Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
| Make a case for your . Demonstrate that you have carefully thought about the data, tools, and procedures necessary to conduct your research. |
| Confirm that your project is feasible within the timeline of your program or funding deadline. |
Research proposal length
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
- Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
- Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
- The proposed title of your project
- Your supervisor’s name
- Your institution and department
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
- Introduce your topic
- Give necessary background and context
- Outline your problem statement and research questions
To guide your introduction , include information about:
- Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
- How much is already known about the topic
- What is missing from this current knowledge
- What new insights your research will contribute
- Why you believe this research is worth doing
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
- Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
- Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
- Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
Building a research proposal methodology | ? or ? , , or research design? |
| , )? ? |
| , , , )? |
| ? |
To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
- Improving best practices
- Informing policymaking decisions
- Strengthening a theory or model
- Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
- Creating a basis for future research
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Example research schedule Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
1. Background research and literature review | | 20th January |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | | 17th June |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
- Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
- Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
- Source : how did you calculate the amount?
To determine your budget, think about:
- Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
- Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
- Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
- Sampling methods
- Simple random sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Likert scales
- Reproducibility
Statistics
- Null hypothesis
- Statistical power
- Probability distribution
- Effect size
- Poisson distribution
Research bias
- Optimism bias
- Cognitive bias
- Implicit bias
- Hawthorne effect
- Anchoring bias
- Explicit bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
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Insights from 20 years (2004–2023) of supply chain disruption research: trends and future directions based on a bibliometric analysis.
1. Introduction
2. literature review, 3. materials and methods, 3.1. sample creation.
- Only papers published in international journals were retrieved, while other types of publications were not considered;
- Similarly, only papers written in English were considered.
- The paper’s metadata: authors, journal, bibliographic data, publication year, document title, and document type (article vs. review);
- The authors’ keywords;
- The publication option (traditional vs. open access);
- Funding information.
3.2. Descriptive Analyses
3.3. keyword analysis and trend.
- Authors often use slightly different terms to express the same concept. This is the case for singular or plural forms, British or American spelling of words, usage of capital letters/lower case letters, usage of hyphenation, or abbreviations (e.g., COVID vs. Coronavirus);
- Acronyms can sometimes be used as keywords instead of the full text.
- Well-established (‘core’), with high frequency and high persistence. They are expected to denote themes that have long been studied by many authors in the field;
- Intermittent, with low frequency and high persistence. Terms in this category denote themes that have been known for many years, but have been studied with low continuity;
- Phantom/emerging, with low frequency and low persistence. These topics could be relatively new to the research field or could describe themes that have progressively disappeared;
- Trendy, with high frequency and low persistence. These topics are relatively new but have already attracted the attention of many researchers.
- The subset of keywords that were observed in all periods of analysis, as these terms are expected to reflect relevant themes to the selected field of research. For those terms, their classification across the four periods was mapped, so as to delineate a trend in the interest toward the specific theme;
- The subset of keywords with a minimum frequency of 30, thus indicating a high recurrence of the related topics in the targeted field of research. These keywords were first grouped by macro-areas; then, their trend in time was evaluated jointly with that of some core topics of the targeted field of research to identify possible correlations.
4.1. Descriptive Analyses
4.2. keyword analysis and trend.
- Query-related terms: as the query settings expressively included terms such as “supply chain” and “disruption”, these terms (and their combination “supply chain disruption”) were grouped in a single query-related category;
- COVID-relates terms: this category includes the terms “COVID-19” and “COVID-19 pandemic”;
- Disruption-related terms: these terms are semantically related to the topic of “disruption”, which, however, is not necessarily used as a keyword. Those terms are supply disruption; pandemic; disruption risk; disruption management; uncertainty; ripple effect; demand disruption; and disaster;
- Risk- or resilience-related terms: this category includes terms that were not used in the query settings but that appear to be related to the more general theme of risk management or resilience, whose relationship with supply chain disruptions is obvious. These terms include (supply chain) resilience, (supply chain) risk management, (supply chain) risk, robustness; resilient supply chain, supply risk, reliability, risk assessment; or vulnerability;
- Supply chain-related terms: as per the classification made previously, these terms do not strictly refer to disruptions, but to more general problems in the area of supply chain or supply chain management. These terms include supply chain management, supplier selection, logistics, supply chain design, supply chain network, global supply chain, supply chain network design, collaboration, supply chain coordination, or inventory management;
- Sustainability-related terms: the sustainability perspective includes four terms, namely sustainability, closed-loop supply chain, climate change, and circular economy;
- Technology-related terms: this category includes terms such as Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, machine learning, additive manufacturing, or blockchain;
- Tools and methodologies: this group of terms includes typical engineering tools and techniques, such as simulation, game theory, (robust) optimization, stochastic programming, system dynamics, case study, or multi-criteria decision making;
- Interrelated topics: terms in this category do not strictly refer to the area of supply chain disruptions, nor the more general area of risk or supply chain management. Rather, they introduce complementary topics, such as food security, food supply chain, small and medium enterprises, innovation, agility, or systematic review.
5. Discussion
6. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Reference | Number of Papers | Period | Main Topic |
---|
[ ] | 101 | 2006–2019 | Supply chain resilience in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME) |
[ ] | 46 | 2012–2022 | Supply chain resilience in SMEs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 517 | 2020–2022 | Trends in sustainability during and post the COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 151 | 2004–2021 | Coordination issues in the return supply chain |
[ ] | 40 | 2002–2021 | Identification of key drivers for supply chain digitalization readiness |
[ ] | 35 | 2020–2022 | Resilience strategies for disruption management in healthcare supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 191 | 2019–2021 | Effects of COVID-19 on the supply chain management |
[ ] | 52 | 2017–2022 | Resilience practices in healthcare supply chain management, with a focus on purchasing challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 68 | 2009–2020 | Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics in Supply Chain Risk Management |
[ ] | 50 | 2011–2020 | Ripple effect in supply chains |
[ ] | 50 | 2020–2021 | Supply chains under disruptions due to COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccine |
[ ] | 135 | 2011–2021 | Practice and research gaps related to supply chains, and what characteristics should a supply chain have to be survivable |
[ ] | 33 | 2011–2020 | Contribution of Industry 4.0 integration into supply chains to the enhancement of resilience |
[ ] | 469 | 2020–2021 | Potential disruption-management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 87 | 2006–2021 | Impacts of additive manufacturing on the structure and dynamics of supply chains |
[ ] | 173 | 2009–2021 | Main impacts of pandemics and epidemics on food supply chains and policies that can minimize these impacts |
[ ] | 147 | 2019–2021 | How smart city solutions and technologies have contributed to enhancing resilience in cities during the COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 68 | 2019–2021 | COVID-19 impact on livestock systems and food security in developing countries |
[ ] | 62 | 2020 | Delays and disruptions to cancer health care services due to COVID-19 pandemic |
[ ] | 112 | 2020–2021 | How technology has tackled food supply chain challenges related to quality, safety, and sustainability |
[ ] | 192 | 2017–2020 | Potential of blockchain for privacy and security challenges related to supply chain disruptions |
[ ] | 32 | 2010–2020 | Impacts on the business environment of supply chains of previous epidemic outbreaks |
[ ] | 455 | 2010–2019 | Supply chain risk management: review of the existing literature and exploration of risk factors |
[ ] | 53 | 2000–2020 | Integration of lean and resilience paradigms |
[ ] | 306 | n.d.–2020 | Inventory models with multiple sourcing options |
[ ] | 2402 | 2008–2020 | Integration of sustainable supply chain management with organizational ambidexterity to manage disruptions effectively |
[ ] | 77 | 2004–2018 | Review of the methods that are currently used for mitigating supply chain disruptions |
[ ] | 1310 | 1999–2019 | Disruption risks in supply chain management |
[ ] | 55 | 2004–2018 | Use of information technology in supply chain risk management |
[ ] | 157 | 2000–2019 | How collaborations help supply chains respond and recover from a disruption |
[ ] | 93 | 2008–2015 | Review of simulation methods that deal with risks in supply chain and types of data integration employed |
[ ] | 27 | 2009–2020 | Psychological causes of panic buying |
[ ] | 94 | 2017–2019 | Resilience analytics in supply chain management and modeling of the supply chain network dependence on other networks |
[ ] | 77 | 2010–2019 | Use of machine learning algorithms for demand forecasting |
[ ] | 1625 | 2009–2018 | Analysis of the most adopted theories in supply chain management, marketing and management |
[ ] | 200 | n.d.–2017 | Multidisciplinary review about the concepts of agility and resilience |
[ ] | 54 | 2000–2018 | Analysis of resilience focusing on upstream disruptions in agricultural value chains |
[ ] | 27 | 2008–2018 | Use of blockchain in supply chain management context |
[ ] | 41 | 1997–2017 | Cyber risk management in supply chain contexts |
[ ] | 689 | 2010–2018 | Research themes on IoT and big data analytics in the field of supply chain management |
This study | 4239 | 2004–2023 | Supply chain disruptions |
| 2004–2008 | 2009–2013 | 2014–2018 | 2019–2023 |
---|
Number of keywords | 251 | 847 | 1746 | 6687 |
Average frequency | 1.63 | 1.68 | 1.87 | 2.36 |
Frequency boundary | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Number of Periods | Number of Keywords | Percentage |
---|
1 | 7251 | 88.15% |
2 | 714 | 8.68% |
3 | 192 | 2.33% |
4 | 69 | 0.84% |
From/to | Final Classification (2019–2023) |
---|
Emerging/Phantom | Intermittent | Trendy | Well-Established |
---|
| | 2 (supply chain planning; quantity discount) | 10 (supply risk management; buyback contract; supply management; dynamic programming; radio frequency identification; asymmetric information; coordination mechanism; safety stock; sourcing strategy; revenue sharing contract) | 0 | 13 (service level; transportation disruption; bullwhip effect; modelling; flexibility; analytic hierarchy process; inventory management; innovation; demand disruption; global supply chain; robustness; closed loop supply chain; stochastic programming) |
| 2 (contract; Petri net) | 6 (integration; terrorism; backup supplier; empirical research; contingency planning; business continuity planning) | 1 (sourcing) | 15 (supply uncertainty; resilience; agent-based model; visibility; coordination; information sharing; supply chain risk management; dual sourcing; supply chain vulnerabilities; agility; disaster; risk assessment; vulnerability; supply chain network; logistics) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (inventory; supply chain design) |
| 1 (security) | 0 | 0 | 17 (supply chain; purchasing; supply chain disruption; supply chain management; disruption; risk management; supply chain coordination; supply disruption; supply chain risk; simulation; disruption management; uncertainty; risk; game theory; optimization; case study; supply risk) |
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Share and Cite
Solari, F.; Lysova, N.; Romagnoli, G.; Montanari, R.; Bottani, E. Insights from 20 Years (2004–2023) of Supply Chain Disruption Research: Trends and Future Directions Based on a Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177530
Solari F, Lysova N, Romagnoli G, Montanari R, Bottani E. Insights from 20 Years (2004–2023) of Supply Chain Disruption Research: Trends and Future Directions Based on a Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability . 2024; 16(17):7530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177530
Solari, Federico, Natalya Lysova, Giovanni Romagnoli, Roberto Montanari, and Eleonora Bottani. 2024. "Insights from 20 Years (2004–2023) of Supply Chain Disruption Research: Trends and Future Directions Based on a Bibliometric Analysis" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177530
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Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Writing a Literature Review. A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and ...
Quality research is about building onto the existing work of others, "standing on the shoulders of giants", as Newton put it.The literature review chapter of your dissertation, thesis or research project is where you synthesise this prior work and lay the theoretical foundation for your own research.. Long story short, this chapter is a pretty big deal, which is why you want to make sure ...
A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing ...
Demonstrate your knowledge of the research topic. Identify the gaps in the literature and show how your research links to these. Provide the foundation for your conceptual framework (if you have one) Inform your own methodology and research design. To achieve this, your literature review needs a well-thought-out structure.
Compiling and synthesizing literature as a justification for one's own research is a key element of most academic work. Nonetheless, both the strategies and components of literature reviews vary based on the genre, length, and prospective audience of a text. This resource gives advice on how to effectively
The literature review opening/introduction section; The theoretical framework (or foundation of theory) The empirical research; The research gap; The closing section; We then progress to the sample literature review (from an A-grade Master's-level dissertation) to show how these concepts are applied in the literature review chapter. You can ...
A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular. issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and ...
2. MOTIVATE YOUR RESEARCH in addition to providing useful information about your topic, your literature review must tell a story about how your project relates to existing literature. popular literature review narratives include: ¡ plugging a gap / filling a hole within an incomplete literature ¡ building a bridge between two "siloed" literatures, putting literatures "in conversation"
Guide to Writing a Research Paper Toggle Dropdown. Primary and Secondary Sources ; Basic Research Strategies ; Evaluating Sources ... Writing a Literature Review in APA. Sample apa literature review by the Online Writing Lab from InfoLit Librarian. Writing a Literature Review in APA. APA Literature Review Example by Purdue Online Writing Lab ...
Look at more recent work citing these works (e.g., Web of Science). In writing the review, chronology is often important. Capture the. essence of the works you draw on. See Turco's "Token Theory" section. Provide supporting quotes when necessary. Avoid citing aspects of the works that aren't central (common mistake!).
Developing a Literature Review . 1. Purpose and Scope. To help you develop a literature review, gather information on existing research, sub-topics, relevant research, and overlaps. Note initial thoughts on the topic - a mind map or list might be helpful - and avoid unfocused reading, collecting irrelevant content.
A course assignment is an example of a selective, stand-alone work.It focuses on a small segment of the literature on a topic and makes up an entire work on its own. The literature review in a dissertation or thesis is both comprehensive and helps make up a larger work.; A majority of journal articles start with a selective literature review to provide context for the research reported in the ...
Literature reviews offer a critical synthesis of empirical and theoretical literature to assess the strength of evidence, develop guidelines for practice and policymaking, and identify areas for future research.1 It is often essential and usually the first task in any research endeavour, particularly in masters or doctoral level education. For effective data extraction and rigorous synthesis ...
This is why the literature review as a research method is more relevant than ever. Traditional literature reviews often lack thoroughness and rigor and are conducted ad hoc, rather than following a specific methodology. Therefore, questions can be raised about the quality and trustworthiness of these types of reviews.
1. Narrative Literature Review. A narrative literature review, also known as a traditional literature review, involves analyzing and summarizing existing literature without adhering to a structured methodology. It typically provides a descriptive overview of key concepts, theories, and relevant findings of the research topic.
These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
Abstract. Literature reviews establish the foundation of academic inquires. However, in the planning field, we lack rigorous systematic reviews. In this article, through a systematic search on the methodology of literature review, we categorize a typology of literature reviews, discuss steps in conducting a systematic literature review, and ...
15 Literature Review Examples. Literature reviews are a necessary step in a research process and often required when writing your research proposal. They involve gathering, analyzing, and evaluating existing knowledge about a topic in order to find gaps in the literature where future studies will be needed. Ideally, once you have completed your ...
Suggests questions to drive primary research based on previous studies. Here are some example topics for writing literature reviews: Exploring racism in "To Kill a Mockingbird," "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," and "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Isolationism in "The Catcher in the Rye," "Frankenstein," and "1984".
Sample Literature Reviews; Search this Guide Search. Literature Review: Conducting & Writing. This guide will provide research and writing tips to help students complete a literature review assignment. Home; Steps for Conducting a Lit Review; Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing;
Literature Review vs. Academic Research Paper. A research paper presents new ideas, arguments, and approaches toward a particular topic. The conclusions of a research paper will be based on the analysis and interpretation of raw data collected by the author and an original study. On the other hand, a literature review is based on the findings of other publications.
Literature Cited Section. This is the last section of the paper. Here you should provide an alphabetical listing of all the published work you cited in the text of the paper. This does not mean every article you found in your research; only include the works you actually cited in the text of your paper. A standard format is used both to cite ...
The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements: Title page; Introduction; Literature review; Research design; Reference list; While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping ...
As to the contributions of our study: (1) it synthesizes the literature on stigma in marketing and consumer research, presenting the state‐of‐the‐art in this domain; (2) our two‐step thematic analyses combine a descriptive assessment of our sample by using consolidated models from socio‐psychology and an examination of the articles ...
This paper explores the research trends in the literature about supply chain disruptions published over the last 20 years through a comprehensive review and keyword-based analysis. A sample of 4239 papers retrieved from Scopus was analyzed to identify the key themes covered and the shifts in time of those themes. The results highlight a significant rise in the number of publications on supply ...