screw gauge experiment table

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Screw gauge experiment to measure diameter of wire

Use of screw gauge to

(a) measure diameter of a given wire,
(b) measure thickness of a given sheet; and
(c) determine volume of an irregular lamina.

Apparatus and material required

Wire, metallic sheet, irregular lamina, millimetre graph paper, pencil and screw gauge.

Description of Apparatus

With Vernier Callipers. you are usually able to measure length accurately up to 0.1 mm. More accurate measurement of length, up to 0.01 mm or 0.005 mm, may be made by using a screw gauge. As such a Screw Gauge is an instrument of higher precision than a Vernier Callipers. You might have observed an ordinary screw [Fig E2.1 (a)]. There are threads on a screw. The separation between any two consecutive threads is the same. The screw can be moved backward or forward in its nut by rotating it anticlockwise or clockwise [Fig E2.1(b)]

The distance advanced by the screw when it makes its one complete rotation is the separation between two consecutive threads. This distance is called the Pitch of the screw. Fig. E 2.1(a) shows the pitch (p) of the screw. It is usually 1 mm or 0.5 mm. Fig. E 2.2 shows a screw gauge. It has a screw 'S' which advances forward or backward as one rotates the head C through rachet R. There is a linear scale 'LS' attached to limb D of the U frame. The smallest division on the linear scale is 1 mm (in one type of screw gauge). There is a circular scale CS on the head, which can be rotated. There are 100 divisions on the circular scale. When the end B of the screw touches the surface A of the stud ST, the zero marks on the main scale and the circular scale should coincide with each other.

When the end of the screw and the surface of the stud are in contact with each other, the linear scale and the circular scale reading should be zero. In case this is not so, the screw gauge is said to have an error called zero error. Fig. E 2.3 shows an enlarged view of a screw gauge with its faces A and B in contact. Here, the zero mark of the LS and the CS are coinciding with each other.

When the reading on the circular scale across the linear scale is more than zero (or positive), the instrument has Positive zero error as shown in Fig. E 2.4 (a). When the reading of the circular scale across the linear scale is less than zero (or negative), the instrument is said to have negative zero error as shown in Fig. E 2.4 (b).

Taking The Linear Scale Reading

The mark on the linear scale which lies close to the left edge of the circular scale is the linear scale reading. For example, the linear scale reading as shown in Fig. E 2.5, is 0.5 cm.

Taking Circular Scale Reading

The division of circular scale which coincides with the main scale line is the reading of circular scale. For example, in the Fig. E 2.5, the circular scale reading is 2.

Total Reading

Total reading

=linear scale reading + circular scale reading x least count

= 0.5 + 2 x 0.001

The linear distance moved by the screw is directly proportional to the rotation given to it. The linear distance moved by the screw when it is rotated by one division of the circular scale, is the least distance that can be measured accurately by the instrument. It is called the least count of the instrument.

pitch Least = count/No. of divisions on circular scale

For example for a screw gauge with a pitch of 1mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale. The least count is

1 mm/100 = 0.01 mm

This is the smallest length one can measure with this screw gauge. In another type of screw gauge, pitch is 0.5 mm and there are 50 divisions on the circular scale. The least count of this screw gauge is 0.5 mm/50 = 0.01 mm. Note that here two rotations of the circular scale make the screw to advance through a distance of 1 mm. Some screw gauge have a least count of 0.001 mm (i.e. 10-6 m) and therefore are called micrometer screw.

(a) Measurement of Diameter of a Given Wire

Take the screw gauge and make sure that the rachet R on the head of the screw functions properly.
Rotate the screw through, say, ten complete rotations and observe the distance through which it has receded. This distance is the reading on the linear scale marked by the edge of the circular scale. Then, find the pitch of the screw, i.e., the distance moved by the screw in one complete rotation. If there are n divisions on the circular scale, then distance moved by the screw when it is rotated through one division on the circular scale is called the least count of the screw gauge, that is,
Least count = pitch/n
Insert the given wire between the screw and the stud of the screw gauge. Move the screw forward by rotating the rachet till the wire is gently gripped between the screw and the stud as shown in Fig. E 2.5. Stop rotating the rachet the moment you hear a click sound.
Take the readings on the linear scale and the circular scale.
From these two readings, obtain the diameter of the wire.
The wire may not have an exactly circular cross-section. Therefore. it is necessary to measure the diameter of the wire for two positions at right angles to each other. For this, first record the reading of diameter d1 [Fig. E 2.6 (a)] and then rotate the wire through 90 0 at the same cross-sectional position. Record the reading for diameter d2 in this position [Fig. E 2.6 (b)].
Take the mean of the different values of diameter so obtained.
Substract zero error, if any, with proper sign to get the corrected value for the diameter of the wire.

Observation and Calculation

The length of the smallest division on the linear scale = ... mm

Distance moved by the screw when it is rotated through x complete rotations, y = ... mm

Pitch of the screw = Y/X = ... mm

Number of divisions on the circular scale n = ...

Least Count (L.C.) of screw guage

= pitch/No. of divisions on the circular scale = ... mm

Zero error with sign (No. of div. x L. C.) = ... mm

Table E 2.1: Measurement of the diameter of the wire

S. No.	Reading along one direction (d )	Reading along perpendicular direction (d )	Measured diameter d = d + d /2
0
Linear scale reading M (mm)/Circular scale reading (n)/Diameter d1 = M + n x L.C. (mm)
Linear scale reading M (mm)/Circular scale reading (n)/Diameter d2 = M + n x L.C. (mm)

Mean diameter = ... mm

Mean corrected value of diameter

= measured diameter - (zero error with sign) = ... mm

The diameter of the given wire as measured by screw gauge is ... m.

Precautions

Rachet arrangement in screw gauge must be utilised to avoid undue pressure on the wire as this may change the diameter.
Move the screw in one direction else the screw may develop "play".
Screw should move freely without friction.
Reading should be taken atleast at four different points along the length of the wire.
View all the reading keeping the eye perpendicular to the scale to avoid error due to parallax.

Sources of Error

The wire may not be of uniform cross-section.
Error due to backlash though can be minimised but cannot be completely eliminated.

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Use of Screw Gauge to Measure Diameter of a Wire

Use of screw gauge to(a) measure diameter of a given wire.

Screw Gauge

A screw gauge, also known as a micrometre screw gauge, is a precision measuring instrument used to accurately measure the dimensions of small objects with high precision. It is commonly used in various fields such as engineering, manufacturing, and scientific research where precise measurements are crucial.

Important terms regarding Screw Gauge:

Main Scale : The main scale is a linear scale on the sleeve of the screw gauge. It measures whole units of the measurement.
Circular Scale (Thimble Scale): The circular scale on the thimble provides fractional measurements. Turning the thimble aligns it with the main scale for accurate readings.
Frame : The primary structure of the screw gauge that holds all components together. Typically designed in a C-shape, it houses both a fixed anvil and a movable spindle.
Thimble : The outer rotating component of the screw gauge, marked with a measurement scale. By turning the thimble, pressure is applied to the object being measured.
Sleeve : The cylindrical section that accommodates the thimble and is attached to the frame. Some sleeves have a linear scale alongside the thimble scale to aid in measurement.
Anvil : The stationary reference surface positioned against the object to be measured. It’s located at the lower end of the frame.
Spindle : The mobile part that advances or retreats as the thimble is rotated. This part makes contact with the object being measured and transfers linear motion via the screw mechanism.
Ratchet : A feature preventing excessive pressure during measurement. This ensures consistency and reproducibility in readings.

FAQs on Using Screw Gauge to Measure the Diameter of a Wire

What is the least count given that the pitch of a screw is 1 mm and there are 100 divisions on the head scale.

Answer : The least count, obtained by dividing the pitch by the number of divisions on the head scale (1/100), equals 0.01 mm.

How to determine the pitch of a screw gauge?

Answer: Pitch = Distance moved by screw/No of rotations

What is the other name of screw gauge?

Answer: Micrometer

How does zero error impact screw gauge measurements?

Answer: The presence of zero error in a screw gauge affects measurements by introducing a fixed deviation, leading to inaccurate results.

What other instrument can be used to measure the diameter of the wire?

Answer: Vernier Calliper

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To Measure Diameter of a Given Wire Using Screw Gauge

November 22, 2016 by Bhagya

Aim To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge.

Apparatus Screw gauge, wire, half-metre scale and magnifying lens.

Find the value of one linear scale division (L.S.D.).
Determine the pitch and the least count of the screw gauge and record it step wise.
Bring the plane face B in contact with plane face A and find the zero error. Do it three times and record them. If there is no zero error, then record zero error nil.
Move the face B away from face A. Place the wire lengthwise over face A and move the face B towards face A using the ratchet head R. Stop when R turns (slips) without moving the screw.
Note the number of divisions of the linear scale visible and uncovered by the edge of the cap. The reading (IV) is called linear scale reading (L.S.R.).
Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over reference line.
Repeat steps 5 and 6 after rotating the wire by 90° for measuring diameter in a perpendicular direction.
Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 and 7 for five different positions separated equally throughout the length of the wire. Record the observations in each set in a tabular form.
Find total reading and apply zero correction in each case.
Take mean of different values of diameter.
Measure the length of the wire by stretching it along a half-metre scale. Keeping one end of wire at a known mark, note the position of other end. Difference in position of the two ends of the wire gives the length of the wire. Do it three times and record them.

Observations

Determination of Least Count of the Screw Gauge . 1 L.S.D. = 1 mm Number of full rotations given to screw = 4 Distance moved by the screw = 4 mm Hence, pitch p = 4 mm/4 = 1 mm Number of divisions on circular scale = 100 Hence, least count, =1 mm/100 = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm.
Zero Error. (i)…….mm,(ii)…… mm, (iii)…….mm. Mean zero error (e) =……..mm Mean zero correction (c) = – e =……mm.

to-measure-diameter-of-a-given-wire-using-screw-gauge-3

Result The volume of the given wire is…………. cm 3 .

Precautions

To avoid undue pressure; the screw should always be rotated by ratchet R and not by cap K.
The screw should move freely without friction.
The zero correction, with proper sign should be noted very carefully and added algebraically.
For same set of observations, the screw should be moved in the same direction to avoid back-lash error of the screw.
At each place, the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions and then the mean of the two be taken.
Readings should be taken at least for five different places equally spaced along the whole length of the wire.
Error due to parallax should be avoided.

Sources of error

The screw may have friction.
The screw gauge may have back-lash error.
Circular scale divisions may not be of equal size.
The wire may not be uniform.

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Physics practicals class xi, objective of the experiment :.

Our objective is to use the screw gauge;

To measure the diameter of the given lead shot.
To measure the diameter of a given wire and find its volume.
To measure the thickness of a given glass plate and find its volume.
To measure the volume of an irregular lamina.

The screw gauge is an instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble.

Parallel to the axis of the thimble, a scale graduated in mm is engraved. This is called pitch scale. A sleeve is attached to the head of the screw.

The head of the screw has a ratchet which avoids undue tightening of the screw. On the thimble there is a circular scale known as head scale which is divided into 50 or 100 equal parts. When the screw is worked, the sleeve moves over the pitch scale.

A stud with a plane end surface called the anvil is fixed on the ‘U’ frame exactly opposite to the tip of the screw. When the tip of the screw is in contact with the anvil, usually, the zero of the head scale coincides with the zero of the pitch scale.

Pitch of the Screw Gauge

The pitch of the screw is the distance moved by the spindle per revolution. To find this, the distance advanced by the head scale over the pitch scale for a definite number of complete rotation of the screw is determined.

The pitch can be represented as;

$«math xmlns=¨https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»Pitch«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»of«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»the«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»screw«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mfrac»«mrow»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»D«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»i«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»s«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»tan«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»c«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»e«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»m«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»o«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»v«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»e«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»d«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»b«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»y«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»s«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»c«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»r«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»e«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»w«/mi»«/mrow»«mrow»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»N«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»o«/mi»«mo».«/mo»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»o«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»f«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»f«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»u«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»l«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»l«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»r«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»o«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»t«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»a«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»t«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»i«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»o«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»n«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»s«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»g«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»i«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»v«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»e«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»n«/mi»«/mrow»«/mfrac»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo»(«/mo»«mn»1«/mn»«mo»)«/mo»«/math»$

Least Count of the Screw Gauge

The Least count (LC) is the distance moved by the tip of the screw, when the screw is turned through 1 division of the head scale.

The least count can be calculated using the formula;

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Zero Error and Zero Correction

To get the correct measurement, the zero error must be taken into account. For this purpose, the screw is rotated forward till the screw just touches the anvil and the edge of cap is on the zero mark of the pitch scale. The Screw gauge is held keeping the pitch scale vertical with its zero down wards.

When this is done, anyone of the following three situations can arise:

The zero mark of the circular scale comes on the reference line. In this case, the zero error and the zero correction, both are nil.
The zero mark of the circular scale remains above the reference line and does not cross it. In this case, the zero error is positive and the zero correction is negative depending on how many divisions it is above the reference line.
The zero mark of the head scale is below the reference line. In this case, the zero error is negative and the zero correction is positive depending on how many divisions it is below the reference line.

To find the diameter of the lead shot

With the lead shot between between the screw and anvil, if the edge of the cap lies ahead of the N th division of the linear scale.

Then, linear scale reading (P.S.R.) = N.

If nth division of circular scale lies over reference line.

Then, circular scale reading (H.S.R.) = n x (L.C.) (L.C. is least count of screw gauge)

Total reading (T.R.) = P.S.R. + corrected H.S.R. = N + (n x L.C.).

If D be the mean diameter of lead shot,

Then, volume of the lead shot,

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To find the diameter and hence to calculate the volume of the wire

Place the wire between the anvil and the screw and note down the PSR and HSR as before.

The diameter of the wire is given by;

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If r is radius of the wire, and l be the mean length of the wire.

Then, volume of the wire,

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To find the thickness of the glass plate

The glass plate is gripped between the tip of the screw and the anvil. The PSR and HSR are noted as before.

The thickness of the glass plate is;

To find the Volume of glass plate (irregular lamina)

Find the thickness, t of irregular lamina as before. Then place the lamina over a graph paper and trace its outline on the graph paper. The area A of the lamina is taken from the graph paper.

The volume of the glass plate is calculated from the equation;

«math xmlns=¨https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»V«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»A«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»x«/mi»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»t«/mi»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo».«/mo»«mo»(«/mo»«mn»6«/mn»«mo»)«/mo»«/math»

Learning Outcomes

The students learns;

Different parts of the screw gauge.
How to use a screw gauge.
How to calculate the least count of screw gauge.
How to calculate the zero error and zero correction of a screw gauge.
How to calculate the volume of a lead shot by measuring its diameter.
How to calculate the volume of a glass plate by measuring its thickness.
How to calculate the volume of a wire by measuring its diameter.

Procedure :

Materials required.

Screw gauge
A sheet of paper
An irregular lamina
A centimetre graph paper
A pointed pencil

Lab Procedure

Determine the pitch and least count of the screw gauge using the equations (1) and (2) respectively..
Bring the anvil and screw in contact with each other and find the zero error. Do it three times and record them. If there is no zero error, then record ‘zero error nil’.
Move the screw away from the anvil and place the lead shot and move the screw towards the anvil using the ratchet head. Stop when the ratchet slips without moving the screw.
Note the number of divisions on the pitch scale that is visible and uncovered by the edge of the cap. The reading N is called the pitch scale reading(PSR)
Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over the reference line.
Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the lead shot by 900 for measuring the diameter in a perpendicular direction. Record the observations in the tabular column.
Find total reading using the equation 3 and apply zero correction in each case.
Take the mean of different values.

Note: Place the other objects like, wire, glass plate etc between the screw and the anvil and follow the above procedure to find the measurement.

Observations

1. determination of least count of the screw gauge.

1 Linear Scale Division, LSD = 1 mm

Number of full rotations given to screw =4

Distance moved by the screw = 4mm

$«math xmlns=¨https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mfrac»«mrow»«mn»4«/mn»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»m«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»m«/mi»«/mrow»«mn»4«/mn»«/mfrac»«/math»$

Number of divisions on circular scale=100

$«math xmlns=¨https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mfrac»«mrow»«mn»1«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»m«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»m«/mi»«/mrow»«mn»100«/mn»«/mfrac»«/math»$

2. Zero Error

(i) zero error = --------------mm

(ii) zero error = ---------------mm

(iii) zero error = ----------------mm

Mean zero error, e= ------------mm

Mean zero correction , c= -e = -------mm

Object Placed	Pitch Scale Reading (N) mm	HeadScale Reading		Total Reading
Object Placed	Pitch Scale Reading (N) mm	No of circular divisions on reference line(n)	Value [n x L.C]mm	Observed D =N+n mm	Corrected D=D + c mm
L ead shot




Wire




Glass Plate



Irregular Lamina

Calculations

Mean Diameter of the lead shot=----------cm

Mean Diameter of the wire=---------cm

Mean length of the wire=----------cm

$«math xmlns=¨https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»V«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»§#960;«/mi»«msup»«mfenced»«mfrac»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»D«/mi»«mn»2«/mn»«/mfrac»«/mfenced»«mn»2«/mn»«/msup»«mo»§nbsp;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»l«/mi»«/math»$

Thickness of the glass plate=--------cm

Thickness of irregular lamina=--------cm

Area, A= -----------------------cm 2

Volume of irregular lamina, V= A x t =------------cm 3

Diameter of the lead shot=----------cm

The volume of the given wire is ---- cm 3

The thickness of given sheet is ------- ---cm

The volume of given lamina is = ....... cm 3

Viva-Voce [Screw Gauge]

Q.1: What is a screw?

Ans. Screw is a simple machine related to inclined plane.

Q.2: What is meant by “gauge”?

Ans. The gauge means device or instrument.

Q.3: Name two main parts of a screw-gauge?

Ans. (a) A nut (b) A bolt or screw

Q.4: What is meant by pitch of a screw?

Ans. Pitch is the distance between two nearest (consecutive or successive) threads along the axis of screw.

Q.5: How is the pitch found?

Ans. By dividing the distance covered by the screw in a known number of rotations by the total number of relations.

Q.6: What is the least count (L.C.) of the screw gauge?

Ans. L.C. of screw gauge = 0.001 cm.

Q.7: How the L.C. of a screw gauge is found?

Ans. By using the relation: L.C. = (Pitch of the screw / No. of circular scale divisions)

Q.8: What is meant by zero error of a screw-gauge?

Ans. The error which arises when the zero of circular scale does not coincide with the zero of the main scale upon joining the two studs.

Q.9: When the zero-error is positive?

Ans. If the zero of the circular scale lies above the reference line, provided that the fixed and movable studs are in contact.

Q .10: What is the degree of accuracy of the screw gauge?

Ans. Degree of accuracy = L.C. or Reading power = 0.001 cm

Q.11: What is mechanical advantage of a screw gauge?

Ans. Like a screw jack mechanical advantage of a screw gauge is 2π r/h; where ‘r’ is the radius of cylinder of the screw and ‘h’ is the pitch.

Q.12: What is meant by range of the screw gauge?

Ans. The maximum length of the main scale.

Q.13: What is formula for area of cross section of wire?

Ans. Area of circle = 2 π r

Q.14: What is back lash error?

Ans. Within a nut there is a little space for the play of screw. Due to continuous use this space increases. Thus when the screw is turned in one direction the stud moves as usual. However, when the screw is rotated in the opposite direction, the stud does not move for a while. This error is called Back lash error. In short “Back lash error is the error introduced on reversing the direction of rotation”.

Q.15: How back lash error is avoided?

Ans. By turning the screw in one direction only.

Q.16: What are “precision instrument”?

Ans. The instrument that can measure up to a fraction of a mm, e.g., vernier caliper, screw gauge and spherometer.

Q.17: What is Pi (π)?

Ans. Ratio between the circumference of a circle to its diameter. π = ( Length of Circumference / diameter )

Q.18: Does the diameter of the screw depend on temperature?

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Measure Diameter of Given Wire Using Screw Gauge

What is a Screw Gauge?

A screw gauge can be described as an object which is used to measure cylindrical and spherical objects. It gives precise measurements but can be a bit difficult to use. In technical terms, the screw gauge can be defined as a mechanical tool that facilitates the measurement of diameter, radius, or thickness of a thin metal sheet, or the thickness of a wire with maximum accuracy.

A screw gauge is an instrument that measures the diameter of thin objects like a wire. The name screw gauge is provided because it is most commonly used to measure the diameters of wire which in turn are governed by the standard numbers that are called the standard wire gauge.

A screw gauge also measures the thickness of small sheets such as glass and plastic.

Since a screw gauge works on the principle of a micrometer, that’s why we call it the principle of a micrometer screw.

Screw Gauge

When accurately cut, a single threaded screw is placed inside a closely fitted nut and rotated. The two types of motions occur, one is circular and the other is a linear motion of the screw along its axis.

The distance moved by the screw in one complete rotation of the screw equals the distance between the two consecutive threads of the screw gauge. This distance is called ‘Pitch’ and it is always a constant value.

Since the linear motion (the small distances) made by the screw gauge is hard to be measured, these linear distances are amplified into larger distances by the rotational motion of the screw. These rotations are easily measurable. The screw gauge is constructed in a way that follows the principle of ‘micrometer screw.’

Now, to measure the diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge, we need to know its structure.

Structure of a Screw Gauge

The screw gauge consists of a screwed spindle which is fitted with a U-shaped frame and is attached to the thimble. A graduated scale in mm is engraved parallelly over the axis of the thimble. To the head of the screw, a sleeve is attached.

There is a racket that is present at the head of the screw which avoids undue tightening of the screw. The circular scale which is present on the thimble is known as the head scale which is divided into 50 or 100 equal parts. The sleeves start moving over the pitch scale when the screw is worked. ‘Anvil’ is a stud that is fixed on the ‘U’ frame with a plane-ended surface. It is exactly opposite to the tip of the screw. The zero of the head scale coincides with the zero of the pitch scale when the top of the screw comes in contact with the anvil.

Determine the Diameter of Wire Using Screw Gauge

Aim- To measure the diameter of a given wire by using a screw gauge

Apparatus- wire, screw-gauge, magnifying lens, half-meter scale

Procedure-

Observe the value of one linear scale division (LSD).

Find the pitch and the least count of the screw gauge step-wise.

The plane face B and the plane face A are brought into contact and see if there is any zero error. This is to be done thrice and if there is no zero error, then record the zero error nil.

Now, face B and face A is moved away and the wire is length-wise placed over face A and face B is moved towards face A by using the ratchet head R. Stop is R is turning without moving the screw.

After this, the number of visible divisions of the linear scale is noted and these divisions should be uncovered by the edge of the cap. This reading IV is called the LSR or the linear scale reading.

Now, the number of divisions of the circular scale n which are lying over the reference line is noted.

Now the steps 5 and 6 are repeated after the wire is rotated by 90° to measure the diameter in the perpendicular direction.

Now the steps 4,5,6, and 7 are repeated for five different positions which are separated equally on the length of wire. Each of the observations is recorded in a tabular form.

Now, the total reading is calculated and zero correction is applied in each case.

Mean of different values of diameter is taken.

After stretching the wire along a half-meter scale, the length of the wire is measured. Now, one end of the wire is kept at a known mark and the position of the other end is noted. The length of the wire is the difference between the two ends of the wire. This is done thrice and recorded.

To Determine the Diameter of A Wire By Screw Gauge

Firstly, we count the number of divisions on the linear scale on a place completely uncovered by the cap. Let’s suppose that we got the reading as 4.0 mm as a linear scale reading.

Now, we rotate the screw 3 times till the zero mark of the head scale reaches the reference line, it means one rotation is complete.

After four rotations, we note the reading and it comes out 6.0 mm. We got the linear distance mode as: 7.0 mm - 4.0 mm = 3.0 mm.

So, the pitch can be calculated as:

=\[\frac{Linear distance moved by a screw}{one rotation of the screw}\]=\[\frac{3mm}{3}\]

So, the pitch of the screw is 1 mm or 0.1 cm.

So, the distance moved by the screw in one complete rotation of the circular cap is 1 mm.

Least Count of the Screw Gauge

A circular cap has 100 divisions, if the cap moves one division, then the distance moved is 1/100 of the pitch, which is the least count of the screw gauge.

So, the formula for the least count is:

L.C.=\[\frac{Pitch}{No of Division in a circular/head scale}\]=\[\frac{1}{100}\]

= 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm.

Zero error reading:

…… mm

Mean zero error…….mm.

The table used in the calculation

Serial No of Observations	Linear Scale Readings (N) (mm)	Circular Scale Reading		Total Reading
Serial No of Observations	Linear Scale Readings (N) (mm)	No of circular scale division on the reference line (n)	Value n x (L.C) (mm)	Observed D₀=N+n x (L.C) (mm)	Corrected D=D₀ + c (mm)

Formulas Used

Length of the wire, l= (i) ……cm, (ii)......cm, (iii)......cm.

Mean Diameter of the wire,

D=\[\frac{D_1(a)+D_1(b)+...+D_3(a)+D_3(b)}{6}=....mm+....cm\]

Mean length of the wire,

l=\[\frac{l_1+l_2+l_3}{3}=....cm\]

Volume of the wire,

V=\[\pi (\frac{D}{2})^2l=....cm^3\]

This is all about how a screw gauge can be used for measuring the diameter of a given wire. There is a list of precautions that need to be taken care of to get the right values. Focus on the process and learn how to use it to measure the diameter of small objects.

FAQs on Measure Diameter of Given Wire Using Screw Gauge

1.How do Errors Occur?

Because of the manufacturing defect of the screw gauge, the wear and tear of the screw threads lead to increasing gaps; these irregular gaps may lead to zero and backlash errors.

2.What are the Zero Errors?

Due to the manufacturing defect in the screw gauge, when the screw completely touches the fixed dead and zero of the circular scale doesn’t coincide with the reference line. The type of error that occurs is the zero error.

3.What is a Backlash Error?

When we rotate the ratchet, we find a certain lag in the linear movement of this screw that is indicated by the jerky movement of the screw.

In certain cases, on rotating the ratchet, the screw doesn’t move immediately in the opposite direction, instead, it rotates in the reverse direction which happens due to improper alignment in threads (rise in gaps in threads) so the type of error that occurs is the backlash error.

4.What is meant by Least Count in a screw gauge?

The distance moved by the top of the screw in a screw gauge when it is turned through one division of the head scale is known as the Least Count of the screw. It is given by pitch over the total number of divisions on the circular scale.

Least count of micrometer screw gauge =\[\frac{1}{100}\]=0.01mm

It is one of the two important parameters of a screw gauge along with the pitch.

5.What is meant by the pitch

The distance which is moved by the spindle per revolution and is measured by moving the head scale over the pitch scale for the completion of one full rotation is known as the pitch of the screw gauge. It is given by the distance moved by the screw over the given number of rotations. Along with the least count, it is one of the two important parameters of the screw gauge.

6.What is the formula to calculate the volume of a glass plate?

To find the volume of the glass plate or an irregular lamina, the first step is to find the thickness. Then the lamina is placed over the graph paper and its outlines are traced on it. Then with the help of the graph paper the area A of the irregular lamina is measured. The volume of the irregular lamina or the glass plate is given by-

7.What are the three situations that can arise while taking the zero error?

The following three situations can arise while taking the zero error-

If the zero mark comes on the reference line of the circular scale then the zero correction and the zero error are both nils.

If the zero mark remains above the reference line on the circular scale then the zero error is positive and the zero correction is negative depending on the number of divisions.

If the zero mark is below the reference line on the circular scale, then the zero error is negative and the zero correction is positive.

8.State the Sources of Error in a Screw Gauge.

There may be friction on the screw.

There may be a backlash error on the screw gauge.

The size of circular divisions may not be equal.

The wire is not uniform.

Screw Gauge experiment class 11 PDF | Micrometer | Least Count | Labkafe

Aim:

To measure (a) diameter of a given wire (b) thickness of a given sheet and (c) volume of an irregular lamina using screw gauge.

Apparatus:

Screw Gauge
Metallic Sheet
Irregular Lamina (uniform thickness)
Millimetre Graph Paper

Theory:

Using Vernier Callipers we can measure length accurately up to 0.1 mm. To measure more accurately, up to 0.01 mm or 0.005 mm, we use screw gauge. A Screw Gauge is an instrument of higher precision than a Vernier Callipers. In any ordinary screw, there are threads and the separation between any two consecutive threads is the same. The distance advanced by the screw when it makes its one complete rotation is the separation between two consecutive threads. This distance is called the Pitch (p) of the screw. It is usually 1 mm or 0.5 mm. Fig. 2.1 shows a screw gauge. It has a screw S which advances forward or backward as one rotates the head C through rachet R. There is a linear scale LS attached to limb D of the U frame.

The smallest division on the linear scale is 1 mm (in one type of screw gauge). There is a circular scale CS on the head, which can be rotated. There are 50 or 100 divisions on the circular scale. When the end B of the screw touches the surface A of the stud/anvil ST , the zero marks on the main scale or pitch scale or linear scale LS and the circular scale should coincide with each other as shown in fig. 2.2.

Principle:

Pitch of the Screw Gauge

The linear distance covered by the tip of the screw (B) in every rotation of the circular scale is called the pitch of a screw gauge. This movement of the spindle is shown on an engraved linear millimeter scale on the sleeve. To find the pitch, give full rotation to the screw (say 4 times) and note the distance (d) advanced by the circular scale over the pitch scale.

If the distance d is 4 mm The pitch can be represented as:

Least Count of the Screw Gauge

On the thimble there is a circular scale which is divided into 50 or 100 equal parts. We are using a screw gauge which has 50 circular divisions. The Least count (LC) is the distance moved by the tip of the screw, when the screw is turned through 1 division of the circular. The least count can be calculated using the formula;

Determination of Zero Error:

When the stud and spindle are brought in contact with each other, the zero of circular scale should coincide with reference line of main scale. In that case the screw gauge have no zero error as shown in Fig. 2.2. However, when the zero of circular scale does not coincide with reference line of main scale, the screw gauge is said to have zero error.

The zero error is said to be positive zero error if on bringing the spindle in contact with stud, if the zero of the circular scale lies to the bottom of the reference line as shown in Fig. 2.3. Owing to this error, the measured readings will be systematically bigger than the actual value by the same amount. Hence the error is to be subtracted from the observed readings. If on the other hand, the zero of the circular scale lies to the top of the reference line as shown in Fig.2.3, it is said to be negative

Fig. 2.2

Fig 2.3

Fig 2.4

zero error. Owing to this error, the measured readings will be systematically smaller than the actual value by the same amount. Hence the error is to be added from the observed readings.

To determine the error, bring the spindle in contact with the stud and note the reading on the linear as well as circular scale. If the linear scale reading is x and circular scale reading is n’ then zero error is given by ± (x + n’ × LC ). Zero correction (e) is always negative of zero error . In our case, as shown in the fig. 2.3, the linea r scale reading is zero and the circular scale zero is 2 divisions bellow the reference. Therefore, the zero error is: -[0 + 2 × 0.02] = – 0.04 mm.

So, the Zero correction (e) is = -[-0.04] = 0.04 mm.

Hence, the Actual reading = Measured reading – (±e)

= Measured reading – (-0.04) for positive error

Procedure:

Find the value of one linear scale division (L.S.D.).
Calculate the pitch and the least count of the screw gauge.

Measurement of diameter of the wire

Bring the spindle B in contact with the stud A and calculate the zero error. If there is no zero error, then note down zero error nil.
Move the face B away from face A. Place the wire lengthwise (as shown in the fig.2.5) over face A and move the face B towards face A using the ratchet head R. Stop when R turns (slips) without moving the screw with click sound.
Note the number of divisions of the main scale reading (M.S.R) visible before the edge of circular scale.
Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over reference line.
Repeat steps 5 and 6 after rotating the wire by 90° for measuring diameter in a perpendicular direction.
Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 and 7 for five different positions separated equally throughout the length of the wire. Record the observations in table 2.1.
Find observed diameter and apply zero correction in each case.
Take mean of different values of actual diameter.

Measurement of thickness of a given sheet

Repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Instead of wire place the rigid sheer between face A and B.
Find the thickness of the sheet as shown in fig. 2.5 at five different position of the sheet, spread over the surface of the sheet.
Record the observations in the table 2.2.
Find the observed thickness and apply zero correction in each case.
Take mean of different values of actual thickness.

Measurement of volume of an irregular lamina

Repeat steps 1,2,3,4,5 and 6. Instead of wire place the lamina between face A and B.
Find the thickness of the lamina as shown in fig. 2.5 at five different position of the lamina and record them in table 2.3.
Place the lamina on a millimetre graph paper and draw the boundary of the area with a sharp pencil.
Count the number of square enclosed by the boundary. The boundary may contain fractions of many squares. Count those squares, which have fractions greater than half within the boundary as a full squares and ignore those which have less than half within the boundary as shown in the fig 2.6. Naturally there could be some compensation and the result will be very near to the actual value.

Observation:

Determination of least count:

One linear scale division, L.S.D. = ____ mm

Total number of divisions is the in circular scale, N = _______

Distance moved by the screw for 4 rotations, d = ________ mm

Pitch of the screw, p = 4/d = ____mm

Therefore, Least Count, L.C. = p/N= ____mm

Zero error or Instrumental error with the sign:

Zero error, e = ± (x + n’ × LC ) = _______mm

Table 2.1 Determination of diameter of the wire:

				± e
1.(a) (b)
1.(a) (b)
2.(a) (b)
2.(a) (b)
3.(a) (b)
3.(a) (b)
4.(a) (b)
4.(a) (b)
5.(a) (b)
5.(a) (b)

[(a) and (b) corresponds to mutually perpendicular diameters.]

Mean actual diameter, Dw : …………………………………… (mm)

Table 2.2 Determination of thickness of a sheet:

				± e
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Mean actual thickness, Ts : …………………………………… (mm)

Table 2.3 Determination of thickness of an irregular lamina:

Mean actual thickness, TL : …………………………………… (mm)

Calculation:

Number of small squares enclosed by the boundary , NL = _______

Actual Thickness, TL = ___________ mm

Area of the lamina, A = NL × 1 mm2 = _________mm2

Therefore, the volume of the lamina, V = A × TL = …………………………..mm3

Precautions:

The wire should not be pressed tightly between stud and spindle.
Instrumental error should be determined and necessary correction should be taken.
Repeated readings are necessary at different places to ensure uniformity of the wire.
Diameter should be measured in one direction and then in perpendicular direction at the same place, to see whether it is uniform.
Parallax error should take care of.
The Milled head is always to be turned in the same direction, otherwise back-lash error will occur.

Sources of Error:

There might be friction in the screw.
Circular scale divisions may not be equally divided.
There might not be uniformity in the wire.
The sheet and lamina may not be of uniform thickness

Reference:

http://www.ncert.nic.in/
https://www.learncbse.in/

Your may checkout our blog on HOW TO USE VERNIER CALIPER TO FIND OUT LEAST COUNT AND MEASURE DIAMETER OF SPHERICAL BODY AND BEAKER

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Science Practicals 11 & 12

Search this blog, class 11 physics practical reading to measure diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge., apparatus required.

Observations

Precautions

Sources of error, post a comment.

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To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge

Grab other Class XI Physics practicals from here .

Aim : To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge.

Screw gauge, a thin wire and a metre scale

Formulae used:

i) Total reading = MSR+CSR Where MSR = Main scale reading CSR = Circular scale reading and, CSR = nxLC Where n = no of circular scale division coinciding with main scale LC = Least count of screw gauge Therefore, total reading = MSR = (nxLC)

ii) If DD be the mean diameter and l be the length of the wire, then volume of wire V = π(D/2) 2 l = (πD 2 l)/4

Measurement of the Diameter

First of all calculate the pitch and the least count of the given screw gauge.
Find the zero error with its proper sign. Even after when the zero error is nil, this fact too should be recorded.
Now insert the wire between the screw and the steed of the screw gauge. Move the screw forward by rotating the ratchet till the wire is gently gripped between the screw and the steed. Stop rotating the ratchet the moment you hear click sound. In case the ratchet is not properly functioning, rotate the circular cap with the help of your fingers, till your fingers start slipping. Do not press or rotate the cap too hard. Record the readings on the main scale and the circular scale as explained above and add the two readings. This gives the observed diameters.
Take the mean of these observed diameters.
Apply the zero correction with its proper sign to the mean observed diameter and find the correct diameter.
Make a record of your observations as detailed below.
Measure the length of wire by stretching it along a metre scale.

Sources of Error:-

Backlash error: It occurs due to wear and tear of the screw threads, it is observed that reversing the direction of rotation of the thimble, the tip of the screw does not start moving in the opposite direction immediately, but remains stationary for a part of rotation. This is called back lash error. It occurs if we move the screw in one direction and then in opposite directions repeatedly.
Zero error: If on bringing the flat end of the screw in contact with the stud, the zero mark of the circular scale coincides with the zero mark on base line of the main scale, the instrument is said to be free from zero error. Otherwise an error is said to be there.

Observations

Main/Linear Scale Reading (M.S.R.)	Circular Scale Reading (C.S.R.)		Total observed reading (D) = M.S.R. + (nxLC) (mm)
Main/Linear Scale Reading (M.S.R.)	No of circular scale division in line with main scale (n)	n x L.C.(mm)	Total observed reading (D) = M.S.R. + (nxLC) (mm)
8	43	0.043	8.043
8	47	0.047	8.047
8	46	0.046	8.046

Length of the wire = 27cm

Calculations

Mean Observed Reading = (8.043+8.047+8.046)/3 = 8.0453 mm

Volume of wire = (πD 2 l)/4 = π(8.0453/1000) 2 (0.27)/4 = 0.00001372757m 3

Result – The diameter of the given wire is measured by using a screw gauge is 8.0453 mm. The volume of the wire is 0.00001372757m 3 .

Viva Questions:-

What is least count?

The distance through which the screw advances when it is rotated through one division of the head scale.

What is the least count of the screw gauge if the head scale of a screw gauge contains 100 divisions and its pitch is 1 mm?

Screw gauge is less reliable than Vernier calliper in measuring the dimensions of an object. True or False.

What is screw gauge commonly referred to as?

What is ratchet’s function in a screw gauge?

Ratchet prevents screw gauge from undue tightening.

15 Replies to “To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge”

It’s fine but not so helpful because it doesn’t contain precautions of the experiment.

I have a question plz give answer how is l is taken in the formula

so helpful to recall the experiment.

bro where is discussion

It doesn’t have the measurement of wire in perpendicular direction

Plz any one reply fast..

Worst note 😠😡😖😠😠😡😡😡

Where’s the formula for zero correction?

It is nice quite helpful 🤔😄

Very useful

इसकी सावधानियां क्या क्या हैं

Very very helpful.. Thanks a lot for notes😊

Its a good notes

Very helpful notes.thank you😊

Screw Size Table: Standard Reference Guide For All

Last updated Aug 22, 2024
Difficulty Intemediate

Category Screw Guns & Screwdrivers

Selecting the right screw size is crucial for the stability and longevity of woodworking projects. Screw sizes are typically measured in inches or millimetres, with the numbers on screws (#6, #8, etc.) indicating their diameter. The length and thickness (or gauge) of the screw are key factors to consider, as well as the type of wood and the presence of pilot holes. The thicker the wood, the longer and thicker the screw required. Screws that are too short may not hold boards together adequately, while screws that are too long can pierce through the wood. Pilot holes are generally recommended for hardwoods to prevent splitting, but they can reduce the grip of the wood around the screw threads. When attaching two boards across the grain, screws generally don't need to be as long as when inserting into end grain.

What You'll Learn

Screw length, screw thickness, screw material, screw pilot holes.

When choosing a screw length, it is recommended to follow the 2/3 rule, which suggests that approximately 2/3 of the screw should be threaded into the secondary piece. This rule can be adjusted for thicker materials, where only 1/2 of the screw length may be threaded into the secondary piece.

The available screw lengths vary depending on the screw type and size. For instance, #4 screws, suitable for small crafts and jewellery boxes, typically range from 3/8 inch to 3/4 inch in length. In contrast, #10 screws, commonly used for general construction and outdoor projects, are available in lengths from 3/4 inch to 4 inches.

It is worth noting that some screws, known as countersinking screws, can be driven completely into the surface, including the head. In such cases, the screw length includes the head of the screw. On the other hand, non-countersinking screws, like truss-head and round-head screws, do not go all the way into the surface, and their length is measured from beneath the head to the tip.

When reading screw packaging, the screw length is typically specified at the end of the callout. For example, in the callout "#3-48 UNC-2B-LH x .5", the screw length is 1/2 inch, as indicated by ".5" at the end.

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The head of a screw is the top part that is driven by a tool in order to thread the screw into a material. Screw heads come in a variety of shapes, including flat, round, oval, and square. The shape of the screw head determines the type of tool needed to drive it. For example, a flat-head screwdriver is used for flat-head screws, while a square-head driver is needed for square-head screws.

The size of a screw head is important, as it must be proportionate to the shank and the rest of the screw. Generally, round-head wood screws have smaller heads than flat-head or oval-head screws. For example, the largest wood screw produced by Nettlefolds had a head diameter of one inch and a shank diameter of half an inch. As the head size decreases, the shank size decreases as well, with the largest size reduction occurring between screw sizes 1 and 2.

When selecting a screw, it is important to consider the size and shape of the head in relation to the application. For instance, in tight spaces, a flat-head or oval-head screw may be more suitable than a round-head screw, as the latter may be too large to fit in the space. Additionally, the size of the screw driver or bit that will be used to drive the screw should be considered, as it must fit the screw head properly for optimal torque transfer and to avoid stripping the head.

The screw head can also vary in thickness, which is important to consider when selecting a screw. A thicker screw head may be necessary for applications that require a strong hold, as it provides more surface area for the driving tool to grip and reduces the likelihood of the head being stripped. On the other hand, a thinner screw head may be preferred for aesthetic reasons or in applications where a low-profile screw is needed.

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When joining two pieces of wood, it is essential to use screws with the correct thickness. Screws that are too thin may pull out of the wood, while screws that are too thick can split the wood. Therefore, selecting the appropriate screw thickness is vital to ensure the stability and integrity of the joint.

The standard table for screw sizes typically includes the gauge, the threads per inch (TPI), and the length of the screw. For example, a screw labelled "14-10 x 25mm" indicates a 14-gauge screw with 10 threads per inch and a length of 25mm.

It is worth noting that the length of a screw is measured from the tip of the point to the underside of the head. This means that for screws that need to be flush with the surface, such as a countersunk head, the stated length includes the full length of the screw, including the head.

Additionally, when working with metal, the gauge, TPI, and screw tip will determine the thickness of metal that can be fixed. Coarse thread screws with up to 16 TPI are suitable for thin steel up to 2.4mm, while fine thread screws with more than 16 TPI can accommodate steel up to 12mm thick.

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When choosing the right screw for your project, it's important to consider the material it is made of. The most common screw materials are steel, copper, aluminium, and titanium. Here's a detailed breakdown of each material and its characteristics:

Steel Screws

Steel is the most common material for manufacturing screws due to its low cost. Carbon steel, an iron and carbon alloy, is often used, with Grade 2 being the most common type as it is highly workable. Steel screws are sturdy and strong, making them suitable for various tasks such as construction and woodworking. They are typically used indoors, as they may rust in moist environments if they are not coated for protection.

Stainless Steel Screws

Stainless steel screws are also widely used due to their inexpensive material and versatility. They are long-lasting and highly resistant to corrosion, making them suitable for outdoor, marine, and coastal applications. They are perfect for projects where moisture exposure is expected. However, they are softer than other types of screws and may lead to potential stripping if overtightened.

Copper Screws

Copper screws are known for their excellent corrosion resistance, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor projects. They are also good conductors of electricity, which is crucial in plumbing and electrical applications. Copper screws can provide an attractive visual effect with their golden appearance, making them popular for decorative and ornamental projects.

Aluminium Screws

Aluminium screws are lightweight and highly resistant to corrosion. They are often used in situations where weight reduction is essential, such as in the electronics, automotive, and aerospace industries. However, aluminium is not as durable as other materials and may not be suitable for demanding applications.

Titanium Screws

Titanium screws offer a blend of strength and lightness, making them ideal for applications that require both robustness and low weight. They are extraordinarily robust and lightweight, with a high level of corrosion resistance even in challenging conditions. Titanium screws are often used in aerospace, medical implants, and high-performance racing cars. However, they tend to be more expensive than other types of screws.

When choosing screw material, it's important to consider the specific requirements of your project, including durability, weight, cost, and whether it will be used indoors or outdoors. Additionally, coatings can be applied to screws to enhance their strength, protection, or aesthetic qualities.

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Pilot holes are drilled into wood or other materials before you fasten them with a screw. They are an excellent way to prevent mistakes and avoid unnecessary damage to your materials. Pilot holes are particularly useful when you need to screw through the end grain or near the edge of a piece of wood, when screwing through dense or thick materials, and when you need to screw in precise locations.

When choosing your drill bit, select a size that is appropriate for your screw size and wood type. The pilot hole size for wood screws should be approximately the same diameter as the screw's shank, minus the threads. Softwoods generally require a pilot hole that is a little smaller than the screw shank diameter, while hardwoods need one that is a little larger since they are less likely to compress under the screw's pressure. If you are unsure, choose a drill bit that is 1/64 inch larger than the diameter of the screw's shank.

The length of your screw determines how deep your pilot hole should be. The hole should be as long as the screw so you can drill it in without too much effort. However, be careful not to make the pilot hole too long, as this can weaken your project by removing extra wood. You can add a piece of tape to your drill bit to mark the desired depth, or use a drill stop to produce the exact length you need.

To drill a pilot hole, first select the right drill bit and measure and mark the location of the pilot hole. Install the drill bit in the chuck of your drill, tightening it completely and centring the bit. Set the drill direction to forward, put on eye protection, and align the drill perpendicular to the surface. Start drilling slowly and then accelerate by squeezing the trigger harder.

Choosing the Right Drill Bit Size for 8-Gauge Screw Starter Holes

Frequently asked questions.

The screw should always go through the thinner piece and thread into the thicker piece. As a general rule, about 2/3 of the screw should be threaded into the secondary piece.

The most common types of fasteners used in construction include screws, bolts, nuts, washers, and anchors.

To measure screw size accurately, use a digital caliper to measure the diameter and length. Refer to conversion charts to find the equivalent sizes if needed.

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Physics Practicals
Physics Viva Questions With Answers
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class 11 to measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge viva questions

To Measure Diameter of a Given Wire Using Screw Gauge - Class 11 Physics Practical Viva Questions with Answers

What is a screw gauge?

Answer. It is an instrument used to calculate the thickness of a metal plate or diameter of a wire and to mainly calculate the dimensions of small objects, up to 0.001 mm more precisely.

Can the screw gauge measure spherical or cylindrical objects?

Answer. Yes, the screw gauge can measure spherical or cylindrical objects.

Define the pitch of the screw gauge.

Answer. It is the distance moved by the screw when the screw completes one rotation between the consecutive threads.

What would be the least count if a screw gauge has a 1 mm pitch and 100 divisions on the circular scale?

Answer. The least count is given by the formula:

Least count = 1mm/100 = 0.01mm

To avoid a back-lash error in the screw, in which direction the screw has to be moved?

Answer. A screw has to be moved in the same direction to avoid the back-lash error.

What is the use of a lock knob?

Answer. The lock knob is placed near the spindle and is used to lock the movement of the spindle.

Name the stationary sections of a screw gauge.

Answer. Stationary sections of a screw gauge are Spindle, Thimble Lock, Anvil, Frame, Sleeve, Thimble, and Ratchet Stop.

The object to be measured is placed between which sections of a screw gauge?

Answer. The object to be measured is placed between the anvil and the spindle.

To tighten the object, in which direction the ratchet counter is rotated?

Answer. The ratchet counter is rotated in the clockwise direction to tighten the object.

What is the formula to calculate the pitch of the screw gauge?

Answer. The pitch of the screw gauge is given by the formula

Pitch = (distance moved by a screw)/(no. of rotations given)

What is a micrometre screw gauge?

Answer. It is an instrument used for calculating the thickness of small sheets such as glass or plastics and the diameter of thin wires.

What is the formula to calculate the least count of the micrometre screw gauge?

Answer. Least count of micrometre = pitch of the screw gauge / total number of divisions on a circular scale.

Who invented the first screw gauge?

Answer. The first screw gauge was created in the 17th century by William Gascoigne.

Can we get the back-lash error in the screw gauge?

Answer. Yes, a back-lash error can be seen while measuring in the screw gauge.

What are the various sources of error while performing the screw gauge experiment?

Answer. Various sources of error while performing the screw gauge experiment are friction in the screw, back-lash error and parallax, unequal division of circular scale divisions and uniformity in the wire.

The circular scale is engraved on which part of the screw gauge?

Answer. A circular scale is engraved horizontally on the thimble of the screw gauge.

Define pitch scale.

Answer. It is the scale that measures the distance travelled by a spindle per revolution. The pitch scale is marked on the barrel of the screw gauge.

On which principle does the screw gauge operate?

Answer. The screw gauge operates on the principle of a screw.

Name the rotating portion of the screw gauge.

Answer. The thimble is the rotating portion of the screw gauge.

When the thimble is rotated, what happens to the anvil?

Answer. The spindle will travel towards the anvil when the thimble is rotated.

To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge
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An Overview of the Theory of Screws

First Online: 17 June 2016

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Jaime Gallardo-Alvarado 2

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Screw theory refers to the algebra and calculus of six-dimensional entities formed with ordered pairs of three-dimensional vectors related by a reference point, as forces and moments as well as angular and linear velocities concerned with the kinematics and dynamics of a rigid body. Sir Robert Stawell Ball developed the conceptual framework of the theory of screws more than one century ago for applications in kinematics and statics of rigid body mechanics (Ball, The theory of screws: a study in the dynamics of a rigid body. Dublin, Hodges, Foster and Company, 1876). Although screw theory remained only as a promissory mathematical tool for many more years, it has become an important tool in computational geometry, robot mechanics, multibody dynamics, and more recently in the higher-order kinematic analyses of a rigid body. This chapter comprises a brief review of prominent contributions concerned with the development of screw theory.

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Gallardo-Alvarado, J. (2016). An Overview of the Theory of Screws. In: Kinematic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators by Algebraic Screw Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31126-5_1

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Issue		10, 2018 Contemporary Research Trends in Agricultural Engineering


Article Number		02011
Number of page(s)		6
Section		Engineering and Technology
DOI
Published online		26 March 2018

1 Analysis of recent research works and publications

2 setting objectives, 3 the main material, 4 conclusions.

List of tables
List of figures

Research on power consumption of screw press for pressing of oil from rape seed

Stepan Kovalyshyn and Vasyl Tomyuk

Lviv National Agrarian University, 80381, str. Dublyany, Volodymyra Velykoho 1, Ukraine

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

The work highlights the analysis of the influence of technological and structural parameters of the screw press, namely the step of the turns of the screw shaft of its speed and the area of openings for the removal of cake on the energy parameters of the process of oil expression.

Based on the results of the multifactorial experiment, regression dependence allows us to estimate the influence of the parameters and operating modes of the screw press on the power consumption of the screw press and can be used in the process of synthesis and modeling of machines intended for pressing of vegetable oils from oil-containing raw materials. The surfaces of the response of the dependence of the power consumption of the screw press from the area of the openings for the removal of the cake as well as the step of the turns and the speed of the screw shaft have been constructed.

Providing the following parameters of the pressing process: turn pitch of the auger shaft X 10 = 21.8 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X 20 = 107.99 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of the auger shaft X 30 = 5.12 min -1 , the power consumption of the screw press will be 170 W, ensuring the maximum yield of oil q = 36%.

The process of oil expression from seed of oil-bearing crops by pressing is difficult and energy-consuming. The results of the research of this process indicate that energy costs consist of three main components: the capacity to consolidate the oilseed material, the power to overcome the friction forces between the raw material, the screw shaft and the extracting box, as well as the power required to squeeze oil [ 1 , 5 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 21 ]. It is possible to improve the energy indexes of a screw press by optimizing its technological and constructive parameters. The first ones include the speed of the screw shaft and the area of the openings for the removal of cake, and to the other - the length of the screw shaft, its inner and outer diameters, the step and shape of the screw channel. In addition, the energy indicators are influenced by the physical and mechanical properties of oil-bearing raw materials - the geometric dimensions of the seeds, the coefficient of friction slip, etc.

The results of research on the influence of technological parameters of the screw oil press have shown that with increasing the rotational speed of the shaft, the power of oil extraction is linearly increased, and along with this, the energy parameters of the process deteriorate [ 9 ]. In addition, they also depend on the geometric features of the screw channel [ 21 ] and the length of the extracting box [ 1 ], and, correspondingly, the screw shaft. In works [ 5 , 16 ] it is noted that it is expedient to increase the length of the shaft, since in this case more pressure is developed in the pressure chamber [ 3 , 6 ] and there is an increase in the time of the latter's action on the pressed material, which leads to deeper oil expression. The disadvantage of long shafts is that they are quickly overloaded. This causes loss of strength that is why it is necessary to use high-quality steels, which work well for complex deformation. In addition, the size of the press increases, and operation and maintenance are complicated.

In this connection, it is necessary to study in more detail the influence of the step of the turns of the screw shaft of its rotational speed and the area of the openings for the removal of cake on the energy parameters of the pressing process.

The aim of the work was to increase the efficiency of the process of pressing the seeds of oil-bearing crops in the screw oil press by reducing energy costs by substantiating the steps of the spindle shaft of its rotational speed and the area of openings for the removal of cake.

The achievement of research has been conducted by multifactor experiment as for the determination of the influence of some parameters of pressing process - turn pitch of auger shaft (h), area of openings for oil cake withdrawal (s) and rotation frequency of auger shaft (n) on the completeness of power consumption (p). Experiments have been conducted using the improved construction of auger press Auger Oil Press-1, the constructive form of which is given in Fig. 1 .

1 - bed; 2 - pressure sensors from the firm Keller PA- 6T; 3 - screw press; 4 - cylindrical gearbox; 5 - frequency converter ATX-3.0; 6 - strain gauge amplifier; 7 - measuring station (KI - 505); 8 - PC with built-in board L-154.

It is known that the generalized result of multifactor experiment is equation of regression and when we research it as for the extremum one can optimize the meaning of researched parameters. In our case for developing an equation and determination of its coefficients, one can use the three-layered plan of the second range of Box-Benkin [ 8 ]. According to it one should determine zero levels of researched parameters. Taking into account the methodology of experimental data [ 2 , 8 ] and the construction of the improved sample of experimental press, it is determined: turn pitch of auger shaft X 10 = 22 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X 20 = 109 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of auger shaft X 30 = 45 min -1 . For every parameter the intervals for varying have been determined. They have been determining the pressing regimes or in other words the conditions of experiment conducting ( Table 1 ).

Experiments have been conducted using seeds of winter rape of Danhal sort with the moisture 7%. Single auger shafts ( Fig. 2 ) with the changing turn pitch have been set up on press. The form of their riffle has been done in the form of circle segment. Rotation frequency of auger shaft has been changed with the help of frequency converter of current power of electric engine.

As a result of processing of the obtained data Table 2 of the multivariate experiment and the use of software Statistica 8.0, the regression equation for power consumption is:

The hypothesis about the adequacy of the description of the equation (1) of the experimental results can be considered correct with a 95% probability, since Fisher's calculation criterion is less tabular:

F calc = 1.90 < F table = 2.12.

Let's represent the regression equation (1) in the following way:

On the basis of equation (1), the surface of the response of the power consumption of the screw press from the area of the openings for the removal of the cake, the step of the turns and the speed of the screw shaft is constructed. During the construction of the surface of the response varied only two factors, and the third remained equal to zero. For this we used the software Statistica 8.0.

When analyzing the response surface, it should be noted that the minimum power, less than 200 W, is provided for maximal opening of openings and maximum step of turns.

Dependence p = f (h, s) ( Fig. 3 ) shows that at the turn pitch of the auger shaft X 10 = 22 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X 20 = 129 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of the auger shaft X 30 = 45 min -1 , the lowest power consumption is achieved. For such structural parameters, the power of the screw press is 169.10 Watts.

Dependence p = f (n, s) ( Fig. 4 ) shows that at the turn pitch of the auger shaft X 10 = 20 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X20 = 129 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of the auger shaft X 30 = 15 min -1 , the lowest power consumption is achieved. With such design parameters, the power of the screw press is 90.1 Watts.

Dependence p = f(n, s) ( Fig. 5 ) shows, that at turn pitch of auger shaft X 10 = 22 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X 20 = 109 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of auger shaft X 30 = 15 min -1 the lowest power consumption is achieved. With such design parameters, the power of the screw press is 170 Watts.

It is possible to optimize the parameters of the power consumption by comparing the obtained results with the results of the influence of the structural and technological parameters of this press on the output of oil. Since the maximum oil extraction q = 36% [ 14 ] is ensured at the turn pitch of auger shaft X 10 = 21.8 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X 20 = 107.99 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of auger shaft X 30 = 5.12 min -1 then the power consumption of the screw press at such parameters will be 170 W.

General view of the measuring equipment for determining the pressure in the pressing chamber of the oil extraction press:

Results of coding of investigated factors.

Constructions of auger shafts: 1, 2, 3 – turn pitch of shafts, according to 20 mm, 22 mm, 24 mm.

Matrix plan and results of multi-factor experiment.

The equilibrium surface = ( ).

Use of the proposed design of oil auger press in the process of pressing seeds of oil-bearing crops with reasonable technological parameters allows for obtaining high-quality at low energy costs, with maximum output of oil.

The results of investigations of the influence of technological parameters of the screw oil press have shown that with an increase in the rotational speed of the shaft, the power of the oil press is linearly increased, and at the same time, the energy parameters of the process deteriorate.

Providing the following parameters of the pressing process as turn pitch of auger shaft X 10 = 21.8 mm; area of openings for oil cake withdrawal X 20 = 107.99 mm 2 ; rotation frequency of auger shaft X 30 = 5.12 min -1 the consumed power of the screw press will be 170 W, providing the maximum yield of oil q = 36%.

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All Figures

	General view of the measuring equipment for determining the pressure in the pressing chamber of the oil extraction press:

	Constructions of auger shafts: 1, 2, 3 – turn pitch of shafts, according to 20 mm, 22 mm, 24 mm.

	The equilibrium surface = ( ).

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PDF EXPERIMENT: Determine the diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge
THEORY Screw Gauge is a mechanical tool that facilitates measuring the diameter or radius or thickness of a thin wire or thickness of a thin metal sheet with utmost accuracy. Figure1 shows the schematic of the Screw Gauge. This tool consists mainly of a U shaped frame and a spindle (or screw) attached to the thimble.
To Measure Diameter of a Given Wire Using Screw Gauge
Screw guage is an instrument that is used to measure the diameter of a thin wire precisely. Learn how to measure the diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge by visiting us.
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EXPERIMENT 3 SCREW GAUGE - 1. RIMENT 3 SCREW GAUGE - 1AIMTo measure diameter of a given wire using a scr. d find its volume. US. Screw gauge, wire.THEORY1. If with the wire between plane faces A and B, the edge of the cap lies ahead of Nt. division of linear scale.Then, linear scale reading (L.S.R.) = N If nth division of circular sca.
Screw gauge experiment to measure diameter of wire
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A screw gauge, also known as a micrometre screw gauge, is a precision measuring instrument used to accurately measure the dimensions of small objects with high precision. It is commonly used in various fields such as engineering, manufacturing, and scientific research where precise measurements are crucial.
To Measure Diameter of a Given Wire Using Screw Gauge
To Measure Diameter of a Given Wire Using Screw Gauge Aim To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge. Apparatus Screw gauge, wire, half-metre scale and magnifying lens. Theory 1. If with the wire between plane faces A and B, the edge of the cap lies ahead of Mb division of linear scale. […]
To Determine the Diameter of a given Wire using Screw Gauge
To Determine the Diameter of a given Wire using Screw Gauge. 01/12/2020 | [email protected] 0 Comments | 12:36 PM. Categories: Mechanics. Physics Practical Files. Find the practical file of this experiment in .pdf format. Page 1 / 5. Zoom 100%. Page 1 / 5.
Physics Practicals Class XI
The screw gauge is an instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble. Parallel to the axis of the thimble, a scale graduated in mm is engraved.
Measure Diameter of Given Wire Using Screw Gauge
A screw gauge is an instrument that measures the diameter of thin objects like a wire. The name screw gauge is provided because it is most commonly used to measure the diameters of wire which in turn are governed by the standard numbers that are called the standard wire gauge. A screw gauge also measures the thickness of small sheets such as ...
Screw Gauge experiment class 11 PDF
Take mean of different values of actual thickness. Measurement of volume of an irregular lamina. Repeat steps 1,2,3,4,5 and 6. Instead of wire place the lamina between face A and B. Find the thickness of the lamina as shown in fig. 2.5 at five different position of the lamina and record them in table 2.3.
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The document describes Experiment No. 1 to determine the mass per unit length of a wire using a screw gauge. Key steps include: 1) Measuring the diameter of the wire 8 times using a screw gauge and calculating the mean observed diameter. 2) Applying the formula for mass per unit length which uses the wire's diameter, density, and other constants. 3) Calculating the mass per unit length to be 0 ...
Class 11 Physics practical reading To measure diameter of a ...
Class 11 Physics Practical Readings - To measure diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge.
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This document describes how to use a screw gauge to measure the diameter of a wire and the thickness of a sheet. The screw gauge has linear and circular scales used to take total readings which are then used to calculate the diameter/thickness by accounting for the least count of the screw gauge. Observations are recorded in tables and the mean is calculated. Precautions are outlined to ...
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A Screw gauge is an instrument with higher precision than the vernier calliper. Here, in the experiment, we will be discussing how to measure the thickness of a given sheet using a screw gauge.
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Screw Gauge is an important instrument to Measure length,it can measure such small length which can't be measured with Vernier Callipers.In this video I hav...
To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge
Spread the loveGrab other Class XI Physics practicals from here. Aim : To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge. Apparatus: Screw gauge, a thin wire and a metre scale Theory: Formulae used: i) Total reading = MSR+CSR Where MSR = Main scale reading CSR = Circular scale reading and, … Continue reading "To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a ...
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A comprehensive screw size table with all standard screw sizes and dimensions. Find the right screw for your project with this easy-to-use guide. 899 Sheridan Dr, West Chester, Pennsylvania ... (TPI), and the length of the screw. For example, a screw labelled "14-10 x 25mm" indicates a 14-gauge screw with 10 threads per inch and a length of 25mm.
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To Measure Diameter of a Given Wire Using Screw Gauge
Viva Questions to measure the diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge. Class 11 Physics practical measurement of length viva questions with answers.
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Research on power consumption of screw press for pressing of oil from
Based on the results of the multifactorial experiment, regression dependence allows us to estimate the influence of the parameters and operating modes of the screw press on the power consumption of the screw press and can be used in the process of synthesis and modeling of machines intended for pressing of vegetable oils from oil-containing raw materials. The surfaces of the response of the ...

Screw gauge experiment to measure diameter of wire

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Pitch of the Screw Gauge

Least Count of the Screw Gauge

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To find the diameter of the lead shot

To find the diameter and hence to calculate the volume of the wire

To find the thickness of the glass plate

To find the Volume of glass plate (irregular lamina)

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What is a Screw Gauge?

Screw Gauge

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Determine the Diameter of Wire Using Screw Gauge

To Determine the Diameter of A Wire By Screw Gauge

Least Count of the Screw Gauge

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To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge

Aim : To measure the diameter and volume of a given wire using a screw gauge.

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