essay about water tap

More than $100 billion is spent every year on bottled water globally.

Why Tap Water is Better Than Bottled Water

Bottled water can be a drain on the environment and our health, but we still buy it. Find out more about why the tide may be turning to tap.

Bottled water is a drain on the environment: The U.S. public goes through about 50 billion water bottles a year, and most of those plastic containers are not recycled, according to Elizabeth Royte's 2008 book Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale and Why We Bought It .

Transporting the bottles and keeping them cold also burns fossil fuels, which give off greenhouse gases. And groundwater pumping by bottled-water companies draws heavily on underground aquifers and harms watersheds, according to the Sierra Club, an environmental nonprofit. And according to some estimates, it takes up to three liters of water to produce one liter of bottled water.

Yet more than U.S. $100 billion is spent every year on bottled water globally. In many cities in developing countries where there is not a safe source of tap water, bottled water becomes a somewhat trusted option.

But in the U.S., where tap water is federally regulated and often screened for dangerous pollutants, the public drinks 21 gallons (79 liters) of bottled water per capita per year on average, according to the Columbia Water Center at Columbia University's Earth Institute in New York. The bottled-water industry is so successful, it has outpaced milk, coffee, and juice in number of gallons of drinks sold—putting it behind only beer and soda.

Water Bottle Bans

Though the sale and consumption of bottled water is still on the rise, certain policymakers and activists have taken steps to reduce it and encourage people to drink tap. In September 2009, the Australian city of Bundanoon became the first city in the world to completely ban bottled water from its stores' shelves, installing water fountains around the city instead.

Among U.S. cities that have taken action are San Francisco and Seattle, which no longer buy water for city use, and Chicago, which added a five-cent tax on each bottle. Several restaurants in those cities have also given up bottled for filtered tap. Other cities are also considering taking action.

The tide toward tap has boosted businesses that make reusable water bottles, especially aluminum and stainless steel varieties. Many reusable bottles are made of polycarbonate plastic, but those often contain bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical linked to reproductive problems and heart disease. In response, some polycarbonate-bottle makers have phased out BPA and advertise "BPA-free" products.

(Related: " Chemical BPA Linked to Heart Disease, Study Confirms .")

Health Costs

Not only does bottled water contribute to excessive waste, but it costs us a thousand times more than water from our faucet at home, and it's likely no safer or cleaner, experts say. A 2008 investigation by the nonprofit Environmental Working Group found some bottled water is sullied with untested industrial chemicals and may not necessarily be cleaner than tap water.

(Related: " What's Best for Kids: Bottled Water or Fountains? ")

Water aside, the plastic used in single-use bottles can pose more of a contamination threat than the water. A safe plastic if used only once, #1 polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) is the most common resin used in disposable bottles. However, as #1 bottles are reused, as they commonly are, they can leach chemicals such as DEHA, a possible human carcinogen, and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), a potential hormone disruptor. And because the plastic is porous you'll likely get a swill of harmful bacteria with each gulp if you reuse the bottles.

Bottled Tap Water

More than 80 percent of recyclable plastic bottles end up in landfills each year. They do not break down naturally and release toxic chemicals when they finally do decompose, according to the Columbia Water Center.

Another major problem with bottled water, according to Columbia, is that a traditionally public good has been privatized. Bottled water companies gain high profits by drawing water from public water sources, putting it in plastic containers, and reselling it at 2,900 times the price of regular tap. Some experts contend that the profits from bottled water companies could go toward improving public water supplies and infrastructure—making better water for everyone.

With reporting by Eliza Barclay

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Essay on Water

Here we have shared the Essay on Water in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Water in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams.

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Water in 150-250 words

Essay on water in 300-400 words, essay on water in 500-1000 words.

Water is a vital resource that sustains all forms of life on Earth. It covers about 70% of the planet’s surface, and its availability is essential for various human activities, ecosystems, and agriculture.

Water plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. It supports biodiversity, provides habitat for aquatic species, and ensures the survival of ecosystems. Additionally, water is essential for agriculture, enabling the growth of crops and the sustenance of livestock.

However, water scarcity and pollution have become significant challenges. Rapid population growth, industrialization, and climate change have put immense pressure on water resources. Many regions face water shortages, leading to social, economic, and environmental consequences.

Water pollution is another critical issue. Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal contaminate water bodies, affecting both human health and aquatic life. It is crucial to implement sustainable water management practices, promote conservation efforts, and invest in water treatment infrastructure.

Education and awareness are key in fostering responsible water use. Individuals can contribute by conserving water, practicing efficient irrigation methods, and avoiding the contamination of water sources.

In conclusion, water is a precious resource that sustains life and ecosystems. The challenges of water scarcity and pollution require collective action to ensure its availability and quality. By implementing sustainable practices, promoting conservation, and raising awareness, we can protect and preserve this invaluable resource for future generations.

Water is a fundamental resource that is essential for all forms of life on Earth. It covers approximately 70% of the planet’s surface, playing a crucial role in supporting ecosystems, agriculture, and human activities.

Water is vital for the survival of living organisms and the maintenance of ecological balance. It provides habitat for a wide range of plants and animals, supporting biodiversity and contributing to the overall health of ecosystems. Water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, serve as crucial habitats and breeding grounds for numerous species.

In agriculture, water is essential for crop irrigation and livestock sustenance. Farmers rely on water to nourish their crops and ensure food production. Additionally, water plays a critical role in the transport of nutrients within plants, enabling their growth and development.

Water is also crucial for human activities and economic development. It is used in households for drinking, cooking, and sanitation purposes. Industries depend on water for manufacturing processes, cooling systems, and energy production. Furthermore, water serves as a transportation medium for goods and people, facilitating trade and commerce.

However, the availability and quality of water face significant challenges. Rapid population growth, urbanization, and climate change exert pressure on water resources. Many regions around the world experience water scarcity, leading to social, economic, and environmental implications. The unequal distribution of water resources exacerbates these challenges, with some areas facing severe water shortages.

Water pollution is another pressing issue. Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal contaminate water bodies, negatively impacting aquatic ecosystems and human health. Waterborne diseases and the degradation of aquatic habitats are direct consequences of water pollution.

Addressing these challenges requires sustainable water management practices. Conservation efforts, such as rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation techniques, can help preserve water resources. Investment in water treatment infrastructure is crucial to ensure the provision of clean and safe drinking water to communities. Moreover, raising awareness about water conservation and pollution prevention is vital in fostering responsible water use among individuals and industries.

In conclusion, water is a precious resource that sustains life, ecosystems, and human activities. The challenges of water scarcity and pollution necessitate collective action and sustainable water management practices. By valuing water, implementing conservation measures, and raising awareness about responsible water use, we can ensure the availability and quality of water for future generations.

Title: Water – The Essence of Life

Introduction :

Water is the elixir of life, a precious resource that is vital for the existence of all living organisms on Earth. Covering about 70% of the planet’s surface, water is found in oceans, rivers, lakes, and underground reservoirs. It plays a fundamental role in sustaining ecosystems, supporting agriculture, meeting human needs, and shaping the landscape. This essay explores the significance of water, its diverse uses, the challenges it faces, and the importance of responsible water management for the well-being of our planet and future generations.

Importance of Water

Water is essential for the survival and well-being of all living organisms. It serves as a universal solvent, enabling chemical reactions that are crucial for life processes. Water is involved in cellular functions, temperature regulation, nutrient transportation, and waste removal in living systems. In addition to its biological importance, water also plays a critical role in maintaining ecological balance. It provides habitats for countless species, supports biodiversity, and influences the functioning of ecosystems.

Water for Agriculture

Agriculture is heavily dependent on water for crop cultivation and livestock sustenance. Irrigation systems deliver water to fields, ensuring the growth and productivity of crops. Water is essential for germination, photosynthesis, and the transport of nutrients within plants. Livestock farming relies on water for drinking, cleaning, and maintaining proper hygiene conditions. Adequate water supplies are essential for the health and well-being of both plants and animals in agriculture.

Water for Human Needs

Water plays a vital role in meeting various human needs. Access to clean and safe drinking water is crucial for maintaining human health and preventing waterborne diseases. Water is used for cooking, food preparation, and sanitation, ensuring proper nutrition and hygiene. Adequate sanitation facilities, including toilets and wastewater treatment systems, rely on water to prevent the spread of diseases and maintain public health. Moreover, water is used in industries for manufacturing processes, cooling systems, and energy production.

Challenges of Water Scarcity

Water scarcity is a pressing global challenge, particularly in regions facing population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Unequal distribution, overexploitation of water resources, and inefficient water management contribute to the scarcity of water. This scarcity can lead to social, economic, and environmental consequences. Reduced water availability hampers agricultural productivity, jeopardizes livelihoods, and triggers conflicts over water rights. Addressing water scarcity requires sustainable water management practices, water conservation efforts, and investments in water infrastructure.

Water Pollution and Conservation

Water pollution poses a significant threat to water resources and ecosystems. Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, improper waste disposal, and the use of chemicals contaminate water bodies, compromising water quality. This pollution has detrimental effects on aquatic life, threatens biodiversity, and poses health risks to humans. Waterborne diseases, such as cholera and dysentery, are direct consequences of water pollution. To combat water pollution, stringent regulations must be implemented to control industrial and agricultural activities that contribute to pollution. Proper wastewater treatment systems and waste management practices are essential to preserve water quality.

Water conservation plays a pivotal role in ensuring sustainable water use. Rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation techniques, and public awareness campaigns promote responsible water consumption. Governments, communities, and individuals must work together to reduce water wastage, encourage water reuse, and protect water sources from pollution.

Conclusion :

Water is a precious and finite resource that is vital for all forms of life on Earth. Its significance extends beyond meeting basic needs and supporting ecosystems; water plays a critical role in shaping our planet. The challenges of water scarcity and pollution necessitate collective action and responsible water management practices. By valuing water, promoting conservation efforts, and raising awareness about responsible water use, we can ensure the availability and quality of water for future generations. It is our collective responsibility to protect and preserve this invaluable resource, safeguarding the well-being of our planet and all its inhabitants.

Essay on Drinking Water

Students are often asked to write an essay on Drinking Water in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Drinking Water

Importance of drinking water.

Water is life’s essential ingredient. Our bodies are about 60% water. Drinking water keeps us hydrated, which is vital for our bodily functions.

Benefits of Drinking Water

Drinking water aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and maintains body temperature. It also helps in flushing out toxins and keeps our skin healthy.

How Much Water to Drink?

Experts suggest drinking 8-10 glasses of water daily. However, this can vary based on physical activity and climate.

Drinking water is crucial for our health. So, let’s make a habit of consuming enough every day.

250 Words Essay on Drinking Water

The importance of drinking water.

Water is a fundamental element of life. Covering about 70% of the Earth’s surface, it’s also the primary component of the human body. However, the importance of drinking water extends beyond mere existence. It plays a vital role in our physical and mental health, and even in societal development.

Physiological Benefits

Water is the medium of all metabolic processes in the body. It aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. It regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, and maintains skin health. Dehydration, on the other hand, can lead to fatigue, headaches, and impaired cognitive function.

Mental Health Implications

The brain is approximately 75% water. Hence, adequate hydration is necessary for optimal brain function. Studies suggest that even mild dehydration can affect mood, concentration, and memory. Furthermore, it can exacerbate symptoms of certain mental disorders.

Societal Relevance

Access to clean drinking water is a global concern. It’s not just about health, but also about social equality and economic growth. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts and migration, while waterborne diseases can cripple communities.

In essence, drinking water is not just a basic need, but a cornerstone of human health and societal progress. As we delve deeper into the intricacies of our bodies and societies, the importance of this clear, tasteless liquid becomes even more apparent. We must therefore strive for its conservation and equitable distribution, recognizing it as a critical component of our collective wellbeing.

500 Words Essay on Drinking Water

Introduction.

Water makes up about 60% of the human body, highlighting its role in maintaining bodily functions. It aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. It also helps regulate body temperature, lubricate joints, and protect sensitive tissues. Dehydration, or the lack of adequate water in the body, can lead to serious health issues such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and even cognitive impairment.

Health Benefits of Drinking Water

Drinking sufficient water has numerous health benefits. It boosts skin health and beauty, flushing out toxins and promoting a clear complexion. It aids in weight loss by enhancing metabolism and suppressing appetite. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular health by facilitating the flow of oxygen and nutrients in the blood.

Challenges of Water Scarcity

Sustainable water management.

Given the importance and scarcity of water, sustainable water management is imperative. It involves the efficient use of water resources, reducing waste, and promoting conservation. For instance, rainwater harvesting and wastewater treatment can provide alternative sources of water. Additionally, awareness campaigns can educate the public about the importance of water conservation and the dire consequences of wastage.

In conclusion, drinking water is a fundamental human need and a critical component of our health and wellbeing. However, water scarcity is a pressing issue that threatens our ability to meet this basic need. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable water management, promoting water conservation, and ensuring equitable access to clean, safe drinking water for all. By doing so, we can safeguard our health and secure a sustainable future for generations to come.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Happy studying!

Essay on Water | Water Essay for Students and Children in English

February 13, 2024 by Prasanna

Essay on Water in English: Water, the very reason for the existence of living beings on earth, constitutes of more than 70% of the planet. Water is that magical liquid, that provides life to animals, plants, trees, bacteria and viruses. Water is the very reason why earth can support life and other planets cannot.

Up to 60% of the human body is made up of water. While there is an abundance of water on the planet, not everything can be consumed by human beings and animals. It is unfortunate that only 3% of the water on earth is freshwater, which is portable and safe to consume.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Hence, when such a valuable resource is scarce and non-renewable, it becomes of utmost Importance of Water judiciously.

Long and Short Essay on Water in English for Students and Children

In the article, we have provided a 600-word essay on water for kids, students, and schoolchildren for their usage in assignments, tests, and project work. We have also provided a 200-word essay on water for kids to use in exams and tests and learn everything about the water.

Long Essay on Water in English

Water, the pivotal ingredient in the essence of life, is the most important non-renewable resource, other than oxygen, for life to exist and thrive on our planet. Water which makes up almost one-third of the face of the planet has only 2.75% to 3.1% of fresh after that can actually be used by human beings, animals and plants.

This small percentage of fresh water is used by all living beings for their growth and survival. Plants and trees use it to for photosynthesis to grow. Animals and human beings use water to drink and bathe every day. Hence, judicious use of after should be followed since water is non-renewable and depleting at an ever-increasing rate. At this rate, water will become redundant for future generations, which is to say that life will become non-existent on earth. Experts say that those unimaginable days are not very far from us if we don’t use water with responsibility.

Water that is present in oceans and seas, that is saltwater, is not consumable by human beings and land animals. But this water acts as a lifeline for certain aquatic life.

There are various types of water resources, both potable and non-potable, in the world namely, surface water, rainwater, groundwater, well water, lake water, river water, glaciers, snow etc. All these water bodies form the main source of water on the planet. And to keep these water bodies replenished all the time, a healthy water cycle should be maintained in our ecosystem. Any little disturbance in the water cycle can lead to global warming, floods and droughts.

Usages of water

Human beings use water for drinking bathing, cooking, washing, watering etc.
Industries and factories use water for manufacturing purposes
Animals use water for drinking and bathing
Plants and trees use water to grow and produce food
Farmers use water to cultivate the land and fulfil the population hunger
Power plants and nuclear plants use water to produce energy and power

Why is Water Important for the Human Body?

More than 70% of our body is made up of water. Without it, the human race will not survive
Water in our body helps in regulating body temperature
It keeps our organs and tissue moist and functioning
It helps in digestion and breaking down of the food we take inside our bodies
It keeps our skin healthy and nutritious

Scientists and engineers are working on projects and research, from many years, to convert saltwater into freshwater. If they succeed in doing that, then water will not be scarce anymore, but nevertheless, people should learn to use water judiciously, because we never know what nature might throw at us if we play with it. But till then, the only way out to survive is to use water very irresponsibly and strategically.

It is also predicted that the next world war will be fought for water. The symptoms of that are already being seen in the world nowadays, with examples like India and Pakistan fight over the Indus river, Turkey, Syria and Iraq fighting over Tigris-Euphrates river water, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu fighting over Kaveri river in India. These symptoms, if not taken care now itself, will easily lead to world war having catastrophic effects on humankind.

Before all these leads to the extinction of mankind, all the governments of different countries, people, businesses and organisation should come together and formulate proper policies and laws for responsible usage of water in the future.

Short Essay on Water in English

We have provided a 150 to 200 words essay on water which can be used by school students and children for their assignments and projects.

Water, the life-saving universal solvent is the most important element for the existence of living beings on earth.

Water is usually found in three states of matter, namely liquid, solid and gas. All three forms of water are important for the survival of the human race. Water, being a non-renewable resource is depleting at a very faster rate without any source of replenishment. The only way drinking water can be replenished and regenerated is through a healthy water cycle in the atmosphere. And for this water cycle to be maintained well, human beings need to learn to use natural resources like forest, coal and natural gas efficiently without harming the cycle of life.

Since water supports all forms of life, from surface animals and plant to aquatic plant and animals, the water resource belongs to every being on this plant and human beings should not be selfish in their greed for the usage of water.

The unplanned building of damns and man-made reservoirs, and being a thorn in the natural way of life has all affected the actual cycle of water. This has lead to massive drought and floods in various parts of the world.

All human beings should come together and join hands to use water efficiently and not indulge ourselves in the natural cycle of life and let nature thrive on their own.

10 Lines on Water Essay in English

Water is the reason why life exists and grows on earth
70% of earth’s surface is made of water out of which only 3% is freshwater is for human consumption
Water supports all forms of life on the planet
Human beings use water for drinking, bathing, washing, in agriculture, industries and factories
More than 60% of the human body is made up of water
Animals use water for drinking and bathing purposes
Plants, trees and various other living beings use water for its growth and survival
It is predicted that the next world war will be fought for water if man does not learn how to use it judiciously
The human beings need to learn to use water responsibly since it is a non-renewable resource
Governments of all countries should come together to form policies and laws that forbid people from wasting water unnecessarily

FAQs on Essay on Water

Question 1. How much of the earth’s surface is made up of water?

Answer: More than 70% of the earth’s surface is made up of water out of which only 3% is potable freshwater

Question 2. Can water be manufactured?

Answer: As of now, it is not possible, but water can be recycled and reused after proper chemical treatments

Question 3. What are the sources of water?

Answer: Rivers, lakes, glaciers and groundwater table are some of the sources of water on earth

Question 4. Which is the biggest water body in the world?

Answer: Pacific ocean is the biggest water body in the world. Also, the Nile River is the largest source of freshwater in the world.

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Essay On Importance Of Water

Table of Contents

Short Essay On Importance Of Water

Water is one of the most essential and important resources for life on earth. It plays a critical role in supporting all living organisms, including humans, plants, and animals. Without access to clean, safe water, life on earth would not be possible.

For humans, water is necessary for survival as it makes up approximately 60% of the human body. It is also required for a range of activities, including drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing. Additionally, water is essential for agriculture and food production. Irrigation systems, which rely on a constant supply of water, are used to grow crops that feed billions of people around the world.

Water also plays a critical role in maintaining the earth’s ecosystems. It helps regulate the planet’s temperature and supports the growth of vegetation, which in turn provides habitats for countless species of animals. Moreover, water plays a critical role in the water cycle, helping to distribute heat and moisture around the planet.

Unfortunately, access to clean, safe water is a challenge for many people around the world. Approximately 2 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water, and millions die each year from water-borne diseases such as cholera and dysentery. This highlights the importance of ensuring that all people have access to clean water and that efforts are made to protect and conserve this precious resource.

In conclusion, water is an essential and critical resource for life on earth. It is necessary for human survival and plays a vital role in supporting ecosystems and sustaining food production. Ensuring that all people have access to clean, safe water is a global challenge and one that requires sustained efforts to protect and conserve this precious resource.

longEssay On Importance Of Water

Water is one of the most important substances on Earth. It sustains life, from the smallest bacteria to the largest mammals. But how much do we really know about water and its importance? This essay explores why water is so essential to human life and looks at some of the potential risks of not taking proper care of our water resources.

Introduction

It is no secret that water is essential for life. All known forms of life require water to survive. In fact, water makes up about 60% of the human body. Every system in the human body depends on water to function properly.

Water is involved in all aspects of metabolism, including digestion, absorption, and excretion. It also plays a role in temperature regulation and waste removal. In addition, water helps to protect tissues and organs from damage and maintains their structure and function.

Despite its importance, many people do not drink enough water every day. This can lead to dehydration, which can cause a number of health problems. Some of the symptoms of dehydration include fatigue, headache, lightheadedness, and dizziness. Dehydration can also lead to more serious problems such as heat stroke or kidney stones.

It is important to drink plenty of fluids each day, especially during hot weather or when exercising. The best way to stay hydrated is to drink small amounts of water throughout the day rather than large amounts all at once. It is also important to choose beverages that contain electrolytes like sodium and potassium, which help to replace those lost through sweating.

Definition of Water

Water is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In chemical terms, water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, with a molecular weight of 18.01528. The boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F), and its freezing point is 0 °C (32 °F). Water is in liquid form at standard atmospheric pressure at temperatures between 0°C (32°F) and 100°C (212°F). It has a density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter (1 g/cm3) at 4°C (39°F).

Importance of Water for Our Health and Wellbeing

Water is vital for our health and wellbeing. Our bodies are made up of around 60% water, so it’s no surprise that we need to keep topped up in order to function properly. Water has many roles in the body, including:

– Carrying nutrients and oxygen around the body – Flushing out toxins and waste products – Regulating body temperature – Lubricating joints – Helping with digestion

We need to drink around eight glasses of water a day to stay hydrated. This may seem like a lot, but it’s easy to get through if you make sure you have a glass with every meal and snack, and carry a bottle of water with you when you’re out and about.

There are many benefits to staying hydrated, including:

– Improved physical performance – Reduced fatigue and increased energy levels – improved mental function and concentration – better skin health – reduced risk of kidney stones and urinary tract infections.

The Role of Water in Human Society

Water is one of the most important substances on Earth. All living things need water to survive. Water is essential for the proper functioning of all cells, tissues, and organs.

The human body is made up of about 60% water. Every system in the body depends on water. For example, water:

– Carries nutrients and oxygen to all cells

– Flushes toxins out of vital organs

– Regulates body temperature

– Lubricates joints

Without water, the human body would not be able to function properly. People can only survive without water for a few days before they become seriously ill and die.

Water is also important for agriculture. Crops need water to grow. In many parts of the world, irrigation systems are used to bring water to fields where it is needed. Irrigation can be done by hand, but it is often done with machines. Farmers must be careful not to use too much water or their crops will suffer from drought (lack of water). Too little water can also damage crops. Farmers have to know when and how much to water their crops in order to get a good harvest.

The Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability

Water availability is one of the key ways in which climate change can impact us. It is estimated that by the end of the century, global average water availability will decrease by 6%. This means that there will be less water available for drinking, irrigation, and industry. In some regions, water availability could decrease by as much as 30%.

There are a number of reasons for this decrease in water availability. One is that as the atmosphere warms, evaporation rates increase. This means that more water is being drawn out of lakes and rivers and into the atmosphere. Additionally, precipitation patterns are changing. While some areas are seeing increases in rainfall, others are experiencing drought conditions. These changes mean that less water is available to recharge groundwater supplies.

The impacts of climate change on water availability are already being felt around the world. In Australia, for example, a prolonged drought has left many farmers struggling to irrigate their crops. In California, declining snowpack levels have led to reduced river flows and increased water shortages. As climate change continues to impact our planet, it is likely that these types of problems will become more common.

How to Conserve Water

Water is one of the most important natural resources on earth. It is essential for all forms of life and plays a vital role in our environment.

There are many ways to conserve water. Some simple things that everyone can do to save water are:

– Turn the tap off while brushing your teeth – Take shorter showers – Don’t let the water run while washing dishes – Fix any leaks around your home – Use a broom instead of a hose to clean your driveway or sidewalk – Water your plants during the cooler hours of the day – Use a rain barrel to collect rainwater for watering plants – Mulch your garden to help retain moisture All these things will help reduce water consumption and protect this valuable resource.

In conclusion, this essay has highlighted the importance of water in our lives and why it is essential for us to conserve and protect it. Water plays a vital role in sustaining life on Earth and we must take action now to ensure that all humans have access to safe drinking water. We should also strive to reduce our personal consumption of water and make efforts to preserve freshwater resources for future generations. Through greater awareness, conservation initiatives, improved infrastructure, and responsible usage practices we can help secure a thriving future environment with abundant supplies of clean water.

Manisha Dubey Jha is a skilled educational content writer with 5 years of experience. Specializing in essays and paragraphs, she’s dedicated to crafting engaging and informative content that enriches learning experiences.

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Essay on Water Conservation: Samples in 150, 200, 250 Words

Updated on
May 8, 2024

What makes you curious to write an essay on water conservation? This life-saving resource is essential for all forms of life on Earth. Water is the essential natural resource present on Earth. Out of the total water present on Earth, 97.5% is salt water and 2.5% is fresh water. 70% of the human body is made of water. But, with the growing population , and climatic crisis , we are facing the urgent need to conserve water.

Water conservation is a hot topic, if you need a sample essay on water conservation then, you are at the right place. In this blog post, we have covered essays on water conservation in 100, 200, and 250 words. Further we are also providing a sample piece of writing on essay on water conservation. So, stay tuned and read further to get some ideas about water conservation!

Table of Contents

1 Essay on Water Conservation in 100 Words
2 Essay on Water Conservation in 200 Words
3.1 Water Scarcity
3.2 Ways to Conserve Water
4 Short Essay on Water Conservation

Essay on Water Conservation in 100 Words

Water is crucial for all components of life which makes it a necessary resource for day-to-day activities. We use water for domestic activities like cooking, bathing, drinking, washing, etc. So, ultimately the consumption of water is very high. This makes it necessary to conserve water. Just as air, water is also important for life. Besides, water consumption, water pollution, and water scarcity are also some of the major water-related issues that need attention so that we can conserve water.

Every year we celebrate World Water Day on 22 March. This day is celebrated to spread awareness about the importance of water and run campaigns to conserve water on Earth. There are several ways to conserve water such as switching to showers, turning off taps when not in use, don’t pollute water bodies, storing rainwater, etc.

Essay on Water Conservation in 200 Words

Water is one of the Earth’s most precious resources. But the world is facing water scarcity. As per the SDA report 2022, around 2 billion people worldwide are lacking safe drinking water. This means they are more vulnerable to diseases and unhealthy life.

Apart from the increasing population, climatic change is also hampering the quality of water. Floods and Droughts are more frequent due to the vulnerability of climate, thereby increasing the need to conserve water.

Water conservation is vital to meet the growing global demand for fresh water. Water consumption is very high for agriculture, industry, and households. By conserving water, we can ensure that there is a surplus amount of water to use and avoid conflicts over this limited resource.

Water conservation helps to maintain a balance in the ecosystem because every living thing on this planet is directly associated with the use of water. Reducing water consumption reduces the energy footprint associated with water supply.

The best ways of water conservation are rainwater harvesting , installing water plants, reusing water for gardening purposes, turning off taps when not in use, proper irrigation, installing automatic tap shut-off devices, not polluting water sources, and many more.

If we don’t want to witness the world die due to water scarcity then, it’s high time to conserve water and save the planet and future generations.

Water Conservation Essay 250 Words

Water conservation is a crucial step in protecting the environment. It is an important compound that supports life on Earth. The world has been facing water-related disasters due to scarcity of freshwater. 70% of the earth as well as the human body is composed of water, but there is a limited amount of freshwater to use. Owing to the ever-increasing population, climatic changes, global warming, and pollution, the need for the conservation of water is increasing. To do so, it is our fundamental duty to conserve water by planting more trees, managing water plants, storing rainwater, and making smart use of water.

Water Scarcity

Water scarcity is a critical global issue that needs strict attention when the demand for freshwater exceeds the available supply of water. It can manifest in various ways, including a lack of access to clean drinking water, inadequate water for agriculture and industrial processes, and stressed or depleted natural water sources.

Here are some factors that contribute to water scarcity:

Climate change
Growing population
Global warming
Inefficient water management
Water pollution
Increasing demand
Poor irrigation techniques
Wastage of water, and much more.

Ways to Conserve Water

Conserving water is crucial to help address water scarcity and ensure a sustainable water supply for both present and future generations. You can contribute individually by taking small measures to conserve water like turning off the tap. Likewise, here are some ways to conserve water:

Drip irrigation technique
Soil management
Plantation of drought-tolerant crops
Apply Mulching
Recycle and reuse water
Rainwater harvesting
Desalination
Spread awareness to conserve water
Donate to the water cleaning campaign
Implement proper water management techniques.

Short Essay on Water Conservation

Find the sample of short essay on water conservation below:

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment: Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Water conservation is the individual or collective practice of efficient use of water. This helps in protecting the earth from the situation of water scarcity. We can individually contribute to water conservation by not wasting water, reducing the over-consumption of water, rainwater harvesting, etc. Water conservation is an important call because there is a limited amount of fresh water available on earth.

Here are 10 ways to save water. 1. Rainwater harvesting 2 Install water plants 3. Reuse water 4. Maintain proper water management plans 5. Fix the irrigation system 6. Use a bucket 7. Turn off the tap when not in use 8. Keep a regular check on pipe leakage 9. Do not pollute water bodies 10. Participate in water cleaning campaigns

Here are 5 points on the importance of water conservation: It helps the ecosystem; Water conservation is necessary for drought-prone areas; It helps reduce costs; Water conservation improves the quality of water; and Maintains the health of the aquatic ecosystem.

Kajal Thareja

Hi, I am Kajal, a pharmacy graduate, currently pursuing management and is an experienced content writer. I have 2-years of writing experience in Ed-tech (digital marketing) company. I am passionate towards writing blogs and am on the path of discovering true potential professionally in the field of content marketing. I am engaged in writing creative content for students which is simple yet creative and engaging and leaves an impact on the reader's mind.

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Environment Problems

Bottled Water Vs Tap Water

Updated 24 November 2023

Subject Environment Problems

Downloads 60

Category Business , Economics , Environment , Health , Life

Topic Consumerism

There exists a debate on the suitability of bottled and tap water. Numerous arguments are in place with each aiming to justify one over the other. However, what is indisputable is the apparent misunderstanding and the inability to determine and predict customers consumption patterns and trends accurately. The paper aims at providing an analytical viewpoint with regards to the subject. First, it examines some of the reasons leading to the exponential growth of the bottled water industry and factors contributing to the sustenance of the situation. There is also an examination of the two bodies, FDA and EPA, and their roles with regards to ensuring the safety of products. It is to establish their operation and regulatory framework aimed at providing quality services.

The subject gets examined in depth to facilitate an understanding and highlight the evident variations that distinguish the entities. There is also a consideration of the factors influencing clients’ options and decision-making abilities. Lastly, a conclusion results based on the findings which aim at resolving the main topic.

Bottled Vs Tap Water

Water is a crucial element of human life. Humans require about eight to twelve cups per day to facilitate standard body functioning such as breathing and sweating. For us to be healthy and ensure everything runs appropriately, we need to drink the right amount of water. However, there is a concern that arises on the appropriate type of water to drink. With regards to that, the most significant debate and controversy is on the appropriateness of either tap or bottled water. In our discussion, we would analyze the options and the factors that influence the selection and preference of either the two.

More popular than milk and beer, bottled water is the second most popular beverage in America second to soft drinks. The amount of bottled water getting consumed has consistently been on the rise thus contributing to the exponential growth of the industry. The sector that produces and markets the products presents a captivating study of US water policy, consumer psychology and our present relationship with water as the driving force promoting the demand for bottled water. Bottled and tap water gets regulated by diverse government institutions. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the regulation of bottled water. On the other hand, tap water is under the management of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Simons, 2014).

Majority of Americans get water from publicly owned water and sewerage entities under the supervision of the state and federal government. Taxpayers money finances and funds public water supply and regulation but the public is suspicious of tap water. Due to the adverts and campaigns disapproving tap water, the bottled industry is the leading contributing factor of the public skepticism on tap water. According to the National Resource Defense Council (NRDC), it is apparent that the media campaigns significantly contribute to the explosion of bottled water sales. It is mainly as a result of the perceptions created by the advertising industry that bottled water is pure and safe in comparison to tap water.

In many developed nations, fear of tap water is due to reports of the violation of quality standards. Using the stance to their benefit, they advertise that bottled water covers up the mess and provides health benefits. Based on that, the public is thus ignorant on the actual quality of their municipal supply that is more thorough and comprehensive based on EPA’s regulatory framework as compared to FDA regulations of guidelines on bottled water.

In the year 2009, a report by the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that FDA does not have the particular statutory authority that requires them to use certified laboratories for water quality test (“United States Government Accountability Office,” 2009). Besides that, there were concerns about the lack of regulatory framework on certain chemicals that are likely to cause health impacts. During 1960, a series of studies were in place by the Public Health Service on drinking water in America. The realization of high contamination levels prompted that passing of legislation, Safe Drinking Water Act, to correct the situation. From the 19th

Century when the government began bearing responsibility for public health, the quality improved. Increasingly advanced technologies played a role in facilitating the efficiency that ensured enforceable water quality standards.

Municipal water passes many checkpoints before reaching the consumers. An example is compliance with the EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR). Moreover, there are also Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) set to ascertain the degree of quality. Despite the numerous regulations and improvements, there are persistent problems brought about by collective negligence and environmental challenges. A common perception is that bottled water is superior to tap water. However, the reality is that bottled water is subject to different and in most cases less comprehensive regulations than publicly supplied water (Raj, 2005). The regulatory variations are likely to be the leading cause of the existent distinction between bottled and tap water.

Evidence supporting the argument gets its basis in areas such as information on water quality, exemptions, sourcing information, testing and reporting. The categories widely vary and are used as similar aspects when trying to determine the reality of the appropriateness of bottled and tap water. An example of testing is that EPA requires independent labs to conduct bacterial contaminants assessment multiple times which is not compulsory under the FDA regulations (Lalumandier " Ayers, 2000). Also, the EPA needs to alert the public within 24 hours in case of an MCL violation while bottle water companies are not subject to the provision. An issue may result long after the products are sold and consumed.

From a compliance analysis on regulatory differences between EPA and FDA frameworks in various states, the findings were fascinating. In New York, it was established that out of the nineteen contaminants examined; there was a violation of one MCL. The analysis highlighted the bolded values that exceeded the MCLs. The overall findings indicated the vulnerability of water to contamination. In such circumstances, bottled water was crucial when the Public Water System (PWS) is unavailable or polluted. As a result of the FDA’s reporting and oversight standards, there is an issue of lack of reliable information about bottled water quality. Profit companies exploit the loophole to their benefit thus creating misinformation. In other instances, the firms intentionally discredit the PWS to win customers and increase sales.

The other factor contributing to the consumption of bottled water is dissatisfaction with tap water organoleptic which implies the characteristics of taste, sight and odor (Platikanov et al, 2013). In the context, the flavor seems to be the most common aspect. From a survey conducted, respondents identified organoleptic as the primary reasons for the consumption of bottled water. The situation seemed to vary across regions with America being the least affected. A study by Falahee and MacRae (1995), based on blind comparison suggests that mineral content also influenced the type of water consumed (Falahee " Mac Rae, 1995). Clients preferred water with high mineral content in contrast to that with low content.

Besides organoleptic, the other factor contributing to the increased consumption of bottled water is for health-related reasons (Doria, 2006). In a survey conducted in America, about half the consumers of bottled water attributed their shift to tap water risks. The situation has however progressively declined based on the measures in place. Nonetheless, the aspect is quite challenging to assess based on the variations and utility levels. Also, similar researches suggest that risk considerations are not a condition for consumer behavior. Aspects such as access to bottled water in term of price and convenience may influence consumption patterns. For specific clients, perceived health benefits may be minimal to justify the price variations and extra effort to carry a bottle. Additional factors include issues of trust and remembrance, substitute for other beverages plus other unspecified reasons.

In conclusion, more research is crucial to substantiate the findings. Improved knowledge of the factors can contribute to the use of drinking water and facilitation of consumer's behavior and patterns. In general, the consumption of water varies based on consumer preferences but an obvious observation is that tap water is significantly safe despite the negative perceptions. Nonetheless, what is of importance to the consumers is good quality water.

Doria, M. F. (2006). Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences. Journal of water and health, 4(2), 271-276.

Falahee, M., " MacRae, A. W. (1995). Consumer appraisal of drinking water: multidimensional scaling analysis. Food Quality and Preference, 6(4), 327-332.

Lalumandier, J. A., " Ayers, L. W. (2000). Fluoride and bacterial content of bottled water vs tap water. Archives of family medicine, 9(3), 246.

Platikanov, S., Garcia, V., Fonseca, I., Rullán, E., Devesa, R., " Tauler, R. (2013). Influence of minerals on the taste of bottled and tap water: A chemometric approach. Water research, 47(2), 693-704.

Raj, S. D. (2005). Bottled water: how safe is it? Water Environment Research, 77(7), 3013-3018.

Simons, C. (2014). Tap versus bottle: A mixed methods analysis of public water supply and the bottled water industry in the United States (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee).

United States Government Accountability Office. (2009). Bottled water: FDA safety and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. (No. GAO-09-610) http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf

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Related Essays

An English Essay on the Importance of Water for the Students

Without water there cannot be life on our planet, that is to say on earth. Because every living organism needs water, and therefore having a good understanding and care for the water is a must for all of us. Hence, students should write an essay discussing the importance of water in the English language.

Writing an essay on such a topic opens a series of good ideas in the mind of the students regarding the role that water plays in our lives, and it can also make the students aware of the importance of water.

Also, if you wish to write an English essay on the topic My aim in life you may find this link helpful My Aim in Life Essay in English for Students | Easy Essay on My Aim in Life (vedantu.com)

Advantages of Writing an Essay on the Importance of Water.

Writing an essay on any topic helps the students be good writers, and the same goes for the topic of, Importance of water, but there are quite a few more advantages to writing the essay.

One of the most important things for everyone is to express oneself, and the practice of doing so must be given to the child from a very young age. And writing an essay helps the students in this very important thing.

For writing a good essay on any topic, the students must have a good understanding of the subject of the essay. And hence, writing an essay on the Importance of water, helps the students in learning about the value of water, not just our lives, which is to say humans, but the life of the whole planet.

In his famous play Hamlet Shakespeare writes, Brevity is the soul of wit, meaning being short or concise is very important in speech, or shortness of words is the essence of intelligence. The same rule applies in writing the essay, and doing as clear an understanding of the topic at hand is required as possible. And hence composing an essay on the importance of water helps the students understand the same.

One of the most important gifts that humans are blessed with is the gift of language, and this gift has to be used effectively. Writing an essay helps the students in learning the methods of using the language in such a manner that it makes everything clear to the reader. A good essay does not only touch the heart of the readers but it opens the mind of the reader, it can move them, that is to say, if a good essay is written on the importance of water it can make the readers aware about the same, and not just aware but also careful about using the water.

Water means Life. Water is a prime natural resource. It is a basic need for humans and a precious asset that living beings have. Water is equally vital for the survival of the plant and animal kingdoms. Soil needs water for sustaining plants. The water cycle is essential for ecological balance too. Though a big portion of the Earth is covered with water, only a small portion of it can be used for various human activities. So we need to be judicious and rational, regarding the usage of water.

Why is water important for our bodies?

Water is important for our body for the following reasons.

Above 70% of our body contains water so it is pivotal for the human race to survive.

Water helps in regulating our body temperature.

Water helps in the digestion of solid food.

It also keeps our skin healthy and hydrated.

Water helps in excreting waste from our body through sweat, urination, and defecation. So replenishing the water in our body is essential to prevent dehydration.

Drinking water also helps in reducing calories and maintaining body weight because it can increase the rate of metabolism.

Water consumption lubricates the joints, spinal cord, and tissues.

Importance of Water

All living organisms, plants, animals, and human beings contain water. Almost 70% of our body is made up of water. Our body gets water from the liquids we drink and the food we eat. Nobody can survive without water for more than a week. All plants will die if they do not get water. This would lead to the death of all the animals that depend on plants for their food. So the existence of life would come to an end.

Role of Water In Life Processes

Water plays an important role in most of the life processes by acting as a solvent. The absorption of food in our body takes place in solution form with water as the solvent. Also, many waste products are excreted in the form of solutions through urine and perspiration.

Water helps in regulating our body temperature. In hot weather, we drink a lot of water. This maintains our body temperature. Also, water evaporates from the surface of our body as sweat. This takes away heat and cools the body.

Water is essential for plants to grow. Plants need water to prepare food. They also absorb dissolved nutrients from the soil through their roots.

Aquatic plants and animals use the nutrients and oxygen dissolved in water for their survival.

Uses of Water In Everyday Life

Water is used for drinking, washing, cooking, bathing, cleaning, in our day-to-day life.

It is used to generate electricity in hydroelectric power stations.

Water is used for irrigating fields and in the manufacture of various products.

Other Uses of Water

Water serves as a means of transportation for goods and people.

It provides a medium for recreational sports such as swimming, boating, and water skiing.

Water is also used to extinguish fires.

Importance of Oceans

Oceans are of immense use to man. They are useful in many ways, directly and indirectly. They not only play a significant role in the climate of adjoining countries but also serve mankind in many ways. They are a storehouse of several resources.

An ocean is a major source of water and forms a major part of the water cycle. Oceans contribute water vapor to the atmosphere and we get the same in the form of precipitation.

The oceans are the biggest storehouse of edible forms of marine food, fish being most important. In addition to food, sea animals provide other products like oil, glue, etc.

Oceans have enormous mineral and chemical wealth. A variety of dissolved salts like sodium chloride (common salt), magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride are found in plenty in the oceans.

Oil and gas are important fuels obtained from oceans.

Importance of Lakes and Rivers

Economic and industrial development

Water storage

Hydroelectric power generation

Agricultural purposes

Modern multipurpose dams

Source of food

Source of minerals

Tourist attractions and health resorts

Rivers provide fresh drinking water

Ports can be built on them as they form good natural harbors

Major Concerns

Although our planet Earth is covered with 71% percent of water and 29% of the land, the fast-growing contamination of water is affecting both humans as well as marine life. The unequal distribution of water on the Earth and its increasing demand due to the increasing population is becoming a concern for all.

Water pollution makes it difficult for marine animals to sustain themselves.

Covering over 71% of Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprising Hydrogen and Oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent.

We are slowly but harming our planet at a very alarming rate.

Characteristics of a Good Essay.

It must be brief: As pointed out earlier, a good essay must be short, and also to the point. So, if students are writing an essay on the importance of water it must only deal with the water, and anything which does not directly serve the purpose must be excluded.

Must cover the whole topic: Though it may seem a little contradicting to the first point, what is meant by covering the whole topic is that the maximum number of aspects dealing with the importance of water must be covered in this essay. For instance, water is important for all living organisms and not just humans, and so the same has to be covered in one or the other way in the essay on the importance of the water.

Must be to the point: The essay must remain true to the central idea of the topic, which is the importance of water in this case. Hence, almost all the sentences written in the essay must serve the main topic in one or another way. And also, writing should not be vague or ambiguous, or illogical.

Human beings should realize how important and precious water is. At the individual level, you can be more responsible and avoid wasting water so that our future generation can make the best use of this natural resource abundantly.

FAQs on Importance of water

1. Why is water important?

Water is important because it sustains all living organisms on Earth.

2. How is ocean water useful to Mankind?

Ocean water is useful to mankind in the following ways.

Oceans are a major source of water through the water cycle.

Oceans have direct control over the climate.

Oceans are the biggest storehouse of marine food.

Oceans have enormous mineral and chemical wealth.

3. How is water important for our Body?

Water helps to carry nutrients and oxygen to each and every cell of our body. It helps in digestion. It keeps our skin healthy and hydrated. Water consumption lubricates the joints, spinal cord, and tissues.

4. What are the uses of water in our Daily Life?

Water is used for drinking, bathing, cooking, cleaning, and irrigation of crops and manufacturing various products.

5. Why should I use the essay provided by Vedantu on the Importance of water?

The essay that Vedantu provides on the topic of the Importance of water is prepared by expert teachers, for the students of the English language. And hence this essay can be used by the students as an outline or an example of the essay on the Importance of water, it does not necessarily mean that the students have to copy it completely, but it serves the purpose of guiding the students in attempting the essay. Furthermore, the essay is completely free for download for all the students and also it is available in a PDF file format.

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Why Is Water So Important? Here’s What You Need to Know

How water works in your body, how much water do you need, how to stay hydrated.

Water is a major component of your body, accounting for 50–60% of your total weight. It is vital for many important body functions, from flushing out waste to lubricating your joints.

Your body constantly loses water throughout the day through urinating, sweating, and breathing. You should consume enough water from foods and beverages daily to prevent dehydration .

This article covers research-backed reasons why your body needs water and how much you need each day.

Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images

All body cells, organs, and tissues require water to function. Generally, a person can only survive without water for a few days.

It Maintains a Normal Body Temperature

Water regulates our internal temperature by distributing heat throughout the body and cooling it through perspiration (sweat).

When the body becomes too hot, it loses water through sweat . The evaporation of sweat from the skin cools the body, keeping its temperature within a normal range.

If a person becomes dehydrated, they can't produce enough sweat to cool their body. This can cause the body's temperature to reach dangerous levels, leading to heat stroke .

Avoid dehydration by drinking plenty of water if you're working outside or sweating more than usual.

It Protects Your Joints, Spinal Cord, and Other Tissues

Water acts as a lubricant in the mouth (through saliva ) and the eyes (through tears) to help prevent dryness. It's necessary to produce synovial fluid , which lubricates, cushions, and protects the joints.

Water also helps protect the spinal cord and prevents injuries by increasing tissue flexibility and elasticity.

It Transports Nutrients and Gets Rid of Waste

As a major component of blood, water helps transport nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body. Water also helps carry waste from the body for excretion through perspiration, urination, and bowel movements.

The kidneys need water to effectively filter waste from the blood and flush it from the body as urine. Staying adequately hydrated helps prevent kidney stones and urinary tract infections (UTIs) , which can harm the kidneys.

Prevents Dehydration

Drinking water daily can help prevent dehydration, a condition that occurs when you lose more fluids than you absorb.

Early signs of dehydration include:

Feeling thirsty
Dark-colored urine
Urinating less than usual

Because water is involved in so many body functions, dehydration can eventually cause life-threatening symptoms, including:

Rapid breathing
Rapid heartbeat
Inability to urinate

People who exercise in the heat, work outdoors, or have certain health conditions that cause them to urinate or sweat more than usual are at a greater risk of dehydration.

It Aids Digestion

Your saliva is primarily made up of water. Saliva is a digestive juice that moistens food, allowing it to move easily through the esophagus into your stomach. Saliva also contains enzymes that help break down starches in food.

As the digestive process continues, water helps break down food, allowing your body to absorb nutrients. Water also makes bowel movements easier.

It Protects Against Chronic Illness and Boosts Longevity

Adequate hydration is linked to healthy aging and longevity. One potential reason for this is that decreased water intake can lead to higher sodium concentrations in the blood, which raises the risk of chronic disease.

Studies suggest that adults who stay hydrated are healthier and less likely to develop chronic diseases, including heart and lung disease . Well-hydrated adults also seem to live longer than adults who don't consume enough fluids.

It Improves Mood and Cognitive Function

Dehydration may cause fatigue and confusion and may be linked to symptoms of anger and depression. In a small study, it was linked to poor cognitive function, potentially affecting attention span and working memory.

One study of young adults looked at the effects of water on cognitive performance and mood after 12 hours of water restriction. Researchers found that 200 milliliters of water improved thirst, anger, fatigue, and overall mood. However, 500 milliliters was optimal, improving mood and cognitive performance.

The amount of water you need depends on several factors, including age, sex, activity level, and health status.

For healthy individuals, the adequate daily water intake is around 11.5 cups for women and about 15.5 cups for men. This includes fluids consumed from all foods and beverages.

Experts estimate that most people get around 20% of their daily water intake from food. This means women should drink about 9 cups of fluid daily, while men should aim for 13 cups to maintain adequate hydration.

People who live in warmer climates, are more physically active, or are experiencing an illness that causes fever and/or diarrhea or vomiting have increased fluid needs.

One easy way to see if you are properly hydrated is to check the color of your urine. If you are drinking enough water, your urine will be pale yellow. If it is dark, you may need to increase your consumption.

Individuals with heart failure or kidney disease may need to limit their fluid intake.

Can You Drink Too Much Water?

Drinking too much water can lead to water intoxication or overhydration, which occurs when the kidneys cannot flush out excess water. This can cause a medical emergency due to decreased sodium concentrations in the blood ( hyponatremia ). To avoid water intoxication, do not drink more than 48 ounces, or six cups, per hour.

If you find it challenging to stay hydrated, here are some helpful tips to keep in mind:

Keep a reusable water bottle with you and refill it throughout the day
Choose water or sparkling water instead of sugary beverages
When you feel thirsty, drink water
Change things up by squeezing fresh lemon or lime into your water or adding a few berries or cucumber slices
Snack on water-rich fruits and vegetables , including watermelon, cantaloupe, lettuce, and celery, throughout the day
Keep track of your water intake by using a water tracker app
Drink water with all meals

Water is vital for your health. It is necessary for temperature regulation, digestion, nutrient absorption, and body waste removal. Drinking water daily can prevent dehydration, a condition that can cause mood and memory problems, constipation, and kidney stones.

People who work in high temperatures, exercise at high intensities, or are sick are at a greater risk of dehydration. Talk to a healthcare provider or registered dietitian to determine the right amount of water for you.

Zhou HL, Wei MH, Cui Y, et al. Association between water intake and mortality risk-evidence from a national prospective study . Front Nutr . 2022;9:822119. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.822119

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. How much water do you need?

MaineDOT. The importance of hydration .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Dehydration and heat stroke .

Lorenzo I, Serra-Prat M, Yébenes JC. The role of water homeostasis in muscle function and frailty: a review . Nutrients . 2019;11(8):1857. doi:10.3390/nu11081857

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Water and healthier drinks .

National Kidney Foundation. 6 tips to be "water wise" for healthy kidneys .

MedlinePlus. Dehydration .

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Your digestive system & how it works .

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Eating, diet, & nutrition for constipation .

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Good hydration linked to healthy aging .

Zhang J, Zhang N, He H, et al. Different amounts of water supplementation improved cognitive performance and mood among young adults after 12 h water restriction in Baoding, China: a randomized controlled trial (RCT) . Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2020;17(21):7792. doi:10.3390/ijerph17217792

National Kidney Foundation. The dos and don'ts of fluid management for kidney disease .

MedlinePlus. Heart failure .

Joo MA, Kim EY. Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse . Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab . 2013;18(2):95-98. doi:10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat stress: hydration .

By Lindsey DeSoto, RD, LD Lindsey DeSoto, RD, is a registered dietitian specializing in nutrition and health and wellness content.

Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Water Conservation — Importance of Water Conservation

Importance of Water Conservation

Categories: Water Conservation

About this sample

Words: 880 |

Published: Jan 30, 2024

Words: 880 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Introduction, the significance of saving water, methods of saving water, case studies/examples, challenges in water conservation and protection efforts, a. water conservation practices at homes.

Installing water-saving fixtures and appliances, such as low-flow showerheads, faucets, and toilets.
Fixing leaks and reducing water wastage by taking shorter showers, turning off the tap while brushing, and fixing dripping taps.
Implementing efficient water usage habits such as using a broom instead of a hose to clean outdoor areas and washing laundry and dishes only with full loads.

B. Agriculture Water Management

Implementing efficient irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation and precision irrigation, which reduce water wastage by up to 30%.
Crop selection and rotation to optimize water usage by selecting crops that require less water and reducing water-intensive crops, such as rice and cotton.
Using precision farming methods such as soil moisture sensors, weather forecasts, and crop modeling to optimize water usage.

C. Industrial Water Conservation

Recycling and reusing water in manufacturing processes by using closed-loop systems.
Implementing water-efficient technologies such as water-efficient boilers, cooling towers, and dry lubrication processes.
Promoting water stewardship among industries by adopting best practices and engaging in water conservation efforts.

D. Government Policies and Programs

Providing incentives for water-saving practices such as tax credits, rebates, and grants for installing water-efficient appliances and fixtures.
Implementing water regulations and enforceable laws such as water pricing, water rights, and zoning regulations to ensure efficient water use.
Educating and creating awareness among citizens through campaigns such as the WaterSense program, which educates consumers on water-efficient products.
United Nations. (2021, March 22). Water and Sanitation. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water-and-sanitation/
WaterSense. (n.d.). Water-Efficient Products. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/water-efficient-products
Valsecchi, G. B., & Faggian, R. (2019). The Alliance for Water Stewardship certification program in the Netherlands: measuring the performance of a water sustainability standard for industries. Water, 11(12), 2608. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122608
Maheshwari, B. L. (2019). Rainwater harvesting impacts on crop yield: a review with a case study of Tamil Nadu, India. Water, 11(5), 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051018

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Assessing tap water awareness: The development of an empirically-based framework

Stijn brouwer.

1 KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

2 Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Nicolien van Aalderen

Steven hendrik andreas koop.

3 Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Associated Data

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.

Despite the often emphasized importance of water awareness, and notwithstanding the fact that calls for increasing public awareness are becoming commonplace, most studies do not define the concept, let alone operationalise it into measurable units. This is, however, essential to measure and evaluate efforts related to water awareness such as public campaigns, customer communication and behavioural interventions. To address this gap, we conceptualise, operationalise and assess tap water awareness, hereby differentiating between cognitive awareness (head), affectional awareness (heart), and behavioural awareness (hands). In parallel, we also differentiate between tap water quality, quantity and system. By building on a variety of contemporary conceptual insights in literature and a series of expert interviews, an assessment framework is developed. A cohesive set of nine awareness components are identified and operationalised into a set of tangible questions which are put to the test in a large-scale online survey (n = 1003) in the Netherlands, applying both a traditional and modern segmentation approach based on four types of perspectives (‘quality & health concerned’, ‘aware & committed’, ‘egalitarian & solidary’, and ‘down to earth & confident’). Based on the analysis of the results of the first empirical application of our tap water awareness assessment framework, we conclude that—with a score 53.5 points out of 100—tap water awareness in the Netherlands shows ample room for improvement. Interestingly, most significant variations in awareness are generally not related to sociodemographic factors but rather apply to the four customer perspectives on drinking water that are based on people’s subjective views and preferences.

1. Introduction

Global access to drinking water and the combined importance of the management of freshwater resources and access to drinking water and sanitation, identified as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG6), have improved over the last decades [ 1 , 2 ]. At the same time, many freshwater resources are shrinking irreversibly due to increasing water demands, large-scale pollution, seawater intrusion, and changing precipitation patterns and temperatures [ 3 , 4 ]. Indeed, water scarcity is recognized as one of the most important global risks, both in terms of likelihood and impact [ 5 ]. In many world regions, including Europe, the projected rise in temperatures will bring drier soils and more frequent and severe heatwaves, likely leading to a sharp increase in the number of people living under water stress and causing severe damage to ecosystems and agricultural practices [ 6 ]. Perhaps less distressing, but no less important, is the fact that such drought episodes often lead to large peaks in water demand. Because of abrupt changes in pressure, such peaks occasionally result in tap water discolouration and require expensive infrastructure augmentation as well as high energy costs to treat, pump and maintain the water supply network [ 7 , 8 ]. In addition to water quantity stress, also the quality of drinking water sources are increasingly under pressure. Beyond water scarcity, the emission of pesticides, biocides and nutrients from agriculture, the release of hazardous chemicals from households (e.g. pharmaceuticals and detergents) and from industrial processes, as well as the increasing number of emerging substances form a growing threat affecting water resources [ 9 , 10 ]. Against this backdrop, public awareness about freshwater availability, environmental impact, the need for more sophisticated and more costly treatment processes, and consequently the necessity to use water more efficiently, now becomes more important than ever before. This urgency is for instance reflected in the influential work on water governance of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), warning for a lack of public awareness in, for instance the Netherlands, with respect to too little, too much and too polluted water [ 11 , 12 ].

Despite the often emphasized importance of water awareness, and notwithstanding the fact that calls for increasing public awareness are becoming commonplace, most studies, including previous work of the authors of this paper, do not unequivocally define the concept, let alone, operationalise it concurrently into measurable units [e.g. 13 – 17 ]. Awareness is often referred to in broad terms and used in an exchangeable fashion across different water-related elements and goals such as surface water improvements [ 18 – 21 ], drinking water quality [ 22 , 23 ], and water quantity [ 14 , 24 ]. The concept of awareness itself is multifaceted, and found to encompass different things, including, but certainly not limited to, cognitive knowledge, the degree of involvement and having a specific attitude. In this paper, we will focus on tap water awareness specifically, hereafter referred to as TWA. The key objective is to conceptualise, operationalise and assess TWA. To this end, we build on a variety of contemporary conceptual insights, develop an assessment framework, and empirically test and apply this framework in the context of the Netherlands. This last step, wherein we assess the TWA of drinking water customers, involves the division of respondents into different segments, both classical, based on ‘hard’ sociodemographic differences such as gender, age and educational background, as well as modern, based the more ‘soft’ differences on the basis of subjective views and perspectives [ 25 ]. In doing so, we also intend to further explore the value of perspective-based customer segmentation versus the more classical approaches of segmentation.

The remainder of this paper is organized into five sections. Section 2 presents the conceptual foundations of TWA, and distinguishes between cognitive, affectional and behavioural awareness of tap water. Along with an introduction to the four applied customer perspectives on drinking water, this study’s methodology, encompassing the development and implementation of a framework by |means of interviews and an online-survey questionnaire, is explained in section 3. Section 4 introduces the actual operationalisation of the assessment framework, allowing to calculate the TWA ‘profiles’ of individuals and segments of the population. In addition, it presents the results of the first empirical application of our TWA assessment framework in the Netherlands. Finally, section 5 provides a discussion and concluding remarks on our framework and the awareness results, as well as a reflection on the strengths and limitations of our approach.

2. The conceptualisation of tap water awareness: Head, heart & hands

The development of an empirically-based assessment framework for analysing TWA was primarily guided by a conceptual and theoretical reflection on water awareness, as well as an exploration of how this concept has been used and translated in everyday awareness campaigns. The underlying assumption in many of these campaigns is grounded in the premise that awareness is determined by cognitive knowledge, and that raising awareness is about increasing public understanding. Also in the literature, the cognitive narrative of TWA seems prevailing [ 21 ]. An example of such a cognitive focus is provided by Ntengwe [ 26 : p.1303], who defines awareness of tap water customers as “a condition whereby customers know what it takes to produce water and have it delivered at the tap near or in households”.

Beyond a merely cognitive conceptualization of awareness, other scholars embrace a broader rationale by incorporating the notions of perception and attitude, hereby acknowledging the growing importance of subjective experience in the drinking water domain [ 25 ]. Such a more inclusive notion of awareness merges cognition with how this information is understood, interpreted and perceived. Since many studies, including Doria [ 27 ] and Doria [ 22 ], suggest that beyond traditional quality standards, more perceptive-oriented parameters such as taste, odour, colour and turbidity or trust in water utilities have become decisive in how people regard and trust the quality of their tap water, we regard this an important element too. Petrescu [ 14 ] is one of the studies that operationalised such a broader conceptualisation of awareness, and accordingly, also assessed people’s attitude towards the utility’s service delivery, water quality and price, next to people’s knowledge about, for instance, the water utility and water sources.

In their study of surface water awareness, Boer et al. [ 18 ] principally define awareness as the realisation of the existence of something. Moreover, along with cognition and affection they identified a third component of awareness: behavioural intention. Next to the physical and social-cultural environment, they argue that people’s cognition, affection and desired behaviour influences the way they act. As such, the effects of people’s actions can reinforce or lessen their awareness. Whereas Boer et al. [ 18 ] conceptualise water awareness merely as preceding and feeding behaviour, others regard behaviour as a pivotal element of awareness itself, for instance in the field of pro-environmental behaviour [ 28 ]. In this domain, the idea of environmentally conscious behaviour, which can be defined as human action motivated by a concern for the environment, is well established [ 29 ]. In the domain of water this more inclusive conceptualisation of awareness is for instance reflected in the work of Wang et al. [ 13 ]. In their review of public TWA in the Chinese province Hainan, they not only assessed people’s knowledge of contamination accidents (cognition), their degree of trust in drinking water safety (attitude), but also included behavioural questions, such as people’s use of bottled water.

Building on the work of these scholars, our conceptualisation of TWA is composed of three dimensions: (I) cognitive awareness (e.g. knowledge on the composition of tap water), (II) affectional awareness (e.g., the extent to which people take tap water for granted), and (III) behavioural awareness (e.g., a conscious use of tap water and the preventing spilling). This holistic three-dimensional approach is consistent with the organising principle of head (cognitive), heart (affective), and hands (behavioural). This head, heart & hands approach is not only a pivotal element in the Waldorf model of education [ 30 ], but has also been widely used in transformational learning theory [ 31 ], and holistic approaches on ecoliteracy and sustainability education [ 32 , 33 ]. For instance, in the description of Orr [ 33 ] of how to approach education for sustainability, he suggests that the head, heart, and hands approach integrates intellect, emotion and body, whereas Singleton [ 31 ] uses this approach to illustrate how people may progress from knowing to caring, to loving, and to doing. The same head, heart & hands approach has also been applied in other fields, including research on engagement [ 34 ], and is consistent with the three dimensions of attitudes identified in social psychological research [ 35 ]. In parallel to this threefold conceptualisation of TWA, we propose an additional more practical classification that is based on substantive characteristics of drinking water: water quality, water quantity and water system.

From a substantive point of view, two rather separated strands can be distinguished from the literature: awareness about tap water quality and awareness about tap water quantity and consumption. Water quality literature focusses mainly on people’s knowledge or ignorance of water quality [ 23 , 36 , 37 ] and their risk perception [ 38 ]. Studies on awareness related to water quantity, instead, predominantly stem from conservation psychology, where behavioural aspects regarding the efficient use of energy and resources are studied. Here awareness is regarded as an element of conservative behaviour [ 14 , 24 , 39 , 40 ]. A third, yet rather overlooked strand which we consider important in our conceptualisation, relates to awareness of tap water in its broader context: the water system. Do people know where their tap water originates from? To what extent do they understand the interrelatedness of the water cycle? Do they know the name of their water utility? Do they care, and if they care, to what degree is this knowledge translated into a more conscious behaviour? Petrescu [ 14 ] is one of the studies that already appreciated the importance of this water system element, and for that reason included questions on people’s knowledge about, for instance, their water utility and source of tap water. Accordingly, in this study we define TWA as the subjective reflection and practice about tap water in its broader context. Section 4 will further detail this conceptualisation, and introduce the actual operationalisation of TWA in a three-by-three dimensioned assessment framework. This framework is designed to assess individual and (specific) segment TWA profiles. The next section will first elaborate on the methodology that this study applies.

3. Methodology

The development of this study’s TWA assessment framework was primarily dictated by the theoretical considerations as outlined in the Section 2, which will be substantiated and applied in the following sections. This process was strengthened by the outcomes of three semi-structured face-to-face expert interviews (conducted in the summer of 2019) with professionals in the field of drinking water. The interviews were recorded, summarized and shared with the interviewees for review and approval. The interviewees consisted of one head of communications, one senior strategist and one programme manager working on the topic of TWA. The interviewees were informed about the study and had the opportunity to ask questions prior to the interview. Then, informed consent was received orally and formally recorded. Both the theoretical study and the expert interview analysis were used to define and to elaborate the conceptual categories (i.e., head, heart and hands) and substantive categories (i.e., water quality, water quantity and water system), as well as to formulate and specify survey questions, i.e. the operational questions of our TWA framework. Furthermore, three additional content experts (including one head communications, and two customer managers based at three different Dutch water utilities) generated items for inclusion in the questionnaire. In the final draft stage, the same experts modified and refined some questions, and helped to further improve the flow of the questionnaire and refine the weighing system. The questionnaire was pre-tested during seven individual interviews with a varied group customers of mixed gender, age and educational level (including one non-native speaker) to evaluate the clarity of each question and to assess the questionnaire’s comprehensiveness [ 41 ]. Based on their advice and suggestions, the questionnaire was revised to its final form.

The final instrument was an online-survey questionnaire consisting of 33 questions. The first section of the questionnaire asked for sociodemographic information including gender, age, residence, annual household income, and highest level of education attained. In order to elicit the respondents’ subjective views on drinking water, we built on the work Brouwer et al. [ 25 ] who in their modern segmentation approach distinguished four different customer perspectives on drinking water, summarized in Table 1 . Accordingly, in order to determine to which perspective the respondents feel most connected to, we used their matrix question consisting of four sets of propositions, numbered A to D, and asked respondents which set of propositions best represented their individual perceptions.

Perspective	Description
	Customers characterised by a focus on personal preferences and needs, especially regarding their own health and tap water quality
	Customers characterized by pro-environmental values and collective sustainability ideals
	Customers characterized by great sense of solidarity with less-favoured households, low-income countries, and future generations
	Customers characterized by a great confidence in the responsibility of drinking water utilities, along with the desire not to be bothered about drinking water

The second section of the questionnaire contained a mix of head (cognitive), heart (affective), and hands (behavioural) statements and questions on tap water quality, quantity and system issues, i.e. the operational questions of our TWA framework as listed in Table 3. The questionnaire contained mostly close-ended questions with limited response choices, such as nominal (yes/no) questions, multiple choice questions with four to five answers, or questions with ordinal responses (strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, neutral, somewhat agree or strongly agree). All survey questions were compulsory, with exception of the sociodemographic questions and, as to avoid incorrect answers, the question about the volume record on the respondents’ latest water bill.

To calculate the awareness profiles, the questionnaire was accompanied with an elaborate weighing system, further detailed in S1 Appendix , which we based on expert judgment and logical reasoning. For each of the three dimensions—head (cognitive), heart (affective) or hands (behavioural)–an equal sum of maximum of 36 points could be scored, whereby questions were awarded with between 2 and 8 points. Accordingly, one could score maximal 108 awareness points. The number of points per question was divided in such a way that the maximum score for all three components—water quality, water quantity, and water system—is also 36 points. No scores were assigned to the questions regarding sociodemographic information and the perspective matrix. The results of this study’s analysis are consistently reported as the percentages of point scored compared to the maximum score overall or the maximum score in each group.

A representative sample for the Netherlands was recruited through the panel of CasaGrande (CG) Research, an experienced market research agency, who also organized and coordinated the data collection. The survey was conducted in October 2019. The timing of the survey was aligned with the Dutch drinking water utilities. To avoid bias, a period of time was chosen when there were no foreseen major press releases on tap water issues or awareness raising campaigns. As part of the scoping process, CG Research implemented age, gender, educational, and regional quotas based on Dutch population census data. A priori, a minimum sample size of 1000 was specified. Only participants of age 15 years or older were selected, and respondents received a small monetary reward to participate. CG Research provided us with the final sample of n = 1003 respondents. All data were fully anonymized before access by the researchers. The demographic characteristics of the study sample are presented in Table 2 . The results per question are presented in S2 Appendix .

Variable	%
(n = 1001)
Women	54.4
Men	45.6
(n = 996)
≤17	3.0
18–24	11.7
25–34	16.9
35–44	15.4
45–54	15.7
55–64	19.8
65≥	17.4
(n = 1003)
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and suburbs	17.2
Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe	8.7
North-Brabant, Limburg and Zeeland	24.1
North-Holland, South-Holland and Utrecht	26.2
Overijssel, Gelderland and Flevoland	23.7
(n = 1000)
Low (primary school; lower secondary professional education; lower general secondary education)	23.9
Medium (intermediate vocational education; higher general secondary education; pre-university education)	39.2
High (bachelor, master, PhD)	36.9
(n = 999)
Quality & health concerned	12.6
Aware & committed	32.7
Egalitarian & solidary	28.3
Down to earth & confident	26.4

1 The lower n for some categories reflects the fact that respondents were permitted to skip the sociodemographic question.

Based on the scoring methodology shown in Table 3 , a score was assigned to each respondents’ answer. Next, the fraction of the maximum score was calculated and expressed as a percentage. For example, a 50% total awareness implies that a respondent has achieved half of the maximum attainable score. In this way, respondent’s scores could be clustered to scores of individual questions, components and dimensions. The total sample and each category (i.e., gender, age, education and customer perspectives) was repetitively tested for each question for normality (using the independent samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). In addition, Levene’s test was conducted to test for the assumption of the homogeneity of variance. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has not resulted in significant differences from normality. Levene’s test null hypothesis of homogeneity of variances was also not violated. Two-tailed ANOVA tests with planned contrasts have been conducted to test the null hypothesis that all groups are equal. An individual sub-group is consistently compared with the total of other sub-groups. For instance, the scores within the age category ≤17 years were compared with all other age categories. In addition, effect size (r) was calculated and interpreted according to Cohen [ 42 ] with r = 0.01 as very small effect (vs), r = 0.10 as small effect (s), r = 0.30 as medium effect (m), and with r = 0.50 as large effect (l) [ 43 , 44 ]. Finally, the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was performed for each null-hypothesis (i.e., each component and dimension) to decrease the false discovery rate. Hence, the statistical analysis enables an exploration of which categories have significantly higher or lower scores in total, with respect to dimensions and components.

Operational questions	Weighing (in points)
	2	10
, ?	4
?	4
?	4	8
, , ?	4	8
? , ,	2	18
?	4
?	4
?	4
, ?	4
?	8	16
,	4
?	4
	4	12
	4
?	4
	4	8
, ,	4	8
, ? . .	4	10
?	6	10
?	4	16
?	4
?	8
, ?	6	10
, , , ?	4	10

(*) This question included the following explanation: Anthropogenic substances end up in the environment through societal activities , and include substances originating from industry , agriculture , and households , such as pesticides , cleaning products , medicines and cosmetics .

The framework constitutes of the dimensions cognition (head), attitude (heart), and behaviour (hands) and the substantive elements water quality, quantity and system. The nine combined components deriving from these dimensions and substantive elements are operationalised into survey questions.

4.1 Tap water awareness assessment framework

As explained, this study’s conceptualisation of TWA distinguishes between cognitive awareness (head), affectional awareness (heart), and behavioural awareness (hands), and the elements water quality, quantity and system. Table 3 shows the resulting framework consisting of nine components, ranging from (I) ‘water quality comprehension’, relating to cognition and water quality, (V) ‘caring for water’, relating to affection and water quantity, to (IX) ‘tap water source protection’, relating to behaviour and water system. All nine components, as well as their operationalisation into research questions, are derived from an in-depth literature review as described below.

4.1.1 Cognition (Head)

Cognitive TWA refers to knowledge, inquiry and understanding. Accordingly, it relates to the components (I) water quality comprehension, (II) water consumption knowledge, and (III) water system understanding. The leading assumption related to the cognitive dimension is that the more people know about tap water, be it in terms of quality, quantity, and/or system, the higher their awareness.

Our framework contains three questions to assess peoples’ water quality comprehension (component I). Building on the work of Gholson et al. [ 23 ] and Wang et al. [ 13 ], one question asks about the presence of anthropogenic substances in drinking water. Unlike, for instance the work of Gholson et al. [ 23 ] who in their study on consumer evaluations of public and private wells in Texas (United States), ask respondents which of a list of pollutants they knew (or suspected) to be threatening the water quality, it concerns a more general question based on the work of Brouwer et al. [ 38 ], with the answer categories of “none”, “a small quantity”, or a “large quantity” (see Table 3 ). Furthermore, the survey contains one cognitive question about the purification procedure and the use of chlorine. The latter question is especially relevant in the Netherlands where, in contrast to most other countries, tap water is distributed without disinfectant residuals [ 45 ]. One last question related to the water quality comprehension of customers is, among others, based on the work of Doria [ 27 ] and is about quality requirements of tap water versus bottled water.

Water consumption knowledge (component II) is assessed by incorporating questions addressing both societal water use and the use of specific household appliances. Although the relation between water consumption knowledge, environmental issues, attitudes and behaviour is not always causal [ 46 ], Koop et al. [ 47 ] observe that having a solid knowledge base on individual and societal water consumption is generally considered to have a positive effect on conservation. At the same time, they identified an overall contradictory pattern of well-educated people stating to be more committed to water conservation compared to less formally schooled people, whilst consuming more water (i.e., the knowledge-behaviour gap). By assessing cognition, attitude and behaviour, our assessment framework helps to further elucidate this relationship. Building on the work of Willis et al. [ 24 ], our framework includes one question about the water use of a conventional shower head, and one question about the societal average daily water consumption.

In addition to assessing customers’ knowledge on water quality and water consumption issues, the framework also includes a number of questions about water system understanding (component III). Knowledge on the water supply system was also an integral aspect of the study of Petrescu [ 14 ], who studied environmentally-oriented behaviour in Romania. Building on this study, our framework assesses how well-informed people are about their drinking water utility’s name and responsibilities. Other aspects linked to water system understanding are incorporated in our framework through a knowledge question on the price and origin of tap water.

4.1.2. Affection (Heart)

In the framework of Sipos et al. [ 32 ], heart refers to the enablement of the affective domain in forming values and attitudes, and also in our framework affective TWA relates to emotions, attitudes, interests, and feelings of belonging. Notwithstanding that tap water may not be well-known to elicit a variety of affective responses, we consider affection an integral element of TWA. Indeed, it is claimed that affection and emotions determine what we pay attention to, what we value, and, connected with the third element of our framework, how we behave [ 31 ]. Whereas the cognition (head) dimension relates to the question how much people know about tap water, the affective (heart) dimension is about how much people actually care about water. Accordingly, affective TWA relates to the components (IV) water quality perception, (V) caring for water consumption, and (VI) sense of responsibility. The leading associated assumption is that the less people take tap water for granted, the higher their TWA.

To assess peoples’ affection for tap water quality, our framework in the first place asks for the perceived quality of water (component IV), and accordingly determines the possible gap between actual and perceived water quality, i.e. to the extent to which the public believes that water is safe and of good quality [ 48 ]. Whereas experts approach risks with logic, reason, and scientific analysis, the general public relies more on heuristics, feelings, and quick, instinctive and intuitive responses to risk [ 38 , 49 , 50 ]. Accordingly, it is of no surprise that most people evaluate water quality differently than experts [ 51 ]. Nonetheless it is argued that it is of paramount importance not to disregard these public perceptions; ignoring them may result in public dissatisfaction or even undermine public confidence [ 22 , 52 ]. Research suggests that the perceived quality and safety of water is dependent on a combination of several interrelated variables, including: (I) the organoleptic qualities of water, i.e. the characteristics of water that affect our senses of taste, smell and sight; (II) personal experiences, including personal memories of (health) problems; and (III) information from third parties, including media [ 22 , 53 ]. In addition, (IV) research indicates that the level of trust in water utilities and regulatory authorities can have a significant impact on public trust in the quality and safety of drinking water [ 22 , 38 , 53 – 55 ]. Along with the perceived quality of water, our framework contains two questions related to the extent that people take access to clean drinking water for granted. Research suggests that access to clean drinking water is taken for granted in most high-income nations [ 56 ]. In the same vein, Hegger et al. [ 57 ] argue that tap water is considered a low-interest product. Building on this line of research, our framework assesses how frequently people ponder on the quality of their tap water, as well as to what extent they take the availability of clean tap water for granted.

Questions addressing the extent that people take drinking water for granted are also incorporated in caring for water (component V), in this case with respect to water quantity. More specifically, our framework includes a question to what extent people take it for granted that their tap provides safe potable water 24 hours a day. In addition, our framework assesses the degree to which people care and are aware about their water consumption. To this end, one question is included on how often people think about how much water they consume. Finally, caring for water is assessed by looking at their so-called intentional conservation behaviour. In the literature, knowledge and attitudes are frequently causally linked to behaviour. A leading theory in this respect is the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), which postulates behaviour attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control as major factors affecting behavioural intentions [ 58 ]. Given that this behavioural intention is regarded as a direct antecedent for the actual behaviour, from a TPB perspective, behavioural intention would be an important predictor of actual water saving behaviour.

In addition to assessing peoples’ perceived quality of water and caring for water, the framework also includes two tap water system questions under the denominator of sense of responsibility (component VI). This sensed responsibility may be conveyed into responsible action of consumers themselves to act in a water conserving or non-polluting way, as normative pressures are found to appeal pro-social behaviours [ 47 , 59 ]. Our framework assesses whether people reflect on the origin of their water [ 23 ], and the degree to which they feel a personal responsibility to contribute to the protection of their drinking water sources. The underlying assumption related to sense of responsibility is that the more people feel associated and personally responsible, the higher their awareness is.

4.1.3. Behaviour (Hands)

Besides determining the knowledge of and attitudes towards tap water quantity, quality and system issues, the framework also considers consumer behaviour as pivotal. Behavioural components of TWA relate to people’s action in practice, and pertain to behaviour and practices, consumption patterns as a part of daily life. Accordingly, it relates to the components (VII) quality-driven behaviour, (VIII) curtailment & efficiency behaviour, and (IX) tap water source protection. The explicit consideration of actual behaviour in our framework is in line with the most recent insights from the behavioural science literature. It is increasingly recognised that behavioural intention may not be the primary determinant of behaviour, but just one of the many factors [ 60 , 61 ]. Accordingly, Kahneman [ 61 ] posits that two distinct cognitive systems (System 1 and System 2) are invoked during human decision-making: system 1, which is automatic, energy efficient, quick, and based on intuition, emotions and rules of thumb; and system 2, which is reflective, energy consuming, slow, intentional and based on ratio.

Our framework contains two questions to assess peoples’ quality-driven behaviour (component VII). One question relates to the active search for water quality information, with the underlying assumption that the more active people are in this respect, the smaller the gap between the actual risks and the risks they perceive. The lower this risk-perception gap, the higher their awareness. Building upon the work of Wang et al. [ 13 ], the second question asks about the consumption of bottled non-sparkling water at home. Bottled water is not only more expensive and less convenient, but more importantly, particularly troubling from an environmental perspective [ 62 , 63 ]. Studies exploring the beliefs and motives that lead people to purchase bottled water suggest that a combination of factors, including lifestyle, trust in water utilities, and perceived alternatives, are all correlated with bottled water consumption, whereby organoleptics and concerns about health and water quality are particularly salient [ 27 , 50 , 62 ]. This study’s associated underlying assumption is clear: the higher one’s consumption of non-sparkling bottled water, the lower their TWA.

Curtailment & efficiency behaviour (component VIII) is in the first place assessed by incorporating a question about a daily water-use pattern: tooth brushing. The question asks whether people close the tap during this activity. Previous study indicates that the annual wasted amount of water during tooth brushing may be relatively low in litres [ 64 ], but at the same time it is a common habit [ 40 ]. For instance, Ahmed [ 65 ] reports about a survey conducted in Britain showing that 72% of age group of 18–24 admits for water wastage while brushing teeth daily. In addition to this water-use pattern, and building on the work of Russell and Fielding [ 39 ], our framework refers to in-house water-saving appliances, and asks what types of appliances the respondent has installed at home, including a water-saving shower head and a high-efficiency washing machine. As to avoid a false distinction between tenants and buyers, we have opted for appliances that can be installed without major modifications or investments. Also, we have only included installations that do not apply for a specific type of housing. As such we have not included installations such as rainwater harvesting in gardens. Finally, the framework asks respondents to report the volume record on their latest water bill, as was also done by Willis et al. [ 24 ] and Fan et al. [ 66 ]. The associated underlying assumption is clear: a higher efficient and water-saving behaviour equals a higher TWA.

The last component of our TWA framework looks at behaviour from a water system perspective, and specifically focusses on tap water source protection (component IX), with the underlying assumption that the more people act protective and responsible, the more aware they are. To assess the extent to which people behave and act according to a consequence awareness in relation to water sources, the framework asks about disposal behaviour in relation to old medicines and products such brush softener or old weed killer, which are known to endanger the sources of drinking water [ 67 ]. The underlying reasoning resonates with some key elements of the Value-Belief-Norm model, which assumes that individual norms are key for adopting (altruistic) behaviour [ 68 ].

4.2 Tap water awareness in the Netherlands

As shown in Table 4 , the results of this study show that the average Dutch citizen has a TWA score of 53.5%, meaning that, on average, people reached 53.5 points of the maximum total awareness points within the systematics of our framework. Especially people’s cognitive TWA, relating to one’s (I) water quality comprehension, (II) water consumption knowledge, and (III) water system understanding reveals, with an average score of 44.9%, ample room for improvement. For instance, about one third (30%) of all people lack basic familiarity with the name of their water utility, and a larger part (70.6%) does not know that the quality requirements for tap water are substantially more strict than for bottled water in the Netherlands. Slightly better are the scores for both affective (56.9%) and behavioural (60.3%) TWA, respectively relating to (IV) one’s water quality perception, (V) caring for water consumption, (VI) sense of responsibility, and people’s action in practice (components VII, VIII & IX). At this point it should be noted that relatively few respondents filled out the only non-compulsory question in our framework about their volume record on their latest water bill. In addition, a large share of the answers provided to this question were considered improbably high or low (above 400 or below 60 litres per household), so that from a reliability point of view they had to be disregarded. Given that after this correction only 33.0% of the respondents provided a reliable answer to the question of water use, this questions was disregarded in the analysis of Dutch water customers. Consequently, in the TWA assessment presented in this study, both the maximum number of points for the behavioural dimension and the water quantity component was lowered with 8 points. In consequence, the maximum score of awareness points was lowered from 108 to 100.

Dimension	Total score	Gender n = 1001	Age (n = 996)							Education (n = 1000)			Perspective (n = 999)
Dimension	Total score	Gender n = 1001	≤17	18–24	25–34	35–44	45–54	55–64	65≥	Low	Medium	High	Quality & health concerned	Aware & committed	Egalitarian & solidary	Down to earth & confident
	53.5	♀57.7 ♂48.6 = 8.76 (s)	53.1	52.5	51.7	52.6	55.6	53.9	52.0 = -2.52 (vs)	52.0 = -3.72 (s)	53.1	55.1 = 2.68 (vs)	52.2	56.9 = 6.85 (s)	53.7	50.0 = -5.71 (s)
	44.9	♀48.3 ♂41.0	41.0	46.3	42.7	43.0	45.5	45.1	47.9	40.8 = -5.72 (s)	44.1	48.4 = 4.69 (s)	41.0 = -2.90 (vs)	46.9 = 3.12 (s)	43.2	46.2
	56.9	♀59.8 ♂53.6 = 9.50 (s)	60.1	59.3	55.5	55.1	60.3	58.0	55.4	55.6	56.3	58.4 = 2.50 (vs)	58.9	62.0 = 7.54 (s)	58.4	48.1 = -11.96 (m)
	60.3	♀67.2 ♂52.0	59.6	55.5	58.4	61.7	62.5	60.1	62.5	61.7	60.3	59.3	58.0	63.0 = 3.48 (s)	61.1	57.1

Significance:

* = p < .05;

** = p < .01;

*** = p < .001.

Depicted are percentages of maximum number of points.

As the differences between men and women in Table 4 shows, the latter have a substantial and significantly higher tap water consciousness ( p < .001), a difference that primarily relates to the affectional dimension ( p < .05). As expected, significant differences were also found in the educational background of respondents. Respondents with a low education show a significantly lower overall TWA ( p < .05). This lower awareness score, however, can solely be explained by a significant lower cognitive tap water consciousness ( p < .001), and does not relate to the affective nor to the behaviour dimension. By contrast, citizens with a high education show a significantly higher overall TWA. This difference relates most strongly to a significantly higher cognitive TWA ( p < .001) and to a lesser extent to a significantly higher affectional TWA. Strikingly, the differences between the different age groups are negligible. Additional TWA scores for demographic variables are presented in S3 Appendix .

From a modern segmentation perspective, and an analysis on the possible differences on the basis of the four earlier introduced customer perspectives on drinking water as presented in Table 1 , we find that the respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective show a significantly higher overall TWA ( p < .001). On the contrary, respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective show a significantly lower overall tap water consciousness ( p < .001). Indeed, and in support of the work of Brouwer et al. [ 25 ], this study shows that respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective highly value sustainable behaviour, including, for instance, water-saving efforts, whereas respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective are characterized by great confidence in the responsibility of drinking water utilities, along with the desire not to be bothered about drinking water. When zooming in further on the results depicted in Table 4 , it can be observed that not only the total awareness scores reach this significance, but also all three separate awareness dimensions. Indeed, respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective show a significantly higher cognitive ( p < .05), affective ( p < .001), and behavioural awareness ( p < .01). By contrast, respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective only show a highly significantly lower affectional awareness ( t = -11.961, p < .001). Interestingly, respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective do not show a lower cognitive TWA. On the contrary, although respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective show the highest score, respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective show a slightly higher cognitive tap water consciousness. This is a telling result, for it suggests that respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective show a relative low behavioural TWA. Not because they have less water knowledge, inquiry or understanding than respondents with the other perspectives, but simply because they care less. A partly opposite result can be seen in respondents with the ’quality & health concerned’ perspective, characterised by their focus on personal preferences and needs, especially regarding their own health. These customers show a lower cognitive tap water consciousness. However, at the same time they show a higher affectional tap water consciousness.

Table 5 depicts the scores of Dutch drinking water customers for the nine different awareness components of our three-by-three dimensioned TWA assessment framework, organised around the principles head (cognition), heart (affection), and hands (behaviour), and the substantive themes water quality, water quantity and system. As explained, the scores along the layout of the dimensions shows that the average scores are highest for behavioural and affective TWA, and relatively low for cognitive TWA. As shown in S3 Appendix , from a thematic point of view, we find that people’s water quality awareness is, with an average score of 48.2%, relatively low, followed by water quantity with an average score of 54.7%. People’s water system awareness, relating to awareness of tap water in its broader context, scores relatively best with an average score of 57.9%.

Dimension	Component	Total score	Gender (n = 1000)	Age (n = 996)
Dimension	Component	Total score	Gender (n = 1000)	≤17	18–24	25–34	35–44	45–54	55–64	65<
		40.7	♀42.9 ♂38.2 = 2.57	32.0	41.9	38.7	42.2	40.0	38.8	44.6
		34.2	♀35.7 ♂32.4 = 2.58	30.0	33.0	30.9	32.4	37.1	35.9	36.9
		52.0	♀56.8 ♂46.3 = 7.76 (s)	50.9	54.7	50.1	48.2	52.2	52.7	54.6
		55.7	♀56.7 ♂54.5 = 2.66 (vs)	57.5	56.5	54.4	54.5	57.0	55.6	55.8
		57.8	♀61.9 ♂52.9 = 6.78 (s)	62.5	55.9	55.6	55.3	63.1	60.9	53.9
		58.2	♀62.8 ♂52.7	61.7	56.7	57.4	56.2	62.9	58.3	56.6 = -2.44 (vs)
		43.8	♀44.4 ♂43.2	46.0	44.3	42.6	42.6	46.2	43.3	44.3
		70.7	♀74.3 ♂66.5 = 6.00 (s)	72.1	66.7	71.2	69.4	71.1	70.9	73.4
		68.3	♀84.5 ♂49.2 = 20.16 (l)	63.3	57.7 = -2.87 (vs)	64.1	74.6	72.0	68.3	72.1

Looking at the individual awareness components as detailed in Tables Tables5 5 and and6, 6 , we find a rather wide variation in maximum awareness scores, ranging from 34.2% for component (II) water consumption knowledge to 70.7% for component (VIII) curtailment & efficiency behaviour. Indeed, based on the survey answers on the questions about the water use of a conventional shower head and the societal average daily water consumption, it appears that customers generally have “cognitive gaps” in their understanding of water consumption knowledge. For one illustration, on the open question of estimating the average daily water consumption of one person in the Netherlands, only 5% was able to give the correct answer of 120 litres (with a margin of ten litres). Most citizens, however, estimate this consumption below 50 litres (51%), between 91–110 litres (10%), or between 131–150 litres per day (6%). On the other end, we also find a group of respondents (16%) estimating that this average daily consumption of water is more than 191 litres a day. We found that respondents with a high level of education have a higher tap water consumption knowledge. Water consumption knowledge is the only water awareness component without a significant correlation with one of the four water customer perspectives.

Dimension	Component	Total score	Education (n = 1000)			Perspective (n = 999)
Dimension	Component	Total score	Low	Medium	High	Quality & health concerned	Aware & committed	Egalitarian & solidary	Down to earth & confident
		40.7	37.9	38.5	44.9 = 3.37 (s)	35.8	45.5 = 3.80 (s)	38.9	39.2
		34.2	29.9 = -3.38 (s)	34.5	36.7 = 2.92 (vs)	32.7	35.2	33.3	34.8
		52.0	47.2 = -4.10 (s)	51.5	55.6 = 4.51 (s)	47.6 = -2.63 (vs)	52.9	49.9	55.3 = 3.41 (s)
		55.7	52.4 = -4.62 (s)	55.7	57.7 = 4.43 (s)	53.3	58.9 = 5.74 (s)	55.8	52.6 = -3.76 (s)
		57.8	58.5	57.4	57.6	61.4 = 2.50 (vs)	63.6 = 5.62 (s)	61.8 = 3.67 (s)	44.5 = -12.11 (m)
		58.2	57.8	56.0	60.8	66.1 = 4.19 (s)	65.9 = 5.68 (s)	58.5	44.5 = -10.58 (m)
		43.8	39.4 = -3.33 (s)	43.1	47.6 = 4.01 (s)	41.7	48.0 = 3.71 (s)	41.7	42.0
		70.7	69.9	71.8	70.1	70.6	72.8	72.1 = 2.05 (vs)	66.8
		68.3	77.5 = -5.03 (s)	68.4	62.4 = 4.77 (s)	64.1	70.0	71.9 = 2.25 (vs)	64.5

1 The average curtailment and efficiency behaviour score of respondents with ‘aware & committed’ perspective is higher, though not significant, as compared to respondents with the ‘egalitarian & solidary’ perspective. This can be explained by the difference in STD. With an average of 5.656, the former segment has a STD of 0.35521, whereas the latter segment has a STD of 0.35047.

The component with the highest awareness scores relates to (VIII) curtailment & efficiency behaviour , assessed by asking people about their daily tooth brushing water-use pattern, their water-saving appliances installed in-house and in theory, but as explained above disregarded, the volume record on their latest water bill. The high score can mainly be explained by the tap water use while tooth brushing. 76.4% of the respondents state to always close the tap while brushing their teeth and another 15.8% almost always does so. Moreover, people also stated to have (several) water saving appliances installed in their homes. 54.6% has a water saving showerhead and 59.4% has a water saving washing machine. Women show significant and substantial higher levels of curtailment & efficiency behaviour than men ( p < .001).

A third awareness component worth singling out is component (IV) water quality perception . Not because this component has resulted necessary in deviant scores but because, next to quality perception and the question on the frequency of thinking about the quality of water, it assessed to what extent respondents perceive clean tap water as something that can be taken for granted. A small majority of 50.6% of the respondents ’fully agrees’ and a further 37.4% ’agrees’ with the statement that clean tap water is something obvious. The percentage of respondents that instead do not regard clean tap water as something obvious, but instead for instance as rather special, is very small. Only 4.9% does not agree with the former statement; 0.8% does not agree at all. Overall, we find that again women score higher on water quality perception than men do. Also respondents with a high education have an overall slightly higher water quality perception. Again the differences are bigger when looking at the different customer perspectives. Respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective show a significantly higher water quality perception ( p < .001). On the other end, customers classified according to the ‘down to earth & confident’ ( p < .001) and to a lesser extent also the ‘quality & health concerned’ perspective, have a significantly lower water quality perception. The reason why these two groups score low on this aspect, however, differs per perspective. Respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective score especially low because they overwhelmingly consider it self-evident that clean water runs out of the tap. Respondents with the ‘quality & health concerned’ perspective, on the other hand, score particularly low because they—unjustly—relatively often have the idea that the quality of their tap is uncertain.

Overall it is remarkable that women score higher than men on all components, albeit not always significantly. The individual scores for the head (cognitive), heart (affective), and hands (behavioural) dimension are presented in Tables Tables5 5 and and6. 6 . Fig 1 illustrates these different scores into a TWA profile. The strongest difference between women and men relates to the tap water source protection (IX) scores (84.5% versus 49.2%, t = 20.161, p < .001), in our framework assessed by asking respondents about their medicine and chemical products disposal behaviour.

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Next to the gender difference, the biggest differences relate to the different perspectives. Indeed, respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective have a significantly higher TWA ( p < .001). This finding is reflected in Table 6 , depicting that this segment shows a higher water quality comprehension (I) and water quality perception (IV). Furthermore, the results of this study show that respondents with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective care significantly more for water, and depict a higher caring for water (V) and sense of responsibility (VI) score, and have significantly higher levels of quality-driven behaviour (VII). The segment with relative the lowest TWA are respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective. Table 6 shows that this particularly relates to a lower affectional scores. Indeed, we find that these customers not only have a significantly lower water quality perception (VI), but also care significantly less for water (v), and feel a significantly lower sense of responsibility (for all three, p < .001). As indicated in the above, this result is not related to a lower cognitive score, if only because this very segments shows a significantly higher water system understanding (III; p < .001).

As already noted, a partly opposite result can be seen in respondents with the ’quality & health concerned’ perspective. These customers show a lower water system understanding (III). At the same time, they tend to care more for water (V), and alike have a higher sense of responsibility (VI). The solely affectional component where respondents with the ’quality & health concerned’ perspective show a lower score is tap water quality perception (IV). This finding can, however, be fully explained by the elemental position of the profile itself, in which care for and concern about the quality of water in relation to their health are central [ 25 ]. Finally, we find that respondents with the ‘egalitarian & solidary’ perspective have a significant higher score on two components of the behavioural dimension, i.e. curtailment & efficiency behaviour (VIII) and tap water source protection (IX). In addition, they also show significantly more care for water, but this relates more to the very low score of respondents with the ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective than to a remarkably high score for ‘egalitarian & solidary’ customers.

Looking at the differences between respondents with different educational backgrounds, depicted in Table 6 , especially the behavioural component is noteworthy. Here we find that respondents with a low level education have significantly lower levels of quality-driven behaviour ( p < .01) but substantially higher levels of tap water source protection (IX; p < .001). Interestingly, we find the reversed patterns when looking at respondents with a high education. Indeed, they show significantly higher levels of quality-driven behaviour (VII; p < .001) and significantly lower levels of tap water source protection (IX; p < .001). This contradiction is also observed in other studies [ 47 , 66 ].

5. Discussion and conclusion

This study shows that a complex and multifaceted concept such as TWA, which seems to have become a catch-all term, can be well conceptualised and operationalised into a practicable empirically-based assessment framework. Consistent with the organizing principle of head, heart, and hands, this three-by-three dimensioned assessment framework distinguishes between cognitive, affective and behavioural awareness of tap water. In addition to this threefold conceptualisation, a second distinction was made based on the substantive characteristics of tap water: water quality, water quantity and water system.

5.1 Key observations

In addressing the research aim to conceptualise, operationalise and assess TWA, this study has presented a TWA framework consisting of three dimensions; nine components; and 24 questions, which subsequently has been empirically tested in a large-scale survey in the Netherlands. Overall, this assessment has demonstrated that, as previously observed by the OECD [ 12 ], TWA in the Netherlands shows ample room for improvement. This is especially the case for the cognitive dimension of TWA, relating to one’s water quality comprehension, consumption knowledge, and system understanding. The scores for both affective and behavioural tap water awareness are slightly higher, with the components ’tap water source protection’ and ’curtailment & efficiency behaviour’ as positive outliers.

The tap water assessment analysis becomes even more interesting when we break down the scores for the different dimensions and components to different types of customers. It is striking that women score higher than men on most aspects of TWA, whereas other socio-demographic variables were not or hardly distinctive. The former observation is in coherence with previous studies demonstrating that women consume less tap water as compared to men [ 69 , 70 ] as well as with studies suggesting that, on average, women in the Netherlands make more sustainable behavioural choices [ 71 ]. Segmentation based on the drinking water customer perspectives show, as previously reported by, for instance, Brouwer et al. [ 38 ] and Koop et al. [ 72 ], clear differences all along the line. Customers with the ‘aware & committed’ perspective have significantly higher, and customers holding a ‘down to earth & confident’ perspective significantly lower TWA scores.

The combined insight into the different customer perspectives and the proposed assessment framework may facilitate both the effective implementation and evaluation of future TWA raising campaigns. After all, for policymakers it is important to acknowledge that TWA consists of more than caring for water alone, and that e.g. the tap water knowledge people may have not always aligns with their conservation efforts or quality protecting behaviour. Moreover, it is important to appreciate that techniques that may work well for customers with, for instance, the ’aware & committed’ perspective may generate an entirely different effect on customers holding a ‘quality & health concerned’ perspective.

5.2 Underlying tap water awareness patterns in the Netherlands

Beyond this study’s primary objective, the rich survey results provide ample opportunity to explore underlying patterns and key factors that characterise Dutch TWA. As such, both a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression analysis have been conducted. The PCA has identified two main components explaining 21.2% of the variance (see S4 Appendix ). Component 1 represents a pattern where respondents think relatively often about the quality (question IV.3), origin (question VI.1) and own consumption of drinking water (question V.3), experience tap water services as special (question V.2), have water-saving household devices (question VIII.2), want to save water (question V.1) and dispose leftover medicines, paint and pesticides in an environmentally friendly manner (question IX.1 and IX.2). This coherence in the affection and behaviour related to the substantive elements water quantity and system suggest ‘a level of personal responsibility to preserve clean and sufficient drinking water’. Interestingly, the perception and behaviour of water quantity and systemic responsibilities seem therefore intertwined irrespective of people’s knowledge about the topic. Component 2 consisting of knowledgeability of the responsibilities of drinking water utilities (high score question III.3), perception that drinking water is safe (high score question IV.1), and low consumption of bottled water (high score question IV.2) may represent ‘a trust in water services’. Plotting these two key components shows a clear distinction between head, heart and hands dimensions ( Fig 2 ).

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Overall we can observe that the level of personal responsibility for preserving clean and sufficient drinking water is positively related to heart and to a lesser extent with hands. Interestingly, the level of knowledge is only positively related with the trust in water services. The more people know about drinking water, the higher their trust in these services. However, knowledge has no positive or negative impact on the level of personal responsibility people experience to preserve clean and sufficient drinking water. From this observation, it may be reasoned that campaigns that only focus on enhancing people’s knowledge may improve people’s trust in water services, but generate little or no impact on the level of personal responsibility to help preserve this service by for instance reducing their water use or by more environmentally-considered disposal of their leftover medicines, paint or pesticides.

A multiple regression analysis was applied with the aim of exploring which questions are most predictive for the overall score. As a result, the following questions turned out to be the most predictive for the overall TWA score: questions on (i) the disposal of leftover medicines (question IX.1); (ii) the consumption of bottled water (question VII.2); (iii) the knowledge that there is no chlorinate in the Dutch drinking water (question I.2); (iv) the knowledge that quality requirements are more stringent for tap water than for bottled water (question I.3), and (v) the knowledge on the origin of tap water (question III.1). A key observation of these most predictive questions is that the quality requirements and measures taken to produce drinking water are relatively unknown, also in relation to bottled water (low scores on questions I.3, I.2), whilst the related behaviour of drinking bottled water at home still occurs regularly (question VII.2). This misconception on bottled water seems to be particularly telling in understanding someone’s tap water awareness. Further details of the multiple regression analysis are provided in S4 Appendix .

5.3 Avenues for future research

Future research is needed to determine which strategies can best be used to increase the TWA of different types of customers. These strategies may combine several TWA dimensions. For example, the roll-out of digital water meters in combination with frequent user feedback in terms of both litres and costs may appeal to both the cognitive and the behavioural dimension [ 72 , 73 ]. For both the affective and cognitive TWA dimension, the implementation of citizen science projects in the field of tap water could cause customers to experience that the self-evidence of constant clean tap water may, in fact, be rather special [ 74 ]. Finally, the use of smart behavioural techniques such as the use of emotional shortcuts and nudging [ 47 ] may form promising strategies, appealing both the affective and behavioural dimension of awareness. In addition, it is interesting to work towards a comparable—and eventually integrated assessment framework—for also surface and groundwater. Additional challenges that need to be addressed in the future relate to the fact that the current study and the framework is not without limitations. First, while the gap between intentional and actual behaviour is acknowledged, the present study builds on self-reported behaviour. Second, relatively many respondents did not report their actual water consumption by checking the volume record on their latest water bill, impeding an analysis of actual consumption patterns in relation behavioural intentions, i.e. the so-called “intention-behaviour gap” [ 24 , 75 ]. Third, the context in which this research was conducted—that is, a small and wealthy country marked by its high quality of tap water and publicly owned utilities—might have influenced our results. After all, Koop et al. [ 76 ] suggest that local contextual factors, such as the different risks, probabilities and impacts, past experiences, existing institutions and policies may considerably impact people’s water awareness. Future studies could constructively build on the current research by (a) assessing actual behaviour, (b) with consent of respondents, coupling survey results to actual user data provided by utilities, and (c) applying the assessment framework in other contexts and cultures.

Supporting information

S1 appendix, s2 appendix, s3 appendix, s4 appendix, acknowledgments.

The authors would like to thank all interviewees and survey respondents for sharing their views and Kees van Leeuwen for reviewing the first draft of this manuscript and suggesting several improvements. In addition, we would like to thank Roelinda Vording, Rogier Schipdam, and Danny Mulder for their advice during the study.

Funding Statement

This paper was based on research financed by the joint research programme that KWR carries out for the Dutch drinking water companies and De Watergroep, Flanders.

Data Availability

English Compositions

Short Essay on Water [100, 200, 400 Words] With PDF

In this lesson today, I will discuss how exactly you can write short essays on the important topic ‘Water.’ There will be three sets of essays in this following session, each within different word limits.

Short Essay on Water in 100 Words

Every living being on the earth needs some basic things for its survival. It includes food, water, shelter, and money as well for humans. Water is by far the principal need of living beings. About two-third part of the earth is covered with water.

Water is available in several forms on earth. Some amount is frozen in glaciers, while the larger amount of water is salty. Fresh water on earth is very little. We need water for every purpose. Drinking, cooking, bathing, washing are the basic needs, while water is also used by bigger industries to run their machines. Water is an important source of electricity. So, being the most valuable resource water must never be wasted.

Short Essay on Water in 200 Words

Water is the most significant resource among everything that humans and animals can receive. Water helps a living being to live for longer days, even when food is scarce. It is one of the most beautiful gifts of nature. Water has enormous benefits and is the life of the earth. Its medicinal properties cure several ailments in our bodies. Without it, we cannot imagine living a second on earth. The world will be a huge desert if the water on earth is destroyed.

Our earth is unique in its creation. About two-third part of it is covered with water, while the rest of it is land. If we take a deeper study, then a major part of the water is either frozen as glaciers or is present in the oceans as saltwater. The reserve of fresh water on earth is a limited amount. It can exhaust at any moment. Hence we must spend water wisely. We need water for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and utensils, cooking, cultivating, etc.

Big industries require lots of water to run their machines. Today due to the scarcity of coal, hydroelectricity is the new way of generating electrical power. This process requires huge amounts of water. In several ways, water is our saviour. It is the beauty of nature as a wonderful waterfall or a stream, and also the help to a thirsty person.

Short Essay on Water in 400 Words

Water is the basic strength behind all life forces on earth. It is the necessity of every life and is the biggest shelter for us to survive. If there is no water suddenly on earth, then it will only be a lifeless planet filled with dust and stone.

The green earth will become a long stretch of a desert without this component. Water forms about two-thirds of the earth, while only one-third is given for the land. Yet how much greater the amount of water on earth be, the availability of fresh water on earth is the minimum.

A large amount of water is left unused. It is either frozen as glaciers or is present as salty ocean water. This water cannot be applied for regular usage. So we must understand the wise utilization of water. It is a scanty but most important resource. So only its proper utilization can make it sufficient.

Water is the source of all activities in our lives. From the olden days, human beings have always tried to live near water bodies. Because those places are fertile for cultivation. A vast desert-like Egypt also survives because of the river Nile. The Ganges in India is not only a water body but one of the most sacred rivers in the world. The most important use of water is in agriculture.

Every plant needs it to grow. If crops do not receive adequate water, then they will be stunted. We use water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing. A living body needs lots of water intake. Insufficient water intake can result in lots of ailments. Water is beneficial for this medical property. Besides these, all industries need water for producing electricity and running the turbines. Water is the potential of civilization. A civilization operates because of the availability of water

But at present, we are observing the pollution of water bodies. It is dangerous for all living beings to survive if all water sources are contaminated. Polluted water is a threat to the earth. Households, industries, insufficient cleanliness, lack of awareness, all are enough to increase pollution in several degrees. With increased consumption of water, it is being equally polluted. Thus many aquatic plants and animals, humans, other land animals are regularly dying after intaking the dirty water.

This is harming our ecosystem. So we must preserve freshwater. It is important and is available in little amount. Clean water can exhaust at any moment. It is our duty even to preserve the rainwater and use it. Every drop of water means life. A correct utility of it is the best way.

So, that was all about writing short essays on Water. In this session above, I have adopted a simplistic approach to writing all these essays for a better understanding of all kinds of students. You can let me know your queries by commenting down below. If you want to read more such lessons on various important topics regarding English composition, keep browsing our website. Thank you.

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US government report says fluoride at twice the recommended limit is linked to lower IQ in kids

FILE - Water flows from a water fountain in Concord, N.H., on Friday, Jan. 7, 2011. (AP Photo/Jim Cole, File)

FILE - A child rinses a toothbrush in San Francisco on June 18, 2019. (Gabrielle Lurie/San Francisco Chronicle via AP, File)

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NEW YORK (AP) — A U.S. government report expected to stir debate concluded that fluoride in drinking water at twice the recommended limit is linked with lower IQ in children.

The report, based on an analysis of previously published research, marks the first time a federal agency has determined — “with moderate confidence” — that there is a link between higher levels of fluoride exposure and lower IQ in kids. While the report was not designed to evaluate the health effects of fluoride in drinking water alone, it is a striking acknowledgment of a potential neurological risk from high levels of fluoride.

Fluoride strengthens teeth and reduces cavities by replacing minerals lost during normal wear and tear , according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The addition of low levels of fluoride to drinking water has long been considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the last century.

“I think this (report) is crucial in our understanding” of this risk, said Ashley Malin, a University of Florida researcher who has studied the effect of higher fluoride levels in pregnant women on their children. She called it the most rigorously conducted report of its kind.

The long-awaited report released Wednesday comes from the National Toxicology Program, part of the Department of Health and Human Services. It summarizes a review of studies, conducted in Canada, China, India, Iran, Pakistan, and Mexico, that concludes that drinking water containing more than 1.5 milligrams of fluoride per liter is consistently associated with lower IQs in kids.

The report did not try to quantify exactly how many IQ points might be lost at different levels of fluoride exposure. But some of the studies reviewed in the report suggested IQ was 2 to 5 points lower in children who’d had higher exposures.

Since 2015, federal health officials have recommended a fluoridation level of 0.7 milligrams per liter of water, and for five decades before the recommended upper range was 1.2. The World Health Organization has set a safe limit for fluoride in drinking water of 1.5.

The report said that about 0.6% of the U.S. population — about 1.9 million people — are on water systems with naturally occurring fluoride levels of 1.5 milligrams or higher.

“The findings from this report raise the questions about how these people can be protected and what makes the most sense,” Malin said.

The 324-page report did not reach a conclusion about the risks of lower levels of fluoride, saying more study is needed. It also did not answer what high levels of fluoride might do to adults.

The American Dental Association, which champions water fluoridation, had been critical of earlier versions of the new analysis and Malin’s research. Asked for comment, a spokeswoman late Wednesday afternoon emailed that the organization’s experts were still reviewing the report.

Fluoride is a mineral that exists naturally in water and soil. About 80 years ago, scientists discovered that people whose water supplies naturally had more fluoride also had fewer cavities, triggering a push to get more Americans to use fluoride for better dental health.

In 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan became the first U.S. city to start adding fluoride to tap water. In 1950, federal officials endorsed water fluoridation to prevent tooth decay, and continued to promote it even after fluoride toothpaste brands hit the market several years later. Though fluoride can come from a number of sources, drinking water is the main source for Americans, researchers say.

Officials lowered their recommendation for drinking water fluoride levels in 2015 to address a tooth condition called fluorosis, that can cause splotches on teeth and was becoming more common in U.S. kids.

Separately, the Environmental Protection Agency has maintained a longstanding requirement that water systems cannot have more than 4 milligrams of fluoride per liter. That standard is designed to prevent skeletal fluorosis, a potentially crippling disorder which causes weaker bones, stiffness and pain.

But more and more studies have increasingly pointed to a different problem, suggesting a link between higher levels of fluoride and brain development. Researchers wondered about the impact on developing fetuses and very young children who might ingest water with baby formula. Studies in animals showed fluoride could impact neurochemistry cell function in brain regions responsible for learning, memory, executive function and behavior.

In 2006, the National Research Council, a private nonprofit organization in Washington, D.C., said limited evidence from China pointed to neurological effects in people exposed to high levels of fluoride. It called for more research into the effect of fluoride on intelligence.

After more research continued to raise questions, the National Toxicology Program in 2016 started working on a review of the available studies that could provide guidance on whether new fluoride-limiting measures were needed.

There were earlier drafts but the final document has repeatedly been held up. At one point, a committee of experts said available research did not support an earlier draft’s conclusions.

“Since fluoride is such an important topic to the public and to public health officials, it was imperative that we made every effort to get the science right,” said Rick Woychik, director of the National Toxicology Program, in a statement.

Malin said it makes sense for pregnant women to lower their fluoride intake, not only from water but also from certain types of tea. It might also make sense to have policy discussions about whether to require fluoride-content on beverage labels, she said.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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Divert Great Lakes Water to California?

Water Conservation Essay

500+ words essay on water conservation.

Water makes up 70% of the earth as well as the human body. There are millions of marine species present in today’s world that reside in water. Similarly, humankind also depends on water. All the major industries require water in some form or the other. However, this precious resource is depleting day by day. The majority of the reasons behind it are man-made only. Thus, the need for water conservation is more than ever now. Through this water conservation essay, you will realize how important it is to conserve water and how scarce it has become.

Water Scarcity- A Dangerous Issue

Out of all the water available, only three per cent is freshwater. Therefore, it is essential to use this water wisely and carefully. However, we have been doing the opposite of this till now.

Every day, we keep exploiting water for a variety of purposes. In addition to that, we also keep polluting it day in and day out. The effluents from industries and sewage discharges are dispersed into our water bodies directly.

Moreover, there are little or no facilities left for storing rainwater. Thus, floods have become a common phenomenon. Similarly, there is careless use of fertile soil from riverbeds. It results in flooding as well.

Therefore, you see how humans play a big role in water scarcity. Living in concrete jungles have anyway diminished the green cover. On top of that, we keep on cutting down forests that are a great source of conserving water.

Nowadays, a lot of countries even lack access to clean water. Therefore, water scarcity is a real thing. We must deal with it right away to change the world for our future generations. Water conservation essay will teach you how.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Water Conservation Essay – Conserving Water

Life without water is not possible. We need it for many things including cleaning, cooking, using the washroom, and more. Moreover, we need clean water to lead a healthy life.

We can take many steps to conserve water on a national level as well as an individual level. Firstly, our governments must implement efficient strategies to conserve water. The scientific community must work on advanced agricultural reforms to save water.

Similarly, proper planning of cities and promotion of water conservation through advertisements must be done. On an individual level, we can start by opting for buckets instead of showers or tubs.

Also, we must not use too much electricity. We must start planting more trees and plants. Rainwater harvesting must be made compulsory so we can benefit from the rain as well.

Further, we can also save water by turning off the tap when we brush our teeth or wash our utensils. Use a washing machine when it is fully loaded. Do not waste the water when you wash vegetables or fruit, instead, use it to water plants.

All in all, we must identify water scarcity as a real issue as it is very dangerous. Further, after identifying it, we must make sure to take steps to conserve it. There are many things that we can do on a national level as well as an individual level. So, we must come together now and conserve water.

FAQ of Water Conservation Essay

Question 1: Why has water become scarce?

Answer 1: Water has become scarce due to a lot of reasons most of which are human-made. We exploit water on a daily basis. Industries keep discharging their waste directly into water bodies. Further, sewage keeps polluting the water as well.

Question 2: How can we conserve water?

Answer 2: The government must plan cities properly so our water bodies stay clean. Similarly, water conservation must be promoted through advertisements. On an individual level, we can start by fixing all our leaky taps. Further, we must avoid showers and use buckets instead to save more water.

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The Drinking Water Section located in the DEP headquarters in Tallahassee is responsible for writing rules, developing policy, managing funds, providing training and data management, and managing special initiatives. Enforcement of rules and permitting new construction is handled by six district offices.

In several Florida counties , the department has delegated enforcement and permitting authority to local approved county health departments. Laboratory certification is the responsibility of the Florida Department of Health's laboratory in Jacksonville.

DEP Tallahassee Office

Call us at 850-245-8624
Fax us at 850-245-8356
Write us at 2600 Blair Stone Road, MS 3520, Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400

Contact information for each of the department's six district offices:

Northwest District : 160 West Government Street, Suite 308, Pensacola, FL 32502-5794 - Phone 850-595-8300
Northeast District : 8800 Baymeadows Way West, Suite 100, Jacksonville, FL 32256-7590 - Phone 904-256-1700
Central District : 3319 Maguire Boulevard, Suite 232, Orlando, FL 32803-3767 - Phone 407-897-4100
Southeast District : 3301 Gun Club Road MSC 7210-1, West Palm Beach, FL 33406 - Phone 561-681-6600
South District : 2295 Victoria Avenue, Suite 364, Fort Myers, FL 33901-3875 - Phone 239-344-5600
Southwest District : 13051 N. Telecom Parkway, Temple Terrace, FL 33637-0926 - Phone 813-470-5700

Florida Department of Health's Approved County Health Departments

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection has delegated the Drinking Water Program to county health departments in six Florida counties.

Contact Information for those county health departments: (The following links will open in a new browser window.)

DOH Miami-Dade County : 1725 N.W. 167th St., Miami, FL 33056 - Phone 305-623-3500
DOH Hillsborough County : 1105 E. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL 33602 - Phone 813-307-8059
DOH Sarasota County : 1001 Sarasota Center Blvd., Sarasota, FL 34240 - Phone 941-861-6133
DOH Palm Beach County : 800 Clematis St., West Palm Beach, FL 33402 - Phone 561-837-5900
DOH Polk County : 2090 E. Clower St., Bartow, FL 33830 - Phone 863-519-8330
DOH Volusia County : 717 W. Canal St., New Smyrna Beach, FL 32168 - Phone 386-822-6250, ext. 5436

Interested in subscribing to DEP newsletters or receiving DEP updates through email?

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection is the state’s lead agency for environmental management and stewardship – protecting our air, water and land. The vision of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection is to create strong community partnerships, safeguard Florida’s natural resources and enhance its ecosystems.

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The Drinking Water Section located in the DEP headquarters in Tallahassee is responsible for writing rules, developing policy, managing funds, providing training and data management, and managing special initiatives. Enforcement of rules and permitting new construction is handled by six district offices.In several Florida counties, the department has delegated enforcement and

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