level
Note. N = 150 ( n = 50 for each condition). Participants were on average 39.5 years old ( SD = 10.1), and participant age did not differ by condition.
a Reflects the number and percentage of participants answering “yes” to this question.
Results of Curve-Fitting Analysis Examining the Time Course of Fixations to the Target
Logistic parameter | 9-year-olds | 16-year-olds | (40) |
| Cohen's | ||
Maximum asymptote, proportion | .843 | .135 | .877 | .082 | 0.951 | .347 | 0.302 |
Crossover, in ms | 759 | 87 | 694 | 42 | 2.877 | .006 | 0.840 |
Slope, as change in proportion per ms | .001 | .0002 | .002 | .0002 | 2.635 | .012 | 2.078 |
Note. For each subject, the logistic function was fit to target fixations separately. The maximum asymptote is the asymptotic degree of looking at the end of the time course of fixations. The crossover point is the point in time the function crosses the midway point between peak and baseline. The slope represents the rate of change in the function measured at the crossover. Mean parameter values for each of the analyses are shown for the 9-year-olds ( n = 24) and 16-year-olds ( n = 18), as well as the results of t tests (assuming unequal variance) comparing the parameter estimates between the two ages.
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for Study Variables
Variable |
|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
1. Internal– external status | 3,697 | 0.43 | 0.49 | — | ||||||
2. Manager job performance | 2,134 | 3.14 | 0.62 | −.08 | — | |||||
3. Starting salary | 3,697 | 1.01 | 0.27 | .45 | −.01 | — | ||||
4. Subsequent promotion | 3,697 | 0.33 | 0.47 | .08 | .07 | .04 | — | |||
5. Organizational tenure | 3,697 | 6.45 | 6.62 | −.29 | .09 | .01 | .09 | — | ||
6. Unit service performance | 3,505 | 85.00 | 6.98 | −.25 | −.39 | .24 | .08 | .01 | — | |
7. Unit financial performance | 694 | 42.61 | 5.86 | .00 | −.03 | .12 | −.07 | −.02 | .16 | — |
Means, Standard Deviations, and One-Way Analyses of Variance in Psychological and Social Resources and Cognitive Appraisals
Measure | Urban | Rural | (1, 294) | η | ||
Self-esteem | 2.91 | 0.49 | 3.35 | 0.35 | 68.87 | .19 |
Social support | 4.22 | 1.50 | 5.56 | 1.20 | 62.60 | .17 |
Cognitive appraisals | ||||||
Threat | 2.78 | 0.87 | 1.99 | 0.88 | 56.35 | .20 |
Challenge | 2.48 | 0.88 | 2.83 | 1.20 | 7.87 | .03 |
Self-efficacy | 2.65 | 0.79 | 3.53 | 0.92 | 56.35 | .16 |
*** p < .001.
Results From a Factor Analysis of the Parental Care and Tenderness (PCAT) Questionnaire
PCAT item | Factor loading | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Factor 1: Tenderness—Positive | |||
20. You make a baby laugh over and over again by making silly faces. | .04 | .01 | |
22. A child blows you kisses to say goodbye. | −.02 | −.01 | |
16. A newborn baby curls its hand around your finger. | −.06 | .00 | |
19. You watch as a toddler takes their first step and tumbles gently back down. | .05 | −.07 | |
25. You see a father tossing his giggling baby up into the air as a game. | .10 | −.03 | |
Factor 2: Liking | |||
5. I think that kids are annoying (R) | −.01 | .06 | |
8. I can’t stand how children whine all the time (R) | −.12 | −.03 | |
2. When I hear a child crying, my first thought is “shut up!” (R) | .04 | .01 | |
11. I don’t like to be around babies. (R) | .11 | −.01 | |
14. If I could, I would hire a nanny to take care of my children. (R) | .08 | −.02 | |
Factor 3: Protection | |||
7. I would hurt anyone who was a threat to a child. | −.13 | −.02 | |
12. I would show no mercy to someone who was a danger to a child. | .00 | −.05 | |
15. I would use any means necessary to protect a child, even if I had to hurt others. | .06 | .08 | |
4. I would feel compelled to punish anyone who tried to harm a child. | .07 | .03 | |
9. I would sooner go to bed hungry than let a child go without food. | .46 | −.03 |
Note. N = 307. The extraction method was principal axis factoring with an oblique (Promax with Kaiser Normalization) rotation. Factor loadings above .30 are in bold. Reverse-scored items are denoted with an (R). Adapted from “Individual Differences in Activation of the Parental Care Motivational System: Assessment, Prediction, and Implications,” by E. E. Buckels, A. T. Beall, M. K. Hofer, E. Y. Lin, Z. Zhou, and M. Schaller, 2015, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 108 (3), p. 501 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000023 ). Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association.
Moderator Analysis: Types of Measurement and Study Year
Effect | Estimate |
| 95% CI | ||
Fixed effects | |||||
Intercept | .119 | .040 | .041 | .198 | .003 |
Creativity measurement | .097 | .028 | .042 | .153 | .001 |
Academic achievement measurement | −.039 | .018 | −.074 | −.004 | .03 |
Study year | .0002 | .001 | −.001 | .002 | .76 |
Goal | −.003 | .029 | −.060 | .054 | .91 |
Published | .054 | .030 | −.005 | .114 | .07 |
Random effects | |||||
Within-study variance | .009 | .001 | .008 | .011 | <.001 |
Between-study variance | .018 | .003 | .012 | .023 | <.001 |
Note . Number of studies = 120, number of effects = 782, total N = 52,578. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit.
Master Narrative Voices: Struggle and Success and Emancipation
Discourse and dimension | Example quote |
Struggle and success | |
Self-actualization as member of a larger gay community is the end goal of healthy sexual identity development, or “coming out” | “My path of gayness ... going from denial to saying, well this is it, and then the process of coming out, and the process of just sort of, looking around and seeing, well where do I stand in the world, and sort of having, uh, political feelings.” (Carl, age 50) |
Maintaining healthy sexual identity entails vigilance against internalization of societal discrimination | “When I'm like thinking of criticisms of more mainstream gay culture, I try to ... make sure it's coming from an appropriate place and not like a place of self-loathing.” (Patrick, age 20) |
Emancipation | |
Open exploration of an individually fluid sexual self is the goal of healthy sexual identity development | “[For heterosexuals] the man penetrates the female, whereas with gay people, I feel like there is this potential for really playing around with that model a lot, you know, and just experimenting and exploring.” (Orion, age 31) |
Questioning discrete, monolithic categories of sexual identity | “LGBTQI, you know, and added on so many letters. Um, and it does start to raise the question about what the terms mean and whether ... any term can adequately be descriptive.” (Bill, age 50) |
Integrated Results Matrix for the Effect of Topic Familiarity on Reliance on Author Expertise
Quantitative results | Qualitative results | Example quote |
When the topic was more familiar (climate change) and cards were more relevant, participants placed less value on author expertise. | When an assertion was considered to be more familiar and considered to be general knowledge, participants perceived less need to rely on author expertise. | Participant 144: “I feel that I know more about climate and there are several things on the climate cards that are obvious, and that if I sort of know it already, then the source is not so critical ... whereas with nuclear energy, I don't know so much so then I'm maybe more interested in who says what.” |
When the topic was less familiar (nuclear power) and cards were more relevant, participants placed more value on authors with higher expertise. | When an assertion was considered to be less familiar and not general knowledge, participants perceived more need to rely on author expertise. | Participant 3: “[Nuclear power], which I know much, much less about, I would back up my arguments more with what I trust from the professors.” |
Note . We integrated quantitative data (whether students selected a card about nuclear power or about climate change) and qualitative data (interviews with students) to provide a more comprehensive description of students’ card selections between the two topics.
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Research papers are full of data and other information that needs to be effectively illustrated and organized. Without a clear presentation of a study's data, the information will not reach the intended audience and could easily be misunderstood. Clarity of thought and purpose is essential for any kind of research. Using tables and figures to present findings and other data in a research paper can be effective ways to communicate that information to the chosen audience.
When manuscripts are screened, tables and figures can give reviewers and publication editors a quick overview of the findings and key information. After the research paper is published or accepted as a final dissertation, tables and figures will offer the same opportunity for other interested readers. While some readers may not read the entire paper, the tables and figures have the chance to still get the most important parts of your research across to those readers.
However, tables and figures are only valuable within a research paper if they are succinct and informative. Just about any audience—from scientists to the general public—should be able to identify key pieces of information in well-placed and well-organized tables. Figures can help to illustrate ideas and data visually. It is important to remember that tables and figures should not simply be repetitions of data presented in the text. They are not a vehicle for superfluous or repetitious information. Stay focused, stay organized, and you will be able to use tables and figures effectively in your research papers. The following key rules for using tables and figures in research papers will help you do just that.
The first step in deciding how you want to use tables and figures in your research paper is to review the requirements outlined by your chosen style guide or the submission requirements for the journal or publication you will be submitting to. For example, JMIR Publications states that for readability purposes, we encourage authors to include no more than 5 tables and no more than 8 figures per article. They continue to outline that tables should not go beyond the 1-inch margin of a portrait-orientation 8.5"x11" page using 12pt font or they may not be able to be included in your main manuscript because of our PDF sizing.
Consider the reviewers that will be examining your research paper for consistency, clarity, and applicability to a specific publication. If your chosen publication usually has shorter articles with supplemental information provided elsewhere, then you will want to keep the number of tables and figures to a minimum.
According to the Purdue Online Writing Lab (Purdue OWL), the American Psychological Association (APA) states that Data in a table that would require only two or fewer columns and rows should be presented in the text. More complex data is better presented in tabular format. You can avoid unnecessary tables by reviewing the data and deciding if it is simple enough to be included in the text. There is a balance, and the APA guideline above gives a good standard cutoff point for text versus table. Finally, when deciding if you should include a table or a figure, ask yourself is it necessary. Are you including it because you think you should or because you think it will look more professional, or are you including it because it is necessary to articulate the data? Only include tables or figures if they are necessary to articulate the data.
Creating tables is not as difficult as it once was. Most word processing programs have functions that allow you to simply select how many rows and columns you want, and then it builds the structure for you. Whether you create a table in LaTeX , Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel , or Google Sheets , there are some key features that you will want to include. Tables generally include a legend, title, column titles, and the body of the table.
When deciding what the title of the table should be, think about how you would describe the table's contents in one sentence. There isn't a set length for table titles, and it varies depending on the discipline of the research, but it does need to be specific and clear what the table is presenting. Think of this as a concise topic sentence of the table.
Column titles should be designed in such a way that they simplify the contents of the table. Readers will generally skim the column titles first before getting into the data to prepare their minds for what they are about to see. While the text introducing the table will give a brief overview of what data is being presented, the column titles break that information down into easier-to-understand parts. The Purdue OWL gives a good example of what a table format could look like:
When deciding what your column titles should be, consider the width of the column itself when the data is entered. The heading should be as close to the length of the data as possible. This can be accomplished using standard abbreviations. When using symbols for the data, such as the percentage "%" symbol, place the symbol in the heading, and then you will not use the symbol in each entry, because it is already indicated in the column title.
For the body of the table, consistency is key. Use the same number of decimal places for numbers, keep the alignment the same throughout the table data, and maintain the same unit of measurement throughout each column. When information is changed within the same column, the reader can become confused, and your data may be considered inaccurate.
When creating tables, especially those derived from complex datasets or scanned documents, tools like JPG to Excel converter can be incredibly useful. These tools can automate the extraction of tabular data from images, ensuring accuracy and saving time. By converting image-based data into editable Excel sheets, researchers can easily format, analyze, and integrate the information into their papers. Utilizing such converters can enhance the efficiency of your data management process, making the preparation of tables for your research paper more seamless.
Figures can be of many different graphical types, including bar graphs, scatterplots, maps, photos, and more. Compared to tables, figures have a lot more variation and personalization. Depending on the discipline, figures take different forms. Sometimes a photograph is the best choice if you're illustrating spatial relationships or data hiding techniques in images. Sometimes a map is best to illustrate locations that have specific characteristics in an economic study. Carefully consider your reader's perspective and what detail you want them to see.
As with tables, your figures should be numbered sequentially and follow the same guidelines for titles and labels. Depending on your chosen style guide, keep the figure or figure placeholder as close to the text introducing it as possible. Similar to the figure title, any captions should be succinct and clear, and they should be placed directly under the figure.
Using the wrong kind of figure is a common mistake that can affect a reader's experience with your research paper. Carefully consider what type of figure will best describe your point. For example, if you are describing levels of decomposition of different kinds of paper at a certain point in time, then a scatter plot would not be the appropriate depiction of that data; a bar graph would allow you to accurately show decomposition levels of each kind of paper at time "t." The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has a good example of a bar graph offering easy-to-understand information:
If you have taken a figure from another source, such as from a presentation available online, then you will need to make sure to always cite the source. If you've modified the figure in any way, then you will need to say that you adapted the figure from that source. Plagiarism can still happen with figures – and even tables – so be sure to include a citation if needed.
Using the tips above, you can take your research data and give your reader or reviewer a clear perspective on your findings. As The Writing Center recommends, Consider the best way to communicate information to your audience, especially if you plan to use data in the form of numbers, words, or images that will help you construct and support your argument. If you can summarize the data in a couple of sentences, then don't try and expand that information into an unnecessary table or figure. Trying to use a table or figure in such cases only lengthens the paper and can make the tables and figures meaningless instead of informative.
Carefully choose your table and figure style so that they will serve as quick and clear references for your reader to see patterns, relationships, and trends you have discovered in your research. For additional assistance with formatting and requirements, be sure to review your publication or style guide's instructions to ensure success in the review and submission process.
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Published on 24 May 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on 25 October 2022.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation, along with their corresponding page numbers. These lists give your reader an overview of how you have used figures and tables in your document.
While these lists are often not required, you may want to include one as a way to stay organised if you are using several figures and tables in your paper. Your educational institution may require one, so be sure to check their guidelines. Ultimately, if you do choose to add one, it should go directly after your table of contents .
You can download our Microsoft Word template below to help you get started.
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Example of a list of tables and figures, additional lists to consider, frequently asked questions.
The first step to creating your list of figures and tables is to ensure that each of your figures and tables has a caption . This way, Microsoft Word will be able to find each one and compile them in your list automatically.
To do this, follow these steps:
Next, you can insert the list of tables and figures directly by clicking ‘Insert Table of Figures’, which can be found to the right of the ‘Insert Caption’ button. Be careful here – the list will only include items that you have marked using the ‘Insert Caption’ tool!
You can choose the formatting and layout within this menu as well, as you can see below.
There are a few things to remember as you go:
In addition to your list of tables and figures, there are a few other lists to consider for your thesis or dissertation. They can be placed in the following order:
Copyright information can usually be found wherever the table or figure was published. For example, for a diagram in a journal article , look on the journal’s website or the database where you found the article. Images found on sites like Flickr are listed with clear copyright information.
If you find that permission is required to reproduce the material, be sure to contact the author or publisher and ask for it.
Lists of figures and tables are often not required, and they aren’t particularly common. They specifically aren’t required for APA Style, though you should be careful to follow their other guidelines for figures and tables .
If you have many figures and tables in your thesis or dissertation, include one may help you stay organised. Your educational institution may require them, so be sure to check their guidelines.
APA doesn’t require you to include a list of tables or a list of figures . However, it is advisable to do so if your text is long enough to feature a table of contents and it includes a lot of tables and/or figures .
A list of tables and list of figures appear (in that order) after your table of contents, and are presented in a similar way.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.
Your list of tables and figures should go directly after your table of contents in your thesis or dissertation.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
George, T. (2022, October 25). Figure & Table Lists | Word Instructions, Template & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 16 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/list-of-figures-tables/
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Table of Contents
Data is the most important component of any research. It needs to be presented effectively in a paper to ensure that readers understand the key message in the paper. Figures and tables act as concise tools for clear presentation . Tables display information arranged in rows and columns in a grid-like format, while figures convey information visually, and take the form of a graph, diagram, chart, or image. Be it to compare the rise and fall of GDPs among countries over the years or to understand how COVID-19 has impacted incomes all over the world, tables and figures are imperative to convey vital findings accurately.
So, what are some of the best practices to follow when creating meaningful and attractive tables and figures? Here are some tips on how best to present tables and figures in a research paper.
Now that we know how to go about including tables and figures in the manuscript, let’s take a look at what makes tables and figures stand out and create impact.
For effective and concise presentation of data in a table, make sure to:
It is important to get tables and figures correct and precise for your research paper to convey your findings accurately and clearly. If you are confused about how to suitably present your data through tables and figures, do not worry. Elsevier Author Services are well-equipped to guide you through every step to ensure that your manuscript is of top-notch quality.
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Figures and tables (display items) are often the quickest way to communicate large amounts of complex information that would be complicated to explain in text.
Many readers will only look at your display items without reading the main text of your manuscript. Therefore, ensure your display items can stand alone from the text and communicate clearly your most significant results.
Display items are also important for attracting readers to your work. Well designed and attractive display items will hold the interest of readers, compel them to take time to understand a figure and can even entice them to read your full manuscript.
Finally, high-quality display items give your work a professional appearance . Readers will assume that a professional-looking manuscript contains good quality science. Thus readers may be more likely to trust your results and your interpretation of those results.
When deciding which of your results to present as display items consider the following questions:
Tables are a concise and effective way to present large amounts of data. You should design them carefully so that you clearly communicate your results to busy researchers.
The following is an example of a well-designed table:
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The writing of the results section of a scientific paper is very important for the readers for clearly understanding of the study. This review summarizes the rules for writing the results section of a scientific paper and describes the use of tables and figures.
Medical articles consist of review articles, case reports, and letters to the editor which are prepared with the intention of publishing in journals related to the medical discipline of the author. For an academician to be able to progress in carreer, and make his/her activities known in the academic environment, require preparation of the protocol of his/her academic research article, and acquiring sufficient information, and experience related to the composition of this article. In this review article, the information related to the writing of the ‘Results’ section, and use of tables, and figures will be presented to the attention of the readers.
The ‘Results’ section is perhaps the most important part of a research article. In fact the authors will share the results of their research/study with their readers. Renown British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) indicated his feelings as “The great tragedy of science: the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.” which emphasizes the importance of accurately, and impressively written results.
In essence results provide a response for the question” What is found in the research performed?”. Therefore, it is the most vital part of the article. As a priority, while drafting the ‘Results’ section of a manuscript one should not firstly write down methods in the ‘Material and Method’ section. The first sentence should give information about the number of patients who met the inclusion criteria, and thus enrolled in the study. [ 1 ] Besides information about the number of patients excluded from the study, and the reasons for exclusion is very important in that they will enlighten the readers, and reviewers who critically evaluate the manuscript, and also reflect the seriousness of the study. On the other hand, the results obtained should be recorded in chronological order, and without any comments. [ 2 ] In this section use of simple present tense is more appropriate. The findings should be expressed in brief, lucid, and explicable words. The writing style should not be boring for the reader. During writing process of a research article, a generally ill-conceived point is that positive, and significant findings are more important, attractive, and valuable, while negative, and insignificant findings are worthless, and less attractive. A scientific research is not performed to confirm a hypothesis, rather to test it. Not only positive, and significant results are worth writing, on the other hand negative or statistically insignificant result which support fallacy of a widely accepted opinion might be valuable. Therefore, all findings obtained during research should be inclıuded in the ‘Results’ section. [ 1 ]
While writing the ‘Results’ section, the sequence of results, tabulated data, and information which will be illustrated as figures should be definitively indicated. In indicating insignificant changes, do not use expressions as “decreased” or “increased”, these words should be reserved for significant changes. If results related to more than one parameter would be reported, it is appropriate to write the results under the subheading of its related parameter so as to facilitate reading, and comprehension of information. [ 2 ] Only data, and information concerning the study in question should be included in the ‘Results’ section. Results not mentioned in this section should not be included in the ‘Discussion’ and ‘Summary’ sections. Since the results obtained by the authors are cited in the ‘Results’ section, any reference should not be indicated in this section. [ 3 ]
In the ‘Results’ section, numerical expressions should be written in technically appropriate terms. The number of digits (1, 2 or 3 digits) to be written after a comma (in Turkish) or a point (in especially American English) should be determined The number of digits written after the punctuation marks should not be changed all throughout the text. Data should be expressed as mean/median ± standard deviation. Data as age, and scale scores should be indicated together with ranges of values. Absolute numerical value corresponding to a percentage must be also indicated. P values calculated in statistical analysis should be expressed in their absolute values. While writing p values of statistically significant data, instead of p<0.05 the actual level of significance should be recorded. If p value is smaller than 0.001, then it can be written as p <0.01. [ 2 ] While writing the ‘Results’ section, significant data which should be recalled by the readers must be indicated in the main text. It will be appropriate to indicate other demographic numerical details in tables or figures.
As an example elucidating the abovementioned topics a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the Turkish Journal of Urology in the year 2007 (Türk Üroloji Dergisi 2007;33:18–23) is presented below:
“A total of 9 (56.2%) female, and 7 (43.8%) male patients with were included in this study. Mean age of all the patients was 44.3±13.8 (17–65) years, and mean dimensions of the adrenal mass was 4.5±3.4 (1–14) cm. Mean ages of the male, and female patients were 44.1 (30–65), and 42.4 (17–64) years, while mean diameters of adrenal masses were 3.2 (1–5), and 4.5 (1–14) cm (p age =0.963, p mass size =0.206). Surgical procedures were realized using transperitoneal approach through Chevron incision in 1 (6.2%), and retroperitoneal approach using flank incision with removal of the 11. rib in 15 (93.7%) patients. Right (n=6; 37.5%), and left (n=2; 12.5%) adrenalectomies were performed. Two (12.5%) patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy in the same session because of clinical Cushing’s syndrome persisted despite transsphenoidal hipophysectomy. Mean operative time, and length of the hospital stay were 135 (65–190) min, and 3 (2–6) days, respectively. While resecting 11. rib during retroperitoneal adrenalectomy performed in 1 patient, pleura was perforated for nearly 1.5 cm. The perforated region was drained, and closed intraoperatively with 4/0 polyglyctan sutures. The patient did not develop postoperative pneumothorax. In none of the patients postoperative complications as pneumothorax, bleeding, prolonged drainage were seen. Results of histopathological analysis of the specimens retrieved at the end of the operation were summarized in Table 1 .” Table 1. Histopathological examination results of the patients Histopathological diagnosis Men n (%) Women n (%) Total n (%) Adrenal cortical adenoma 5 (31.3) 6 (37.6) 11 (68.8) Pheochromocytoma 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) 2 (12.6) Ganglioneuroma 1 (6.2) - 1 (6.2) Myelolipoma - 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) Adrenal carcinoma - 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) Total 7 (43.7) 9 (56.2) 16 (100) Open in a separate window
To prevent the audience from getting bored while reading a scientific article, some of the data should be expressed in a visual format in graphics, and figures rather than crowded numerical values in the text. Peer-reviewers frequently look at tables, and figures. High quality tables, and figures increase the chance of acceptance of the manuscript for publication.
Number of tables in the manuscript should not exceed the number recommended by the editorial board of the journal. Data in the main text, and tables should not be repeated many times. Tables should be comprehensible, and a reader should be able to express an opinion about the results just at looking at the tables without reading the main text. Data included in tables should comply with those mentioned in the main text, and percentages in rows, and columns should be summed up accurately. Unit of each variable should be absolutely defined. Sampling size of each group should be absolutely indicated. Values should be expressed as values±standard error, range or 95% confidence interval. Tables should include precise p values, and level of significance as assessed with statistical analysis should be indicated in footnotes. [ 2 ] Use of abbreviations in tables should be avoided, if abbreviations are required they should be defined explicitly in the footnotes or legends of the tables. As a general rule, rows should be arranged as double-spaced Besides do not use pattern coloring for cells of rows, and columns. Values included in tables should be correctly approximated. [ 1 , 2 ]
As an example elucidating the abovementioned topics a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the Turkish Journal of Urology in the year 2007 (Türk Üroloji Dergisi 2007;33:18–23).is shown in Table 1 .
Most of the readers priorly prefer to look at figures, and graphs rather than reading lots of pages. Selection of appropriate types of graphs for demonstration of data is a critical decision which requires artist’s meticulousness. As is the case with tables, graphs, and figures should also disploay information not provided in the text. Bar, line, and pie graphs, scatter plots, and histograms are some examples of graphs. In graphs, independent variables should be represented on the horizontal, and dependent variables on the vertical axis. Number of subjects in every subgroup should be indicated The labels on each axis should be easily understandable. [ 2 ] The label of the Y axis should be written vertically from bottom to top. The fundamental point in writing explanatory notes for graphs, and figures is to help the readers understand the contents of them without referring to the main text. Meanings of abbreviations, and acronyms used in the graphs, and figures should be provided in explanatory notes. In the explanatory notes striking data should be emphasized. Statistical tests used, levels of significance, sampling size, stains used for analyses, and magnification rate should be written in order to facilitate comprehension of the study procedures. [ 1 , 2 ]
Flow diagram can be utilized in the ‘Results’ section. This diagram facilitates comprehension of the results obtained at certain steps of monitorization during the research process. Flow diagram can be used either in the ‘Results’ or ‘Material and Method’ section. [ 2 , 3 ]
Histopathological analyses, surgical technique or radiological images which are considered to be more useful for the comprehension of the text by the readers can be visually displayed. Important findings should be marked on photos, and their definitions should be provided clearly in the explanatory legends. [ 1 ]
As an example elucidating the abovementioned issues, graphics, and flow diagram in the ‘Results’ section of a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the World Journal of Urology in the year 2010 (World J Urol 2010;28:17–22.) are shown in Figures 1 , and and2 2 .
a The mean SHIM scores of the groups before and after treatment. SHIM sexual health inventory for male. b The mean IPSS scores of the groups before and after treatment. IPSS international prostate symptom score
Flowchart showing patients’ progress during the study. SHIM sexual health inventory for male, IIEF international index of erectile function, IPSS international prostate symptom score, QoL quality of life, Q max maximum urinary flow rate. PRV post voiding residual urine volume
In conclusion, in line with the motto of the famous German physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). ‘If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor .’ results obtained in a scientific research article should be expressed accurately, and with a masterstroke of a tailor in compliance with certain rules which will ensure acceptability of the scientific manuscript by the editorial board of the journal, and also facilitate its intelligibility by the readers.
Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.
When you reprint or adapt a table or figure from another source, the source should be acknowledged in an in-text citation and in your reference list . Follow the format for the source type you took the table or figure from.
You also have to include a copyright statement in a note beneath the table or figure. The example below shows how to cite a figure from a journal article .
Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Analysis of trip generation rates in residential commuting based on mobile phone signaling data. , (1), 201–220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264 | |
(Shi & Zhu, 2019, p. 212) | |
. From “Analysis of Trip Generation Rates in Residential Commuting Based on Mobile Phone Signaling Data,” by F. Shi and L. Zhu, 2019, , (1), p. 212 ( ). CC BY-NC. |
Citing tables and figures, including a copyright note, examples from different source types, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures . Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source.
You should also include the source in the reference list. Follow the standard format for the source type you took the table or figure from.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
As well as a citation and reference, when you reproduce a table or figure in your own work, you also need to acknowledge the source in a note directly below it.
The image below shows an example of a table with a copyright note.
If you’ve reproduced a table or figure exactly, start the note with “From …” If you’ve adapted it in some way for your own purposes (e.g. incorporating part of a table or figure into a new table or figure in your paper), write “Adapted from …”
This is followed by information about the source (title, author, year, publisher, and location), and then copyright information at the end.
A source will either be under standard copyright, under a Creative Commons license, or in the public domain. You need to state which of these is the case.
Standard copyright | Copyright 2020 by Scribbr. |
---|---|
Creative Commons | CC-BY-NC. |
Public domain | In the public domain. |
Under standard copyright, you sometimes also need permission from the publisher to reprint or adapt materials. If you sought and obtained permission, mention this at the end of the note.
Look for information on copyright and permissions from the publisher. If you’re having trouble finding this information, consult your supervisor for advice.
. From or Adapted from “Article Title,” by Initials. Last name, Year, , (Issue), p. Page number (URL or DOI). Copyright statement. | |
. Adapted from “Analysis of Trip Generation Rates in Residential Commuting Based on Mobile Phone Signaling Data,” by F. Shi and L. Zhu, 2019, , (1), p. 212 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264). CC BY-NC. | |
Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Analysis of trip generation rates in residential commuting based on mobile phone signaling data. , (1), 201–220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264 |
. From or Adapted from , by Initials. Last name, Year (URL). Copyright statement. | |
. From , by R. Streefkerk, 2020 (https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/). Copyright 2020 by Scribbr. | |
Streefkerk, R. (2020, October 2). . Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/ |
. From or Adapted from (p. Page number), by Initial. Last name, Year, Publisher (DOI or URL). Copyright statement. | |
. From (p. 107), by H. B. Simon, 2004, Free Press. Copyright 2004 by Free Press. Reprinted with permission. | |
Simon, H. B. (2002). . Free Press. |
Copyright information can usually be found wherever the table or figure was published. For example, for a diagram in a journal article , look on the journal’s website or the database where you found the article. Images found on sites like Flickr are listed with clear copyright information.
If you find that permission is required to reproduce the material, be sure to contact the author or publisher and ask for it.
APA doesn’t require you to include a list of tables or a list of figures . However, it is advisable to do so if your text is long enough to feature a table of contents and it includes a lot of tables and/or figures .
A list of tables and list of figures appear (in that order) after your table of contents, and are presented in a similar way.
If you adapt or reproduce a table or figure from another source, you should include that source in your APA reference list . You should also include copyright information in the note for the table or figure, and include an APA in-text citation when you refer to it.
Tables and figures you created yourself, based on your own data, are not included in the reference list.
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). Citing Tables and Figures in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/citing-tables-figures/
Other students also liked, how to format tables and figures in apa style, how to cite an image in apa style, setting up the apa reference page | formatting & references (examples), scribbr apa citation checker.
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The list of figures and tables in a research paper , thesis, or dissertation provides a structured overview of graphic elements included in the paper. This list guides readers to find specific graphs, images, tables, or charts effortlessly. The process of compiling this list needs more than just listing the captions; it also requires proper formatting and sequencing in line with academic guidelines. This article explores creating a well-structured list of figures and tables with examples.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
The American Psychological Association publishes the APA style guide, which aims to:
Tables show numerical values or text arranged in rows and columns. In contrast, figures typically consist of graphs, illustrations, or drawings.
The APA style guide defines figures as graphical displays other than tables, including photographs, graphics, charts, and non-textual information.
Suppose a dissertation contains one or more tables or figures. In that case, the APA guide specifies including a list of figures and tables as appropriate.
Every list of figures and tables includes a tabulated, numerical enumeration of the titles of each relevant item. This uniform and consistent approach enables dissertation readers – including examiners – to quickly scan and locate the sources, findings, and key points in long documents.
By following APA recommendations to make a list of figures and tables, college and university students can present their dissertations correctly.
List of Tables
Table 1 Title of Table One ……………………………………………………………………………..2 Table 2 Title of Table Two .…………………………………………………………………………….3 Table 3 Title of Table ‘Three ………………………………………………………………………….3
List of Figures
Figure 1 Title of Figure One …………………………………………………………………………..4 Figure 2 Title of Figure Two …………………………………………………………………………..5 Figure 3 Title of Figure Three ………………………………………………………………………..5
This article will delve into how to include a list of figures and tables in APA style in your dissertation.
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Creating a list of figures and tables is straightforward in most word processing software, such as Microsoft Word.
Note: It is essential to eschew plagiarism if you are creating a list of figures and tables based on copying from another document.
Also, remember that the source document settings and format may affect how the table looks in your new paper: font style, page number conventions, margin widths, etc.
Further information on formatting standards for a list of figures and tables are on pages 225 to 250 of the APA Publication Manual 7th Edition (2020).
Other lists you might consider including in a dissertation are:
After the title, approval signature, and copyright page(s) as applicable, we recommend you arrange the pages of a dissertation in the following order:
Occasionally, research results or lengthy analyses may extend to hundreds of rows. Instead of including all the detail, a clickable link or URL (universal resource locator) to an online version may be preferable.
We recommend opting for a data repository or an arXiv location, as privately hosted websites may change or disappear.
Best practice guidelines advocate the long-term availability of datasets for at least five years after publication. 2 Resources such as nature.com publish details of storage options by scientific field.
Your list of figures and tables comes after the table of contents. If both lists are present, the list of titles appears before the list of figures.
Figure legends (also known as keys) explain uncommon symbols used in the figure image. They should appear within the borders of the figure.
Figure notes explain, describe, clarify, or supplement the information in the image. Only some figures include notes, as and when necessary.
According to the APA style guide, notes appear below the figure or table. Use double line spacing and left justification.
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COMMENTS
To do this, follow these steps: Navigate to the References tab, and click "Insert Caption," which you can find in the Captions group. Give your caption a name. In the Label list, you can select the label that best describes your figure or table, or make your own by selecting "New Label.". Next, you can insert the list of tables and ...
How to Create Tables in Research Paper. Here are the steps to create tables in a research paper: Plan your table: Determine the purpose of the table and the type of information you want to include. Consider the layout and format that will best convey your information. Choose a table format: Decide on the type of table you want to create.
Where to place tables and figures. You have two options for the placement of tables and figures in APA Style: Option 1: Place tables and figures throughout your text, shortly after the parts of the text that refer to them. Option 2: Place them all together at the end of your text (after the reference list) to avoid breaking up the text. If you place them throughout the text, note that each ...
4. Check the box to build the table of figures using Style: Caption, then click OK. 5. Click OK to close the Table of Figures window. That will create one list that includes ALL of your captions -- tables, figures, equations, supplemental figures -- everything. You now need to delete the things that shouldn't be there.
Cite your source automatically in APA. The purpose of tables and figures in documents is to enhance your readers' understanding of the information in the document; usually, large amounts of information can be communicated more efficiently in tables or figures. Tables are any graphic that uses a row and column structure to organize information ...
Just like the table of contents, Microsoft Word can be used to automatically generate both a list of tables and a list of figures. Automatic generation of these lists has the same advantages as automatically generating the table of contents: You don't have to manually type the list of tables or the list of figures
List each new figure caption on a new line and capitalise the start of each word. Write the figure number on the left, then caption label and finally the page number the figure corresponds to on the right-hand side. Apply the same formatting principle to the List of Tables in your thesis of dissertation. That is to insert each table numberon a ...
1) Determine the purpose and information to be conveyed. 2) Plan the layout, including rows, columns, and headings. 3) Use spreadsheet software like Excel to design and format the table. 4) Input accurate data into cells, aligning it logically. 5) Include column and row headers for context.
Placement of tables in a paper. There are two options for the placement of tables (and figures) in a paper. The first is to embed tables in the text after each is first mentioned (or "called out"); the second is to place each table on a separate page after the reference list. An embedded table may take up an entire page; if the table is ...
Step #2 - Insert the List of Figures and Tables in the Dissertation. In the Word menu bar, click on References. In the dialogue box that appears, click on Insert: Table of figures. In the dialogue box caption label, you can choose between a Figure or a Table, as appropriate. Moreover, you will be able to choose a design that appears most ...
Sample results of several t tests table. Sample correlation table. Sample analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. Sample factor analysis table. Sample regression table. Sample qualitative table with variable descriptions. Sample mixed methods table. These sample tables are also available as a downloadable Word file (DOCX, 37KB).
Whether you create a table in LaTeX, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, or Google Sheets, there are some key features that you will want to include. Tables generally include a legend, title, column titles, and the body of the table. When deciding what the title of the table should be, think about how you would describe the table's contents in one ...
Step 2. Create your table. All word processing programs include an option to create a table. For example, in Word's top menu bar you can either click on the "Table" tab or select Insert -> Table -> New. To keep your tables consistent, it's important that you use the same formatting throughout your dissertation.
To do this, follow these steps: Navigate to the References tab, and click 'Insert Caption', which you can find in the Captions group. Give your caption a name. In the Label list, you can select the label that best describes your figure or table, or make your own by selecting 'New Label'. Next, you can insert the list of tables and ...
Several studies, journal guidelines, and discourses on scientific writing 1-10 affirm the critical role that tables, figures, and graphs (or display items) play in enhancing the quality of manuscripts. Scientific tables and graphs can be utilized to represent sizeable numerical or statistical data in a time- and space-effective manner. Readers are often drawn towards tables and figures ...
So, the tables need to be well organized and self-explanatory. Avoidance of repetition: Tables and figures add clarity to the research. They complement the research text and draw attention to key points. They can be used to highlight the main points of the paper, but values should not be repeated as it defeats the very purpose of these elements.
Figures and tables. Figures and tables (display items) are often the quickest way to communicate large amounts of complex information that would be complicated to explain in text. Many readers will only look at your display items without reading the main text of your manuscript. Therefore, ensure your display items can stand alone from the text ...
1. Ensure that the tables and figures in your research manuscript are self-explanatory and can be understood independent of text. 2. Do not repeat the contents of your tables and figures within the text. Instead, use the text to focus on the significance or key points of your tables and figures. 3.
This is an instructional video on how to use Microsoft Word to automatically create a list of table or list of figure at the start of your Masters or PhD the...
Tables should be comprehensible, and a reader should be able to express an opinion about the results just at looking at the tables without reading the main text. Data included in tables should comply with those mentioned in the main text, and percentages in rows, and columns should be summed up accurately.
If even one numbered table or figure appears in your manuscript, then a List of Tables and/or a List of Figures must be included in your manuscript following the Table of Contents. If both are used, arrange the List of Tables before the List of Figures. NOTE: The templates were created using the 2013 version of Microsoft Word.
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures. Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source. In-text citation example. The results in Table 1 (Ajzen, 1991, p. 179) show that ….
The list of figures and tables in a research paper, thesis, or dissertation provides a structured overview of graphic elements included in the paper. This list guides readers to find specific graphs, images, tables, or charts effortlessly. The process of compiling this list needs more than just listing the captions; it also requires proper formatting and sequencing in line with academic ...