equality in indian democracy essay

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• What is Equality in Indian Democracy ?

An Introduction

Equality is so crucial as it preserves the individual's "dignity." Dignity mainly means and the respect an individual deserves from everyone else for being a fellow human being. It is a fundamental and essential human right. This ideal case, nevertheless, does not exist. There are many forms of inequality in India even today. This is an article on equality in India or better yet this article highlights the issues of achieving equality in India and worldwide.

Why is Equality Important?

We would say, equality is to offer equivalent privileges in promising circumstances, freedoms, and status. It implies giving equivalent privileges and opportunities to all areas of individuals, In Spite of their sex, colour, and financial status, individuals should be dealt with much the same way. Individuals in India are great by heart yet with regards to correspondence, individuals are not prepared to endure this. In that manner, a singular issue turns into a mutual mob and individuals lose their lives for correspondence.

Examples of Inequality

Besides being poor, there are many types of inequality in India. One of the most common forms of inequality in India is the caste system. If a person lives in rural India, their caste identity is something they have probably learned or faced very young. If you live in urban India, some of you might think that people don't believe in caste anymore.

Omprakash Valmiki (1950–2013) is a popular Dalit writer who wrote about equality in India through his eyes. In his autobiography, Joothan, he writes, “I had to sit away from the others in the class, and that too on the floor. The mat ran out before reaching the spot I sat on. Sometimes I would have to sit way behind everybody, right near the door…sometimes they would beat me without any reason”.

The second story is also about equality in India centred on an incident that occurred in one of the largest cities in India. It's a story about Mr Ansari and Mrs Ansari who were searching for an apartment in the city on rent. They came to a property dealer to help them find a place for themselves. In the end, it took a month to look at the apartments before they found a landlady who was willing to give them a rental place. Omprakash Valmiki and Ansaris were really treated unequally on the basis of differences of caste and religion. This shows two types of inequality in India.

Recognizing Dignity

The dignity of both Omprakash Valmiki and Ansaris had been violated due to the obvious way they were treated. When people are treated unfairly, their dignity will be violated. Omprakash and the Ansaris don't really warrant to be treated like this. They deserve the same respect and dignity as everyone else.

Racial Discrimination

Individuals having a place with specific races are depicted in an underhanded way in the personalities of the small kids and they are additionally instructed not to treat them similarly. To the extreme, they were treated like a slave and they worked as a slaves in their plantation. At the point when you return and read Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream", we can comprehend that there is a class segregation and disparity were predominant in America during that time. Martin Luther King was exceptionally clear with regards to his point that all men are equivalent in this world.

Age Inequality

Age imbalance or separation is pervasive in many countries in the world. A certain age group are segregated and treated poorly, which reflects in their helpless way of living. Girl children below the age of 18 are forced to marry a man in order to avoid a financial crisis in the family. Eventhough there are many laws against child marriages like Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act , it is still prevalent among various states in our country.

Educational Inequality

Educating a boy is teaching a family and teaching a girl is teaching society. At the point when a boy gets training, he goes to work and makes himself monetarily cheerful. The parents are dependably prepared to instruct their boy and give the most ideal sort of schooling to their son’s. The way is diverse on account of a girl’s schooling and they are prepared to spend much on the son’s schooling. Despite the fact that we can see the adjustment of certain spaces on the metropolitan side, the provincial individuals are not prepared to acknowledge the change. However rural people give the schooling to their daughters, it is a type of basic or fundamental and not of Professional.

Financial Inequality

We observe individuals judge a person by their profession and not by their person, conduct and idiosyncrasy. A job chooses a man's status in the general public. Prior an individual has a place with lower local area controls to do specific job roles and the higher local area are permitted to do the best work. The occupation of a man assists with understanding his monetary status and furthermore it chooses his power and worth in the general public. An individual who possesses a lower job role isn't permitted inside the house and they should use just the patio. Consequently, an individual's calling characterises their status in the general public.

Equality in Indian Democracy

The Constitution of India acknowledges every individual as equal and understands the importance of equality in India. This means that each individual in the state, including the male and female, is a regular citizen. All castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic backgrounds are identified as similar. This is not to say that inequality has vanished. It has not. But, at the very least, the importance of equality in India for every individual is recognized in democratic India.

The recognition of equality in the Constitution includes the following provisions:

Every citizen before the law is equal.

No individual can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are male or female.

Everyone has access to all public places.

Untouchability has been outlawed.

The two different ways in which the state has decided to achieve the equality guaranteed by the Constitution are, first, through legislation and, secondly, through public programs or schemes to help vulnerable communities. In addition to legislation, the government has also established a number of schemes to improve the conditions of communities and individuals who have been treated unfairly for several centuries. These schemes are designed to provide greater opportunities for people who have not had this in the past.

Although government programs play a significant role in expanding equality of opportunity, much remains to be done yet. One of the primary reasons for this is that society is changing very slowly. Although people know what is equality in Indian democracy and that discrimination is against the law, they continue to treat people unfairly. It's only when people start believing that no one is unequal, and that every person deserves respect and dignity, that present behaviours may change. Understanding of what equality is in Indian democracy is very necessary for this to happen. Establishing equality in a democratic society is a continuous struggle of individuals and the various communities in India that they contribute to. This article on equality in India briefly has covered issues attached to achieving this ideal case scenario in our democracy.

Equal Right to Vote

In a democratic country such as India, all adults, regardless of their religion, education, caste, or whether they are rich or poor, are allowed to vote. This is called the universal adult franchise and is a key aspect of all democracies. The idea of a universal adult franchise is built on the notion of equality.

Issues of Equality in Other Democracies

In many democratic nations around the world, equality remains a critical issue in the struggle of societies. In the United States, African-Americans whose forefathers were slaves brought from Africa still describe their lives today as chiefly unfair. They have been treated pretty unfairly in the US and denied equality by law.

Rosa Park had been an African-American lady. Exhausted after a long day at work, she refused to surrender her seat on the bus to a white man on 1 December 1955. Her refusal that day triggered a massive upheaval against the racial discrimination of African-Americans that emerged as the Civil Rights Movement.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discriminatory practices on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It also mentioned that all schools would be accessible to African-American children and that they'd no longer have to attend segregated schools mainly set up for them.

Measures Taken to Uphold Equality

To reduce inequality, society ought to attain equality financially, economically, and educatively. Many laws passed in the Indian Constitution like The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, The Special Marriage Act, 1954, The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 is aimed to decrease the ratio of inequality. To avoid inequality and to have a fair society, following steps must be taken. 

Enable women to get a good education and to stand them on their own.

Employment should be equally divided to all races of people and give  priority to capable people.

Laws ought to be passed to save morally high-minded people.

Did You Know?

The Right to Equality is not absolute and is subjective to certain limits.

Untouchability although has been outlawed long ago, its definition is not given in the Indian Constitution.

This was the complete discussion on equality and its importance. We have laso learnt about the challenges faced in a democracy to uphold the right to equality.

FAQs on What is Equality in Indian Democracy ?

1. What was Martin Luther King's dream?

Martin Luther King dreamed of equality in the nation. It was pervassive that there was a racial discrimination during his time in America.  He imagined that one day things should be changed and people ought to understand that all men are made equivalent.

2. What are the laws passed by Indian Government against child marriage?

Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was passed to avoid child marriages before the age of 18, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act was to protect the girl children from sexual harrasment.

3. How is education being partial to girl children?

Most of the parents’ income in India is below average and it is truly difficult for them to take care of their family on the basis of food, shelter, education and other needs. To avoid financial crises in the near future and after their lifetime, the boys in the family should take care of their sisters and their life . In such cases, they prefer to educate their sons compared with their daughters.

4. How to Control Inequality in the society?

In order to avoid mob violence and individual issues equality should be followed in the society. By passing laws and strictly adhering to it will decrease the issues and the violence. Similarly, the change should begin from ourselves while attempting to change the society. So following and educating ourselves and others will help to control inequality.

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Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18): Meaning, Provisions & Significance

The Right to Equality , enshrined as a fundamental right in the Indian Constitution, plays a crucial role in building a just and equitable society. The provisions under this right collectively form the bedrock upon which the edifice of Indian democracy is built. This article of NEXT IAS delves into the nuances of provisions related to the Right to Equality, their meaning, significance, exceptions, and more.

Meaning of Right to Equality

The Right to Equality in the Indian Constitution is a fundamental human right that signifies that all people should be treated equally and without discrimination. This principle is foundational to human rights law and is enshrined in various international treaties and national constitutions around the world. The essence of this right is to ensure that no individual or group is denied societal opportunities or privileges that are available to others based on arbitrary criteria such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or any other status.

Right to Equality in India

The Right to Equality is a Fundamental Right enshrined in the Constitution of India. The detailed provisions related to the Right to Equality contained in Articles 14 to 18 of the Constitution form the cornerstone of justice and fairness in society. Together they ensure that everyone is treated equally before the law, given equal opportunities in certain matters, and is not discriminated against on grounds such as religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, etc.

Right to Equality: Provisions Under the Indian Constitution

Equality before law and equal protection of laws (article 14).

• This provision mandates that the State shall not deny to any person Equality before the Law or the Equal Protection of the Laws within the territory of India.
• This right is extended to citizens, foreigners as well as legal persons such as companies.

Equality before Law

• the absence of any special privileges in favor of any person,
• the equal subjection of all persons to the ordinary law of the land,
• no person is above the law.

Equal Protection of Laws

• equality of treatment under equal circumstances, both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposed by the laws,
• the similar application of the same laws to all persons who are similarly situated,
• the like should be treated alike without any discrimination.
• A simple comparison of the concepts of ‘Equality before Law’ and ‘Equal Protection of Laws’ tells that the former is a negative concept , while the latter is a positive concept. However, they both align in their common aim to establish equality of legal status, opportunity, and justice.

Rule of Law

• Absence of arbitrary power i.e. no man can be punished except for a breach of law.
• Equality before law i.e. equal subjection of all citizens to the laws of the land.
• The primacy of the rights of the individual i.e. constitution is the result of the rights of the individual as defined and enforced by the courts of law, rather than the constitution being the source of the individual rights.
• The concept of ‘ Equality before Law ’ is an element of the concept of ‘Rule of Law’.
• In the case of the Indian system, only the 1st and 2nd elements of the ‘Rule of Law’ are applicable, and not the 3rd one. This is because, in India, the constitution is the source of the individual rights.
• The Supreme Court has ruled that the ‘Rule of Law’ as embodied in Article 14 is a ‘basic feature’ of the constitution , and hence cannot be destroyed by a constitutional amendment.

Exceptions to Equality

The rule of equality before the law has certain exceptions. These exceptions are mentioned below:

• As ruled by the Supreme Court, while Article 14 forbids class legislation, it permits the reasonable classification of persons, objects, and transactions by law. However, the classification should not be arbitrary, artificial, or evasive.
• As per Article 361 , the President of India and the Governor of States enjoy certain immunities.
• As per Article 361-A , no person shall be liable for any proceedings in any court for publication of a true report of any proceedings of Parliament or State Legislature.
• Article 105 provides that no member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given in Parliament or any committee thereof. Article 194 makes a similar provision for members of the State Legislature.
• Article 31-C provides that laws made by the state for implementing DPSPs contained in Article 39 (b) and (c) cannot be challenged on the grounds of being violative of Article 14.
• Immunity to foreign sovereigns, ambassadors, and diplomats from criminal and civil proceedings.
• UNO and its agencies also enjoy diplomatic immunity from certain proceedings.

Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds (Article 15)

• The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• No citizen shall be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction, or condition on grounds only of religion, race, case, sex, or place of birth w.r.t. access to public places.
• The first provision prohibits discrimination only by the state , while the second provision prohibits discrimination both by the state and private individuals.
• The crucial term here is ‘only’, which connotes that discrimination on grounds other than those mentioned in the provisions is not prohibited.
• The state is authorized to enact special provisions for the benefit of women and children, such as reserving seats in local bodies or providing free education for children.
• The state is empowered to enact special measures for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, as well as scheduled castes and scheduled tribes such as seat reservations or fee concessions in public educational institutions.
• The state has the authority to enact special measures for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, scheduled castes, or scheduled tribes in matters of admission to educational institutions, including private ones, whether aided or unaided by the state, excluding minority educational institutions.
• The state is empowered to enact special measures for the advancement of economically weaker sections of society. Additionally, the state may reserve up to 10% of seats for such sections in educational institutions, excluding minority educational institutions. A. This reservation is in addition to existing reservations and is determined based on family income and other indicators of economic disadvantage, as notified by the state.

Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment (Article 16)

• This provision provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of employment or appointment to any office under the State.
• The citizens cannot be discriminated against or be ineligible for any employment or office under the State only on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or residence.
• Parliament may prescribe residence as a condition for certain employment positions under the State, Union Territory, Local Authority, or other authority.
• The State can provide for the reservation of appointments or posts in favor of the backward classes that are inadequately represented in the state services.
• A law can provide that certain religious institutions or denominations may require officeholders to belong to a particular religion or denomination.
• The state can reserve up to 10% of appointments for economically weaker sections, in addition to existing reservations, based on criteria such as family income or other indicators of economic disadvantage. A. This reservation has been added by the 103rd Amendment Act of 2019.

Abolition of Untouchability (Article 17)

• This provision has abolished ‘untouchability’ and forbids its practice in any form.
• Any act enforcing disability based on untouchability shall be deemed as an offense punishable by law.
• Untouchability refers to social disabilities imposed on certain classes of persons because of their birth in certain castes. Hence, it does not cover the social boycott of a few individuals or their exclusions from religious services, etc.
• However, the term ‘untouchability’ has not been defined in the Constitution or the Protection of Civil Rights Act of 1955 (the act enacted to enforce this provision).

Abolition of Titles ( Article 18)

• It prohibits the state from granting any title, except for military or academic distinctions, to any individual, whether a citizen or a foreigner.
• It prohibits Indian citizens from accepting titles from any foreign state.
• A foreigner holding any office of profit or trust under the state cannot accept titles from any foreign state without the President’s consent.
• Neither citizens nor foreigners holding any office of profit or trust under the State are allowed to accept any gift, salary, or position from or under any foreign state without the President’s consent.
• Hereditary titles of nobility e.g. Maharaja, Deewan, etc which were conferred by colonial states are banned by this Article.
• National Awards e.g. Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Sri are not banned by this Article. However, they should not be used as suffixes or prefixes to the names of awardees. Otherwise, they should forfeit the awards.

Significance of Right to Equality

The right to equality holds immense significance as it serves as the foundation for a just and inclusive society. Its importance lies in several key aspects:

• Fairness and Justice – It ensures that all individuals are treated equally under the law, irrespective of their background, race, religion, caste, gender, or economic status. This fosters a sense of fairness and justice in society.
• Non-Discrimination – This right prohibits discrimination in all spheres of life, including employment, education, housing, and public services. It creates a level playing field for everyone, regardless of their differences.
• Inclusivity – This right promotes inclusivity by recognizing the dignity and worth of every individual. It encourages respect for diversity and the participation of all members of society in civic and political life.
• Social Cohesion – This right helps in building social cohesion by reducing social tensions and disparities. When individuals feel that they are treated fairly and have equal opportunities, it fosters a sense of belonging and unity within society.
• Human Rights – This is a fundamental human right enshrined in various international and national legal instruments. Protecting this right is essential for upholding the broader framework of human rights and dignity.

In conclusion, equality lies at the heart of the Indian Constitution, serving as the cornerstone of justice, fairness, and social cohesion. This principle of equality ensures that all individuals are treated fairly before the law, without any unreasonable discrimination. By upholding this fundamental right, India strives to build a society where every citizen has equal opportunities and rights, fostering inclusivity and empowering each individual to contribute to the nation’s progress and prosperity.

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Essay on Indian Democracy in 100 and 200 Words for School Students in English

• Updated on  
• Jan 27, 2024

Essay on Indian Democracy: A democracy is a form of government in which voters utilize their right to vote. India has been colonized by Europeans for centuries and has been ruled by several kings and emperors; democracy is highly valued there. Democracy has a special position in India, a country that has seen many monarchs and emperors as well as centuries of European colonisation. Indeed, India is the largest democracy in the world. Check out the sample essay on Indian Democracy in 100 and 200 Words for school students in English. 

Also Read: Essay on Democracy in 100, 300 and 500 Words

Essay on Indian Democracy in 100 Words

The world’s largest democracy, India’s, is a vibrant fabric of unity and variety. It was formed in 1950 on the tenets of freedom, justice, and equality. The political structure of India allows for a multiparty system, guaranteeing the representation of different ideas. Elections regularly enable people to select their leaders, promoting a concept of participatory governance. Notwithstanding obstacles, the democratic spirit persists, encouraging diversity and defending individual liberties. The cornerstone that directs the country’s democratic culture is the Indian Constitution . The democracy of India is a shining example of the tenacity of democratic institutions and the dedication to promoting a pluralistic society.

Also Read: Sources of the Indian Constitution: Detailed Notes for Competitive Exams

Essay on Indian Democracy in 200 Words

India has the largest democratic system in the world, which is evidence of its unwavering commitment to plurality and tolerance. It was founded in 1950 with the ratification of the Constitution and is based on the ideas of justice, equality, and freedom. India’s democratic system depends on periodical elections where people can exercise their right to vote and guarantee that different ideas are represented in the multi-party system.

The capacity of Indian democracy to accept a wide range of linguistic, cultural, and religious diversity within a single political framework is one of its main advantages. The Constitution serves as the cornerstone, offering a strong legal system that protects individual liberties and prevents arbitrary authority.

The democratic spirit endures despite obstacles like socioeconomic inequality and regional complexity. Regular elections at all governmental levels promote the peaceful handover of power and strengthen the democratic values of responsiveness and accountability.

Beyond its political system, India is devoted to democracy. It includes an independent court, a thriving civil society, and a free press—all essential elements that support the nation’s democracy.

To sum up, India’s democracy is a dynamic and developing framework that embodies the country’s commitment to promoting unity among diversity. It acts as a lighthouse, illustrating the tenacity of democratic principles and the ongoing quest for a fair and inclusive society.

Also Read: 11 Features of Democracy in India

Ans: Indian democracy empowers citizens to actively participate in the decision-making process. It fosters inclusivity, diversity, and social justice, ensuring that the voices of a billion people are heard.

Ans: The evolution of Indian democracy is a dynamic process marked by constitutional amendments, electoral reforms, and societal changes. From its inception in 1950, the system has adapted to the needs of a growing and diverse nation. 

Ans: Despite its strengths, Indian democracy faces contemporary challenges such as corruption, political polarisation, and issues related to social and economic inequality. Understanding and addressing these challenges is crucial for sustaining a healthy democratic system. Efforts towards electoral transparency, accountable governance, and fostering civic engagement play a vital role in overcoming these obstacles.

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Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: Growth and Hunger in India

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With 37.2 percent of its 1.2 billion citizens officially estimated to be living in poverty, India has the unenviable record of being home to a third of the world’s poor. And while the country has averted famines since independence, it has not been as successful at preventing chronic hunger. This article provides a broad overview of Indian democracy’s struggle with development and discusses the type of progress democratic India has made over the years in fighting poverty and inequality. Thereafter, it specifically examines undernutrition and starvation deaths in Orissa, one of India’s poorest states. It argues that instead of sustained commitment to long-term policies that aim to reduce vulnerability to hunger, the political-administrative response is typically short-term, ad hoc, populist, and clientelistic in character.

About the Author

Dan Banik is associate professor at the Center for Development and the Environment at the University of Oslo. His most recent books are  The Legal Empowerment Agenda: Poverty, Labour and the Informal Economy in Africa  (2011) and  Poverty and Elusive Development  (2010).

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Further Reading

Volume 34, Issue 4

Democracy’s Surprising Resilience

• Steven Levitsky
• Lucan A. Way

Despite worry of an authoritarian resurgence, the vast majority of “third wave” democracies are enduring. Democracy, buoyed by economic growth and urbanization, is outperforming most people’s expectations or fears.

Volume 3, Issue 3

Devaluing Democracy

Volume 32, Issue 4

India’s Endangered Democracy

• Šumit Ganguly

Shortcomings in governance and electoral administration may be accelerating India’s slide to autocracy. Were these flaws embedded in Indian democracy from the start?

Essay on Democracy in India for Students and Children

500+ words essay on democracy in india.

Essay on Democracy in India – First of all, democracy refers to a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. Democracy holds a special place in India. Furthermore, India without a doubt is the biggest democracy in the world. Also, the democracy of India is derived from the constitution of India. After suffering at the hands of British colonial rule, India finally became a democratic nation in 1947 . Most noteworthy, Indian democracy since independence is infused with the spirit of justice, liberty, and equality.

Features of Indian Democracy

Sovereignty is a vital feature of Indian democracy. Sovereignty refers to the full power of a governing body over itself without outside interference. Moreover, people can exercise power in Indian democracy . Most noteworthy, people of India elect their representatives. Moreover, these representatives remain responsible for common people.

The democracy in India works on the principle of political equality. Furthermore, it essentially means all citizens are equal before the law. Most noteworthy, there is no discrimination on the basis of religion , caste, creed, race, sect, etc. Hence, every Indian citizen enjoys equal political rights.

Rule of the majority is an essential feature of Indian democracy. Moreover, the party which wins the most seats forms and runs the government. Most noteworthy, no-one can object to support of the majority.

Another feature of Indian democracy is federal. Most noteworthy, India is a union of states. Furthermore, the states are somewhat autonomous. Moreover, the states enjoy freedom in certain matters.

Collective responsibility is a notable feature of Indian democracy. The council of Ministers in India is collectively responsible to their respective legislatures. Therefore, no minister alone is responsible for any act of their government.

Indian democracy works on the principle of formation of opinion. Furthermore, the government and its institutions must work on the basis of public opinion. Most noteworthy, public opinion must be formed on various matters in India. Moreover, the Legislature of India provides an appropriate platform to express public opinion.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Ways to Strengthen Democracy in India

First of all, people must stop having a blind belief in the media. Many times the news reported by media is out of context and exaggerated. Most noteworthy, some media outlets may propagate the propaganda of a particular political party. Therefore, people must be careful and cautious when accepting media news.

Another important way to strengthen the Indian democracy is to reject the consumer mentality in elections. Several Indians view national elections like consumers buying a product. Most noteworthy, elections should make Indians feel like participants rather than separatists.

People in India should make their voices heard. Furthermore, people must try to communicate with their elected official all year-round instead of just during elections. Therefore, citizens must write, call, email, or attend community forums to communicate with their elected official. This would surely strengthen Indian democracy.

Huge voter turnouts is really an efficient way to strengthen democracy in India. People must avoid hesitation and come out to vote. Most noteworthy, large voter turnout would signify a substantial involvement of the common people in Indian politics.

In conclusion, the democracy in India is something very precious. Furthermore, it is a gift of the patriotic national leaders to the citizens of India. Most noteworthy, the citizens of this country must realize and appreciate the great value of democracy. The democracy in India is certainly unique in the world.

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Democracy in India and the quest for equality

Javeed Alam retired as a Professor, Centre for European Studies, EFL University in 2005. He taught at the H. P. University for 26 years during which period he was a Visiting Fellow at a number of institutes including York University, UK during 1983–84. He was also Chairman, Indian Council for Social Science Research. More recently, he was a member of the Experts Committee which drafted the national Report and Bill of Equal Opportunities Commission as recommended by Sachar Committee Report.

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Javeed Alam, Democracy in India and the quest for equality, Community Development Journal , Volume 44, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 291–304, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsp021

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During the course of the last two decades, there has been a pronounced expansion of democracy, seen as the enfranchisement of dalits, the empowerment of oppressed castes, and the assertion of women. This process has also witnessed the deepening of popular commitments for ideas and potentialities of democracy. However, at the same time, various infirmities have also crept into it, such as the denial of rights of individual persons who disregard community injunctions, retaliatory politics in relation to those lower in ritual status, the humiliation of dalits, and of women who defy community norms. Instead of looking at the evolution of Indian democracy, the paper would reveal more the manner in which the democratic universals are getting transcribed in their engagement with the Indian particularities. This paper argues a need to engage in a sustained democratic struggle within communities. While respecting the identity of the oppressed communities, one must remain suspect of the congealing of these identities. Deepening of democracy, apart from substantive content, requires that dalits and women have to become bearers of entrenched rights.

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Essay on Democracy in India for Students | 500+ Words Essay

December 20, 2020 by Sandeep

Essay on Democracy in India: India is the world’s largest democracy. Our country is a secular, democratic republic, and the President is the head of state, and the Prime minister is the head of the government. Citizens elect their leaders by casting votes. The candidate with a majority of votes wins the election and gets into power. India’s five democratic principles are sovereignty, socialism, secularism, democracy and republic establishment.

Essay on Democracy in India 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Democracy in India Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 school students.

As quoted by Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy” is the government of the people, by the people and for the people. In other words, the absolute power to elect their representatives lies with the people who form the electorate. So, the power resides within the people and is expressed by their opinion and will. This kind of democracy, which is democratic, is most fitting in modern times. India is the world’s biggest democracy, with a population of more than a billion. India, a union of nations, is a republic with democratic capitalism, secularism, democracy and a parliamentary system of government. The republic is governed by the constitution, adopted on 26 November 1949 and put into effect on 26 January 1950.

Indian democracy has foundations which are very deep and solid. Our leaders like Mahatma Gandhi , Dr Rajendra Prasad, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru , Lal Bahadur Shastri, and Indira Gandhi, etc., rightly hold the credit for this robust democratic base. Their contributions to Indian democracy’s progress have been incalculable. Our constitution has ensured that democracy is practised in India in its purest form since independence. The greatest of all the powers bestowed on people is their right to vote and to preserve a free democratic establishment in India. Not only that, but India’s system of democracy also gives every citizen the right to form a political party and take part in elections. As you can see, India’s democracy targets ordinary people more than its ruling party.

Types of Democracy in India

There are necessarily two types of Political system that are implemented around the world. The same also holds inside our country. These two forms of systems of democracy are direct democracy and indirect democracy.

Direct Democracy: Citizens engage directly in the process of choosing their representatives in this sort of scheme. They are, in fact, physically present in the whole cycle and collectively announce their leader’s name. As you can see, in the case of a large population, such an approach is not feasible. This is why, over the years, direct democracy in India has vanished. It is practised only in small villages and panchayat, if at all.

Indirect Democracy: India’s indirect democracy is the country’s most common option for forming the government. In this system, the nation’s people engage indirectly in the process of choosing their representatives, instead of being directly involved. Indirect democracy in India is best practised by giving the votes during the election. The political parties, in the case of indirect democracy, choose a few of their worthiest leaders and make them stand up and fight in the elections. The public at large gets to vote for their favourite elected official. The one who gets the highest votes in the respective region is the ruling minister.

Importance of Democracy in Indian Politics

Indian democratic government is represented through the peaceful combination of different beliefs and thoughts. There are strong cooperation and competition between various political organizations. Since the poll is the democratic system route, various political organizations exist, and each organization has its own agenda and thoughts. With so much ethnic and religious diversity, India’s democracy safeguards people from unwarranted prejudices and favouritism.

In India, democracy gives all equal rights and equality irrespective of their views and living standards. The expected caste and scheduled tribes in our country had since ages been thrown out of the main society. In India, democracy ensures that they get as many resources and support from us as everyone else does to develop and make progress in life.

Effects of Democracy

Democracy has its own share of benefits as well as inconveniences for the country’s ordinary people. Firstly, it is instrumental in defending citizens ‘rights and giving them the right to choose their government. Furthermore, it does not require a monocratic rule to crop us as all leaders realize that they do need to perform in case they want the people to nominate them during the next election. Therefore, they can’t believe they’ve powers forever. Providing all people with the right to vote gives them a sense of dignity irrespective of caste, class, religion or financial status.

Essay on Democracy in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Democracy in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Democracy in India

Introduction.

India, the world’s largest democracy, is a shining example of a democratic nation. Democracy in India ensures the participation of citizens in the country’s governance.

Democratic Principles

India follows democratic principles such as equality, freedom, and secularism. These principles are enshrined in the Indian Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.

Democratic Processes

Democratic processes like elections allow citizens to choose their representatives. The Election Commission ensures free and fair elections in India.

Challenges to Democracy

Despite its successes, Indian democracy faces challenges such as corruption, illiteracy, and social inequality. These issues need to be addressed for a stronger democracy.

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250 Words Essay on Democracy in India

India, the world’s largest democracy, is a shining example of the democratic process. The essence of democracy, “of the people, by the people, for the people,” is deeply ingrained in the Indian psyche.

Democratic Structure

India’s democratic structure is a federal one with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. The Indian democracy is characterized by a multi-party system, where political parties compete for power in elections held every five years.

However, the Indian democracy is not without its challenges. The most prominent among these are corruption, political instability, and the lack of education among the masses. These issues often lead to a distortion of the democratic process and hinder its smooth functioning.

Role of Judiciary

The judiciary in India plays a crucial role in upholding the principles of democracy. It acts as the guardian of the constitution, ensuring that the rights and freedoms of citizens are protected against any infringement.

500 Words Essay on Democracy in India

India, often hailed as the largest democracy in the world, has a rich history of democratic governance that dates back to its independence in 1947. Democracy in India is not just a political system but a way of life, embodying the values of equality, justice, and freedom.

Historical Background

The roots of democracy in India can be traced back to the ancient times, where village assemblies known as ‘Sabhas’ and ‘Samitis’ were operational. However, the modern form of democracy was introduced by the British during the colonial period. Post-independence, India adopted a democratic republic model with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government.

Constitution: The Pillar of Democracy

Democratic institutions.

India’s democratic framework is supported by various institutions like the Parliament, Judiciary, and the Election Commission. The Parliament, consisting of two houses, is responsible for law-making. The Judiciary, independent of the executive and legislature, safeguards the rights of citizens and upholds the constitution. The Election Commission ensures free and fair elections, the heart of the democratic process.

Despite its robust democratic framework, India faces several challenges. These include political corruption, lack of transparency, and the misuse of power. The criminalization of politics and the role of money power in elections are major concerns. Additionally, social issues like casteism, communalism, and regionalism often disrupt the democratic process.

Democracy and Development

Future of democracy in india.

The future of democracy in India looks promising but challenging. The rise of information technology and social media has made the democratic process more transparent and participative. However, the misuse of these platforms for spreading fake news and hate speech is a concern. Strengthening democratic institutions, promoting political literacy, and ensuring greater transparency can help in deepening democracy in India.

Democracy in India is an evolving process. It has successfully withstood the test of time and has been instrumental in upholding the country’s unity in diversity. However, to ensure its continued success, it is crucial to address the challenges it faces and strive towards a more inclusive and participatory democracy. Democracy in India is not just about periodic elections, but about ensuring justice, liberty, and equality for all its citizens.

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Indian Democracy: A Story of Success or Failure?

 Indian Democracy: A Story of Success or Failure?  Introduction

• India is considered a great experiment in democracy worldwide due to the large scale at which it operates, and it is largely functional if we compare it to other states such as Pakistan.
• However, the question whether Indian democracy is truly successful or not remains to be answered since there are differing viewpoints on the issue.
• First, it is important to understand what a democracy is before we measure the success of India as a democracy. It is a political system that is governed through a larger consensus of the people being governed and a common way of doing this is through elections, plebiscites, referendum, etc.
• Main argument of the essay : Success or failure of democracy is an objective opinion depending upon how one defines a successful democracy. However, Indian democracy can be considered successful despite some drawbacks due to the immense success it has achieved in certain areas.

How can we define a successful democracy?

• One common way of defining it is the occurrence of frequent, independent, and transparent elections wherein people get to choose their political leaders in a democratic manner.
• However, elections are not enough according to some. A true democracy should ensure social justice and equality along with political equality. Therefore, the success of a democracy can be measured by the achievements the country has made in providing social security, healthcare, access to opportunities, and freedom from exploitation to all of its citizens.

Some instances of success of Indian democracy:

• Even if we consider the point on elections, India has showed a great strength in carrying out frequent elections across the country despite its vast size. The central and state election commissions garner respect from even the common people in protecting their voting rights. The Indian judiciary has from time to time stepped in to allow free and fair elections.
• Legislations such as RTI and Lokpal have given voice to common people to challenge the irregularities and assert their rights. It is a sure sign of success of the country as a democracy.
• As a political system, each citizen stands equal in front of the government with equal voting rights. Untouchability and similar forms of social discrimination have been abolished by the Constitution, which has given many people new confidence to live with dignity.
• o     The Indian government has launched multiple initiatives such as universal immunization, RTE (right to education), PDS (public distribution system), and MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005), which are efforts to provide physical as well as social security to disadvantaged people.

Problems with functioning of Indian democracy:

• Rampant corruption is present at many levels. The incidences of several scams, such as the 2G and coal scams, have raised questions about the functioning of a successful democracy, as there have been nexuses between businesses, politicians, and government officials.
• Though most of India reports free elections, there are still instances of rigged elections and mindless use of money to gather votes. In some places, people from marginalized groups are pressurized and bullied to vote against their wishes by the locally powerful people.
• According to recent reports, India is the second-most unequal country in the world in terms of wealth distribution after Russia. India’s democracy cannot be called successful with such high levels of economic inequality.
• India, the largest democracy in the world, has amazed political scientists and observers and is often called a experiment’ in the democratic system of governance.
• The success of a democracy depends on one’s definition of a successful democracy. However, it should be recognized chat merely carrying our elections every five years does not determine the success of a democracy; it is more complex than that.
• In India’s case, there are instances of both success and failure if we look at the progress made since independence. There are political equality and measures towards socio-economic transformation but there are economic inequality and corruption coo.
• In the life of a country, it is too early to call the functioning of a democracy a success or failure, given that India became free only in 1947. Therefore, we can only say that Indian democracy is on a definite journey towards a successful democracy, as there are certainly genuine improvements made in governance, political system, social structure, and economy since independence.
• Keywords: Indian democracy, success, failure
• This is a popular topic, given the range of arguments that can be made and the candidates’ familiarity with the subject. You must make creative and analytical arguments in order to differentiate your essay from others.
• As an aspiring civil servant, one should have a positive and optimistic outlook on the functioning of Indian democracy; however, you must also present its drawbacks impartially.

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Perspective: Bharat: The Mother of Democracy

• 16 Nov 2023
• 13 min read
• GS Paper - 1
• GS Paper - 2
• Indian Constitution
• Ancient Indian History
• Salient Features of Indian Society

For Prelims: Indian Democracy, G20 Summit , P20 Summit, Public Digital Platform , SDGs

For Mains: Comparison of Indian Democracy with other world Democracy, Continuity of democracy in India over centuries.

What is the Context?

Recently the Parliament 20 (P20) summit was held in New Delhi. It is an engagement group led by the parliamentary speakers of the G20 countries. It aims to bring a parliamentary dimension to global governance under the theme "Parliaments for One Earth, One Family, One Future."

• The event included an exhibition called "Mother of Democracy," highlighting India's ancient democratic traditions and values. India's democratic legacy, emphasizes the importance of equality , harmony, freedom, acceptability, and inclusivity , which have been integral to Indian culture from ancient times to the present.

How is India the Mother of Democracy?

• The relationship between the ruler and the ruled, has been considered similar to that of a father and progeny.
• The c oncept of Dharma (duty) is crucial in Indian democracy, encompassing the obligations of both the king (Raja Dharma) and the people (Praja Dharma).
• Indian democracy's core values— harmony , freedom, acceptability, equality, and inclusivity —underpin citizens' dignified lives;
• Familial importance is seen in democratic family structures, with inclusive decision-making; women's participation in assemblies reflects inclusivity in early democratic processes.
• India's democratic foundation, rooted in history and societal values, emphasizes enduring democratic principles guided by Dharma , shaping the roles of both the rulers and the ruled;
• The historical tradition of participatory democracy underscores public involvement in selecting and approving rulers, highlighting the ruler's likability and the importance of public consent, mirroring a caring father ensuring the people's welfare.
• “Equality is the soul of democracy . Philosophers, saints and poets across India recognised this and preached its importance over centuries.

How have Democratic Institutions Evolved since Ancient Times?

• The Rigveda , the world's oldest composition , and the Atharvaveda mention representative bodies like Sabha, Samiti, and Sansad, terms still in use today.
• The Ramayana emphasizes governance for people's welfare, as seen in Rama's unanimous selection as king for Ayodhya.
• The Mahabharata , highlighting Dharma, addresses ethics, morality, and governance, notably in Bhishma's advice to Yudhishthira on the battlefield, with the Bhagavad Gita offering ancient guidance on duties.
• People's collective governance, a key feature in ancient Indian systems, manifested in Mahajanapada governance models: 15 Kingships with a council and 10 Republics where the Head was elected.
• Texts like Ashtadhyayi highlight 'Loktantrik' institutions – Gana, Puga, Nigama, Janapada.
• Jainism, dating back to the 7th century BCE, promotes pluralism through Anekanatavada , acknowledging that truth has multiple facets. This fosters co-existence and tolerance, aligning with democratic principles.
• With non-violence as a core tenet , Jainism advocates peaceful co-existence , still followed in India today.
• Bauddha Sangha, founded by Gautama Buddha in the 5th century BCE, exemplified early democratic practices. This monk community upheld Buddhist doctrines and democratic traditions , promoting open discussions and elections for leaders. Buddhist principles continue to shape democratic values in India.
• Early India embraced participatory governance , electing a Mahasammatta (Great Elect) in the face of anarchy. The King, chosen by the people in a great hall, ruled as 'Vasettha' (head) for their protection in the Ganarajya, or People's State.
• Buddhism's democratic principles influenced rulers, ensuring the adoption of democratic values in kingdoms. Inscriptions urged regular elections for prosperity and prevention of decline.
• Democracy prioritizes citizens, as emphasized in Arthashastra, a 3rd-century BCE governance treatise by Kautilya , advisor to Chandragupta Maurya.
• It asserts the ruler's happiness and welfare depend on the people's well-being , embodying India's enduring democratic principle of serving, not ruling.
• Ancient Greeks noted democratic governance in various states. Indians had a commendable custom: no one as a slave, ensuring equal liberty. Global slavery ended 150 years ago, true democracy excludes it. But, India had never embraced slavery.
• A state embodies democracy when equal rights and respect, protected by the law, ensure people's welfare.
• Emperor Ashoka, post his victory in Kalinga, established such governance, promoting peace and wellbeing through systematic ministerial elections every five years. His ideals endure in India's national emblem, symbolizing democracy.
• Democracy empowers officials to serve the people. Fa Xian observed Indian respect for people, Rule of Law, and public welfare.
• Gopala was elected by people to replace unfit ruler.Inscriptions highlight the end of disorder and the principle of justice.
• Democratic administration in India involves electing and holding accountable administrative officials, including guilds and town leaders.
• Inscriptions in South India's Uthiramerur temple , from ruler Parantaka Chola I, affirm democratic elections and local self-governance a thousand years ago.
• Sarv-sammati' is the democratic foundation, exemplified by Vijayanagar in South India, where Krishnadeva Raya's participatory governance, division into mandalams, nadus, and sthlas , emphasized self-governance at the village level—a model state for the people's benefit.
• Padishah Akbar (1556 – 1605 CE) practiced inclusive governance , introducing "Sulh-i-Kul" to combat religious discrimination.
• He fostered harmony with the syncretic religion "Din-i-Ilahi" and 'Ibadat Khana.' Navaratna counsellors aided pro-people initiatives, showcasing Akbar's advanced democratic ideals.
• Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630-1680 CE), founder of the Maratha Empire, advocated for democratic governance. His Agya Patra outlined duties for the Ashtha-Pradhan, ensuring equal rights. Shivaji's lokatantra legacy persisted through his successors.
• India's Constitution, crafted by the diverse Constituent Assembly led by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, establishes a modern, democratic Republic.
• It outlines the powers and relationships of the Legislature , Judiciary , and Executiv e, ensuring equality and universal suffrage.
• With numerous amendments, the Constitution evolves to resonate with the people, embracing inclusivity in a three-tier system of Union, States, and Local Self-Government.
• India, a pillar of global democracy, has experienced 17 national elections , 400+ state elections, and over a million local self-government elections since independence.
• The Election Commission , an independent body reporting to the President, ensures peaceful transfers of power, reflecting India's deep-rooted democratic ethos across all levels of governance.

What are the Sources that Help in Rediscovering Indian Democracy?

• Rich Literary Heritage: Mahabharat and Ramayan , India's epics, greatly influence the concepts of democracy and dharma in Indian culture, serving as enduring sources of wisdom.
• Democratic Values: India's democratic principles have persisted throughout its history, even through challenging times. The influence of both Western and traditional values has contributed to the modern Indian democratic system.
• Continuity of Values: Despite historical challenges, India has retained its democratic spirit, and this spirit is reflected in its democratic structures , including the Constitution and governance practices.

What Role can India play as the Mother of Democracy?

• India can play a crucial role as the "Mother of Democracy," nurturing fundamental values through its diverse cultural heritage. The country's rich history, influenced by epics like Mahabharat and Ramayan, contributes to the cultivation of democratic principles and enduring ethical values.
• India can play a crucial role as the "Mother of Democracy" by fostering public awareness. With a rich democratic heritage, the nation serves as a beacon for promoting civic engagement, political participation , and a deeper understanding of democratic principles among its citizens.
• India, as the Mother of Democracy in modern education, promotes democratic principles through a curriculum fostering critical thinking, inclusivity, and civic engagement, shaping generations with a strong democratic foundation.
• India’s commitment aligns with G20 goals of economic stability and sustainable development. India's democratic ethos advocates open dialogue, human rights, and inclusive policies , contrasting with some global players.
• India amplifies developing nations' voices , promoting equitable representation and diverse perspectives in decision-making . India underscores the global importance of democratic values, shaping discussions and policies for international cooperation and understanding.
• India's presidency of the G20 reflects its commitment to democratic values and international cooperation. The country aims to lead by example and promote global democratic principles.
• India's progress and vision are grounded in the collective strength of its people. The focus is on the power of collaboration, consensus , and unity to overcome challenges and achieve national and global goals.

Conclusion:

The Parliament 20 (P20) Summit in New Delhi showcased India's rich democratic heritage and core values to the world. The emphasis on inclusivity, equality, and harmony is central to Indian democracy.

India's role in the G20 demonstrates its commitment to democratic principles and its belief in the collective strength of its people to address global challenges. The country is working to inspire future generations to embrace these timeless democratic values through education and public awareness initiatives.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Which one of the following factors constitutes the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy? (2021)

(a) A committed judiciary (b) Centralization of powers (c) Elected government (d) Separation of powers

Q.The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment. (2015)

Democracy Essay

Democracy is derived from the Greek word demos or people. It is defined as a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people. Democracy is exercised directly by the people; in large societies, it is by the people through their elected agents. In the phrase of President Abraham Lincoln, democracy is the “Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” There are various democratic countries, but India has the largest democracy in the world. This Democracy Essay will help you know all about India’s democracy. Students can also get a list of CBSE Essays on different topics to boost their essay-writing skills.

500+ Words Democracy Essay

India is a very large country full of diversities – linguistically, culturally and religiously. At the time of independence, it was economically underdeveloped. There were enormous regional disparities, widespread poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and a shortage of almost all public welfare means. Since independence, India has been functioning as a responsible democracy. The same has been appreciated by the international community. It has successfully adapted to challenging situations. There have been free and fair periodic elections for all political offices, from the panchayats to the President. There has been a smooth transfer of political power from one political party or set of political parties to others, both at national and state levels, on many occasions.

India: A Democratic Country

Democracy is of two, i.e. direct and representative. In a direct democracy, all citizens, without the intermediary of elected or appointed officials, can participate in making public decisions. Such a system is only practical with relatively small numbers of people in a community organisation or tribal council. Whereas in representative democracy, every citizen has the right to vote for their representative. People elect their representatives to all levels, from Panchayats, Municipal Boards, State Assemblies and Parliament. In India, we have a representative democracy.

Democracy is a form of government in which rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions. Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers. This choice and opportunity are available to all people on an equal basis. The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens’ rights.

Democracy is the Best Form of Government

A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision-making. The advantage of a democracy is that mistakes cannot be hidden for long. There is a space for public discussion, and there is room for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rulers can be changed. Democracy offers better chances of a good decision. It respects people’s own wishes and allows different kinds of people to live together. Even when it fails to do some of these things, it allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. That is why democracy is considered the best form of government.

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Student Essays

Essay on Equality-Human Equality & its Importance

Equality is the most beautiful concept in human life that talks about human equality irrespective of caste, creed or status. The Following Essay I have written on topic Equality, meaning and concept of human equality, why equality is important in Personal and Professional Life. This Essay is very helpful for children and students in school exams.

Essay on Equality-Need, Importance of Human Equality in Personal & Professional Life

The equality in life refers to a balance in life between people in a society. It means that every person in a society is given an equal opportunity to succeed and be happy.

Equality can be defined as the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities. In other words, it is the quality or state of being equal to something else in value or quantity.

Why Equality is Important in our Personal and Professional Life?

Equality is very much important in our Life. It helps to reduce crime and keeps the society in balance. It also helps to promote fairness, justice and reduces social inequality.

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Equality is important because it is the foundation of any fair society. A fair society is one in which every individual has an equal opportunity to prosper and succeed.

In order to have a fair and just society, we must first have equality. Without equality, there can be no fairness or justice. This is because individuals in a society who are not given the same opportunities will always be at a disadvantage.

Furthermore, without equality, our society would be divided into two classes: the haves and the have-nots. The haves would be the wealthy and powerful class, while the have-nots would be the poor and powerless class. This is not only unfair, but it is also unstable.

Equality is also important in our professional life. It ensures that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed in their chosen field. It also ensures that businesses are fair and just in their dealings with employees and customers.

Respect for equality and differences should be the part of socialization of new generation for variety of reasons. In schools, equality is emphasized in syllabus, which reflects the democratic values of the country. Inclusion of marginalized groups and celebration of diversity in curricula can help eradicate stereotype and discrimination.

Achieving equality is not always easy. There are many factors that can contribute to inequality, such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, it is important to strive for equality in our society so that everyone has the same opportunity to succeed.

Equality is a cornerstone of democracy. It ensures that everyone in a society is given an equal opportunity to succeed and be happy. Equality is an important ideal that we should strive for in both our personal and professional life. It ensures that everyone is given a fair chance to succeed and contributes to a stable and just society. Thank you for your time.

Short Essay on Equality:

Equality is a fundamental principle that governs our society, ensuring that individuals are treated with fairness and respect regardless of their race, gender, religion, or social status. It is an essential aspect of human rights and is recognized as a universal value by the United Nations. In this short essay, we will explore the concept of equality and its importance in creating a just and harmonious society.

What is Equality?

At its core, equality means treating everyone fairly and giving them equal opportunities without discrimination. It refers to the absence of privileges or obstacles based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disability, or socio-economic background. It also includes equal access to resources and services such as education, healthcare, employment, and justice.

The Principles of Equality

The principle of equality is grounded in the belief that all human beings are born equal and have inherent dignity and worth. It is a universal value that transcends cultural and geographical boundaries. The concept of equality is enshrined in international law through various treaties and conventions, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Equality vs. Equity

While equality aims to treat everyone equally, equity takes into account people’s different needs and circumstances to ensure fairness. For example, providing accommodations for individuals with disabilities or affirmative action programs for marginalized groups can help promote equity while striving towards equality.

Importance of Equality

Equality plays a crucial role in creating a just and harmonious society. It ensures that everyone has the same opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background, and promotes social cohesion and solidarity. When individuals feel equal and valued, it boosts their self-esteem and leads to a healthier and more productive society.

Equality for Women

Women have historically faced discrimination in various areas, including education, employment, politics, and access to resources. Gender equality is essential not only for women’s rights but also for creating a fairer and more prosperous world.

Empowering women through education and equal opportunities can lead to economic growth, better health outcomes, reduced poverty rates, and increased political representation.

Equality for Marginalized Groups

Marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, refugees, LGBTQ+ individuals, and persons with disabilities also face discrimination and inequality. Ensuring their equal rights and opportunities is crucial in creating an inclusive society where everyone can thrive.

Challenges to Achieving Equality

Despite the progress made towards equality, many challenges remain in achieving it fully. Discriminatory attitudes and systemic barriers continue to exist, hindering marginalized groups’ access to equal opportunities.

Moreover, economic inequalities, such as the wage gap between men and women or income disparities among different socio-economic classes, contribute to perpetuating inequality.

In conclusion, equality is a fundamental value that promotes fairness, inclusivity, and social justice. It requires us to recognize our differences while treating each other with respect and dignity. While challenges persist in achieving true equality for all, it is crucial that we continue to strive towards a society where everyone has equal rights and opportunities. Only then can we truly create a more just and harmonious world for all individuals. So, let us all work together towards building a more equal future for generations to come.

Essay on Equality in 500 Words:

Equality is a fundamental concept that has been discussed and debated for centuries. It is the idea of treating all individuals with fairness, respect, and dignity regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or socioeconomic status. However, achieving true equality has been an ongoing struggle as discrimination and inequality still persist in many aspects of our society.

One significant issue in terms of equality is gender disparity. Despite efforts to promote gender equality, women around the world continue to face discrimination in various forms. They are often paid less than men for the same work and are underrepresented in leadership positions. Furthermore, women are also subjected to violence and harassment at alarming rates. These inequalities not only harm women but also hinder progress and economic growth in societies.

Another aspect of equality that is often overlooked is socioeconomic status. People from lower-income households face numerous barriers and inequalities in education, healthcare, and job opportunities. This creates a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break out of, further perpetuating inequality within society.

Moreover, racial discrimination is another significant barrier to achieving true equality. People of color are often discriminated against in the workplace, housing market, and even within the justice system. This results in systemic racism and unequal treatment based on race, which has lasting effects on individuals and their communities.

In addition to these issues, there are also inequalities faced by members of the LGBTQ+ community. Despite progress towards acceptance and equal rights for all sexual orientations and gender identities, discrimination still exists in many parts of the world. This leads to discrimination in employment, housing, and healthcare, among other areas.

To address these inequalities and promote true equality, it is crucial for individuals and societies to actively work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable world. This can be achieved through education, awareness-raising campaigns, policies that promote diversity and inclusivity, and holding those in positions of power accountable for their actions.

Moreover, it is essential to recognize that achieving true equality requires intersectional approaches. This means understanding how different forms of discrimination intersect and compound each other. For example, a person who faces discrimination based on their race may also face additional barriers due to their gender or socioeconomic status.

In conclusion, while the concept of equality may seem simple, its achievement is far from easy. It requires continuous effort and commitment from individuals, communities, and governments. By acknowledging and addressing issues of gender disparity, socioeconomic status, racial discrimination, and LGBTQ+ rights, we can work towards creating a more just and equal society for all individuals.

Together, we can build a world where everyone is treated with respect, dignity, and fairness regardless of their differences. So let us strive towards true equality and create a better future for all.

Essay on Equality in 100 Words:

Equality is a fundamental principle that promotes fairness and justice in society. It means giving equal opportunities and treatment to all individuals regardless of their gender, race, religion, or socioeconomic status. Equality ensures that everyone has the same rights and freedoms to pursue their goals and aspirations without facing discrimination or barriers.

However, achieving true equality is still a challenge in many parts of the world. Women, minorities, and marginalized groups continue to face systemic inequalities and have limited access to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and political representation.

To achieve a more equitable society, we must address these disparities and promote inclusive policies that uplift all members of society. We must recognize our differences while also embracing our shared humanity. Only then can we truly achieve equality for all individuals.

So, we must strive towards building a society where everyone is treated with respect and dignity, and no one is left behind. Every individual should have the same opportunities to reach their full potential and contribute to society without facing any discrimination.

Essay on equality between man and woman:

Equality between man and woman is a fundamental concept that has been debated for centuries. It refers to the idea that both men and women should have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment in all aspects of life including education, employment, and healthcare.

The fight for gender equality has come a long way, with various movements and campaigns advocating for women’s rights. However, despite progress being made, there are still significant inequalities between men and women around the world.

In many societies, women continue to face discrimination in areas such as pay equity, political representation, and access to education. This not only hinders their personal growth but also impacts their families and communities.

Achieving true equality between men and women requires continuous efforts from individuals, governments, and organizations. It is essential to challenge traditional gender roles and promote equal opportunities for both genders.

Education and awareness play a crucial role in promoting gender equality. By educating individuals on the importance of equal rights and opportunities, we can break down barriers and work towards a more just society.

In conclusion, achieving equality between men and women is not just a women’s issue, but it concerns us all. We must continue to advocate for equal treatment regardless of gender, race, or socio-economic status. Only by working together can we create a world where everyone has equal opportunities to thrive and reach their full potential. Let us strive towards building a fairer and more inclusive society for all.

Essay on equality and opportunity:

Equality and opportunity are fundamental values that have been emphasized in modern societies. These two concepts are closely interlinked, as equality ensures that everyone has equal access to opportunities regardless of their social, economic, or cultural background. In this essay, we will explore the significance of equality and opportunity and discuss how these concepts can be promoted in our society.

Equality is a basic principle that states that all individuals should be treated equally under the law. This means that everyone should have the same rights, privileges, and chances for success regardless of factors such as race, gender, religion, or class. A society that truly values equality ensures that no one is discriminated against based on their inherent characteristics.

On the other hand, opportunity refers to the chance for an individual to achieve their goals and potential. This includes access to education, healthcare, employment, and other resources necessary for personal growth and development. In a society where there is equal opportunity, everyone has the same chances of achieving success.

However, the reality is that not all individuals have equal access to opportunities. Discrimination and inequalities still exist in many aspects of our society, hindering the progress of certain groups or individuals. This can be seen in areas such as education and employment, where marginalized communities may face barriers that prevent them from having equal opportunities.

To promote equality and opportunity in society, it is crucial to address these issues through policies and actions that aim to eliminate discrimination and provide equal access to resources. Education plays a significant role in this process as it not only provides individuals with knowledge and skills but also promotes understanding and acceptance of diversity.

In conclusion, equality and opportunity are essential values that should be upheld in any society. It is our responsibility as members of society to work towards creating a more equitable world where everyone has the chance to thrive and succeed. This can be achieved through continuous efforts to eliminate discrimination and provide equal opportunities for all individuals

Essay on equality in Indian Democracy:

As a nation, India prides itself on being one of the largest and most diverse democracies in the world. One of the core values that form the foundation of our democracy is equality. It is enshrined in our Constitution and is considered to be a fundamental right for all citizens.

Equality in Indian democracy means that every individual, regardless of their caste, religion or gender, should have equal opportunities and rights. Our government has taken various steps to ensure that this principle is upheld by providing reserved seats for marginalized communities in educational institutions and government jobs.

However, despite these efforts, there are still instances where inequality persists. Discrimination based on caste or gender is prevalent in many parts of the country. The income gap between the rich and poor also highlights the inequality in our society.

To truly achieve equality, we need to continue working towards eliminating discrimination and providing equal opportunities for all. Education plays a crucial role in creating an equal and just society. It is through education that people become aware of their rights and learn to respect the rights of others.

Moreover, it is also important for us as citizens to actively stand against any form of discrimination and promote inclusivity in our communities. Only then can we truly live up to the ideals of equality in our Indian democracy.

In conclusion, while India has made significant progress towards achieving equality, there is still much work to be done. As responsible citizens, it is our duty to strive towards creating a society where every individual is treated with dignity and given equal opportunities to succeed. Our democracy can only thrive when equality is truly embraced by all.

In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “The true measure of any society can be found in how it treats its most vulnerable members.” Let us work towards building a more equal and just India for all

Essay on Equality and Diversity:

Equality and diversity are two important principles that form the foundation of a just and inclusive society. The fundamental idea behind equality is to treat everyone fairly, without any bias or discrimination based on their race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or any other personal characteristic. On the other hand, diversity refers to recognizing and valuing differences among individuals in terms of their background, experiences, perspectives, and beliefs.

The concept of equality has been a long-standing struggle for marginalized groups who have faced oppression and exclusion in many aspects of their lives. It is essential to recognize that true equality goes beyond treating everyone the same; it requires addressing systemic barriers that hinder opportunities for certain groups.

Diversity is equally crucial for a healthy and vibrant society. It brings together people from different backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs, fostering understanding and tolerance. Embracing diversity allows us to learn from one another and celebrate our differences.

In conclusion, equality and diversity go hand in hand in promoting a harmonious and fair society. As individuals, we must strive towards creating a world that values and respects all individuals regardless of their differences. Only then can we truly achieve a just and inclusive society for all. We must continue to educate ourselves on these topics and actively work towards breaking down barriers to create a more equal and diverse world for future generations.

Together, we can build a better tomorrow where everyone is treated with dignity, respect, and fairness. Let us embrace our uniqueness and celebrate diversity in all its forms. So, let us strive towards a world where equality and diversity are not just concepts, but lived realities for all individuals

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What is equality in 100 words?

Equality is the principle of ensuring that all individuals have the same fundamental rights, opportunities, and treatment, regardless of their differences, such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. It promotes fairness and justice in society by striving to eliminate discrimination and bias.

Key aspects of equality include access to education, employment opportunities, healthcare, and legal protections. It is a foundational concept in democratic societies, aiming to create an inclusive environment where everyone can thrive and contribute to the best of their abilities, without prejudice or disadvantage.

What is equality in a few lines?

Equality is the idea of providing individuals with the same rights, opportunities, and treatment, irrespective of their differences. It’s about eliminating discrimination and ensuring fairness, whether in education, employment, or legal protection.

What are the main points of equality?

The main points of equality include equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all individuals, regardless of their differences. It involves combating discrimination, ensuring fairness, and providing access to education, employment, healthcare, and legal protections.

What is the introduction of equality?

An introduction to equality typically begins by defining the concept and emphasizing its importance in fostering a just and inclusive society. It may touch on the principles of fairness, non-discrimination, and equal opportunities for all, setting the stage for a more in-depth discussion of how equality is realized and its significance in various aspects of life.

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Difficult Dialogues: A compendium of contemporary essays on gender inequality in India

• DOWNLOAD THE COMPENDIUM

Shamika Ravi Shamika Ravi Former Brookings Expert, Economic Advisory Council Member to the Prime Minister and Secretary - Government of India

March 8, 2019

• 20 min read

Content from the Brookings Institution India Center is now archived . After seven years of an impactful partnership, as of September 11, 2020, Brookings India is now the Centre for Social and Economic Progress , an independent public policy institution based in India.

This collection of essays emerged out of ideas and presentations at the Difficult Dialogues conference on Gender Equality in February 2018, where Brookings India was a knowledge partner. Aashima Dogra, Anita S McMillan, Charu Anand, Manisha Priyam, Mrinal Shah, Nandita Jayaraj, Nilisha Vashisth, Prakash Gus, Prerna Sharma, Sanjay Kumar, Shamika Ravi, Shreyasi Jha & Surina Narula have contributed to this volume.

Existing literature has documented a significant gender gap in various sectors including health, labour market opportunities, education and political representation in India. The objective of this compendium is to move the gender policy focus towards the underlying trends and causes of these gender gaps. In particular, we highlight three areas of interaction of gender inequality with modern Indian society. The first three essays in this book explore the relationship between gender and electoral politics including women as voters, as candidates and as agents of change. The second part of the compendium includes essays on gender inequality in opportunities through labour market and education. Within the education space, we particularly analyse the area of science and higher education within India. The final chapter in the compendium focuses on street children, particularly girls, as a very vulnerable section with multiple risk factors at play. Each essay makes specific policy recommendations to alleviate gender inequality within a specific area.

The objective of this compendium is to move the gender policy focus towards the underlying trends and causes of these gender gaps. In particular, we highlight three areas of interaction of gender inequality with modern Indian society.

There is a growing literature within development economics with focus on gender inequality in India. Duflo (2012) provides an excellent overview of the literature by reviewing the relationship between gender inequality and economic development. In contrast to existing literature which finds stark persistence in gender inequality over time in various outcomes, in this compendium, we also report some positive phenomenon. One such remarkable trend is the sharply declining gender bias in political participation measured by voter turnout across states of India, consistent over several decades. We document the growing political empowerment of women voters in India. The reason why this is an important development is, as we discover in our research, because it is not an outcome of any specific top down policy intervention targeting female voters. Our research shows that this is largely by the voluntary act of self-empowerment of women across India.

There is a vast literature in politics which establishes the necessity of universal suffrage for representative democracy. And yet, while advocating universal suffrage, James Mill had argued that in order to keep expense of representative system down, women need not have separate voting rights because their interests were included within those of their husbands and fathers (Ryan 2012). This was later criticized by T B Macaulay who said, “Without taking the trouble to perplex the issue with a single sophism, he calmly dogmatises away the interests of half the human race.” We study the data on Indian elections over the last 50 years and explore the increasing significance of women voters in a democracy. Our study contributes to the existing literature on female empowerment by analysing the role of women as voters. It is a critical area of research as women voters comprise a significant share in any election within India’s representative democracy. And a vote is a formal expression of an individual’s choice for a particular candidate or political party within a democratic system. We find that systematically the gender bias in voting is being reduced, over time and across all states of India. Voluntarily, more and more women electors are actually casting their votes. We interpret these results as a testimony to self-empowerment of women voters in Indian democracy.

Our study contributes to the existing literature on female empowerment by analysing the role of women as voters. It is a critical area of research as women voters comprise a significant share in any election within India’s representative democracy.

But does increased women voter participation have any impact on the electoral outcomes in Indian elections? This is where, we provide empirical evidence of women voters in India as ‘agents of change’. Our analysis shows that women voters have distinct voting behaviour from their fathers and husbands. Using a natural experiment setting, we provide evidence which shows that in the same election, while women overwhelmingly voted for change, the men voted for status quo in the constituencies. The compendium also explores the role of women as political candidates in elections. We have very counterintuitive results which show that women are more likely to contest elections in relatively backwards places with lower sex ratios, rather than progressive places with higher sex ratios in the population. We provide careful reasoning using data from all assembly constituencies across India over 50 years. Finally, we also discuss whether reserving quotas for seats in parliament (and assemblies) will improve the representation of women in India democracy. We show that given the framework of electoral politics, reservations for women is unlikely to have any immediate impact. However, we also make a case for why women’s reservations could be considered a necessary legislative “external shock” which can take Indian democracy towards a more equitable representation of women in the long term.

While it is a positive trend in itself, this increased turnout of women voters in India has not yet converted into greater representation of women at the central or state level. The lack of representation at the Parliament and the State Assemblies comes in the way of highlighting and addressing the grievances of women as a social group. India continues to perform poorly on the United Nations’ Gender Inequality Index, ranked lower than several of her neighbouring countries. These countries have begun to perform better due to several reasons, but also by ensuring reservation of seats for women, recognising them as a historically subjugated class of citizens.

While India gave all its citizens the right to suffrage simultaneously, due to the orthodox and patriarchal set up of the Indian society, women did not emerge as a strong voter constituency. Much of the progress came from the imperatives of designing policy in line with the Fundamental Rights and the non-justiciable Directive Principles of State Policy, for example, equal pay for equal work, safe working environment and maternity leave. The last decade, however, has had a different story unfolding where the 17% gender gap recorded in the Parliamentary election of 1957 has been reduced to little over 1% in 2014. This trend has been complimented with an associated increase in women standing up for elections. This explains the recent surge in states considering or passing bills that target women voters are a witness to this finding, for example, liquor bans, widow pensions and policies targeting girl education in various states.

While the gender gap in voting is closing fast, there remains a significant gender gap in the proportion of voters who voted independently. About two-thirds of women report consulting family, friends or colleagues when considering how to exercise their vote as against just one-third of men. However, the extent of political socialisation is greater among men with many reaching out to people outside of their immediate family. This could possibly explain why women as a group—and by extension their issues— still don’t constitute a vote bank for politicians. The argument is that, since women’s voices and concerns don’t find space in the political discourse, their presence in the political sphere remains marginal even today. The question about what tectonic shifts in the Indian democratic landscape caused a pink revolution of sorts in terms of women turnout continues to be a labyrinth— with a number of factors interplaying with each other. However, it is certain that this silent revolution is no longer going unnoticed by the political parties in India.

While the gender gap in voting is closing fast, there remains a significant gender gap in the proportion of voters who voted independently.

The historic 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments not only embarked India on a route of decentralised governance— a recognition of the fact that governance should be responsive to the local contexts—but also a momentous time for the women in public life. While the 73rd amendment dealt with rural areas and established the three tier Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI’s) , the 74th amendment ensured local governance in urban areas by establishing urban local bodies (ULB’s). The constitutional amendment mandated that at least a third of all members and chairpersons at all the levels of PRI be women. This quota for women further intersected with reservation for people from the historically disadvantaged sections, such as, the scheduled castes (SC’s) and the scheduled tribes (ST’s) resulting in a double-edged emancipation of sorts.

In India’s context, state with greater percentage of rural landscape often also have poor socio-economic indicators, especially, among women. In this compendium, we have a chapter focused on how the magnitude of increase in female voter’s turnout was distributed across states of India. We find that the greatest increase was among the traditionally backward North Indian states. The impact of PRI’s on the various dimensions of political participation of women cannot be discounted. Seeing the positive impact of PRI’s on a number of indicators of female empowerment and the likely impact on the self-perception of leadership skills among women, most Indian states passed state level bill mandating 50% reservation of seats at all levels of PRI for women. Equipping women with leadership skills, however, is simply not enough. The chapter also finds that while there is an increase in agency for women on domestic issues, it does not always translate into greater economic independence. It is encouraging that states like Haryana and Rajasthan have gone so far as to experiment with the minimum qualification for elected women representatives of PRIs. Minimum eligibility norms such as a two-child policy, toilet construction at home, and minimum education up till class 10 for General Category women (class 8 for SC/ST women) will incentivise a progressive change in social norms within local communities. Recently, the Rajasthan government further allowed leprosy patients to contest PRI elections if they met other eligibility criteria. We cannot ignore the fact that as a result of such policies, households and the community at large will be encouraged to keep female children in school which may further result in progressive changes in demographic indicators such a child sex-ratio.

In this compendium, we have a chapter focused on how the magnitude of increase in female voter’s turnout was distributed across states of India.

Moving on to gender inequalities in opportunities, this compendium has two chapters focused on wage gap in the labour market and inequalities in opportunities within the higher education sector of India. A wide gender pay gap is a pinching reality for women across the globe, it is not peculiar to India alone. The extent of discrimination varies across regions and ethnicity. Monster Salary Index finds that Indian women on average earn about a fifth less than men performing the same job. While this is naturally discouraging for a young and aspiring country like India where a large number of women are educated and trained to join the job market, this is also consistent with global trends. Such disparities not only discourage market entry but also strengthen regressive gender norms apart from encouraging gender based occupational sorting–women systematically taking up jobs that are not considered, stereotypically, challenging or competitive; roles that are seen as cut out for women due to the lack of their masculine character, such as, teachers, receptionists, and nurses. Wage parity would encourage a greater number of women to enter the job market besides pulling a number of women out of poverty. Unlike, the private labour market, the government sector has better gender parity of wages. This is also true of the NREGA jobs, of which 30% are reserved for women. There is a growing literature which has studied the impact of this on long term household wellbeing in rural India.

India has a long history of differential gender socialisation leading to a lopsided access and agency over assets. Limiting women to the house for the sake of their safety is associated with perverse spill-overs such as developing lack of their way around the outside world, risk of backlash when stepping out and a general sense of dis-empowerment. The lack of access to opportunities outside the four walls of a house is antagonistic to Sen’s capabilities theory. It is hostile to the idea that every individual should be allowed to develop their natural core competencies such that they become productive assets socially whilst pursuing their individual interests. The limitation of choices is the most punishing at the intersection of rural landscape-poverty and gender. A poor rural woman has to navigate not just the societal norms and the cultural contexts she finds herself in, but also her own conditioned biases vis-a-vis her capabilities. The intersection of these limitations with the imperative of attending to economic needs results in multiple burdens. Lack of training in terms of understanding how to access public services, being able to communicate needs, being able to demand that which is constitutionally and/or legislatively guaranteed—knowing what is guaranteed, making providers of public services accountable to needs are some of the key hindrances such women have to traverse.

Limiting women to the house for the sake of their safety is associated with perverse spill-overs such as developing lack of their way around the outside world, risk of backlash when stepping out and a general sense of dis-empowerment.

Our constitutional forefathers (and mothers) provided for equal pay for equal work in the, non-justiciable but essential for efficient governance, section of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, provided legislative muscle to the normative Article 39 of the DPSP. However, equal pay for equal work continues to be elusive in Indian labour market as in most developing economies. Within the domain of unskilled work, the general belief that women aren’t as strong as men and hence unable to do intensive labour work further exacerbates intra-occupational sorting and differential wage.

What are the various means with which we can empower rural poor women? A potential solution, as discussed in a previous chapter on elected women representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions, may lie in introducing them to the working of local government, the manner in which they could effectively make their demands heard and needs met. Overall, interventions at the rural level to ensure wage parity through the means of leadership skilling seems like an effective policy tool in rural Indian context.

Extending the discussion on gender inequality in opportunities, is the chapter on women in STEM careers (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). What happens when women break rigid barriers to enter traditionally “masculine” STEM careers and disciplines? The answer is that their struggle continues, facing subtle and sometimes not as subtle hue of prejudice. The differential gender socialisation, springing from patriarchal social norms, results in not only male experts having little experience of interacting with female experts in the same field but also young girls having a dearth of positive role models in the discipline of their interest. While the industry reality makes it difficult for women to be taken seriously and to grow, its potential spillover is that young girls have trouble identifying themselves as a “scientist”. It seems that this negative feedback loop is key in sustaining the gender gap in STEM careers.

To encourage greater representation of women in science it is pertinent to understand what motivates them to take up research in the first place as well as what helps them stay in research. When trying to understand the common underlying factors that motivate women to take up science, parental support and guidance by mentors stand out. Spousal support emerges as a key factor in helping women stay in research. Further, to ensure institutional growth there is a need to address the “leaky” pipeline effect. It would be germane to not only conduct gender sensitisation of the male-dominated hiring committees but also design policies that encourage healthy representation of women in the power structures of higher education to introduce a balance in such hiring committees. Further, the general lack of willingness to report to female administrators needs to be addressed.

To encourage greater representation of women in science it is pertinent to understand what motivates them to take up research in the first place as well as what helps them stay in research.

If we try to analyse the potential sources of gender gap in STEM disciplines, then one of the key emergent factor that keeps women from growing, in line with their merit, is their role in child bearing. Critical years of professional growth coincide with many personal milestones such as marriage and motherhood. A key realisation is that all dimensions of society– politics, employers, and the families themselves – have to support women in re-entering their disciplines by forming new norm to partake in childcare. Further, discouraging the hiring of a married couple in the same department and the general lack of quality institutions in close geographic contours introduces strains on the marital relations. Since women scientists report that spousal support is key to staying in research, this is a factor that institutional policy should investigate and address. Giving maternity leave, while progressive, is also likely to make hiring women more “costly”. This could have long term distortionary impact on women’s job opportunities. So, we recommend that paternity leaves must be made mandatory along with maternity leaves. This equalises the costs to firms while hiring employees who bear and rear children. This must be treated as a social cost to cover the social benefit of having and raising children in society.

A key realisation is that all dimensions of society– politics, employers, and the families themselves – have to support women in re-entering their disciplines by forming new norm to partake in childcare.

The theory of pipeline with regards to women in positions of power in higher education posits that once there is a large enough pool of women in higher education, they will organically move up to positions of authority and power. Intuitively, it would imply that the first step towards reducing the gender gap in the structures of authority and power in the realms of higher education would be to provide young girls equal access to quality higher education. This way the question is reduced to one of self-selection by talented and capable women that once they gain access to higher education, their merit will take them to the corridors of respect, reputation, and influence. In other words, they will get similar opportunity of growth as their male colleagues and will grow to secure tenured positions in universities, hence, securing themselves academic growth and financial stability.

Historical data shows that the representation of women has both grown in numbers and percentage in terms of access to higher education. Women now form approximately 50% of all enrolment in higher education in India. However, they continue to be poorly represented among instructors at institutes of higher education in India. This would imply that there is a gendered progression where women seem to be filtered out. Besides, there is a growing casualisation of the profession—being appointed as ad-hoc and temporary teachers—and it is here that women instructors seem to achieve parity with their male peers. Women hold about a quarter of full tenure positions in the United States and the story is little different in the central and state universities in India. However, the key difference is that the United States has gained near parity at the entry level, Associate Professor, positions whereas only 40% of Associate Professors in India are women.

Historical data shows that the representation of women has both grown in numbers and percentage in terms of access to higher education. Women now form approximately 50% of all enrolment in higher education in India.

The curious case of missing women in the corridors of power in the Indian central and state universities becomes all the more acute when we consider the radical impact of Women Studies centres that were set up during the time of “emergency in 1975”1. These centres, based in Indian central and state universities, have historically challenged many established academic traditions, including application of western theoretical models to Indian context without regard to socio-cultural differences. Further, they spearheaded the academic inclusion of the often ignored, but important in India’s development agenda, sections of society that found themselves at the intersection of gender, caste, class, religion, and different geographic settings. However, there was little investigative work, leave alone rigorous analysis, in terms of the gendered power structures within universities where they were housed.

When it comes to leadership roles, women seem to be best represented as college principals of undergraduate colleges followed by directors of research institutes (17 percent, ~4000 in actuals). The trend holds in the United States as well wherein women seem to perform better at Community Colleges and Baccalaureate levels versus doctoral institutes of prestige. With women representing just nine percent of all Vice Chancellors (~500 in actuals) in India the question arises– What holds women back and what are the policies to lower the costs of entry for women leaders. Some of these questions have been addressed in the chapter on women in STEM careers.

The final chapter in the compendium addresses the case of Children in street situation (CSS) which refers to any minor associated to the street, such as, homeless children, children living in slums, and children begging on the roads. A child can land in a street situation in varying degrees and due to a multitude of reasons. These range from a child going missing, to a child being abandoned, from a child escaping a situation of domestic servitude to a child begging on streets, and from a child being orphaned to a child being born in a street community. Hence, the degree of engagement with the street itself varies from child-to-child depending upon the unique circumstances which lands a child in a street situation. Girls in street situations, albeit a minority amongst street children, are the extremely vulnerable section with multiple risk factors at play. International data reflects a higher probability of young boys landing up on the street as they are encouraged to be independent from a young age while the nature of socialisation of girls often limits them to the house. However, given the vulnerability involved, young girls tend to have far worse health and education outcomes compared to similarly situated boys. These girls are extremely vulnerable in that they are at a risk of not just physical violence, as most boys, but also an increased risk of sexual violence, servitude, and stereotypical stigmatisation. Hence, street connected girls have to cope with the double burden of their “street” status and its interplay with their biological gender.

Girls in street situations, albeit a minority amongst street children, are the extremely vulnerable section with multiple risk factors at play.

The United Nations Convention on Child Rights is a step in the right direction. It emphasises the rights of children as citizens – to give children participatory rights, to be heard as individuals in their own right over and above their needs as a vulnerable section being highlighted. In the spirit of such discourse, it is pertinent that policy neither encourages compulsory family reunification nor child institutionalisation without taking into account the unique circumstances of each child. In furtherance of India’s accession to the UN Convention on Child Rights, India enacted the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015. It’s a child friendly law that provides for care and protection for children in need in India. It is important to initiate a gendered discourse on the adversities faced by street connected girls to highlight the hardships and vulnerabilities to document the extent of their social exclusion which then feed into their personal coping mechanisms. Additionally, street girls see teen-pregnancy, marriage out of wedlock, and marriage in general as a safe exit route from their association with the street. Decades of health policy targeting young mothers also ensure that such girls finally have access to institutionalised care.

This compendium has been curated with an objective to capture some contemporary gender issues within modern Indian economy. They range from political representation, women in leadership positions, labour market opportunities as well as identifying the extremely vulnerable women in our society. Each chapter is followed by policy recommendations by Brookings India on the identified topic within the chapter. Some recommendations lend to immediate implementation and impact, while others are more in the nature of long term policy nudges which can take India towards a more gender balanced future of shared growth and prosperity.

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August 18, 2020

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