acm format for research paper

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Computer science style guide suggestions.

Collect a basic set of information for each one of your references, and then format this information to match an accepted Bibliographic Style (ACM, APA or IEEE). On this page you will find a list of the information that is needed, along with several examples.

ACM = Association of Computing Machinery - Author/Date Style Sample citation [Phillips 2001] -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.

ACM = Association of Computing Machinery - Numerical Style Sample citations [1], [8] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them.

APA 7th edition = American Psychology Association Sample citation (Raskin, 2002) -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.

IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Sample citations [1] or [8, 10] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them. Once you select a style, keep all of your references in the same style. The style used in these examples varies.

How to write a Reference for a

Webpage (html document, URL significant)

INFORMATION & EXAMPLES

Information needed for a webpage (html file, url significant).

Author: Jakob Nielsen Date: November 2020 Page title: 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design Website: NN/g Nielsen Norman Group URL: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/ Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Example using ACM - Author/Date

Example using ACM - Numerical

Example using APA 7th edition

Example using IEEE

Information needed for a Website (URL significant)

Author: Microsoft Corporation Date: 2021 Page title: docs.microsoft.com Website: docs.microsoft.com URL: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/ Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Don't create references or in-text citations for whole websites.

Information needed for an Article in electronic Newsletter or Magazine (html document, URL significant)

Author:   Molly Wood Date:   February 10, 2020 Title:   We need to Talk about 'Cloud Neutrality' Newsletter or magazine:   Wired URL:   https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality/ Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for the ACM Digital Library

Author:   Brett A. Becker Date:   August 2021 Title:   What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom? Journal:   Communications of the ACM Specifics:   Volume 64, Issue 8, pages 27-29 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115 Note: Although accessed electronically, the URL is not significant. Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for the IEEE Electronic Library (URL not relevant)

Author:   Frank Dehne, David Robillard, Andrew Rau-Chaplin, Neil Burke Date:   2016 Article title:   VOLAP: A Scalable Distributed System for Real-Time OLAP with High Velocity Data Conference:   2016 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing Location and date of conference:   13-15 September 2016, Tapei, Taiwan [a bit of research had to be done to locate this info] Specifics:   pages 354-363 Note: Although accessed electronically, the URL is not significant. Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for a Journal Article with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Author:   Woo-Chul Cho, Kyung Young Lee, Sung-Byung Yang Date:   March 2019 Article title:   What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives Journal:   Information Technology & People Specifics:   Volume 32, number 2, pp. 319-343 DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152 Note: The DOI is a unique number used to identify a specific article. Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for a Journal Article (from a print source, no URL)

Author:   Ronald R. Yager Date:   July 1977 Article title:   Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets Journal:   International journal of man-machine studies Specifics:   Volume 9, Number 4, 375-382 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(77)80008-4 Note: Articles published in the 1970's or earlier are often available in print format only. Note: Journal names are often abbreviated. The abbreviation for the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies is Int. J. Man-Machine Studies . Although you will see abbreviations used in published journals and in some examples in this list, as a student, it is best to use the journal's full name in your list of references. Note: Sometimes the name of a journal is changed to better reflect the area of interest. In 1994, the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies was renamed to the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Always use the name of the journal that matches the date of the article you are going to reference. Note: Even in the case of a print source, it's good practice to include a DOI if you have one.

Information needed for a Conference Paper (from Proceedings)

Author:   Amir Khaleghi Moghaddam and Nur Zincir-Heywood Date:   25 August 2020 Article title:   Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning Proceedings:   ARES '20: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security Location and date of conference:   Dublin, Ireland, August 25-28, 2020 Publisher of Proceedings:   Association for Computing Machinery Specifics:   Article No. 74, pages 1-10

DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409216 Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for a Book (by one or more authors)

Author:   Dijiang Huang, Huijun Wu Date:   2018; Title:   Mobile cloud computing: foundations and service models Place where published:   Cambridge, MA Publisher:   Morgan Kaufmann

Information needed for an Authored Chapter in a Book (by one or more editors)

Chapter author:   Jan Cejka, Fotis Liarokapis Date:   2020 Title of Chapter:   Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water; Title of Book:   Visual computing for cultural heritage Editor:   Fotis Liarokapis, Athanasios Voulodimos, Nikolaos Doulamis, Anastasios Doulamis Place Book Published:   Cham, Switzerland Publisher:   Springer; Pages:   205-224 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37191-3 Note: The abbreviation for an editor is Ed. (and for more than one editors it is Eds.) Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for an International Standard (from a print source, no URL)

Designation:   ANSI T1.602 Organization:   American National Standards Date:   1989 Title:   Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface

Information needed for an International Standard (html document, URL significant)

Designation:   ISO/TR 23455:2019 Organization:   International Organization for Standardization Date:   2019 Title:   Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology systems URL:   https://www.iso.org/standard/75624.html Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. In page 15-16 of the Aug 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide , the examples show that either the year of the standard or the access year must be provided.

Information needed for a Technical Report (from a print source, no URL)

Author:   Philip Trevor Cox and Tomasz Pietrzykowski Date:   1984 Title:   Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH Organization:   Technical University of Nova Scotia Technical Report Number:   8404 Place where published:   Halifax, NS Publisher:   School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia

Information needed for a Technical Report (pdf document, URL significant)

Author:   Lihi Idan and Joan Feigenbaum Date:   May 2021 Title:   PRShare: A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Interorganizational Data Sharing Organization:   Computer Science Organization's location:   Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Technical Report Number:   YALEU/DCS/TR-1554 URL:   https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/tr1554.pdf Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. In page 15-16 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide , the examples show that either the year of the report or the access year must be provided.

Information needed for a data table

Author:   Statistics Canada Date:   2021-06-22 Table title:   Intensity of use of Internet, video streaming services and video gaming services by gender, age group and highest certificate, diploma or degree completed Specifics:   Table 22-10-0136-01 URL:   https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2210013601 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng Note: The IEEE style allows the option to include both a URL and a DOI, but just using the DOI makes sense most of the time. Note: Style guides don't tend to cover the full extent of possibilities for data reference. Adapt as best as you can from other types of document for your style, and include all the important elements. Note: Statistics Canada prefers that the table number be included as part of the title in APA references. 'Cite me this way' suggestions from sources should be considered but can be ignored if they don't fit with the requirements of your style.

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Production Information

• Citations and References

Word Template: Citations and References

Introduction.

Your citations and references must be defined correctly and linked together in Word before sending the Word document to TAPS.

The vast majority of ACM articles use numbered citations and references - the sponsoring events and SIGs have chosen to use this style. (If you are preparing an article for an event sponsored by SIGGRAPH or SIGPLAN, you will need to use the "author year" citation and reference style. This style has more steps in the process.)

Because you're using Microsoft Word to prepare your article for ACM publication, you will need to start with the  "submission" template.  This Word document contains all of the styles you'll use to tag your content as you prepare it for publication, as well as instructions and examples of many of the commonly-used elements of an article.

As you build your article, you should note where you will be placing citations. If you are using numbered citations and references, the reference number - "...as shown in [7]..." is sufficient. If you are using the "author year" style, a reasonable placeholder is the primary author's last name and the year of publication - "...as shown in [Davis 1960]..." - we will be updating this placeholder later in the process with the citation label as generated by the Word macros in the "master template."

Your references should follow the  ACM Reference Format.  Please use full names for authors - "Kenny Barron" and not "K. Barron" - as this allows for easier citation linking and counting, and more clearly identifies your citations' authors for others.

When Your Article is Accepted

If and when your content is accepted for presentation at an ACM-sponsored event, you will need to perform additional tasks - tagging additional elements, adding CCS concepts, cross-linking figures, tables, citations, and references - before delivering your Word document to TAPS.

TAPS will convert your single-column Word document to HTML5 and to a two-column PDF for your review and approval.

The remainder of this document explains the steps necessary to set up the citations and references in your Word document, covering both the "numbered" and "author year" citation and reference styles. You should follow the instructions for the style chosen by the event's sponsoring SIG and the instructions provided to you by the event's organizers.

Attaching the Master Template

The first step in this process is to attach the "master" template to your Word document. This file contains additional styles and macros that will be used to prepare and to validate your article. It is available for download at  Preparing Your Article with Microsoft Word  and there are separate versions for   Mac 2011 ,  Mac 2016 , and  Windows  versions of Microsoft Word.

If you are using Microsoft Word for the Macintosh, follow these instructions:

• From the "Tools" menu, select the "Templates and Add-Ins" menu item.
• Select the "Attach..." button, and find "acm_mat_word_v1.dotm" file: this is the "master template" file.
• Select the "OK" button.
• A dialog box will appear warning you about macros. This is expected; the "master template" file contains macros. Please select "Enable Macros."
• Your Word document now has several additional menus: "Head Elements," "Body Elements," "Reference and Cross Linking," and "ACM Templates."

If you are using Microsoft Word for Windows, follow these instructions:

• From the "File" menu, select the "Options" menu item.
• The "Word Options" dialog box has options along the left: select "Add-ins," and then from the "Manage:" selection menu, select "Templates" and press the "Go..." button.
• Select the "Attach..." button, find "acm_mat_word_v1.dotm" and select "OK" to load it.
• You'll see a SECURITY WARNING about macros. This is expected; the "master template" file contains macros. Please select "Enable Content" to load the macros.

Preparing Your Citations and References

As part of the final preparation of your Word document for submission to TAPS, you will need to "cross-link" your citations and references; this action defines a link between each reference and each of its citations in your article.

The instructions are different for the "numbered" and "author year" citation and reference styles; the following subsections contain the style-specific information you must use.

Numbered Citation and Reference Style

From the "Reference and Cross Linking" menu, select the "Cross-referencing --> Float and Bibliography" menu item. The "Float and Bibliography" macro will start to run, and will ask to acknowledge that the "</BIBL>" tag it has added to your document is in the right place (at the conclusion of the references).

You will then be asked to choose a citation type, either "1" for numbered citations or "2" for author year citations. Choose "1."

After a little more processing of your document by the "Float and Bibliography" macro, you should see a message that says that processing was successful. The citations in your document are now links (and are colored blue), and should have "hover text."

Your references will look a little different after processing; the macro has added some text to each one. This is intentional, and expected behavior.

After successfully linking your citations and references, you must select "Manuscript Validation" from the "ACM Templates" menu and run a separate macro that checks the Word document for issues.

Author Year Citation and Reference Style

This citation and reference style requires more work on your part than for an article using the "numbered" citation and reference style; the authors and the year of each reference must be tagged before the cross-linking of citations and references, and you will need to update the placeholder citations with the citation labels generated by the "Float and Bibliography" macro.

For each reference in your article, you will need to apply a tag to the year of publication, and apply tags to the names of each of the authors.

From the "Reference and Cross Linking" menu, please note the five buttons on the left side of the menu: "Auth Group," "Surname," "FirstName," "Collab," and "Year." You will use these buttons to apply these tags (or styles) to selected parts of each reference.

For each author of each reference, you will need to perform the following tasks:

• Select the first name of the author and select the "FirstName" button.
• Select the last name (or surname) of the author and select the "Surname" button.
• Select the first and last names as a single selection and select the "Auth Group" button.

NOTE: When selecting the first name and the last name (surname) of an author, make very sure you are not selecting the space immediately following the last letter of the name you are selecting. Doing so will result in a validation error that will need to be corrected.

NOTE: Removing the style or tag from a text selection can be done by making the selection and pressing the <Ctrl> key and the spacebar simultaneously.

If you are formatting a reference that has no explicit author - program documentation, for example, and all that you have is the name of the company ("NVIDIA" for example) and the year of publication or access of the documentation, select the company name and select the "FirstName" button, then select the company name again and select the "Auth Group" button. The citation will look like this: [NVIDIA, 2021].

Any middle initial(s) can be selected as part of the "Auth Group" operation. The first name and surname will be shaded in different gray levels, and when the "Auth Group" tag is applied, a dashed box will enclose that selection. The year will be enclosed in a bright green box when the "Year" tag is applied.

Attaching the "master" template to your Word document added several items to the Word menu bar, including "Reference and Cross Linking."

You will then be asked to choose a citation type, either "1" for numbered citations or "2" for author year citations. Choose "2."

A label has been generated for each reference. For each reference, make a copy of the label and paste it into the placeholder citation to THAT reference. The citation text must match the reference label, or the cross-linking operation will fail. To use the reference, above, as an example: any citation to that reference must look like this: [Levoy, 2008].

When all of the citations in your work have been updated with the proper reference labels, select the "Cross-referencing --> Float and Bibliography" menu item again. After a little more processing of your document by the "Float and Bibliography" macro, you should see a message that says that processing was successful. The citations in your document are now links (and are colored blue), and should have "hover text."

Technical Support

ACM's production vendor has 24/7 technical support available via e-mail to [email protected] . 

[published March 2022; instructions written by Stephen Spencer, Univ. of Washington, Seattle Washington]

• TAPS Workflow Demo Video
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New Word Template for ACM Authors

Working with volunteers from both the SIG and journal communities, ACM has developed a new, easy-to-use Word authoring template and workflow which will allow authors to concentrate on their content rather than focus on print output formatting, as well as reduce the time needed to prepare the text for submission.

TAPS Author Workflow

In the final step in the new ACM production workflow, authors will submit their validated paper to ACM's publishing system (TAPS). The publishing system produces and distributes the traditional PDF output as well as ACM's new responsive HTML5 design.

ACM Citation Generator

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
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• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
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• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
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Popular ACM style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in acm style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the ACM citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the ACM citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Website in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a website using the ACM citation style.

Additional ACM style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in acm style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Court case in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Email in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an email using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Interview in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Song in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a song using the ACM citation style.

How to cite The Bible in ACM style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the ACM citation style.

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ACM Writing Style

The Association for Computer Machinery (ACM) has developed a style guide for citing and referencing scholarly publications in the computing field.

• ACM Citation Style and Reference Formats ACM, the world's largest educational and scientific computing society, delivers resources that advance computing as a science and a profession.
• New Word Template for ACM Authors (Video) Working with volunteers from both the SIG and journal communities, ACM has developed a new, easy-to-use Word authoring template and workflow which will allow authors to concentrate on their content rather than focus on print output formatting, as well as reduce the time needed to prepare the text for submission.
• User Manual ACM MS Word Template (PDF) This user manual provides all essential information about how to prepare a manuscript using the ACM Wordbased template. This manual includes a description of ACM Word template functions, contingencies, alternate modes of operation, and step-by-step procedures for system access and use. Using the Word template one can write and generate the manuscript as per ACM’s requirements. The ACM Word template contains all necessary styles with formatting and macros to validate markup.
• Cite a Journal in ACM style using a citation generator Online citation generator to cite a journal using the ACM citation style.
• LaTex Authors acmart.cls, the official ACM Master article template for LaTeX, consolidates 8 individual ACM journal and ACM proceedings templates. The new LATEX package incorporates updated versions of the following ACM templates: -ACM Journals: ACM Small, ACM Large, ACM and TOG (also for SIGGRAPH authors publishing in TOG) -ACM proceedings templates: ACM Standard, SIGCHI, SIGCHI abstracts, and SIGPLAN

Citing and Using Sources FAQs

Ever wonder why we have to use citations or why they have to be in a certain format? Check out our FAQs for answers!

What is a citation? What is a reference?

A citation is a way to tell people that an idea, words, or picture, came from someone else. It is a way of referring to the original work; it tells your reader or audiencewhere you got that idea, words, or picture from .

The word " reference " is often used interchangeably with citation. It means the same thing. You are being asked to refer to wherever the information came from originally.

A bibliography is a collection of citations or references, usually at the end of a work.

Why do I have to cite?

In Western culture, we believe that ideas belong to the creator. Their ideas may come in different forms, whether written, spoken, or visual (like a piece of art or a photo), but it's still their idea. We give credit to those individuals who created the ideas originally. If you don't give credit to who the creator, that's stealing someone else's work  and it's known as  plagiarism. 

Citing is how we give credit. But besides giving proper credit and avoiding plagiarism, there's a number of reasons why a person should cite. 

• To provide enough information that your reader can go find the original source if they wanted
• To show your reader you've done proper research and got your material from reliable sources
• To show professionalism in your work by following formatting standards

What is a citation style?

Just like there is a specific format to writing a resume or a letter, citations have specific formats or "styles" as well. These styles set a standard for how to cite and where to put citation information in a paper.

These styles are developed based on the need of the creators, and they usually have slightly different focuses. Some of the most popular ones include:

• APA - From the American Psychological Associate, it's usually used for social sciences, business and nursing
• MLA - Modern Language Association style is often used in the humanities, like art and literature
• Chicago/Turbian - This style is often used in the humanities as well
• ASA - America Sociological Association style is often used in sociology

There are more styles than this, and you can find out more about them on our Citations Guide.

Resources for Citing

Working with citations, but can't seem to get the hang of it? There are a lot of resources to help you out!

• Reference Librarians  - Consider stopping by the reference desk, or contacting them by phone, email or online chat if you have any reference questions. 
• Style Guides  - Memorial Library has multiple style guides that you can use for reference right here in the library!
• OWL Purdue Online -  This online website has a lot of informaiton about many different citation styles!
• Center for Academic Success -  The tutoring center in the lower level of the library is here to help you with your papers and citations!

Citation Managers

There are a number of citation mangers or applications developed to assist researchers with collecting, managing, and citing information sources. Two citation managers that are available for free and recommended by the library are Mendeley and Zotero. Click here for additional information.

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Subject Guide

ACM Reference Format - Reference Lists

Reference linking and citation counts are facilitated by use of these standard reference formats.  Citations must be in the format below for all ACM papers.

Here are examples of the most common reference types formatted for ACM journals.

For a paginated article in a journal:

Patricia S. Abril and Robert Plant. 2007. The patent holder's dilemma: Buy, sell, or troll? Commun. ACM 50, 1 (Jan. 2007), 36-44. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1188913.1188915

For an enumerated article in a journal:

Sarah Cohen, Werner Nutt, and Yehoshua Sagic. 2007. Deciding equivalances among conjunctive aggregate queries. J. ACM 54, 2, Article 5 (April 2007), 50 pages. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1219092.1219093

For a monograph (whole book):

David Kosiur. 2001. Understanding Policy-Based Networking (2nd. ed.). Wiley, New York, NY.

For a divisible book (anthology or compilation):

Ian Editor (Ed.). 2007. The title of book one (1st. ed.). The name of the series one, Vol. 9. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-09237-4

For a multi-volume work (as a book):

Donald E. Knuth. 1997. The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 1: Fundamental Algorithms (3rd. ed.). Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.

For a (paginated proceedings) article in a conference proceedings (conference, symposium or workshop):

Sten Andler. 1979. Predicate Path expressions. In Proceedings of the 6th. ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL '79) . ACM Press, New York, NY, 226-236. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/567752.567774

For a Patent:

Joseph Scientist. 2009. The fountain of youth. (Aug. 2009). Patent No. 12345, Filed July 1st., 2008, Issued Aug. 9th., 2009.

For an informally published work (such as some technical reports and dissertations):

Technical Report:

David Harel. 1978. LOGICS of Programs: AXIOMATICS and DESCRIPTIVE POWER . MIT Research Lab Technical Report TR-200. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

Doctoral dissertation:

Kenneth L. Clarkson. 1985. Algorithms for Closest-Point Problems (Computational Geometry) . Ph.D. Dissertation. Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. UMI Order Number: AAT 8506171.

Master's Thesis:

David A. Anisi. 2003. Optimal Motion Control of a Ground Vehicle . Master's thesis. Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.

For an online document/WWW resource:

Harry Thornburg. 2001. Introduction to Bayesian Statistics. (March 2001). Retrieved March 2, 2005 from http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/bayes/bayes.html

For a Video (two examples):

Dave Novak. 2003. Solder man. Video. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Video Review on Animation theater Program: Part I - Vol. 145 (July 27-27, 2003) . ACM Press, New York, NY, 4. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/99.9999/woot07-S422

Barack Obama. 2008. A more perfect union. Video. (5 March 2008). Retrieved March 21, 2008 from http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6528042696351994555

In-Text Citations

When writing a paper, refer to other references using an in-text citation.

Single author

Enclose in square brackets the last name of the first author and year of publication, thus: [Burando 2007]

Two authors

Enclose in square brackets both last names and the year of publication: [Burando and Lee 2007];

More than two authors

Enclose in square brackets the last name of the first author, followed by an "et al." [Burando et al. 2007].

Sequential parenthetical citations

Enclose in square brackets, separated by semi-colons: thus [Burando 2007; Burando and Lee 2007].

Citation part of the text of the sentence

When a citation is part of a sentence, the name of the author is NOT enclosed in brackets, but the year is: "So we see that Burando et al. [2007]..."

Multiple articles within a single year

When an author has more than one article published in the same year, add lower-case letters to distinguish the articles:  [Burando 2007a] and [Burando 2007b].

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Citing Sources (UNH Manchester): ACM Style

• Chicago Manual of Style

About ACM Style

The ACM (Association of Computing Machinery) Style is the standard for the format of scholarly publications in the computing field.

• ACM Citation Style & Reference Formats
• Reference Guide: ACM Style
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ACM Style Video

csmref (2012, May 23).  Why you need to cite sources - CSM Library [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UcCBByLchw.

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CMST 485 - Computer Systems Senior Capstone Project - Salina Campus

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ACM Template

• ACM Sample Paper/Template This is the Official Format Template from ACM. This is the formatting style that is required for ACM publications.

ACM Author Submission Guidelines

• ACM Submission Guidelines Manuscripts accepted for publication in any of ACM publications must be formatted using the ACM authoring template. Articles published in ACM journals and transactions are prepared for both print and digital display in the ACM Digital Library. The instructions contained herein are meant to make the process of manuscript preparation as straightforward as possible.

Student Papers in Computer Science

• K-Rex Computer Science Papers This is a listing of K-State Graduate Theses and Dissertations in Computer Science from 2004 - Present.
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Computer Science - Graduate Students: Cite in ACM & IEEE

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Select Style Guides

When writing an essay or thesis be sure to check and see what citation style you need to use, then follow the guidelines for those styles. Here are links to two commonly used citation formats in the computer science field.

• ACM Style Guide Guidelines for citing in ACM Style
• IEEE Reference Guide Guidelines for citing in IEEE Style

Source/Citation Managers

Andersen Library supports two citation managers, listed below. To get help setting one up or using it, contact the librarian listed in the linked LibGuide.

• Zotero Free research management tool. Collect citation information and full text sources from online databases and websites. Store citation information, get formatted citations in a variety of styles, and create reference lists. The library can assist you with using this citation manager. Visit the Zotero LibGuide for more information.
• Zotero LibGuide Learn more about using Zotero, including detailed set up instructions, from a Whitewater Reference Librarian.

Citing Internet Sources in ACM & IEEE Citation Styles

Webpage (html file, URL significant)

Information Needed Author: Jakob Nielsen Date: 1994 Title: Heuristics for User Interface Design Page: Ten Usability Heuristics URL: http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html

Webpage Using ACM

Webpage Using IEEE

"Documents" within a Website  (URL significant)

Needed Information Author: Microsoft Corporation Date: 2003 Title: Site Management Cycle Site: Commerce Server Concepts URL: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/comsrv2k/htm/cs_gs_concepts_ntqq.asp

Documents within a website using ACM

Documents within a website using IEEE

Citing Journal Articles in ACM & IEEE Citation Styles

Journal Article with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Information Needed

Author:   Heather L. O'Brien and Elaine G. Toms Date:   April 2008 Title:   What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology Journal:   Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) Specifics:   Volume 59, Issue 6, pages 938-955 DOI:  10.1002/asi.20801 Note: The DOI is a unique number used to identify a specific article.

Journal Article Example Using ACM

Journal Article Example Using IEEE

Journal Article (multiple online formats; URL to a directory)

Needed Information

Author:   E.F. Vasechkina and V.D. Yarin Date:   2001 Title:   Evolving polynomial neural network by means of genetic algorithm: some application examples Journal:   Complexity International Specifics:   Volume 09 URL:   http://www.csu.edu.au/ci/vol09/vasech01/ Note: The URL goes to a directory where the format is selected.

Journal Article (multiple online formats; URL to a file)

Author:   O. Edelstein, E. Farchi, Y. Nir, G. Ratsaby, S. Ur Note: This gives an example for more than three authors , to be cited as Edelstein et al. Date:   2002 Title:   Multithreaded Java program test generation Journal:   IBM Systems Journal Specifics:   Volume 41, No. 1, pages 111-125 URL:   http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/411/edelstein.html URL:   http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/411/edelstein.pdf Note: When there is a URL for both formats, use the PDF instead of the HTML.

Journal Article (print; no URL)

Author:   R.R. Yager Date:   July 1977 Title:   Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets Journal:   International journal of man-machine studies Specifics:   Volume 9, Number 4, 375-382 NOTE: Articles published in the 1970's or earlier are usually available in print format only. Note: Journal names are often abbreviated. The abbreviation for the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies is Int. J. Man-Machine Studies . Although you will see abbreviations used in published journals, as a student it is best to use the journal's full name in your list of references. For your thesis, consult with your advisor. Note: Sometimes the name of a journal is changed to better reflect the area of interest. In 1994, the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies was renamed the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies . Always use the journal name that matches the date of the article you are going to reference.

Journal Article (Print; no URL) Example Using ACM

Journal Article (Print; no URL) Example Using IEEE

Citing Other Periodical Articles in ACM & IEEE Citation Styles

Conference Paper (from Proceedings)

Author:   Kun-Lung Wu, Charu C. Aggarwal and Philip S. Yu Date:   2001 Title:   Personalization with Dynamic Profiler Proceedings:   Proceedings Third International Workshop on Advanced Issues of E-Commerce and Web-Based Information Systems, WECWIS 2001 Place of Conference:   Santa Juan, California Date of Conference:   21-22 June 2001 City where Proceedings Published:   Los Alamitos, California Publisher of Proceedings:   IEEE Computer Society Pages:   12-20

Conference Paper Example Using ACM

Conference Paper Example Using IEEE

Article in Online Magazine or Newsletter (HTML document; URL significant)

Author:   Chris Sherman Date:   2002 April 2 Title:   Teoma vs. Google, Round Two Newsletter:   SearchDay URL:   http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/02/sd0402-teoma.html

Online Magazine/Newsletter Article Using ACM

Online Magazine/Newsletter Article Using IEEE

In order to construct your citations, you must first collect a basic set of information for each one of your references. The you will format this information to match an accepted Bibliographic Style (ACM or IEEE). On this page you will find a list of the information that is needed, along with several examples.

ACM = Association of Computing Machinery Sample citation [Phillips 2001] -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.

IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Sample citations [1] or [8, 10] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them. Once you select a style, keep all of your references in the same style.

Table of Contents

Book (by one or more authors)

Author:   Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome H. Friedman Date:   2001 Title:   The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction (Springer Series in Statistics) Place where published:   New York, NY Publisher:   Springer-Verlag

Example using ACM

Example using IEEE

Authored Book Chapter (by one or more editors)

Author:   M.T. Maybury Date:   2001 Title of Chapter:   Intelligent user interfaces for all Title of Book:   User interfaces for all: concepts, methods and tools Editor:   Constantine Stephanidis Place Book Published:   Mahwah, New Jersey Publisher:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pages:   65-80 Note: The abbreviation for one editor is Ed. (for more than one editor use Eds.)

International Standard (print source; no URL)

Designation: ANSI T1.602 Date:   1989 Title:   Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface

International Standard (HTML document; URL significant)

Designation:   ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 Date:   1998 Title:   Document Description and Processing Languages URL:   http://www.ornl.gov/sgml/sc34/document/0029.htm

Technical Report (print; no URL)

Author:   P.T. Cox and T. Pietrzykowski Date:   1984 Title:   Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH Organization:   Technical University of Nova Scotia Technical Report Number:   8404 Place where published:   Halifax, NS Publisher:   School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia

Technical Report (PDF; URL significant)

Author:   Vlado Keselj and Nick Cercone Date:   January 2002 Title:   A Graph Unification Machine for N.L. Parsing Organization:   University of Waterloo Technical Report Number:   CS-2002-01 URL:   http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/cs-archive/CS-2002/01/CS-2002-01.pdf

Thank you to to the librarians at Dalhousie University who were willing to share their guide .

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For Authors

Example papers.

Based on the new CHI Publication Formats this page provides example papers using the TAPS compatible Word and LaTeX templates.

For each example, you can see the PDF versions generated from the Word Submission Format (version 5.0), the LaTeX template using the Manuscript command and sigconf style (version 1.7), the TAPS generated two column PDF, and the TAPS generated responsive HTML.

Ensure you use the latest version of the templates available from the ACM .  Word authors should use the single column Word Submission Format.  LaTeX authors should use the “sigconf” style with the manuscript command to produce a single column document.  LaTeX authors can download the template as a ZIP file or use the official Overleaf template.  The ACM LaTeX template on the Overleaf platform is available to all ACM authors at https://www.overleaf.com/gallery/tagged/acm-official#.WOuOk2e1taQ .

Note :  The samples generated below for Word source use installed fonts called Linux Libertine and Biolinum and Inconsolata .  You are not required to install these fonts to use the Word Submission Format, but your documents will be rendered using default system fonts if you do not and may appear slightly different than the examples below.

4 Page Paper from CHI 2017

This paper was originally written in LaTeX and converted to the Master Article Template version 1.7 and the Word Submission Format version 5.0.

• LaTeX Manuscript Format
• Word Submission Format
• TAPS Two Column PDF

5 Page Paper from CHI 2017

This paper was originally written in Word and converted to the Master Article Template version 1.7 and the Word Submission Format version 5.0.

10 Page Paper from CHI 2019

This paper was originally written in LaTeX using Overleaf and converted to the Master Article Template version 1.7 and the Word Submission Format version 5.0.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the authors who provided their source documents so that we could prepare these examples.

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ACM Format and Citation Guide

Bob cardens.

• February 29, 2024
• How to Guides

The ACM Format and Citation Guide is a comprehensive resource provided by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) that outlines the standards for writing, citing, and referencing in the field of information technology. It is essential for academic excellence and ensures the accuracy and integrity of research papers and scientific reports. Proper citation and referencing are crucial in ACM to give credit to the original authors, provide evidence for claims, and allow readers to locate the referenced sources easily.

What You'll Learn

What is ACM Format citation and referencing?

ACM Format citation and referencing are specific guidelines and rules set by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for citing and referencing sources in academic writing. It provides a standardized format for acknowledging the work of others and avoiding plagiarism. By following the ACM citation rules , researchers and students can ensure the accuracy and integrity of their academic papers.

When citing a reference in the text, authors are required to include the author’s name(s) and publication date in parentheses. This allows readers to identify the source and locate it easily if they wish to explore further. The ACM citation rules also emphasize the importance of listing all references alphabetically by the lead author’s last name in the References section.

Moreover, it is essential to provide complete bibliographic information for each source, including the author’s name(s), year of publication, title of the article or book, and relevant publication details such as the publisher and page numbers. By following these guidelines, researchers demonstrate their commitment to accurate and ethical scholarly communication.

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ACM citation rules at a glance:

• Include the author’s name(s) and publication date in parentheses when citing a reference in the text.
• List all references alphabetically by the lead author’s last name in the References section.
• Provide complete bibliographic information, including the author’s name(s), year of publication, title, and relevant publication details.

The Importance of Correct Citing and Referencing in ACM

Correct citing and referencing in ACM is crucial for several reasons. First, it gives credit to the original authors for their work and ideas, acknowledging their contribution to the field. By properly citing the sources, researchers honor and respect the intellectual property of others, ensuring that their scholarly achievements are recognized.

Second, correct citing and referencing allow readers to verify the information and evidence presented in the paper. When citing sources accurately, researchers provide readers with the opportunity to locate and consult the referenced materials. This transparency not only enhances the credibility of the research but also allows readers to further explore the topic and delve deeper into the subject matter.

Third, proper citing and referencing help to prevent plagiarism, which is a serious offense in academic writing. Plagiarism involves using another person’s work, ideas, or words without giving them proper credit. By providing accurate citations and references, researchers demonstrate their commitment to intellectual honesty and academic integrity.

Understanding and implementing correct citing and referencing practices in ACM is essential to uphold the standards of the academic community. It helps to foster a culture of respect, integrity, and intellectual growth within the field of information technology.

“Accurate citing and referencing in ACM not only ensures that scholarly contributions are properly recognized, but also enables the examination and validation of the information presented, while maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity.” – Dr. Jane Thompson, Professor of Computer Science

General Principles of ACM Formatting

When formatting a paper in ACM style , it is essential to adhere to the general principles outlined by the Association for Computing Machinery. These principles ensure consistency, clarity, and proper citation throughout the document. One crucial aspect of ACM formatting is the correct organization of the Works Cited list.

The Works Cited list, also known as the References section, should be included at the end of the paper. All references must be listed alphabetically by the lead author’s last name, providing readers with easy access to the cited sources.

A clear header should be used to indicate the start of the Works Cited section, clearly distinguishing it from the body of the paper. This helps readers locate and reference the cited works efficiently.

Each reference in the Works Cited list must contain specific information to accurately identify the source. The author’s name(s) should be listed in the LASTNAME, INITIALS format, followed by the year of publication. Additionally, include the title of the article or book, and complete bibliographic information such as the publisher and page numbers.

By following these general principles of ACM formatting , authors can ensure that their papers are properly cited and organized, meeting the highest standards of academic integrity.

Headings and Subheadings in ACM

In an ACM paper, headings and subheadings serve as essential organizational elements. They play a vital role in helping readers navigate through the document and gain a clear understanding of its structure and flow of information.

The ACM outline typically consists of main headings and subheadings that should be formatted consistently and appropriately. By using descriptive and concise headings, writers can enhance the readability and comprehension of their papers.

Properly formatted headings and subheadings help readers locate specific sections and information within the paper quickly. They provide a roadmap that guides readers through the contents, ensuring a smooth reading experience and facilitating the absorption of key concepts and findings.

When creating headings and subheadings in ACM papers, it is essential to follow the formatting guidelines provided by the Association for Computing Machinery. The consistent application of these guidelines ensures a professional and cohesive appearance throughout the paper.

Using headings and subheadings effectively not only makes the paper more visually appealing but also improves its overall organization and structure. By implementing clear and logical headings, writers can present their ideas in a structured manner that is easy for readers to follow.

Consider the following example illustrating the use of headings and subheadings in an ACM paper:

Heading 1: Introduction Subheading 1.1: Background Research Subheading 1.2: Problem Statement Subheading 1.3: Research Objectives

Heading 2: Literature Review Subheading 2.1: Previous Studies on the Topic Subheading 2.2: Key Findings in the Field

Heading 3: Methodology Subheading 3.1: Data Collection Subheading 3.2: Data Analysis Subheading 3.3: Research Design

By structuring the paper with headings and subheadings, the writer enables readers to navigate the content more easily, providing a clear and systematic presentation of information.

In-Text Citations in ACM

In-Text citations play a vital role in ACM papers, as they serve to acknowledge the sources of ideas, information, and evidence used in academic writing. By including these citations, researchers demonstrate academic integrity and give credit to the original authors.

When citing within the text in ACM, it is essential to follow the prescribed format. In general, ACM in-text citations include the author’s name(s) and publication date, enclosed in parentheses. The following formats are used for books and articles:

(Author’s Last Name(s) Year, Title, Publisher)

For articles:

(Author’s Last Name(s) Year, Title of the Article, Journal or Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), Page Numbers)

Adhering to the correct format for in-text citations is crucial for maintaining accuracy and upholding academic integrity in ACM papers.

To gain a better understanding of ACM in-text citation guidelines, let’s take a look at an example:

Suppose you are citing a book titled “Introduction to Data Science” written by John Smith, published in 2021. The correct format for an in-text citation would be:

(Smith 2021)

On the other hand, if you are referencing an article titled “Machine Learning Techniques” written by Mary Johnson, published in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence in 2020, the in-text citation format would be:

(Johnson 2020, “Machine Learning Techniques”, Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 15(3), 45-56)

Using the appropriate citation format not only ensures that credit is given to the original authors but also allows readers to locate the referenced sources easily, promoting transparency and further research.

Now, let’s take a closer look at the correct format for ACM in-text citations through a comprehensive table:

The ACM Format and Citation Guide is an indispensable tool for researchers and students in the field of information technology . By adhering to the guidelines outlined in this guide, writers can ensure that their academic work is accurate, reliable, and professional. Proper citing and referencing not only acknowledge the original authors’ contributions but also enable readers to delve further into the subject matter and verify the information presented.

Mastering the ACM Format and Citation Guide is a critical step towards achieving academic excellence. Consistently following the prescribed format for citations and references demonstrates a commitment to intellectual honesty and ethical research practices. By giving credit to the sources of information and ideas, writers contribute to the overall integrity and credibility of the academic community.

With the ACM Format and Citation Guide as a reference, writers can confidently navigate the complexities of citing and referencing sources in their research papers and scientific reports. By implementing the guidelines, writers can ensure that their work is easily accessible and traceable, allowing future researchers to build upon their findings. The ACM Format and Citation Guide stands as a cornerstone for maintaining the highest standards of scholarly writing in the field of information technology.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the general principles of acm formatting.

The  general principles of ACM formatting  include listing all references alphabetically in the Works Cited list, using a clear header to indicate the start of the section, and providing complete bibliographic information for each source. Author names should be listed in the LASTNAME, INITIALS format.

How do headings and subheadings work in ACM?

Headings and subheadings in ACM  help organize the content of a paper and improve readability. They should be formatted consistently and appropriately, and using clear and descriptive headings and subheadings can enhance the structure and flow of the information.

How do in-text citations work in ACM?

In-text citations in ACM acknowledge the sources of ideas, information, and evidence. They typically include the author’s name(s) and publication date in parentheses. The format for in-text citations varies depending on the source, such as books or articles.

What is the importance of the ACM Format and Citation Guide?

The ACM Format and Citation Guide is an essential resource for researchers and students in the field of information technology. By following the guidelines provided, writers can ensure the accuracy, integrity, and professionalism of their academic work. It also allows readers to access and verify the referenced sources.

Source Links

• https://www.apsu.edu/writingcenter/writing-resources/ACM-Style.pdf
• https://edubirdie.com/citation/acm/
• https://www.utica.edu/academic/library/acmstyle.pdf

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What is the ACM Citation Formatting

The Association for Computing Machinery is a leading organization for everything related to information technology. Therefore, all academic papers written on related topics and waiting to be published in journals should adhere to the ACM formatting standards.

The Basics of ACM Citation Machine Formatting Style

ACM sets specific rules for its publications which need to be carefully followed. First and foremost, such unique formatting helps in linking your citations to the references and keeping track of citation counts.

When preparing your paper, use your BibTeX (.bib) file with the correct .bst file (ACM Reference Format). This will make sure your references are formatted correctly with minimal need for editing. Note that if your paper is accepted but doesn’t follow these formatting rules, you might have to reformat it.

How to Use ACM Citation Generator

If you got lost in all the formatting requirements when writing your paper, don’t worry. AHelp’s Free ACM Citation Generator will help you organize your in-text citations and references with ease.

In case you have all the information about a specific source but just need to structure everything in the right order, you can use our manual option. If you only have a name, URL (Uniform Resource Locator) link, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for the source, use the automatic version of the generator. Its AI-driven algorithms will scour the necessary databases and find all the details needed to be mentioned in the ACM reference.

References in ACM Format Example

In the ACM citation style, as well as in other formatting variants, the References section is organized at the end of your paper. Use a clear header, like “References,” to indicate the start of this section.

All the references are listed alphabetically by the last name of the first (lead) author. This helps in the easy location and identification of each source cited in the text. When organizing sources on the list, you should generally include the following details:

• Author/Editor Names: Present all author names in the format of LASTNAME, INITIALS. For instance, if Andy Bing and Alicia K. Giorgino wrote a paper, list them as BING, A. and GIORGINO, A.K.
• Year of Publication: Include the year the source was published.
• Title of the Work: Provide the title of the article, book, or conference proceedings.
• Additional Details: Add bibliographic information like the name of the publisher, city of publication, and page numbers. This information is crucial for readers to locate the original source and assess its credibility.

Ensure that each reference is complete enough so that someone reading your paper can easily find and evaluate the source.

How to Format ACM In-Text Citation

In ACM in-text citation style, you need to follow a specific format. Here’s how to do it:

• Numbering : When you mention a source in your paper, use a number in square brackets, like this: [1]. This number corresponds to a reference in your References section at the end of the paper.
• Multiple Citations : If you’re citing several sources at once, list them together inside square brackets and separate them with commas, like this: [1, 2].
• Citing with Author Names : When you include the author’s name in your sentence, don’t put the name in brackets. Only the publication year gets brackets. For example: As Freud et al. [1930] have noted…

Remember, ACM prefers full names rather than initials or abbreviations.

What is an ACM citation?

ACM citation refers to the citation style and format prescribed by the Association for Computing Machinery for academic papers, particularly in the fields of computer science and information technology. This style outlines specific rules for how to cite sources both within the text and on the References page.

How do you cite in ACM format?

When citing in an ACM format it's important to follow the set guidelines. In-text citations, for example, are typically numbered in brackets [1] and match corresponding numbers in the References section, where full details of each source are listed. As for the references, they are listed numerically in the order they were cited in the text and contain complete information about the source. If you can’t completely understand all the necessary guidelines, be sure to check out the Free ACM Citation Generator by AHelp. With its help, you will be able to create necessary citations in minutes and according to the requirements.

How do you cite ACM websites?

To cite a website in the Journal of the ACM format, you should include the following information in your reference:

• Start with the author's last name, followed by their first name. If there are multiple authors, list them in the same format and separate them with 'and'
• Include the year when the web page or article was published
• Add the title of the web page or article
• Mention the date when you accessed the website, in the format "Retrieved Month Day, Year"
• End the citation with 'from' followed by the direct URL of the web page.

How do you cite an ACM book?

To cite a book in the Journal of the ACM format, you need to follow a specific structure that varies slightly depending on whether the book is a monograph (a whole book) or a divisible book (like an anthology or compilation). Here's how you do it:

1.For a Monograph:

Number] Author's First Name Last Name. Year of Publication. Title of the Book (Editionth ed.). Publisher, City.

For a Divisible Book (Anthology or Compilation):

[Number] Editor's First Name Last Name (Ed.). Year of Publication. Title of Book One (Edition ed.). The Name of the Series One, Vol. Volume Number. Publisher, City. DOI or URL (if available)

Remember to include the edition if it's not the first edition, the volume number for compilations, and the DOI or URL if available.

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ACM Citation Generator & Guide With Rules & Examples

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Tips to use the citation generator

Choose the citation style

Follow your professor's guidelines or consult your university's website.

Doublecheck the source

Ensure correct rules for different sources like websites, articles, books. Edit or manually create citations if required.

Check the citation fields

Verify the automatically filled fields with your source. Make edits as needed.

Generate your citation

Confirm style, source, and fields, then generate your citation. Don't forget to create and download your paper's reference list.

• What is the ACM 🤔
• ACM Citation Rules 📚

ACM Journal Citation

Here is how to cite books in acm format, an acm citing example of a web resource, why use acm format generator tool, what is the acm citation format.

ACM style format stands for Association for Computer Machinery. While this style format is not as common as Chicago or APA, the ACM citation format is used by professional organizations and technical universities dealing with various aspects of information technology and robotics. Learning about ACM citing conventions is essential since if your research paper or scientific report does not follow a clear referencing style, it will be returned for further editing.

Most importantly, remember that research papers dealing with technical disciplines will use BibTex files that will also include .bst format files that should include a list of sources listed according to source type. Take your time to study ACM BibTex formatting examples.

ACM Citation Rules

According to ACM reference format, your reference should contain:

• Name(s) of the author(s) and/or editor(s).
• Year of publication.
• The title of the article, the name of the book, or conference proceedings.
• Related bibliographic information about your source, such as the name of the publisher, city of publication.
• Page number(s).

Your reference should contain enough information to let the reader find relevant resources easily.

Use only reliable sources! 

Using parenthetical citations, enclose the number of the reference like [1]. Sequential parenthetical citing must be enclosed in square brackets and separated by commas like [1, 2].

When your citation is part of some sentence, the name of the author should NOT be enclosed in brackets, (yet the year is), it appears as:

How to Cite in ACM Style Format?

Before approaching our ACM format generator, see these examples to learn how ACM citing looks in practice:

The in-text citation will look this way:

You may turn to the ACM citation generator and provide either ISBN or the author’s name to find your citation, yet take time to learn how it goes:

In practice:

Website citation in ACM uses only the author’s last name and initial, followed by a year, original article or post title, and the name of the website. No URL is given.

Let’s take an example of an article discovered on the BBC news website:

An in-text citation:

ACM citation machine will help you to save time and nerves as you are able to use automation to let our system catch all reference data based on DOI or ISBN. It will also help you to avoid plagiarism and keep things accurate. Use our ACM citing tool and get your tasks done on time!

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

JOURNAL-OF-THE-ACM Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style

Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

Chicago Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Citation Machine®’s Ultimate Writing Guides

Whether you’re a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar-related topics. Confused about reflexive verbs, demonstrative adjectives, or conjunctive adverbs? Look no further! Learn about these grammar topics and many, many more in our thorough and easy to understand reference guides!

Citing Sources Guide | Grammar Guide | Plagiarism Guide | Writing Tips

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Stay up to date! Get research tips and citation information or just enjoy some fun posts from our student blog.

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MC-SQ and MC-MQ: Ensembles for Multi-Class Quantification

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Information & Contributors

Bibliometrics & citations, view options, recommendations, class-switching neural network ensembles.

This article investigates the properties of class-switching ensembles composed of neural networks and compares them to class-switching ensembles of decision trees and to standard ensemble learning methods, such as bagging and boosting. In a class-...

Switching class labels to generate classification ensembles

Ensembles that combine the decisions of classifiers generated by using perturbed versions of the training set where the classes of the training examples are randomly switched can produce a significant error reduction, provided that large numbers of ...

Ensembles of nested dichotomies for multi-class problems

Nested dichotomies are a standard statistical technique for tackling certain polytomous classification problems with logistic regression. They can be represented as binary trees that recursively split a multi-class classification task into a system of ...

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IEEE Educational Activities Department

United States

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