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HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER THREE OF YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY) | ResearchWap Blog

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How To Write Chapter Three Of Your Research Project (Research Methodology)

Methodology In Research Paper

Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the purpose of research, research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data, types of data collection, and how you collected it.

This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, study design in research, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.

You also tell the reader your research design methods, why you chose a particular method, method of analysis, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.

You can choose a survey design when you want to survey a particular location or behavior by administering instruments such as structured questionnaires, interviews, or experimental; if you intend manipulating some variables.

The purpose of chapter three (research methodology) is to give an experienced investigator enough information to replicate the study. Some supervisors do not understand this and require students to write what is in effect, a textbook.

A research design is used to structure the research and to show how all of the major parts of the research project, including the sample, measures, and methods of assignment, work together to address the central research questions in the study. The chapter three should begin with a paragraph reiterating the purpose of research.

It is very important that before choosing design methods, try and ask yourself the following questions:

Will I generate enough information that will help me to solve the research problem by adopting this method?

Method vs Methodology

I think the most appropriate in methods versus methodology is to think in terms of their inter-connectedness and relationship between both. You should not beging thinking so much about research methods without thinking of developing a research methodology.

Metodologia or methodology is the consideration of your research objectives and the most effective method  and approach to meet those objectives. That is to say that methodology in research paper is the first step in planning a research project work. 

Design Methodology: Methodological Approach                

Example of methodology in research paper, you are attempting to identify the influence of personality on a road accident, you may wish to look at different personality types, you may also look at accident records from the FRSC, you may also wish to look at the personality of drivers that are accident victims, once you adopt this method, you are already doing a survey, and that becomes your  metodologia or methodology .

Your methodology should aim to provide you with the information to allow you to come to some conclusions about the personalities that are susceptible to a road accident or those personality types that are likely to have a road accident. The following subjects may or may not be in the order required by a particular institution of higher education, but all of the subjects constitute a defensible in metodologia or methodology chapter.

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Methodology

A  methodology  is the rationale for the research approach, and the lens through which the analysis occurs. Said another way, a methodology describes the “general research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to be undertaken” The methodology should impact which method(s) for a research endeavor are selected in order to generate the compelling data.

Example Of Methodology In Research Paper :

• Phenomenology: describes the “lived experience” of a particular phenomenon
• Ethnography: explores the social world or culture, shared beliefs and behaviors
• Participatory: views the participants as active researchers
• Ethno methodology: examines how people use dialogue and body language to construct a world view
• Grounding theory*: assumes a blank slate and uses an inductive approach to develop a new theory

A  method  is simply the tool used to answer your research questions — how, in short, you will go about collecting your data.

Methods Section Of Research Paper Example :

• Contextual inquiry
• Usability study
• Diary study

If you are choosing among these, you might say “what method should I use?” and settle on one or more methods to answer your research question.

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Research Design Definition: WRITING A RESEARCH DESIGN

A qualitative study does not have variables. A scientific study has variables, which are sometimes mentioned in Chapter 1 and defined in more depth in Chapter 3. Spell out the independent and dependent, variables. An unfortunate trend in some institutions is to repeat the research questions and/or hypotheses in both Chapter 1 and Chapter 3. Sometimes an operational statement of the research hypotheses in the null form is given to set the stage for later statistical inferences. In a quantitative study, state the level of significance that will be used to accept or reject the hypotheses.

Pilot Study

In a quantitative study, a survey instrument that the researcher designed needs a pilot study to validate the effectiveness of the instrument, and the value of the questions to elicit the right information to answer the primary research questions in. In a scientific study, a pilot study may precede the main observation to correct any problems with the instrumentation or other elements in the data collection technique. Describe the pilot study as it relates to the research design, development of the instrument, data collection procedures, or characteristics of the sample.

Instruments

In a research study, the instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher or based on an existing instrument. If the instrument is the researcher created, the process used to select the questions should be described and justified. If an existing instrument is used, the background of the instrument is described including who originated it, and what measures were used to validate it.

If a Likert scale is used, the scale should be described. If the study involves interviews, an interview protocol should be developed that will result in a consistent process of data collection across all interviews. Two types of questions are found in an interview protocol: the primary research questions, which are not asked of the participants, and the interview questions that are based on the primary research questions and are asked of the participants.

In a qualitative study, this is the section where most of the appendices are itemized, starting with letters of permission to conduct the study and letters of invitation to participate with the attached consent forms. Sample: this has to do with the number of your participants or subjects as the case may be. Analysis (how are you planning to analyze the results?)

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EFFECTIVE GUIDE AND METHODOLOGY SAMPLES

This chapter deals effectively with the research methods to be adopted in conducting the research, and it is organized under the following sub-headings:

• Research Design
• Area of Study

The population of the Study

• Sample and Sampling Techniques
• Instruments for Data Collection

The validity of the Instrument

Reliability of the Instrument

• Administration of the instruments
• Scoring the instruments

Method of Data Collection

Method of Data Analysis

Research Design:

This has to do with the structure of the research instrument to be used in collecting data. It could be in sections depending on different variables that form the construct for the entire topic of the research problems. A reliable instrument with a wrong research design will adversely affect the reliability and generalization of the research. The choice of design suitable for each research is determined by many factors among which are: kind of research, research hypothesis, the scope of the research, and the sensitive nature of the research.

Area of Study:

Research Area; this has to do with the geographical environment of the study area where the places are located, the historical background when necessary and commercial activities of that geographical area. For example, the area of the study is Ebonyi State University. At the creation of Ebonyi State in 1996, the Abakaliki campus of the then ESUT was upgraded to Ebonyi State University College by Edict no. 5 of Ebonyi State, 1998 still affiliated to ESUT with Prof. Fidelis Ogah, former ESUT Deputy Vice-Chancellor as the first Rector. In 1997, the Faculty of Applied and Natural Sciences with 8 departments was added to the fledging University, and later in 1998 when the ESUT Pre-Science Programme was relocated to Nsukka, the EBSUC Pre-Degree School commenced lectures in both Science and Arts in replacement of the former. This study focused on the students of the Business Education department in Ebonyi state university.

The population is regarded in research work as the type of people and the group of people under investigation. It has to be specific or specified. For example educational study teachers in Lagos state. Once the population is chosen, the next thing is to choose the samples from the population.

According to Uma (2007), the population is referred to as the totality of items or object which the researcher is interested in. It can also be the total number of people in an area of study. Hence, the population of this study comprised of all the students in the department of Business Education, Ebonyi State University which is made up of year one to four totaling 482. The actual number for the study was ascertained using Yaro-Yamane's formula which stated thus:

n   =        N

N is the Population

1 is constant

e is the error margin

Then, n   =         482

1+482(0.05)2

= 214.35 approximately 214

Sample and sampling technique:

It may not be possible to reach out to the number of people that form the entire population for the study to either interview, observe, or serve them with copies of the questionnaire. To be realistic, the sample should be up to 20% of the total population. Two sampling techniques are popular among all the sampling techniques. These are random and stratified random sampling techniques. (A). in Random Sampling, the writers select any specific number from a place like a school, village, etc. (B). In Stratified Random Sampling, one has to indicate a specific number from a stratum which could be a group of people according to age, qualification, etc. or different groups from different locations and different considerations attached.

Instruments for Data Collection:

This is a device or different devices used in collecting data. Example: interview, questionnaire, checklist, etc. instrument is prepared in sets or subsections, each set should be an entity thus asking questions about a particular variable to be tested after collecting data. The type of instrument used will determine the responses expected. All questions should be well set so as to determine the reliability of the instrument.

This has to do with different measures in order to determine the validity and reliability of the research instrument. For example, presenting the drafted questionnaire to the supervisor for scrutiny. Giving the questionnaire to the supervisor for useful comments and corrections would help to validate the instrument.

The test-retest reliability method is one of the simplest ways of testing the stability and reliability of an instrument over time. The test-retest approach was adopted by the researcher in establishing the reliability of the instrument. In doing this 25 copies of the questionnaire were administered on twenty-five selected respondents. After two weeks another 25 copies of the same questionnaire were re-administered on the same group. Their responses on the two occasions were correlated using Parsons Product Moment Correlation. A co-efficient of 0.81 was gotten and this was high enough to consider the instrument reliable.

Administration of the instruments:

Here, the writer states whether he or she administers the test personally or through an assistant. He also indicates the rate of return of the copies of the questionnaire administered.

Scoring the instruments:

Here items on the questionnaire or any other device used must be assigned numerical values. For example, 4 points to strongly agree, 3 points to agree, 2 points to disagree, and 1 point to strongly disagree.

Table of Analysis

The researcher collected data using the questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were administered by the researcher on the respondents. All the respondents were expected to give maximum co-operation, as the information on the questionnaire is all on things that revolve around their study. Hence, enough time was taken to explain how to tick or indicate their opinion on the items stated in the research questionnaire.

In this study, the mean was used to analyze the data collected. A four (4) point Likert scale was used to analyze each of the questionnaire items.

The weighing was as follows:

VGE—————- Very Great Extent (4 points)

GE—————– Great Extent (3 points)

LE—————– Little Extent (2 points)

VLE—————- Very Little Extent (1 point)

SA—————– Strongly Agree (4 points)

A——————- Agree (3 points)

D—————— Disagree (2 points)

SD—————- Strongly Disagree (1 point)

The mean of the scale will then be determined by summing up the points and dividing their number as follows with the formula:

Where; x= mean

f= frequency

X= Nominal value of the option

∑= summation

N= Total Number

Therefore, the mean of the scale is 2.5.

This means that any item statement with a mean of 2.50 and above is considered agreed by the respondents and any item statement below 2.5 is considered disagreed.

EDITORS SOURCE: How To Write Chapter Three Of Your Research Project (Research Methodology)

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How to create chapter 3 in Practical research?  

Insight from top 5 papers, source papers (5).

Related Questions

To conduct research in chapter 2, one must first define well-structured research hypotheses specifying dependent and independent variables . Study design is crucial, involving treatments, units, and assignment methods, with randomized or counterbalanced sample selection and treatment assignment . Hypothesis generation and testing are essential, requiring statistical tests to support or refute the null hypothesis, utilizing parametric or nonparametric tests as needed . Additionally, incorporating multiple approaches like data analysis, observations, surveys, and interviews is recommended for comprehensive market research in information organizations . Furthermore, researchers should aim for strong inference, designing experiments that test hypotheses uniquely predicted by one hypothesis, akin to a court trial where findings must be convincing beyond a reasonable doubt .

The third chapter of the research project focuses on the methodology employed to classify the systematic work carried out to achieve the research objectives. It specifically delves into comparing the impact of an efficient method for addressing single black hole attacks versus multiple black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks using the AODV routing protocol. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the chosen solution based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, packet loss percentage, average end-to-end delay, and route request overhead. This chapter serves as a guideline for navigating the research goals and objectives, outlining the steps necessary to accomplish them effectively .

Chapter 4 in experimental design and quasi-experimental research can be created by following these steps. First, it is important to understand the main concepts in experimental and quasi-experimental design. Randomized control trials (RCTs) are often considered the gold standard in experimental design . However, in situations where RCTs are not feasible or ethical, quasi-experimental designs can be used as alternatives. Quasi-experimental designs, such as regression discontinuity and difference-in-differences, can approximate the conditions of RCTs in nonexperimental contexts . It is also crucial to consider the validity and reason for conducting quasi-experimental research, and to understand the mechanics of different quasi-experimental designs, such as two-group pretest-posttest design, propensity score matching, and regression discontinuity . Quasi-experimental designs can provide strong internal validity when certain assumptions are met . Researchers in applied linguistics often use experimental and quasi-experimental research designs to investigate cause-effect relationships in second language learning .

Chapter 3 discusses the field of metabolomics, specifically focusing on mass spectrometry (MS) platforms used for measuring small organic molecules produced by cells. The chapter provides an overview of the main MS-based metabolomics approaches, contextualizing them to molecular classes and metabolic partition targeted in experiments. It also explores experimental design, including factors that influence analysis and results, and emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach from experimental design to data processing. The chapter covers various aspects of MS parameters, quality control, and statistical analysis in metabolomics data. The main goal of metabolomics is to understand phenotypical changes through unbiased data analysis interpretation.

The outline for chapter 3 methodology includes a detailed description of the research process and the steps taken to achieve the objectives of the study. It begins with a literature review and experiment infrastructure phase, followed by an attack analysis and results phase, and concludes with an evaluation analysis and result phase . The methodology focuses on comparing the effects of a single black hole attack and multiple black hole attacks in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using the AODV routing protocol. The effectiveness of the selected solution is evaluated based on metrics such as packet delivery ratio, packet loss percentage, average end-to-end delay, and route request overhead . Another research methodology investigates the influence of various parameters on the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates, including reinforcement materials, soil types, and grid-fixed reinforcement (GFR) . Additionally, a methodology is outlined for studying the physical state and phase transitions of food materials using various techniques such as imaging, diffraction, spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and mechanical and dielectric techniques .

Trending Questions

To enhance the implementation of face-to-face classes, several action plans can be proposed based on the research findings. Firstly, schools need to ensure preparedness by focusing on school personnel readiness, physical facilities, protective measures, safety procedures, and adequate school supplies and materials . Additionally, the integration of smart classroom technologies, such as real-time monitoring systems for mask-wearing and physical distancing, can further improve safety and compliance during face-to-face sessions . Moreover, students' academic, socio-emotional, and physical readiness for in-person learning should be assessed and supported to facilitate a smooth transition from remote to face-to-face instruction . Lastly, fostering collaboration between schools, teachers, parents, and the community is crucial for successful implementation, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder support and active participation in the new normal education landscape .

To enhance the implementation of face-to-face classes, several recommended solutions can be considered based on the research findings. Firstly, ensuring that school facilities are properly equipped with features like proper ventilation, acoustics, natural lighting, and flexible workspaces is crucial . Additionally, providing training and seminars for teachers on conducting face-to-face classes in the new normal education setting can improve preparedness . Moreover, garnering full support from stakeholders, including teachers' organizations, non-academic staff, and parents-teachers-community associations, is essential for successful implementation . Furthermore, strict adherence to safety protocols and standards, as mandated by health authorities, is vital to ensure the safety of students and staff during in-person classes . By implementing these solutions, schools can enhance their readiness and effectiveness in conducting face-to-face learning sessions.

The Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP) reforms in 2012 and subsequent changes in 2014 significantly impacted asylum seekers in Canada. The reforms led to reduced healthcare access for refugees and refugee claimants, generating concerns among stakeholders . The Conservative government's restructuring of the IFHP aimed to save costs and deter unfounded refugee claims, but it was criticized for its adverse effects on vulnerable populations and public health . The reforms created barriers to healthcare access and provision, including lack of communication, awareness, and continuity of care, as well as increased costs and negative political discourse . These changes resulted in bureaucratic strains, inefficiencies, and disparities in health outcomes, leading to delays in seeking healthcare among refugees and claimants . The reforms highlighted the need for stakeholder engagement and policy reformulation to improve healthcare provision for refugee populations .

The implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) faces various challenges globally. These challenges include cultural barriers in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where despite ratification, the inferior status of women persists due to cultural influences and reservations placed by Arab states . Additionally, the complexity of aligning international norms with local customs hinders implementation, especially in states where local views conflict with international standards . While CEDAW's principles like non-discrimination, substantive equality, and state obligations are effective in reducing gender-based violence during crises, their full application remains a significant challenge . Overcoming these challenges requires addressing cultural norms, reservations, and the need for broader strategies beyond international treaties to improve women's rights globally .

Parent-teacher collaboration significantly impacts the effectiveness of face-to-face teaching methods utilized by teachers. Research emphasizes that when parents and teachers work together, students' academic performance improves, as seen in various studies . Effective collaboration involves parents assisting children with their learning at home, participating in school-sponsored programs to enhance parenting skills, and maintaining open communication channels with teachers to address challenges. Studies show that increased parental involvement leads to better student attitudes, behavior, and academic outcomes, highlighting the importance of fostering strong partnerships between parents and teachers. This collaboration not only supports students' learning but also contributes to their holistic development and motivation, ultimately enhancing the overall educational experience for the students.

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• > How to Do Research
• > Write the proposal

Book contents

• Frontmatter
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Types of research
• Part 1 The research process
• 1 Develop the research objectives
• 2 Design and plan the study
• 3 Write the proposal
• 4 Obtain financial support for the research
• 5 Manage the research
• 6 Draw conclusions and make recommendations
• 7 Write the report
• 8 Disseminate the results
• Part 2 Methods
• Appendix The market for information professionals: A proposal from the Policy Studies Institute

3 - Write the proposal

from Part 1 - The research process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2018

Just as a builder requires a detailed set of plans to guide the building of a house, so a researcher needs a proposal to help structure and manage the research project. Too often, the proposal is regarded as an inconvenience that is only required in order to obtain external funds for a project or to obtain approval for an academic dissertation. It is thought to be something that can be discarded once the funds have been allocated or the approval given. This is a very limited view of research proposals. Those who take it leave themselves without one of the most useful tools for managing research.

Research proposals, in fact, play a number of important rôles in the research process and, while preparing a proposal may seem like a distraction or an unnecessary waste of time, the work involved should ensure that you think through all the aspects concerned with the project before the research itself begins to take over. Because once the project starts rolling it is often too late to begin making changes and adjustments that would have been obvious in advance if the project had been properly prepared.

The purposes of research proposals

Proposals have a number of different purposes. A small in-house project will clearly require a less complicated proposal than a major project for which external funds are being sought. But the purposes they serve will, by and large, be the same.

To gain the approval of a supervisor

The proposal plays an important rôle in justifying the research to a supervisor. It is the vehicle that you use to argue the case for the research, demonstrating that it is important that you are capable of undertaking – and successfully completing – the work, and that the work will enable you to achieve the educational objectives of the exercise.

For academic research projects, you will need to obtain your supervisor's approval for your ideas at an early stage. You will need to be able to show that you have a clear understanding of the general issues and theories associated with the topic that you wish to study. You should be able to cite the key authors in the field and you should be able to demonstrate how your approach fits with the research that others have carried out.

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• Write the proposal
• Book: How to Do Research
• Online publication: 09 June 2018
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.29085/9781856049825.004

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Book Title: Practical Research: A Basic Guide to Planning, Doing, and Writing

Author: megankoster

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