal denouncing the labor export program as a trafficking scheme benefiting the Cuban government.  At the time, Cuba’s “internationalism” was mostly known from the slanted narrative of altruistic solidarity.

Since then, Maria has interviewed dozens of Cuban workers, mostly doctors coerced to work across the globe.  Through her work at Cuba Archive, she has exposed the dark aspects of Cuba’s medical missions, emphasizing the abuses faced by the workers: violence, sexual harassment, family separation, exploitation, forced labor, wage confiscation, restriction of movement, passport retention, repression, forced exile, psychological trauma, loss of life, and more.  She has also documented and exposed the labor export program’s lesser-known impact on the public health systems of Cuba and host countries, as well as its economic, political, and geostrategic value to the Cuban regime.

Maria has authored numerous works on Cuba in English and Spanish, including on healthcare, and provided expert testimony on Cuban labor trafficking to the U.S. Congress and at the OAS and the European Parliament.

Mustafa Ridha Mustafa al-Yasiri Director – Anti-Human Trafficking Directorate Ministry of Interior

Brigadier General Mustafa Ridha Mustafa al-Yasiri has courageously worked in Iraq’s Ministry of Interior (MOI) to combat trafficking in persons throughout a career dedicated to defending Iraq’s most vulnerable.  Brigadier General Mustafa vastly improved the Government of Iraq’s efforts to combat trafficking in persons and enhanced services for women trafficking victims, only months after being appointed in March 2023 as the Director of MOI’s Anti-Human Trafficking Directorate.  With support from the Minister of Interior, Brigadier General Mustafa immediately increased government resources dedicated to fighting trafficking in persons; appointed women Trafficking in Persons officers and employees to better assist trafficking victims; and appointed new investigative officers and officials knowledgeable on trafficking in persons, victim identification, and violence against women.  Together with the Iraqi judiciary, Mustafa established a strategy to identify victims more accurately and better address sexual exploitation and other forms of trafficking.

In addition, Brigadier General Mustafa worked with hiring companies to ensure they publish and display signs detailing Iraqi workers’ rights and the MOI’s Trafficking in Persons hotline.  On a weekly basis, he visited shelters to speak with victims, compile lists of needed food and hygienic and medical supplies, and help victims make calls to their families.  He also personally accompanied trafficking victims to court to help with their hearings and legal procedures.  Every day, motivated by personal conviction, Brigadier General Mustafa is realizing a professional goal to serve and protect many of the most vulnerable citizens of Iraq.

Edith Murogo Founder/Chief Executive Officer Centre for Domestic Training and Development

Edith Murogo is a beacon of hope on the frontlines of the fight against human trafficking and labor exploitation.  When Edith started training domestic workers more than two decades ago, she met victims of human trafficking and gender-based violence.  This experience prompted her to pioneer initiatives that transformed anti-trafficking efforts in Kenya.

After establishing the Centre for Domestic Training and Development (CDTD) in 2001, Edith became a leading advocate for domestic workers’ rights and lobbied the government for strengthened protections of migrant workers.  Edith initiated training to professionalize domestic workers and convinced the government to develop the curriculum and establish a certificate program for domestic workers seeking employment abroad.  Since opening, CDTD has assisted over 50,000 domestic workers with advocacy, skills, and knowledge to prevent them from becoming victims of trafficking.

In 2012, Edith opened the Talia Agler Girls Shelter (TAGS) – a safe house providing comprehensive assistance to girls and young women, especially for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence exploited in human trafficking. TAGS has assisted over 1,000 girls with removal from trafficking situations, recovery, and reintegration support services as well as education, mentorship, and leadership opportunities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Edith established Kenya’s National Shelters Network to coordinate shelter services across Kenya and ensure all survivors receive crucial protection services.  Edith is a tireless advocate working with government and civil society to strengthen anti-trafficking laws and responses.  The Department of Labor and BBC have highlighted her work in several documentaries about human trafficking.

Oumou Elkhairou Niaré Samaké Coordinator National Integrated Program for the Fight Against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime; National Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices

Oumou Elkhairou Niaré Samaké (Oumou), a well-known Malian magistrate, currently serves as the coordinator of Mali’s National Integrated Program for the Fight against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime and as Coordinator of the National Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices.  Oumou is a fierce advocate for human rights, gender-based violence, and trafficking in persons issues.  She has spearheaded Mali’s recent adoption of a new Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons; championed the development of Mali’s new draft penal code to criminalize trafficking in persons; and fought to increase prosecutions over the past year of hereditary slavery cases.

In 2020 and 2021, the Trafficking in Persons Committee became relatively inactive.  However, upon her appointment in 2022, Oumou reinvigorated Mali’s anti-trafficking efforts.  First, she reestablished regular coordination meetings and published the Trafficking in Persons Committee’s overdue 2021 and 2022 annual reports.  Next, she spearheaded the development, drafting, and adoption of Mali’s new National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in persons, launched in October 2023.  She has maintained high level standard of contacts with partners, donors, and national and international stakeholders in the fight against trafficking in persons and hereditary slavery.

Samson Inocencio Jr. Vice President International Justice Mission Philippines Program Against Online Sexual Exploitation of Children

Samson “Sam” Inocencio has dedicated over 20 years to combating trafficking in persons through his work with the International Justice Mission (IJM) Philippines.  He has contributed to 147 convictions for commercial sexual exploitation and 220 for online sexual exploitation (OSEC) crimes since 2005.  After becoming National Director of IJM in 2016, Sam assisted in the removal of 544 children from situations of commercial sexual exploitation and 1,237 children who were at risk of OSEC.

Sam led IJM’s efforts under the U.S.-Philippine Child Protection Compact (CPC) Partnership to combat OSEC crimes and advocated for a 347 percent budget increase for the Philippine National Police – Women and Children Protection Center.  As IJM’s representative to the Government of the Philippines’ Interagency Council Against Trafficking, Sam has assisted the Philippines in its efforts to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of children and OSEC related crimes, to hold offenders accountable in courts of law, and to safeguard Filipino children.

He collaborated with the Government of the Philippines in 2016 to develop a “roadmap to Tier 1” in the U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report.  The Philippines has been ranked Tier 1 for eight years due to the merits of its efforts.  Sam’s leadership and dedicated service have strengthened the government and civil society’s response to trafficking and protected thousands, especially children, from exploitation.

Marijana Savić Founder/Director Atina

Marijana Savić, the founder and director of NGO Atina, is an activist dedicated to advancing women’s and girls’ rights.  For over two decades, she has provided vital support and recovery programs for survivors of trafficking and gender-based violence in Serbia.  Her efforts have led to important progress in policy reform to combat human trafficking and support women and girls, who were victims of commercial sexual exploitation.

Under Marijana’s guidance, Atina has become a pivotal organization in Serbia’s anti-trafficking sector.  Marijana also actively contributes by helping integrates survivor experiences into law and human rights policies, in Serbia and abroad.  Her commitment extends to economic empowerment through the social enterprise Bagel Bejgl, which she founded in 2015.  This initiative – which provides employment to trafficking survivors – supports Atina’s sustainability by directing its profits to anti-trafficking programming.

Marijana works with international bodies, including the Council of Europe, as an expert in combating trafficking, especially labor exploitation.  An alumnus of the Human Rights Advocates Program at Columbia University, Marijana is also involved in global advocacy as a member of the Global Fund for Children’s board, Canada’s Equality Fund Investment Advisory Council, and the UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Human Trafficking board.

Marijana’s relentless activism and leadership have earned widespread acclaim and numerous awards for Atina, highlighting her role in shaping a safer, more equitable society for women and girls across Serbia and globally. Her work exemplifies a profound commitment to human rights and the empowerment of the most vulnerable groups.

Rosa Cendón Advisor – Human Trafficking and Gender-based Violence Catalonia Regional Ministry for Equality and Feminism

Rosa Cendón has devoted her life to assisting victims, raising awareness, and combating human trafficking in Spain.

As a social worker and educator based in Barcelona, Rosa has led advocacy and institutional relations for SICARcat, the largest anti-trafficking NGO in the Catalonia region, for 20 years.  SICARcat offers assistance to women and children survivors of trafficking by providing them with shelter and legal, psychological, medical, and social support.  Since 2022, Rosa has served as an expert advisor for combating human trafficking and gender-based violence at the Catalonia regional Ministry of Equality and Feminism.  She continues to promote change by raising awareness of human trafficking and designing public policy.

Rosa is at the forefront of anti-trafficking efforts in Catalonia.  Her victim-centered approach has influenced regional and national anti-trafficking and victim protection policies.  She contributed to designing the regional Catalonian and Barcelona city protocols for victim protection.  Under her leadership, SICARcat developed tools for the detection and intervention of human trafficking cases working closely with law enforcement agencies.  She regularly conducts specialized training for key actors.

During the height of the European migration crisis, Rosa helped found the ASIL.CAT network of human rights NGOs that coordinated shelter, protection, and services for the influx of refugees.  She worked to ensure that anti-trafficking efforts were included in the asylum reception system.  As a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Spain has received over 200,000 Ukrainian refugees and Rosa has been at the forefront in providing support to the refugees arriving to Barcelona.

Letitia Pinas Inspector of Police – Head of the Trafficking in Persons Unit Suriname Police Force

Inspector Letitia Pinas launched her career with the Suriname Police Force in 1998.  After serving in the Youth Affairs Department and the Public Relations Department, she was assigned the role of Acting Head of the 14-person Trafficking in Persons Unit in November 2020, to determine its continued usefulness.  Inspector Pinas overhauled the underperforming unit by drafting a strategic plan that improved the unit’s ability to investigate suspects and identify and serve victims, its presence in and outreach to the community, and the public’s trust in it.

With no NGOs working on human trafficking, Inspector Pinas assumed a disproportionate burden not only to investigate cases properly and effectively but also ensured efforts continued in the areas of protection and prevention, including expanded awareness.  Despite the government facing a multi-year financial crisis, she successfully lobbied for funds from the police to establish an emergency shelter within her office to house victims in the initial stages of an investigation.  She closely collaborated with the Prosecutors’ Office for funding to create a long-term shelter for both male and female victims.  Through improved collaboration with the Maritime Police and the Military Police, the Trafficking in Persons Unit actively participates in inspections of incoming vessels, while also checking for potential victims amongst incoming travelers at the airport.  These efforts have led to increased numbers of identified victims, including many who have trusted the police enough to self-report.  Her collaboration with senior police officials resulted in the development of a website that raises awareness on human trafficking and provides society with a tool to anonymously report suspected cases of trafficking.

• Child Soldiers Prevention Act List

Section 402 of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, as amended (CSPA) requires publication in the annual TIP Report of a list of foreign governments identified during the previous year as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces, or government-supported armed groups that recruit or use child soldiers, as defined in the CSPA.  These determinations cover the reporting period beginning April 1, 2023 and ending March 31, 2024.

For the purpose of the CSPA, and generally consistent with the provisions of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, the term “child soldier” means:

•  any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces;
• any person under 18 years of age who has been compulsorily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces;
• any person under 15 years of age who has been voluntarily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; or
• any person under 18 years of age who has been recruited or used in hostilities by armed forces distinct from the armed forces of a state.

The term “child soldier” includes any person described in clauses (ii), (iii), or (iv) who is serving in any capacity, including in a support role, such as a “cook, porter, messenger, medic, guard, or sex slave.”

Governments identified on the list are subject to restrictions, in the following fiscal year, on certain security assistance and commercial licensing of military equipment.  The CSPA prohibits assistance to governments that are identified in the list under the following authorities: International Military Education and Training, Foreign Military Financing, Excess Defense Articles, and Peacekeeping Operations, with exceptions for some programs undertaken pursuant to the Peacekeeping Operations authority.  The CSPA also prohibits the issuance of licenses for direct commercial sales of military equipment to such governments. Beginning October 1, 2024, and effective throughout Fiscal Year 2025, these restrictions will apply to the listed countries, absent a presidential waiver, applicable exception, or reinstatement of assistance pursuant to the terms of the CSPA.  The determination to include a government in the CSPA list is informed by a range of sources, including first-hand observation by U.S. government personnel and research and credible reporting from various UN entities, international organizations, local and international NGOs, and international and domestic media outlets.

The 2024 CSPA List includes governments of the following countries: Please note that 2024 Child Soldiers Prevention Act-related determinations were not final at the time of releasing the 2024 TIP Report. This section will be updated as soon as possible.

• When the Government is the Trafficker: State-Sponsored Trafficking in Persons

While the TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking In Persons and the UN TIP Protocol call on governments proactively to address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens or other individuals into sex trafficking or forced labor.   Some governments exploit individuals in forced labor in local or national public works projects, military operations, economically important sectors, as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, or in sexual slavery on government compounds.   Governments extract this work or service by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits; withholding salaries; intentionally failing to adhere to limits on national service; manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and other minority groups; threatening to punish family members; or conditioning services, food, or freedom of movement on labor or sex.

In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a “government policy or pattern” of human trafficking; human trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers.   While the TVPA already directs the Secretary to consider the extent to which “officials or employees of the government have participated in, facilitated, condoned, or were otherwise complicit in” trafficking when determining whether the government is making significant efforts to meet the minimum standards, this section directly links a government’s “policy or pattern” of trafficking to a Tier 3 ranking.

The 2024 TIP Report includes the following 13 countries with a documented “policy or pattern” of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers:    

• Afghanistan*
• China, People’s Republic of
• Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of
• South Sudan
• Turkmenistan

* The TIP Report describes the state of human trafficking within a country and with respect to Afghanistan, assesses the actions of Afghan ministries, as well as the Taliban, without implying recognition of the Taliban or another entity as the government of Afghanistan.

• Methodology

The Department of State prepared this report using information from U.S. embassies, government officials, nongovernmental and international organizations, published reports, news articles, academic studies, consultations with authorities and organizations in every region of the world, and information submitted to [email protected] .   This email address provides a means by which organizations and individuals can share information with the Department of State throughout the year on government progress in addressing human trafficking.

U.S. diplomatic posts and domestic agencies reported on the human trafficking situation and governmental action to fight trafficking based on thorough research that included meetings with a wide variety of government officials, local and international NGO representatives, officials of international organizations, journalists, academics, and survivors.   U.S. missions overseas are dedicated to covering human trafficking issues year-round.   The 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report covers government efforts undertaken from April 1, 2023 through March 31, 2024, to the extent concurrent reporting data is available.

Tier Placement

The Department places each country in this report onto one of four categories.   This placement is based not on the size of a country’s problem but on the extent of government efforts to meet the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking (see page XX), which are generally consistent with the Palermo Protocol.

While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem or that it is doing enough to address the crime.   Rather, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has made efforts to address the problem that meet the TVPA’s minimum standards.   To maintain a Tier 1 ranking, governments need to demonstrate appreciable progress each year in combating trafficking.   Tier 1 represents a responsibility rather than a reprieve.

Tier rankings and narratives in the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report reflect an assessment of the following:

• enactment of laws prohibiting severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined by the TVPA, and provision of criminal punishments for trafficking crimes;
• criminal penalties prescribed for human trafficking crimes which are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other grave crimes;
• implementation of human trafficking laws through vigorous prosecution of the prevalent forms of trafficking in the country and adequate sentencing of traffickers;
• proactive victim identification measures with systematic procedures to guide law enforcement and other government-supported front-line responders in the process of victim identification;
• government funding and partnerships with NGOs to provide victims with access to primary health care, counseling, and shelter, allowing them to recount their trafficking experiences to trained counselors and law enforcement in an environment of minimal pressure;
• victim protection efforts that include access to services and shelter without detention and with legal alternatives to removal to countries in which victims would face retribution or hardship;
• the extent to which a government ensures victims are provided with legal and other assistance and that, consistent with domestic law, proceedings are not prejudicial to victims’ rights, dignity, or psychological well-being;
• the extent to which a government ensures the safe, humane, and, to the extent possible, voluntary repatriation and reintegration of victims;
• governmental measures to prevent human trafficking, including efforts to curb practices identified as contributing factors to human trafficking, such as employers’ confiscation of foreign workers’ passports and allowing labor recruiters to charge fees to prospective migrants; and
• governmental efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts and extraterritorial sexual exploitation and abuse.

Tier rankings and narratives are NOT affected by the following:

• efforts, however laudable, undertaken exclusively by nongovernmental actors in the country;
• general public awareness events—government-sponsored or otherwise—lacking concrete ties to the prosecution of traffickers, protection of victims, or prevention of trafficking; and
• broad-based law enforcement or developmental initiatives.

A Guide to the Tiers

Countries whose governments fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.

Tier 2 Watch List

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards, and for which:

• the estimated number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing and the country is not taking proportional concrete actions;
• there is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year, including increased investigations, prosecutions, and convictions of trafficking crimes, increased assistance to victims, and decreasing evidence of complicity in severe forms of trafficking by government officials.

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.

The TVPA, as amended, lists additional factors to determine whether a country should be on Tier 2 (or Tier 2 Watch List) versus Tier 3:

• the extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking;
• the extent to which the country’s government does not meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and, in particular, the extent to which officials or government employees have been complicit in severe forms of trafficking;
• reasonable measures that the government would need to undertake to be in compliance with the minimum standards in light of the government’s resources and capabilities to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons;
• the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to investigate and prosecute human trafficking, convict and sentence traffickers; and obtain restitution for victims of human trafficking; and
• the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to protect victims and prevent the crime from occurring.

In addition, the TVPA directs the Secretary of State to consider, as proof of a country’s failure to make significant efforts to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards, a government policy or pattern of: human trafficking; human trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers.

The TVPA also provides that any country that has been ranked Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years and that would otherwise be ranked Tier 2 Watch List for the next year will instead be ranked Tier 3 in that third year.   The Secretary of State is authorized to waive the automatic downgrade only once, in that third year, based on credible evidence that a waiver is justified because the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is devoting sufficient resources to implement the plan.   The following year, a country must either go up to Tier 2 or down to Tier 3.   Additionally, the TVPA limits a country to one year on Tier 2 Watch List after that country received a waiver to stay on Tier 2 Watch List and was subsequently downgraded to Tier 3.

Funding Restrictions for Tier 3 Countries

Pursuant to the TVPA, governments on Tier 3 may be subject to certain restrictions on foreign assistance, whereby the President may determine not to provide U.S. government nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related foreign assistance as defined in the TVPA.   In addition, the President may determine to withhold funding for government official or employee participation in educational and cultural exchange programs in the case of certain Tier 3 countries.   Consistent with the TVPA, the President may also determine to instruct the U.S. Executive Director of each multilateral development bank and the International Monetary Fund to vote against and use their best efforts to deny any loans or other uses of the institutions’ funds to a designated Tier 3 country for most purposes (except for humanitarian, trade-related, and certain development-related assistance).   Alternatively, the President may waive application of the foregoing restrictions upon a determination that the provision to a Tier 3 country of such assistance would promote the purposes of the TVPA or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States.   The TVPA also authorizes the President to waive these restrictions if necessary to avoid significant adverse effects on vulnerable populations, including women and children.

Applicable assistance restrictions apply for the next Fiscal Year, which begins October 1, 2024.

• TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Div. A of Pub. L. No. 106-386, § 108, as amended.

(1) The government of the country should prohibit severe forms of trafficking in persons and punish acts of such trafficking.

(2) For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force, fraud, coercion, or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of giving meaningful consent, or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death, the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault.

(3) For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking in persons, the government of the country should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense.

(4) The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons.

Indicia of “Serious and Sustained Efforts”

1. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates and prosecutes acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons, and convicts and sentences persons responsible for such acts, that take place wholly or partly within the territory of the country, including, as appropriate, requiring incarceration of individuals convicted of such acts.   For purposes of the preceding sentence, suspended or significantly reduced sentences for convictions of principal actors in cases of severe forms of trafficking in persons shall be considered, on a case-by-case basis, whether to be considered an indicator of serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons.   After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced such acts.

2. Whether the government of the country protects victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and encourages their assistance in the investigation and prosecution of such trafficking, including provisions for legal alternatives to their removal to countries in which they would face retribution or hardship, and ensures that victims are not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized solely for un-lawful acts as a direct result of being trafficked, including by providing training to law enforcement and immigration officials regarding the identification and treatment of trafficking victims using approaches that focus on the needs of the victims.

3. Whether the government of the country has adopted measures to prevent severe forms of trafficking in persons, such as measures to inform and educate the public, including potential victims, about the causes and consequences of severe forms of trafficking in persons, measures to establish the identity of local populations, including birth registration, citizenship, and nationality, measures to ensure that its nationals who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, a transparent system for remediating or punishing such public officials as a deterrent, measures to pre-vent the use of forced labor or child labor in violation of international standards, effective bilateral, multilateral, or regional information sharing and cooperation arrangements with other countries, and effective policies or laws regulating foreign labor recruiters and holding them civilly and criminally liable for fraudulent recruiting.

4. Whether the government of the country cooperates with other governments in the investigation and prosecution of severe forms of trafficking in persons and has entered into bilateral, multilateral, or regional law enforcement cooperation and coordination arrangements with other countries.

5. Whether the government of the country extradites persons charged with acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons on substantially the same terms and to substantially the same extent as persons charged with other serious crimes (or, to the extent such extradition would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or with international agreements to which the country is a party, whether the government is taking all appropriate measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so as to permit such extradition).

6. Whether the government of the country monitors immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of severe forms of trafficking in persons and whether law enforcement agencies of the country respond to any such evidence in a manner that is consistent with the vigorous investigation and prosecution of acts of such trafficking, as well as with the protection of human rights of victims and the internationally recognized human right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s own country.

7. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates, prosecutes, convicts, and sentences public officials, including diplomats and soldiers, who participate in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons, including nationals of the country who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission who engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, and takes all appropriate measures against officials who condone or enable such trafficking.   A government’s failure to appropriately address public allegations against such public officials, especially once such officials have returned to their home countries, shall be considered inaction under these criteria.   After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding such investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced such acts.

8. Whether the percentage of victims of severe forms of trafficking in the country that are non-citizens of such countries is insignificant.

9. Whether the government has entered into effective, transparent partnerships, cooperative arrangements, or agreements that have resulted in concrete and measurable outcomes with –

a. domestic civil society organizations, private sector entities, or international nongovernmental organizations, or into multilateral or regional arrangements or agreements, to assist the government’s efforts to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and punish traffickers; or

b. the United States toward agreed goals and objectives in the collective fight against trafficking.

10. Whether the government of the country, consistent with the capacity of such government, systematically monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria described in paragraphs (1) through (8) and makes available publicly a periodic assessment of such efforts.

11. Whether the government of the country achieves appreciable progress in eliminating severe forms of trafficking when compared to the assessment in the previous year.

12. Whether the government of the country has made serious and sustained efforts to reduce the demand for –

a. commercial sex acts; and

b. participation in international sex tourism by nationals of the country.

• Countries in the 2024 TIP Report that are not Party to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
• Congo, Republic of the
• Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of the
• Marshall Islands
• Papua New Guinea
• Solomon Islands

Between April 2023 and March 2024, Uganda became a State Party to the Protocol.

• Global Law Enforcement Data

The 2003 reauthorization of the TVPA added to the original law a new requirement that foreign governments provide the Department of State with data on trafficking investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences in order to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Tier 1).  The 2004 TIP Report collected this data for the first time.  The 2007 TIP Report showed for the first time a breakout of the number of total prosecutions and convictions that related to labor trafficking, placed in parentheses.

The above statistics are estimates derived from data provided by foreign governments and other sources and reviewed by the Department of State. Aggregate data fluctuates from one year to the next due to the hidden nature of trafficking crimes, dynamic global events, shifts in government efforts, and a lack of uniformity in national reporting structures.

“As we work to help people disproportionately affected by human trafficking, including members of racial and ethnic minorities, women and girls, the LGBTQI+ community, and migrants, we remain committed to learning from and partnering with survivors to support their recoveries and to recruit their help in better spotting and preventing these too often overlooked crimes.”

President Joseph R. Biden Jr. President

“I believe history will show that this was the moment when we had the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the future of AI.  And the urgency of this moment must then compel us to create a collective vision of what this future must be.  A future where AI is used to advance the public interest.”

Vice President Kamala Harris, United States

“Combating trafficking requires a strong coalition of local and global partners to share resources and information, better equip front-line workers, and track and respond to evolving trafficking trends.”

Antony Blinken, Secretary of State

“The Intelligence Community in close partnership with law enforcement has been improving its production of detailed data analysis and reporting to better discern patterns and trends in human trafficking of migrants.  And with the help of new tools for conducting such analysis, we’re investing in these efforts, we think to good effect, as we also work to continually improve our connection to both local and federal law enforcement as well as the Department of Homeland Security to assist them in their work to countering the problem.”

Avril Haines, Director of National Intelligence 

“Survivors are the real experts.  Their experiences and their perspectives can help inform and motivate our policies so that we will do more, not less, and accelerate our efforts to combat this heinous cruelty.”

U.S. Representative Chris Smith   (R-NJ)

“Yet traffickers continue to operate with impunity.  Their crimes are receiving not nearly enough attention.  This must change.  We must invest much more in detection and protection.  We must strengthen law enforcement to bring criminals that commodify human beings to justice.  And we must do more to help survivors rebuild their lives.”

A ntonio Guterres, UN Secretary-General

“We need to step up our efforts to reach every trafficking victim, by strengthening detection, investigating cases, and prosecuting the criminals involved.  We also need to proactively identify, assist, and support survivors of this crime to truly leave no one behind.  This requires support from all sectors of society, from healthcare to social services to law enforcement.”

Ghada Waly, Executive Director of UNODC

“The scourge of human trafficking continues to evolve.  Civil unrest and war across the globe, natural disasters, climate change, and the advent and increasing reach of social media all pose significant challenges.”

Sameer Jain, Member of U.S. Advisory Council on Human Trafficking

“If we are to ever defeat trafficking, and this undoubtedly must be our shared ambition, effective approaches to prevention must be the bedrock upon which our anti-trafficking efforts are built.  Preventing trafficking in human beings from taking place is the best way to truly protect vulnerable groups and deprive traffickers of the illicit proceeds the crime generates.”

OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid

“Traffickers prey on the marginalized and most vulnerable.  But we are witnessing an emerging trend where the demographic profile of trafficking victims is also expanding, at pace with the digital developments in which we are living.”

Dr. Kari Johnstone , OSCE Special  Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Human Trafficking

“We have to talk about those things that make us uncomfortable, especially if we want to work for an end to human trafficking.  Part of that is acknowledging that when we say nothing and do nothing in the face of many of these issues we are perpetuating the same violence that was done to us.”

Rafael Bautista, Member of the U.S. Advisory Council on Human Trafficking

“Building consensus around an affirmative vision is the first line of our tech diplomacy.  But the rules, the standards, the norms that societies follow are going to determine whether this technology is used for good or whether it’s used for ill.”

• Tier Placements List

A note on Kiribati:  Reports during the 2024 reporting period indicated human trafficking crimes may have occurred in Kiribati.  However, information on anti-trafficking efforts from the Government of Kiribati and the nature and scope of trafficking in persons in Kiribati were insufficient to undertake a full assessment for the 2024 Report.  The Department of State will continue gathering information in the coming year and assess appropriate reporting for the 2025 TIP Report.

• Regional Maps

The Regional Maps will be included in the PDF accessible online version.  Below includes the region-specific Global Law Enforcement Data.

• Stopping Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) by International Peacekeepers and Civilian Personnel

This section summarizes actions taken by the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to prevent trafficking in persons or the exploitation of victims of trafficking during calendar year 2023.

• Relevant International Conventions

The chart below shows the Ratification, Accession (a), or Acceptance (A) of relevant international conventions for those countries that have ratified, acceded to, or accepted any such conventions between April 2023 and March 2024.  A complete list that includes the status of all of the countries covered by the Trafficking in Persons Report is available at: https://www.state.gov/international-conventions-relevant-to-combating-trafficking-in-persons/

• International, Regional, and Sub-Regional Organizations Combating Trafficking in Persons

For the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report, the Framework Documents and other Relevant Guidance section has been consolidated to show only documents published during the reporting year: April 1, 2023 – March 31, 2024.  If you would like to review documents from previous years, please refer to the 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report .

• Annual Report to Congress on the Use of Child Soldiers under Section 405(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008

This report is submitted in accordance with section 405(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (22 U.S.C. 2370c-2(c)) (CSPA).  Section 1 lists the countries identified as being in violation of the standards under the CSPA in 2023.  Section 2 provides a description and the amounts of assistance withheld pursuant to section 404(a) of the CSPA.  Section 3 provides a list of waivers or exceptions exercised under the CSPA.  Section 4 contains the justifications for such waivers.  Section 5 provides a description and the amounts of assistance provided to countries pursuant to such waivers.

Section 1. Countries in Violation of the Standards Under the CSPA in 2023.

The Secretary of State identified the following countries as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces or government-supported armed groups that recruited or used child soldiers within the meaning of section 404(a) of the CSPA during the reporting period of April 1, 2022 – March 31, 2023: Afghanistan, Burma, Central African Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Libya, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Türkiye, Venezuela, and Yemen.

Section 2. Description and Amount of Assistance Withheld Pursuant to Section 404(a).

No security assistance subject to section 404(a) of the CSPA was planned to be provided to Afghanistan, Burma, Eritrea, Iran, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, South Sudan, Syria, or Venezuela in fiscal year (FY) 2024.

Section 3. List of Waivers or Exceptions Exercised under Section 404(a).

On September 15, 2023, the President determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Türkiye for International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance, issuance of direct commercial sales (DCS) licenses, and support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Libya and Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, and support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and issuance of DCS licenses in connection with the reexport of transport aircraft, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Central African Republic and Yemen to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance; and to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA to allow for the issuance of DCS licenses related to other U.S. government assistance for the above countries and, with respect to the Russian Federation, solely for the issuance of DCS licenses in connection with the International Space Station (ISS).  The President has further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Section 4. Justifications for Waivers and Exceptions.

Pursuant to section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (CSPA) (22 U.S.C. 2370c-1(c)), the President has determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition with respect to the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya, Somalia, Türkiye, and Yemen, including to allow for the issuance of direct commercial sales (DCS) licenses related to other U.S. government assistance for these countries that is not subject to the prohibition in section 404(a); and, with respect to Russia, to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition solely for DCS licenses in connection with the International Space Station.  The President has further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.  The justification for this determination and certification with respect to each country is set forth in this Memorandum.

The Central African Republic (CAR)

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to CAR to allow for the provision of International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance and has certified that the CAR Government (CARG) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Armed groups in CAR continue to threaten civilians and pose a longstanding risk to stability.  The waiver for PKO and IMET assistance for CAR will support the professionalization of the military to better provide security to the people of CAR while respecting human rights and international humanitarian law (IHL).  Additionally, IMET programming allows the United States to invest in CAR military officers to promote professional military education and foster relationships with foreign military personnel rooted in democratic values.

The CARG is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through meaningful engagement with U.S. and UN officials in seeking assistance to eradicate trafficking in persons, including the recruitment or use of child soldiers by CAR security forces and armed groups.  Recent efforts have included the adoption of a national plan to counter trafficking in children, government directives prohibiting the presence of children around military bases, and collaboration with the UN and implementing partners to reintegrate children affected by conflict.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to DRC to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and issuance of licenses for DCS in connection with the reexport of transport aircraft and has certified that the Government of the DRC (GDRC) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

The proliferation of armed groups amidst ongoing conflict in eastern DRC continues to threaten security and stability for the people of the DRC.  IMET and PKO assistance for the DRC enables the United States to continue professionalization efforts of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) by enhancing its capacity to provide security within its territory while respecting human rights and IHL.  IMET and PKO assistance provide mechanisms to support security sector governance reforms and training in areas such as military justice, civil-military relations, respect for human rights and IHL, military engineering, and resource management and logistics, which enhance security and help make the FARDC a more transparent, accountable institution.

The GDRC is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2012 Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers in partnership with the UN.  Additionally, in 2022 the GDRC adopted a national strategy for the implementation of the Demobilization, Disarmament, Community Recovery and Stabilization Program, which signals an important step in prioritizing children affected by armed conflict, particularly in eastern DRC.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United State to waive, in full, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt and has certified that the Government of Egypt is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Egypt is an important U.S. partner in counterterrorism, anti-trafficking, and regional security operations, which advance both U.S. and Egyptian security. The decades-long defense partnership is a pillar for regional stability and key to securing peace with Israel, supporting the Multinational Force and Observers missions, and enhancing security of the Suez Canal.  Since 1978, the United States has provided more than $54 billion in military assistance for Egypt, which has contributed to Egypt’s capabilities to protect and defend its land, air, and maritime borders and to confront an evolving terrorist threat, including in the Sinai Peninsula.

The Government of Egypt is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers, even as the scope and intensity of the counterterrorism fight in the Sinai continues to see a significant downturn; 2023 is on track to report the lowest levels of violence in the Sinai since the conflict began in 2011.  The U.S. government is not aware of the Egyptian military, police, or other security forces recruiting or using child soldiers.  Consistent with Egypt’s domestic laws and its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Egyptian government effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces.  The Government of Egypt provides critical influence in addressing the recruitment or use of child soldiers by tribal militias, and the U.S. government will continue to engage the Egyptian government regarding reports of recruitment of child soldiers by government-supported Sinai tribal forces.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Libya to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Libya is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

The U.S. government selected Libya as a priority country for implementation of the U.S. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote Stability.  The Department of State further assesses that in Libya the most durable solution to the unlawful recruitment of child soldiers, including by GNU-aligned units and the self-styled Libyan National Army, is a negotiated political settlement that ends Libya’s instability and the cycles of conflict.  IMET assistance will facilitate English language proficiency to improve interoperability and promote civil-military relations, including civilian control of a unified military.  PKO assistance will build upon the October 2020 ceasefire and support U.N. efforts to advance Libya’s transition to a unified, democratically elected, and inclusive political system based on respect for human rights.  PKO provides the U.S. government a tool to support UNSMIL in its ceasefire monitoring function.  Department of Defense support will build the capacity of Libyan military institutions in support of progress towards civilian-controlled, accountable, defense institutions that uphold human rights, combat terrorism, and address security challenges.

The GNU is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through engagement with the UN and the U.S. government in the context of our recurring bilateral Security Dialogue.  Through cooperation with UNSMIL, representatives of the Libyan 5+5 Joint Military Commission, comprised of senior military officers from both the east and west, engage with UNICEF on preventing child soldier recruitment.  The U.S. government is not aware of the GNU’s military, police, or other governmental security forces recruiting or using child soldiers.  Further, GNU security sector leaders provide critical influence to prevent and end the recruitment or use of child soldiers by armed groups in Libya and mitigate the reliance on external forces or groups for internal security.

Russian Federation

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United State to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Russian Federation to allow for issuance of licenses for DCS solely in connection with the International Space Station (ISS) and has certified that the Government of the Russian Federation is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

It is in the U.S. national interest to work with Russia to maintain the safety of ISS operations.  Maintaining longstanding U.S.-Russia ISS operations requires the ability to issue DCS licenses for defense articles and defense services in support of the ISS until the planned termination of its operation, which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration estimates will be in 2030.  This waiver will allow such activities to continue and will enable the issuance of licenses necessary to support the safe operation of the ISS, U.S.-Russia integrated crew missions to the ISS, and the safety of U.S. and other personnel onboard the ISS.

The Russian Federation is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.  In accordance with the Russian Federation’s Law on the Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict of 2008, the Government of the Russian Federation effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Foreign terrorist organizations including al-Shabaab continue to threaten security and stability for the people of Somalia.  The waiver for IMET and PKO assistance for Somalia enables the United States to continue professionalization efforts of the Somali National Army (SNA) by enhancing their capacity to provide security within their territory while respecting human rights and IHL.  Further, a waiver for support provided by the Department of Defense pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 will allow for U.S. government assistance to build the Somali military’s capacity to conduct effective, sustained counterterrorism operations against al-Shabaab and help reinforce U.S. values, including those related to preventing and ending the unlawful recruitment or use of child soldiers.

The FGS is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2019 “road map” to accelerate progress on its 2012 Action Plan on ending the recruitment and use of children by the Somali National Armed Forces in partnership with the UN.  The SNA’s Child Protection Unit continued to make progress in implementing screening procedures, training, and disseminating media to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers.  The FGS also continued implementation of standard operating procedures for the handover of children allegedly associated with armed groups.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Türkiye for IMET and PKO assistance, issuance of DCS licenses, and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Government of Türkiye is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Türkiye has been an important U.S. security partner and valued NATO Ally since 1952, regulating passage, in accordance with international law, through the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which link the Black Sea with the Mediterranean. Further, Türkiye’s military capability and geographic location are vital to the United States’ integrated deterrence strategy and ability to respond to regional events including with respect to counterterrorism, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief operations. Türkiye’s support, including defense and security cooperation, to NATO Allies and partners deters malign influence in the region. This waiver will assist in maintaining NATO cohesion and continued interoperability, bolster regional security, and advance bilateral cooperation.

The Government of Türkiye is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers, including those present in elements of the Syrian National Army receiving support from the Government of Türkiye.  The United States is not aware of the Turkish military, police, or other security forces recruiting or using child soldiers.  Consistent with Türkiye’s domestic laws and its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Turkish military effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces.  Further, the Government of Türkiye provides critical influence in addressing the problem of child soldiers with respect to the Syrian National Army.

The President has determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Yemen to allow for provision of IMET and PKO assistance and has certified that the Government of the Republic of Yemen (ROYG) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

It is in the U.S. national interest to support UN-led efforts to achieve an inclusive negotiated political resolution to the conflict in Yemen.  The waiver for IMET assistance for Yemen enables the United States to continue to support professionalization and interoperability efforts of the Yemeni Armed Forces (YAF) by enhancing their capacity to provide inclusive security within their territory while respecting human rights and IHL.  Further, this waiver will improve the YAF’s capacity to conduct effective, sustained counterterrorism operations, ensuring freedom of navigation through the Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, and securing the space for restoring effective governance institutions.

The ROYG is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2018 “road map” to accelerate progress on its 2014 Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment of children by Yemeni Armed Forces in partnership with the UN.  The ROYG established child protection units within all military regions, issued directives banning child recruitment, and conducted numerous senior government field visits to monitor the implementation of screening procedures to prevent child recruitment and remove children from military units.

Section 5. Description and Amount of Assistance Provided Pursuant to a Waiver.

The information provided below only includes assistance obligated as of April 20, 2024.  Additional assistance will be obligated during FY 2024.

Central African Republic

International Military Education Training $101,124

As of April 20, 2024, IMET funding was obligated for the following activity: professional military education and training.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

International Military Education Training $177,238

International Military Education Training $1,352,782

International Military Education Training $31,284

Peacekeeping Operations $31,917,530.44

As of April 20, 2024, PKO funding was obligated for Somali National Army and Somali Ministry of Defense for the following activities:

logistical support; advisory support; equipment; and program oversight.

10 U.S.C. 333 $4 ,668,640.56

As of April 20, 2024, 333 funding was obligated for the following activities: training and equipment.

International Military Education Training $182,098

International Military Education Training $339,662

As of April 20, 20, 2024, IMET funding was obligated for the following activity: professional military education and training.

• GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

Notes:  Local currencies have been converted to U.S. dollars ($) using the currency exchange rates reported by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on December 31, 2023.

• Acknowledgments

The Staff of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Is:

Mekhribon Abdullaeva

Sylvia Amegashie

Katrina Askew-Alston

Andrea Balint Garza

Shonnie R. Ball

Suzanne Balson

Matt Becker

Getoria Berry

Brooke Beyer

Caris Boegl

Michelle C. Bloom

Alexandria Boling

Katherine Borgen

Gregory Borgstede

Kelsey Brennan

Joshua Bull

Carla M. Bury

Renée Callender

Jessica Cisneros

Kate Cooper

Camila Crowley

Reena Dalwadi

Sarah Davis

Steven Davis

Anca DiGiacomo

Daniel Evensen

Anna Fraser

Lauren Frey

Mark Forstrom

Lucia Gallegos

Beatriz Garcia Velazquez

Brianna Gehring

Chauna Gibson

Natasha Greenberg

Andrew Grimmer

Takiyah Golden

Denise Harrison

Jocelyn Harrison

Emmanuel Hector

Caitlin B. Heidenreich

Ashley Hernandez

J. Brett Hernandez

Matthew Hickey

Crystal Hill

Megan Hjelle-Lantsman

Jennifer M. Ho

Marta Hoilman

Ariana Holly

Moira Honohan

Renee Huffman

Veronica Jablonski

Harold Jahnsen

Sarah Jennings

Devin Johnson

Maurice W. Johnson

Kari A. Johnstone

Chelsea Kaser

Patrick Kelly

Emily Korenak

Kendra L. Kreider

Mary Lagdameo

Valery Lavigne

James Lensen-Callas

Rebecca Lesnak

Abigail Long

Samantha Lord

Jean McAnerney

Cameron Malcom

Bryan Marcus

LaTina Marsh

Sunny Massa

Kerry McBride

Rendi McCoy

Tamara McCoy

Maura K. McManus

Leah F. Meyer

Rebecca Morgan

Ericka Moten

Ryan Mulvenna

Dan Muncaster

Cristina Narvaez

Amy O’Neill Richard

Zury Palencia

Lauren Parnell

Ashlei Perry

Marissa Pietrobono

Sanjana Polapragada

Justin D. Pollard

David Rabinovich

Patrick Read

Andrea E. Reed

Casey Risko

Angie Rivas

Amy Rustan Haslett

Manith Sarik

Aram Schvey

Tori Jamese Scott-Senghor

Adrienne Sgarlato

Jessica Singh

Stephen Shade

Kaela Shear

Soumya Silver

Cornelius Slayton

Susan Snyder

Megan Stalder

Latoshae Summers

Desirée Suo Weymont

Jamie Sutter

Francesca J. Tadle

Atsuki Takahashi

James Taylor

Anna Thiessen

Cecilia Thompson

Juan Jose Tierjo

Wanda Toney

Andrea Ugolini

Melissa Verlaque

Matthew Villemain

Myrna E. Walch

Frances Wallman

Bianca Washington

Pauline Werner

Danielle (Nikki) Wetsel

Terry Whenry

Sharifa White

Joshua Williams

Willow Williamson

Joshua Youle

Salia Zouande

Special thanks to Brian Piaquadio, Julia Maruszewski, LeGrand Latney, Kimberly Ross, and the creative services team at Global Publishing Solutions.  Special thanks also to the ECA Bureau and technical project managers Tasha Wilkinson and Ed Williams.

Special thanks to Bukola Oriola, Dawn Schiller, Christine Cesa, Jeri Moomaw, Harold D’Souza, Jessa Crisp, Jill Brogdon, Megan Lundstrom, Rafael Bautista, Tanya Gould, and other subject matter experts with lived experience of human trafficking from the Department of State’s Human Trafficking Expert Consultant Network for their contributions to the TIP Report.

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• B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases
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• http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-9615 Georg Schett 1 , 2 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-3228 György Nagy 3 , 4 , 5 ,
• Gerhard Krönke 1 , 2 , 6 ,
• Dirk Mielenz 7
• 1 Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
• 2 Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
• 3 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary , Budapest , Hungary
• 4 Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
• 5 Hospital of the Hospitaller Order of Saint John of God , Budapest , Hungary
• 6 Department of Rheumatology , Charite , Berlin , Germany
• 7 Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3 , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Bayern , Germany
• Correspondence to Professor Georg Schett, Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; georg.schett{at}uk-erlangen.de

B cells have a pivotal function in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In autoimmune disease, B cells orchestrate antigen presentation, cytokine production and autoantibody production, the latter via their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. This article addresses the current therapeutic strategies to deplete B cells in order to ameliorate or potentially even cure autoimmune disease. It addresses the main target antigens in the B-cell lineage that are used for therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, it summarises the current evidence for successful treatment of autoimmune disease with monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells and the limitations and challenges of these approaches. Finally, the concept of deep B-cell depletion and immunological reset by chimeric antigen receptor T cells is discussed, as well as the lessons from this approach for better understanding the role of B cells in autoimmune disease.

• B-Lymphocytes
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Therapeutics

https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2024-225727

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Handling editor Josef S Smolen

Correction notice This article has been corrected since it published Online First. The order of authors has been corrected.

Contributors All authors contributed to the manuscript.

Funding The work of GS is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Leibniz Award, the research group PANDORA FOR2886 and the CRC1483 (EmpkinS) and CRC1181. Further funding has been obtained from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) through the Mascara project and the European Union (ERC Synergy grant 4D Nanoscope) and the IMI-funded project RTCure. GN is supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Fund in Hungary (2020-2.1.1-ED-2022-00198), the Thematic Excellence Program (Tématerületi Kiválósági Program, TKP2021-EGA-29) of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology in Hungary, OTKA Grant (K 131479). DM is supported by the DFG (FOR2886, Mi939/6-1, GK2599).

Competing interests None declared.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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