water purification essay

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Water Purification Process

1. introduction.

The next step, pre-treatment, is essential to the good operation of the desalination plant. The water is first passed through a system of rapidly rotating discs to separate large, dense materials such as grit and sand. Then, the water passes through a fine mesh filter to remove the remaining smaller solids. If any of these solids were to enter the desalination plant, they could cause serious damage to the delicate membranes. So, the pre-treatment stage helps to protect the plant and improve its lifespan. After pre-treatment, the water enters the first stage of the reverse osmosis process, where a high-pressure pump applies pressure to the salty water, forcing it through the membranes. These membranes are tightly wound around plastic tubes and act as very fine filters. As the water passes through these filters, the salt and other impurities are removed and flushed away as waste, leaving fresh, clean water. This fresh water still contains a very small amount of salt, and so it goes through a second process, or stage, of reverse osmosis to ensure that the final product has the very low salt levels needed. Once the water has passed through the reverse osmosis stages, it is treated with a small amount of chlorine, protecting it from bacteria on its way to the water storage tank. A small amount of caustic soda is also added, raising the pH, to make sure that the water remains slightly alkaline. This is because the pipes in the distribution network prefer slightly alkaline conditions. After treatment, the water is stored in a large tank, ready to be pumped into the main water supply. However, the quality is still regularly checked and computers monitor the water treatment process to ensure that it remains safe and healthy for human consumption. This final product, fresh water, has come from salty water from the River Adur. The desalination plant takes in the river water at high tide and the resulting fresh water passes into the main distribution network. It is used for drinking, washing, and all the other mains water purposes in Shoreham and the surrounding areas.

1.1. Purpose of Water Purification

A number of types of apparatus and systems have been devised for the purification of water in small or large quantities. In the household, for example, many of us use water purifying apparatus of various kinds and descriptions to supply a pure wholesome water to drink or to the cooking utensils. In many industrial processes the presence of impurities in the water can give rise to a defective product or plant. In certain types of chemical process the presence of impurities in the water used with the chemicals throws the chemical out of balance and the end product may not be of the desired purity or nature. Similarly, where water is used to carry motor power through hydraulic machinery, the presence of solids or air in the water can cause breakdowns. In any modern industrial society a supply of pure water is absolutely essential to the processes of life itself and the advance in technology in many fields has been accompanied by constant research and improvement in water purification techniques. The demand for water in many of its applications is often high. For example, in an industrial concern where it is required for use with steam raising for central heating or with a view for the provision of domestic hot water, the rate of consumption in a 24-hour day can be very high. Under these circumstances a suitable storage tank in the form of a buffer vessel is provided. This acts as storage for the water and also helps to suppress pressure variations in the supply caused by the rapid filling or withdrawal of quantities of water. Every effort is made to preserve and protect the water once it has been purified, not only from the point of view of preventing any form of recontamination, but also to safeguard the successful and continuing operation of the plant itself. Accurate methods and monitoring equipment are usually included in a water purification plant to ensure that the water, once treated and released, complies with statutory requirements as to the amount of impurities that may still be present. A knowledge of the water purification methods is of great help in understanding the very valuable work that water does for us after it has been freed from impurities and rendered pure and fit for its many important uses. The physical, chemical and bacteriological means employed for the purification of water are all designed to produce a water in which all the physical and chemical impurities have been eliminated and in which, so far as is humanly possible, pathogenic organisms are also destroyed.

1.2. Importance of Clean Water

Access to clean drinking water is of utmost importance for every living being. For starters, clean water is health. Waterborne diseases are the world's number one killer of humans. Diarrhea alone kills over 2,000 people each day around the world - most of them are children. Many people become sick from drinking unsafe water. It also helps doctors treat patients because water is used in all kinds of treatments and observations. Clean water is essential in the production of medications. Medications are over 97% purified water. Medications are important to keep people from getting sick. Starting from the microscopic bacteria to the most prominent animals, each and every life form requires water for sustenance. Due to the increase in population, the demand for drinking water, the necessity of modern-day water filtration, and the development of new and modern technologies to keep the purified water clean, drinking water treatment and awareness is very essential. Clean water is essential for the production of energy. Water is used in many processes such as nuclear energy procedure and hydroelectric and in some coal-powered plants. In these types of industries, the water should not have any impurity in the water as well as the water should be at a certain level of pH.

2. Methods of Water Purification

Thus far, the popularity of such machinations results from their economic feasibility, ease of function, and ability to eliminate a wide variety of contaminants. A portion of the water is continuously withdrawn from the treatment system through a series of pipes in order to point to the processing plant. It is widely applied to every water purification method. Sand is the most often used packing material for it seals the micro-gaps in the mounding fabric efficiently. In some systems, such as the thin film of water system Purchase, a special classification or distribution of the underlying fabric, namely the microsuction then the pores of the fabric are used to create a vacuum to draw in and concentrate contaminants. Sand filtering is another one of the most used methods of water purification. It is a very simple and straightforward method when compared with the others such as the RO and the distillation. This is because there are no chemical reactions involved in the process, but the physical filtration. Sand filters can remove some organisms and small particles which will be large enough to stain the fabric, but they are not very effective in eliminating bacterial contaminants. Rapid filtration is typically used to treat surface waters with low levels of turbidity or water that has already gone through coagulation, which is a step in the pre-recitative process. Next up, we have chlorination, which is the most common way of applying the chemical used in the water purification process. In most of the ground's and surface water, we can find chlorine to some extent because chlorine is endemic in the earth's crust. Chlorination is most often used in tap water. It can decrease recontamination of the water in the storage tanks and pipes, and the bacteria destroyed that is normally found in the water being pumped from the treatment plant. Plus, a continuous available chlorine residual, which is called free chlorine, can remain throughout the distribution system.

2.1. Filtration

Filtration is the process of passing water through a material such as a bed of sand, charcoal, or another material to remove solid particles. Filtration is an important step in water treatment processes. In rapid and direct filtration, a layer of coarse granular material is spread on a filter bed, which consists of fine granular material. When water passes through the filter, the sharp edges of the solid particles in the bed of filter material help to trap and remove the suspended particles in the water. Every now and then, the filter material will become clogged and the water flow rate will be reduced, and the filter needs to be backwashed. Backwash water is sent back to the treatment plant for further processing. In slow sand filters, the filter beds are much larger, and the filter media consists of a much coarser layer of sand and gravel. Water is passed very slowly through the filter through a distribution pipe. Turbidity in the water is a big indicator in understanding the effectiveness of the filtration process. Water turbidity is a measure of the amount of light that is either absorbed or scattered by particles in the water, and the higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity of the water. It is important to have an effective monitoring system for turbidity. The turbidity levels vary throughout the day/night, and slow rapid changes may indicate failures. Turbidity can also provide challenges for filtration methods themselves. A direct relationship between the effectiveness of particle removal and turbidity in the settled water after filtration can be seen. For example, an increase in turbidity may lead to an increase in the number of particles within the settled water. The sedimentation process may be affected due to the slower settling of these particles, and the filter may block faster. Therefore, it is important to determine the failure of a rapid gravity filter through monitoring the settled water, and the filter should be backwashed when a notable increase in the turbidity of the settled water occurred. Backwashing is a necessary part of operating a rapid gravity filter in order to prevent a reduction in water quality and maintain the effectiveness of the filter.

2.2. Disinfection

One of the most common methods for water disinfection is chlorination. Most of the cities in Pakistan use this method for disinfection of water. Chlorine is delivered in various forms such as chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite solution formed from chlorine gas, and from the electrolysis of brine to form liquid chlorine, and sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach. When chlorine is added to water, it goes through a number of different reactions involving the formation of different chemicals and the consumption of chlorine. First, chlorine gas dissolves in water to form hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid. It is this hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion that are actually responsible for the reactions in bacterial cells. Hypochlorous acid reacts with the cytoplasmic and membrane components of bacterial cells to disrupt the cellular mechanisms and destroy the bacteria. However, a lot of factors such as pH, temperature, contact time, and the presence of other chemicals can all affect the performance of chlorine in the disinfection process and water quality. For example, at a lower pH, acids are prevalent and they can weaken the strength of the chlorine and reduce its effectiveness. Therefore, pH must be adjusted to an optimal level for the disinfection process. Also, the temperature will affect the amount of free available chlorine in water. For example, as temperature increases, the rate of evaporation of chlorine increases and the solubility of chlorine in water decreases. As a result, less chlorine is available for disinfection. A certain period of time is required after the addition of chlorine for the chemical to properly disinfect water. This contact time is important as it allows the chlorine to effectively kill the bacteria and inactive the viruses and protozoa. Too short contact time will lead to ineffective disinfection. However, the demand for chlorine by impurities and ammonia in water reduces the amount of free available chlorine, thus increasing the required time for effective disinfection.

2.3. Chemical Treatment

Chemical treatment. After filtration, the water can be treated with chemicals to remove any remaining particles and impurities. The two most commonly used chemicals in this process are chlorine and potassium permanganate. When added to water, chlorine reacts to form hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid. The latter of these will kill bacteria and other potentially harmful microorganisms, making the water sterile. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent, which means that it readily accepts electrons from other chemicals. When added to water, it will react with any dissolved metals, like iron or manganese, which will begin to clump together and form larger particles. This makes it easier to remove these substances by filtration. The way in which water companies in the UK and the rest of Europe add chemicals to the water is strictly controlled. The water is constantly monitored and chemicals, which are kept in a special storage area, are automatically fed into the water in the right proportions and at the right time via a computer system. This ensures that the concentration of any chemical added is always well within the safe limits set by the Drinking Water Inspectorate. There are methods to test the concentration of a chemical in water, which involve adding another chemical to cause a reaction and observing a change in color, but in practice it is more common to use a special piece of equipment that passes light through the water and measures how much light is absorbed by the chemical.

2.4. Reverse Osmosis

When households and offices talk about reverse osmosis, it is frequently in the context of a drinking water system. This is the most dedicated usage of the RO approach - for producing little quantities of pure water for consumption. The reverse osmosis process is also strongly applied in many big-scale water purification technologies similar to ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. It is in such water purification and treatment systems that the actual power of the RO approach becomes apparent. Therefore, this section concentrates on the procedure of reverse osmosis, covering the fundamentals of the process, the efficiency of the operation, the employed materials, and the numerous various parameters and operation conditions. In the RO research literature, the primary emphasis is placed on membrane stuff, rejection codes, and material transport kinetics. Also, in other fields of reverse osmosis, for example experiments and industrial processes, the primary focus is generally placed on describing with numerical simulation codes and advanced computation the factor of better engineering an even greater efficiency of the process. It is fascinating to notice that reverse osmosis is a relatively recent phenomenon. Although the groundwork for the development of the method lay in the late 1950s, it was first commercially and with success used in 1968 at Coalinga, California for the removal of sodium from sewage effluent. In recent years, significant measures have been made to further the development and comprehension of the reverse osmosis method. For illustration, many patented inventions have been filed for improvements to the process, including modifications to the configuration of the RO modules, novel internal flow designs, and creative multi-stage arrangements. These researches and evidence propose that reverse osmosis has a stimulating and exciting future ahead of it as an important water purification technology and as the cornerstone of contemporary work in membrane engineering and research.

3. Challenges in Water Purification

One major challenge in water purification is the effective removal of contaminants. As mentioned above, filtration, chemical treatment, and reverse osmosis are used during the water purification process to remove various types of contaminants, such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and certain minerals like iron and sulfur. However, a single purification method cannot remove all types of contaminants, resulting in the use of a combination of different methods during the water purification process. Moreover, the lack of regular maintenance of the water treatment equipment can lead to the failure and inefficiency of the treatment process. For example, clogging and unhygienic conditions in the filtration system and drying up of the ultraviolet lamps used in the chlorination process can result in the incomplete purification of water and make it unsafe for consumption. Another challenge is the prevention of waterborne diseases. Despite the installation of water purification systems as a protective measure, contamination of purified water in storage and distribution systems can still occur. Poor maintenance and unhygienic practices of the water storage and distribution systems can lead to the re-contamination of purified water, thus resulting in the spread of waterborne diseases. For example, in tropical developing countries like Malaysia and Indonesia, re-contamination of purified water in the water storage and distribution system is a major challenge due to the warm and humid climatic conditions that promote the growth of disease-causing microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In addition, the lack of public awareness on the importance of maintaining the hygiene and cleanliness of the water storage and distribution systems can also contribute to waterborne diseases in these countries. Last but not least, the challenge of ensuring sustainability and cost-effectiveness in water purification must also be addressed. The issues of sustainability have to be taken into consideration when selecting the purification methods and technologies used for providing clean and safe potable water. For example, renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind turbines should be used to operate the water treatment facilities in order to minimize the negative impact on the environment and to achieve sustainable water purification. Moreover, continuous research and development on more advanced purification technologies are essential in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of water purification. It is also important to strike a balance between the sustainability aspect and the cost-effectiveness in the planning and implementation of water purification projects, so that the financial resources allocated can be maximized to serve the long-term benefits of the society.

3.1. Contaminant Removal

During the water purification process, one of the main goals is to effectively remove contaminants from the water. There are several types of contaminants that need to be removed, including particulates, microorganisms, and dissolved chemicals. The first step in the removal of contaminants is filtration. Filtration is a physical process that is used to remove suspended solids from water. It involves passing water through a material that acts as a barrier for the larger particulate matter in the water so that it can no longer pass through. There are different types of filtration processes used, including rapid sand filtration, slow sand filtration, and diatomaceous earth filtration. Slow sand filtration, for example, uses biological processes that improve the quality of water being treated. The top layer of sand becomes coated with a biofilm, and this layer together with the biologically active layer below it form the biological filters. When the biofilm is established, biological removal of particles and dissolved organic matters in the water and pathogen control will be realized. Filtration is an important first step in the water purification process because it helps to ease the workload for the subsequent treatment processes. It is designed to remove not only the large suspended solids but also some of the smaller particulate matter which can act as reducing agents and consume disinfectants, cause the turbidity, and cause the unpleasant color and taste in the product water. The cleaner the water at the end of the filtration, the more efficient and cost-effective the subsequent treatments will be. Other technologies are often used to remove different types of contaminants. Ultrafiltration and microfiltration are used to remove particulates and are commonly used to treat water in the oil and gas industry, as well as being used for treating wastewater. Surface water treatment will commonly use dissolved air flotation or coagulation for the removal of dissolved substances such as oils, organics, and heavy metals. In both cases, the output from the filters is a clear, high-quality liquid which can be further processed or reused, and the filtered solids can come off the filters with a low water content, saving money in disposal costs and worn filter placements.

3.2. Waterborne Diseases

Besides managing the problem of removing contaminants from the water, preventing the spread of waterborne diseases is another significant challenge in the water purification process. Waterborne diseases are caused by drinking contaminated or dirty water, and they can cause severe illnesses or even death. Though microorganisms are generally a threat in water because they exist in organic impurities like algae, protozoa, and bacteria, the presence of viruses is a real concern for health. Viruses are of most concern in water treatment in the prevention of outbreaks of diseases such as infectious hepatitis and poliomyelitis. Currently, the presence of viruses is not routinely monitored in water, and therefore, the data is less comprehensive than for bacteriological analysis. However, with technological improvements and more data detected, routine monitoring and management may be a possibility in the future. Treating viruses in water can be a treatment process by using chemicals. Chlorine, chloramine, and ultraviolet light are used to kill, remove, and monitor viruses in water. Disinfection, as a prevention from microbes, is a required process by the Environmental Protection Department in the production of portable water. Proper and adequate treatment of the water must be provided at all times to ensure that the quality of the water is consistent with the latest World Health Organization Guidelines on Safe Drinking Water. Generally, the most widely used and reliable method for the large majority of community water systems is chlorination. It's estimated that some 98% of municipal water treatment systems in the United Kingdom use chlorine to disinfect their drinking water. Its main benefit is that it travels with the water, protecting it from re-contamination as it passes through the pipe system to the consumers' taps. In Hong Kong, both chlorine and ultraviolet light are used in the water treatment process. Although in the water treatment plant, chlorine is injected into the water to combat viruses, the physical treatment process, ultraviolet light, will be introduced after the water has entered into the pipes in distribution. However, new methods without leaving any undesirable residual chemical in the water have been explored. These include ultraviolet light and ozone, which may progressively replace chlorination as an alternative primary water disinfection process in water treatment plants.

3.3. Sustainability and Cost

After all these descriptions of the water purification methods and the technological advances in the field, we should now bear in mind that all water treatment and purification methods have a certain long-term sustainability issue and costs. First and foremost, these systems themselves consume a large amount of energy to operate. Especially with the application of advanced technologies such as reverse osmosis, energy usage is exceptionally high. Such high energy consumption not only leads to a significant increase in the operational cost, but also raises a serious environmental concern as to whether such a method is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Secondly, considering about its whole life cycle, some water treatment methods, such as the ozonation and UV systems, produce harmful chemicals and disinfection by-products. The changes in the chemistry and physics in the process and the product environment may mean that new cleaning methods and biocides are necessary in the future to control any microbial fouling. I think this will lead to serious monitoring and upgrading cost, which is never a viable option for any sustainable methods. Last but not the least, considering the ever worsening pollutant quantity in source water and increasingly rigorous requirement on the effluent water quality standard laying down by national environmental protection authorities, researchers and engineers working in the water treatment field are now faced with enormous technological and financial challenges. Thanks to the continuous advance in technology and introduction of new innovative methods, we witness a trend that many traditional methods are being gradually replaced by a new way, which can offer a more comprehensive solution to some of the various issues we are facing in the traditional systems. However, as it is proved time and again, adopting a certain technology or method in practice still requires a careful consideration of many complex factors, such as the quality requirement of the effluent water, reliable water supply, the experience of the operators and the whole life cost and the future maintenance etc. All of these constitute another major challenge for water purification methods to be sustainable over a long period of time. And this is where the fundamental challenge to the traditional method lies and the motivation for continuous technological innovation in sustainable water purification. It is not easy to strike a perfect balance between sustainability, technological feasibility and the whole life cycle cost of a water treatment system. This in reality requires combined, coordinative efforts and enormous interdisciplinary expertise in the field. Emerging technologies in the area nowadays are mainly focusing in several aspects: reducing energy consumption by offering alternative and more environmentally friendly operating conditions, applying more powerful and robust treatment methods to ensure effluent water quality and at the same time, minimizing chemical use and waste production in the processes. And what we expect from these innovations is a more sustainable and economically sensible water purification technology.

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Water Purification Process Exploratory Essay

Coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, disinfection.

These are the initial procedures during treatment of water. Chemical substances possessing a positive charge are added to water in this compartment. The positive charge neutralizes the negative charge from dirt leading to the formation of huge fragments known as floc.

Floc is heavier than other particles present in water. Therefore, this process allows floc to remain at the base of the tank.

After the sedimentation process, the transparent water at the top of the tank moves across filters consisting of assorted components such as sand, charcoal or gravel. These components have different pore sizes that facilitate the removal of dissolved particles such as dust, microorganisms, and chemicals.

Disinfectants such as chlorine are then added to the filtered water in the disinfection compartment to eliminate any remaining contaminant. The chemicals also safeguard the water from germs during storage and transportation to homes.

Clean water is then stored in reservoir tanks from where it is piped to consumers.

In the U.S.A., chlorine is generally preferred as a disinfectant over ozone because it has a residual. The presence of a residual is important because it shows that water contains an adequate quantity of chlorine to kill all microorganisms. It also provides defense against recontamination in the course of storage.

The existence of free residual in treated water is associated with the absence of harmful microorganisms. Consequently, it is an important factor that gauges the potability of water.

In recent years, ozone has been replacing chlorine as the primary disinfectant in the U.S.A. One key advantage of using ozone to treat water is that there are few byproducts released into the water from the process. The release of many byproducts into treated water usually puts such water at risk. During chlorination of water, additional steps are usually required to get rid of these byproducts.

However, ozone treatment of water evades these additional procedures. One other benefit of ozone water purification is that there are no added chemicals that interfere with the natural taste of water. Therefore, the resultant water does not have the characteristic taste of chlorine.

However, ozone treatment of water also has disadvantages. It is thought that this procedure releases little quantities of bromate, which is thought to be a carcinogen. In addition, ozone treatment does not offer any residual effect. Therefore, any harmful organism that endures the oxidation procedure evades the entire treatment process.

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IvyPanda. (2019, July 8). Water Purification Process. https://ivypanda.com/essays/water-quality/

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