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Science Programs and Partnerships

Supplying necessary scientific information to local, state, and federal agencies, and non-governmental organizations, aquatic ecology, gaining better understanding of the effects that human activity, hydrologic extremes, and climate change have on aquatic ecosystems, groundwater, using science to assess and quantify the availability and quality of california's groundwater resources, water quality, providing foundational data and scientific analysis to address water quality issues facing california, surface water, understanding the science about california surface-water use for irrigation, public consumption, and ecosystems, california flood science, helping emergency managers and others protect life and property from floods and other water-related hazards, california drought, monitoring the effects of drought in california through data collection and research, california water science center.

The U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center provides reliable, impartial, foundational data and scientific analysis to address water issues facing California today. We conduct hydrologic monitoring and investigative studies in partnership with tribal, federal, state, and local agencies to assist them in managing California's water resources.

Large Storms & Floods in California History

Storms unleash torrential rain and intense winds, posing significant challenges to infrastructure and triggering widespread flooding. Since it became a state in 1850, California has experienced numerous large storms and floods.

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Explore careers at the USGS, experience a day in the life of employees, navigate USAJobs, and see frequent questions on Federal hiring.

California Water & Drought Data

Basic hydrologic data collection, processing, analysis, dissemination, and archiving are major parts of the California Water Science Center program.

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California Waters - Spring 2024 - Vol. IV | Issue II

Usgs stream monitoring network featured at spring 2024 acwa conference, embers of wisdom: the yurok tribe and usgs partnership in culturally prescribed fire management, publications, status and understanding of groundwater quality in the mojave basin domestic-supply aquifer study unit, 2018—california gama priority basin project, land-use interactions, oil-field infrastructure, and natural processes control hydrocarbon and arsenic concentrations in groundwater, poso creek oil field, california, usa, status of water quality in groundwater resources used for drinking-water supply in the southeastern san joaquin valley, 2013–15—california gama priority basin project.

Post-Fire Hazards Impacts to Resources and Ecosystems (PHIRE): Support for Response, Recovery, and Mitigation

Bay-Delta Catchability Study

Santa Ana River Native Fish Study

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2021 Impact Report

California's federal labs & research centers.

• Overview & Disaster Resilience
• Impact by Lab
• Quick Reference

Six federal laboratories and science centers in California have formal partnerships with CCST – the State’s premier resource to connect decision makers with leading scientists in California and beyond – as Federal Laboratory Partners. This Impact Report offers a glimpse of the resources and expertise that each lab can offer to California’s decision makers.

Each federal entity boasts a government relations team able to assist local, state, and federal offices. Together with CCST, these liaisons serve as a resource for community members and officials who want to learn more about federal labs and their broader impact for California. CCST helps facilitate links across the capabilities and talents of these labs and centers, and can help Members and Capitol staff navigate the tremendous resources spread across federal labs and science centers in California.

With this report, we invite you to learn how our federal labs and research centers help make California stronger with science and technology.

Introduction

Dear Fellow Californians :

As a state whose motto proclaims proudly—Eureka!—California’s bounty of advanced research institutions is decidedly appropriate. Alongside academic powerhouses such as the University of California, Stanford, and Caltech, we also take pride in our unrivaled collection of federal laboratories and research centers.

Federal labs and research centers are set apart from other institutions by bringing to bear large-scale, mission-based projects and facilities on some of humanity’s most pressing and difficult scientific questions. They represent billions of dollars of federal research investment, providing a wealth of knowledge and expertise that California can draw on. These labs take us deep inside the genetic code, support the foundations of our energy and national security, and even launch us toward the stars.

Today, California is at a crossroads. Complex and intersecting disasters, including wildfires, climate change, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, are radically disrupting the ways in which Californians live and work, and threatening catastrophic loss of life and economic impacts. California’s federal labs and research centers are leveraging their world class expertise and technologies—as well as passionate researchers, students, and support staff—to invest in our resilience to disasters.

The unique nature of our federal labs and research centers puts them in an ideal position to pursue research and development in service of the public good. Whether it is an electricity grid infrastructure that is more resistant to disruptions from extreme weather events, satellite monitoring of developing wildfires to aid our first responders, or new technologies for purifying drinking water in the wake of an earthquake, the breakthroughs developed in these labs continue to benefit millions of Californians every year.

As California continues to move forward and confront big challenges, these labs and centers are ready to help. Here, we invite you to learn about just a few of the many ways that our federal labs and research centers are helping to make California—and the whole nation—more resilient.

Amber Mace, PhD CCST Executive Director

Peter Cowhey, PhD CCST Board Chair UC San Diego

Terry Land, PhD CCST Federal Lab Partners Chair Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Accessing California’s Federal Labs

Benefiting governance and livelihoods.

California is home to a diverse range of federal labs, science centers, and field stations, spanning several U.S. agencies, departments, and bureaus. Six of these are founding members of CCST’s Federal Laboratory Partners:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Field Centers

•  Ames Research Center

•  Jet Propulsion Laboratory

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories

•  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

•  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

•  Sandia National Laboratories/California

•  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Why Tap into Federal Science?

Uniquely Positioned

Federal agencies such as DOE and NASA are uniquely positioned to contribute to California’s scientific conversation. They leverage the might of federally directed research resources and facilities — bringing mission-oriented research and scientific facilities that complement the wealth of expertise at University of California, California State University, Caltech, Stanford, and other campuses.

Trusted Research Partners

Federal research includes many focal areas that can directly inform policy questions at the state level. Federal labs can partner with state agencies and campuses to conduct studies vital for our understanding of natural and physical processes. These federal-state-university partnerships require time for planning and implementation, but they yield collaborations and important knowledge for lifetimes.

Service to Policymakers

Each federal entity boasts a government relations team able to assist local, state, and federal offices. Together with CCST, these liaisons serve as a resource for community members and officials who want to learn more about federal labs and their broader impact for California.

The California Council on Science and Technology (CCST) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established via Assembly Concurrent Resolution 162 in 1988. The resolution directed CCST “to respond to the Governor, the Legislature, and other entities on public policy issues related to science and technology.” To deliver independent advice to state policymakers, CCST engages science and technology (S&T) experts across California’s research enterprise, including through formal partnerships with the University of California (UC), California State University (CSU), California Community Colleges (CCC), Stanford, the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and the six federal laboratory partners described above.

By connecting policymakers with leading scientists in California and beyond, CCST increases policymaker access to S&T advice that is informed by diverse expert perspectives. Over the past three decades, state leaders have requested CCST reports and expert briefings on many issues of policy importance, from natural gas storage safety to sustainable water futures. The connections we facilitate between policymakers and scientists also enhance the ability of our 11 Partner Institutions to transmit S&T information for the ublic good, including by expanding opportunities for experts to participate in the policy arena and by identifying questions that will drive future research and innovation.

About the CCST Partnership with Federal Laboratories

In 2005, there was growing interest by state leaders to improve access to expertise found at federal laboratories and science centers across California, and engage them on issues affecting the Golden State.

The call for advice coincided with conversations and coordination already ongoing between CCST and several federal research institutions in California. CCST welcomed six new Partner Institutions.

Of the six institutions, four came from the U.S. Department of Energy: the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Sandia National Laboratories , and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ; and two came from NASA: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Ames Research Center .

CCST Disaster Resilience Initiative

In 2020, in recognition of a need for more agile science and technology advisory frameworks for the state and the increasing threat of natural disasters in California, CCST launched a Disaster Resilience Initiative , focused on increasing the delivery and responsiveness of the science advisory support provided by CCST’s science and technology experts to California policymakers. This five-year public-private partnership will convene diverse, interdisciplinary experts from throughout CCST’s network to address the State’s most urgent disaster resilience advisory needs through a series of needs- finding workshops, briefings to policymakers, advisory meetings, and other engagements.

When to Contact CCST?

Policymakers should contact CCST:

•  During policy development, to obtain data and advice from subject area experts.

•  During the legislative process, to find experts for testimony at policy, fiscal, select committee, and other hearings.

•  During implementation and regulatory enforcement, accessing current science to review standards, technologies, efficacy, and relevance.

•  When analyzing natural disasters and human- engineered catastrophes and planning for prevention, preparation, response to, and recovery from these events.

•  If your office is considering legislation, regulations, or other work products that you believe would benefit from science and technology expertise, or if you are seeking data and advice to strengthen your decisions with science, contact CCST — and we will help you navigate the bounty of top scientific minds available to California.

How CCST Can Help

CCST can help Legislators, appointed officials, and Capitol and executive branch staff navigate the tremendous resources spread across federal labs and science centers in California.

CCST’s access to the Federal Laboratory Affiliates has resulted in several high-impact reports that have been useful to state leaders, delivering timely, nonpartisan, scientific analysis on complex issues. Examples include:

Oct 29, 2020

Jun 7, 2018

Biomethane in California Common Carrier Pipelines: Assessing Heating Value and Maximum Siloxane Specifications

Jan 18, 2018

Long-Term Viability of Underground Natural Gas Storage in California: An Independent Review of Scientific and Technical Information

Jan 14, 2015

An Independent Scientific Assessment of Well Stimulation in California, Vol. 1 (SB4)

Federal Labs Research Benefiting California

In service to the nation and its states.

California has a long history of dealing with a wide variety of disasters and threats, from wildfires and earthquakes to pandemics and bioterrorism. Because of their state-of-the-art facilities, longstanding collaborations, and cross-disciplinary organization, the federal labs in California are uniquely positioned to coordinate the large research projects needed to develop technologies and inform strategies to improve the state’s resilience.

Below is a small sample of the labs’ recent and ongoing research with major implications for how California prevents, prepares for, responds to, and recovers from disasters. This overview is not an exhaustive list of all projects and research areas at these institutions, nor does it represent all federal labs and science centers located here in California. However, these highlights do illustrate the amazing breadth of federal research and applications available to policymakers in Sacramento.

NASA Ames               NASA Ames Research Center

NASA JPL                  NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Berkeley Lab              Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

LLNL                          Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Sandia/California       Sandia National Laboratories/California

SLAC                          SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Preparing for Disasters

Mechanical thinning of old growth forests is an important strategy to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires in the wildland-urban interface. However, removal of low-value biomass is uneconomic, and most wood piles are burned. With support from CAL FIRE, Berkeley Lab is teaming up with other researchers to develop a mobile biorefinery that can process woody biomass and convert it into biopower, biofuels, and biochar with minimal carbon or airborne emissions. Unlike conventional biorefineries that require large-scale feedstock removal, this mobile unit can be transported by truck to regions where the biomass is located. This technology represents an important step toward a circular bioeconomy, as excess agricultural and forest residues can be converted into valuable products.

Building upon previous research, a team of researchers from LLNL, with collaborators from Sun Yat-Sen University and the University of California, Santa Cruz, has developed a novel class of 3D-printed aerogel electrodes that simultaneously boosts energy density and power density. Previous 3D-printed electrodes could achieve either high energy density or high power density but not both, but this new design boosts both parameters in the same device. The resulting supercapacitors could have major implications for ultrafast- charging power storage for a broad range of devices, including cell phones and laptops. Read More.

The NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) is a Big Data initiative using NASA Ames ’ supercomputers to help scientists work with huge data sets from Earth-observing satellites. Among the many projects of NEX have been initiatives to understand climate projections on a finer scale and to study how climate changes might affect a single town or region, like the Bay Area. The data from NEX projects becomes available in a NASA archive, helping inform policymakers’, agencies’ and other stakeholders’ decisions about our climate future. Read More.

Slow moving landslides, in which the earth moves very slowly over a long period of time, can unexpectedly destabilize, causing catastrophic loss of life and property damage. A team of researchers at NASA JPL , collaborating with scientists at University of California, Berkeley and the US Geological Survey, is developing a new 3D mapping technique to predict how these landslides suddenly transition and enable authorities to better prepare for landslide risks. The technique relies on high resolution data gathered using JPL’s Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), which makes precise measurements of the ground level it flies over. UAVSAR has also provided data for other disasters and ground deformation changes, including burn areas from the 2020 California wildfires. Read More.

For oil refineries in the US, sulfur present in the oil can react with metals in the equipment and cause corrosion, though this important safety hazard can be hard to predict. Researchers at SLAC are using X-rays from the lab’s Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource in order to collect detailed information about the sulfur compounds in the oil. This precise experimental information can be combined with data from corrosion studies and computer modeling in order to help the oil industry more accurately predict and prevent dangerous corrosion of equipment. Read More.

Berkeley Lab ’s National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) advanced supercomputers are enabling high-resolution climate simulations that help local decision makers quantitatively understand how climate change may intensify extreme weather events and impact water availability and infrastructure. For example, the City and County of San Francisco has partnered with Berkeley lab to assess how climate change could impact San Francisco and its infrastructure, including the San Francisco Airport. Berkeley Lab scientists, in collaboration with LLNL and university labs, are also using NERSC to develop an advanced hydrologic model of the Consumnes watershed to study how climate change and wildfires might affect California’s water availability and help resource managers develop strategies to manage the state’s water resources. This model can be adapted to other California watersheds to explore future scenarios, evaluate risks, and improve planning. Read More.

A team led by NASA JPL scientists, in collaboration with IBM and the National Hurricane Center, is using machine learning to more accurately forecast when hurricanes will intensify suddenly, providing vital time to prepare an adequate emergency response. By analyzing historical satellite data from several NASA missions, the team identified three indicators associated with an increased chance of intensification: the rainfall rate at the storm’s core, the ice water content of clouds within the storm, and the temperature of air flowing away from the eye of the storm. Incorporating these indicators into forecasting models through the use of machine learning resulted in a 60% more likely chance of accurately detecting an intensification event compared to existing models. Read More.

As we continue to grapple with the long term impacts of climate change, reliably predicting the extent and impacts of sea-level rise is a major component of climate resilience. A team of scientists and Sandia/California has been developing new models to predict the behavior of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. As part of a five year collaboration with other labs and universities known called PISCEES (Predicting Ice Sheet and Climate Evolution at Extreme Scales), Sandia’s team developed an analysis tool to simulate the flow of ice over the Greenland and Antarctic sheets. By combining the insights from these tools with data sets from glaciologists and climate scientists, PISCEES can make more efficient and reliable predictions about ice sheet behavior.

Home to sea level height satellites since 1978, NASA JPL measures and predicts sea level rise. A recently published study, led by JPL scientists, provides valuable insight into the processes that have driven historical global sea level rise, since 1900. The team tracked and accounted for the effects of a number of global factors, including melting glaciers and ice sheets, land bound water storage, and thermal expansion, to not only understand the past but also to improve predictions of future sea level rise and its impacts. This study used data from JPL’s suite of sea level height missions, as well as its pair of gravity-measuring satellites , Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its Follow-On (GRACE-FO), which have also been used to provide data on drought and groundwater, including in the Central Valley in the context of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Read More.

With snowmelt projected to decline by two-thirds by 2100, California will need new treatment and recycling technologies to meets its needs for climate-resilient water supplies. Berkeley Lab is leading the National Alliance for Water Innovation, a $130 million, five year initiative aimed at reducing the energy use and cost of desalination by 75%, paving the way for a circular water economy in which inland brackish and waste waters and other non-traditional water sources can be productively used and re-used. The initiative focuses on developing distributed technologies that can be used locally to reduce transportation costs and increase resilience during water delivery disruptions.

As California and the western US are expected to face threats of drought and flooding in the coming years, researchers are using SLAC ’s Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource to study and anticipate how these hydrological changes will impact water quality. As water levels ebb and flow, nutrients, contaminants, and chemical reactions may all impact surface water quality. This SLAC research is centered in the Colorado River Basin, an important water source for Southern California. Read More.

Building Resilient Infrastructure

Methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases contributing to climate change, resulting from human activity. NASA JPL ’s Next Generation Airborne Visible/ Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) has been flown across the state to identify fugitive methane emissions, as part of its California Methane Survey. Monitoring methane plumes, JPL researchers were able to detect leaks in infrastructure from agriculture, landfills, and oil and gas utilities. By sharing the data with facility operators to aid in repairing these leaks, this campaign has driven significant voluntary mitigation of methane emissions. Read More.

Sandia/California recently launched a new, multiyear research portfolio to fund exploratory research to combat evolving threats to the U.S. utility systems and electrical grid. The Research Energy Systems Mission campaign is focused on defending the grid from disasters, both natural, such as hurricanes or solar flares, and man-made, such as hostile cyberattacks. Much of the grid is reliant on antiquated technologies that were not designed to be able to withstand modern threats. Additional benefits from the technology developed as part of the campaign include more efficient electricity generation, more accurate data collection, and better grid management.

SLAC ’s Grid Integration, Systems, and Mobility (GISMo) lab explores the intersection of the power grid, building and ambient intelligence, and human mobility. Building upon the lab’s efforts to integrate and utilize large amounts of energy data, the Grid Resilience and Intelligence Project uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to identify vulnerabilities in the grid and build capabilities to anticipate and recover from grid events. Read More.

The U.S. electricity grid is a vital part of the nation’s infrastructure and ensuring that it is resilient to both natural and man-made threats is critical to the nation’s security and economy. Sandia California ’s Grid Modernization Program is developing technological solutions to address emerging issues to our electricity distribution system. The program works closely with grid operators and local stakeholders to identify and model the most crucial potential threats and consequences in their regions. Major areas of research focus within the program include: integration of solar and wind power, resilience to geomagnetic disturbances, and the development of agile and resilient control systems for large- scale interconnected power systems. Read More.

With heat waves likely to increase by as much as ten-fold by mid-century, extreme heat represents the most costly, deadly threat to Californians. Berkeley Lab has pioneered the use of solar-reflective surfaces – “cool” roofs, walls, and pavements – to significantly reduce neighborhood temperatures, air conditioning costs, and water consumption in urban areas. Cool roofs could reduce urban heat impacts by almost half of their projected levels by 2050. Berkeley Lab is developing a heat-resilience toolkit with community input for underserved neighborhoods in Fresno for the Strategic Growth Council, leveraging its expertise in cool surfaces and neighborhood- scale modeling using CityBES.lbl.gov . Read More.

Event Spotlight: COVID-19

In December 2019, the novel viral respiratory illness, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), quickly spread from China across the globe. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, and since then, all six federal laboratories have rapidly deployed their resources and research capacities to respond to the multifaceted public health crisis. These are just a small sample of the ways in which the labs and research centers stepped up to respond to the disaster.

International collaboration :  Scientists at NASA Ames , LLNL and Berkeley Lab are contributing to the COVID-19 International Research Team (COV-IRT), an international community of scientists using public data to rapidly understand the virus and develop a vaccine and therapeutics.

In just 37 days, scientists at NASA JPL developed a ventilator, Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally (VITAL), that received Emergency Use Authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Designed specifically for COVID-19 patients, VITAL requires fewer parts than traditional ventilators, and its design makes it ideal for use in nontraditional settings.

As part of the COVID-19 High Performance Computing (HPC) Consortium, NASA , LLNL , Berkeley Lab , and Sandia/California are contributing to the public-private partnership between industry, academia, federal agencies, and national laboratories, bringing together computation resources and technical expertise to help meet the needs of COVID-19 researchers.

Berkeley Lab ’s Advanced Light Source (ALS) rapidly shifted operations initially to run a limited number of beamlines to support structural biology research on therapeutics. Similarly, the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) at SLAC dedicated a subset of stations to provide its powerful X-rays to examine the biomolecules crucial to understanding how the virus replicates in the body, and produce detailed images that can be used in the design of targeted therapeutic interventions.

LLNL is spearheading several research efforts on diagnostic testing, including adapting their genetic diagnostic system to provide an inexpensive, sensitive method for rapid detection, and updating their diagnostics system to detect co-infection with other viruses and bacteria to better inform clinical care.

Leaning on previous testing methods developed for portable, rapid detection of Zika virus, researchers at Sandia/California developed a novel approach for viral detection focused on low-cost portable instrumentation that could be controlled by smartphone.

SLAC led the development of the Coronavirus Standards Working Group, convening experts across sectors to establish an open source repository for testing methods and data, and producing reference materials, samples, and methods, critical for accurate and reliable testing.

In collaboration with other federal agencies, LLNL is supporting rapid identification of countermeasures using an artificial intelligence computational platform to optimize antibody designs for a vaccine, as well as computationally screening commercially available compounds to identify candidates for the development of antiviral drugs.

Researchers at Berkeley Lab conducted a study of the risk of airborne transmission of viruses within buildings and how to mitigate those risks. Using computer modeling and physical experiments, researchers hope to provide a set of recommendations for building operation that can decrease virus transmission risk.

A NASA Ames project is using satellite thermal infrared sensor brightness temperatures to examine how the entire Bay Area’s urban heat flux has changed during the pandemic, and how that change has contributed to a more or less healthy environment for the millions of people living in it. NASA JPL is using satellite-derived synthetic aperture radar data to map changes in activity levels in cities around the world to understand how activity reductions correspond to different cities’ levels of success in controlling virus outbreaks and how those reductions correspond to observed changes in environmental conditions.

Real Time Response and Monitoring

NASA JPL ’s Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) project, a partnership with the California Institute of Technology, delivers timely data products for disaster response. ARIA combines near real-time GPS, radar, optical, and seismic observation with state-of-the-art processing to produce damage and flood maps. With satellite data that can see through clouds, ARIA has helped organizations like the UN World Food Programme monitor events, like flooding from the 2020 tropical cyclones in Bangladesh and India. From local California wildfires to the massive explosion in Beirut, ARIA’s openly-accessible maps, produced in collaboration with the Earth Observatory of Singapore, have been used to help identify severely damaged areas where assistance may be required. ARIA’s ground deformation maps have also been used to identify a complex web of fault ruptures and damage from the 2019 Ridgecrest, CA earthquakes.

Through NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research program, California’s Swift Engineering, with support from NASA Ames , has developed a high-altitude, long-endurance uncrewed aircraft to carry science instruments and other small payloads. It is designed to stay aloft for 30 days at 65,000 feet, and its recent first flight provided critical data to prove that design requirements were met. Such aircraft can complement satellites with data on regional scales, and NASA is exploring their use for Earth system science and disaster response. These platforms have the potential to provide imagery similar to a geostationary satellite. During or after a natural disaster, they could gather real-time data or provide a communications relay. Read More.

Scientists at SLAC are developing a new type of pocket-sized antenna, that could enable communication in situations where traditional radios do not work, such as rescue missions that require high mobility. The 4-inch-tall device is capable of emitting radio waves with wavelengths as large as tens to hundreds of miles. In contrast to traditional shorter wavelength radio waves, these waves can maintain their strength over longer distances or travel through obstructions such as water or layers of rock. Read More.

Sandia/California ’s microgrid team is helping communities hit by natural disasters to recover and rebuild with resilience in mind. A microgrid is a decentralized system of electricity generators that can provide power to buildings and infrastructure even if the power grid goes down. They are a powerful tool in responding to natural disasters, particularly in the critical days after a disaster strikes, when access to power is vital to emergency response. In the wake of Hurricane Maria’s devastating impacts in Puerto Rico, Sandia’s team worked alongside local groups to deploy six microgrid demo sites across the island, generating power to key buildings, such as hospitals. Additionally, the team worked with local communities on capacity building and workforce development, paving the way for the deployment of more microgrids across Puerto Rico, increasing the island’s resilience to future events. Read More.

A rapid and non-invasive screening tool could “sniff out” COVID-19 in patients’ breath with a spaceflight-proven, re-usable electronic nose (E-Nose) technology from NASA Ames . Originally developed for trace chemical detection in space, its sensors are being tuned to detect COVID-19 through breath analysis. Using an instrument attached to a smartphone – and NASA expertise in advanced machine-learning methods – the results from the E-Nose will combine with body temperature and other non-invasive symptom screening to provide more accurate on-the-spot answers. The screening results can then be transmitted via cellphone or WiFi networks.

A multidisciplinary team of biologists and engineers at LLNL has developed a 3D “brain-on-a-chip” device capable of sustain and record activity from hundreds of thousands of interconnected, human-derived neurons as they communicate with each other. These devices can potentially be used to study how healthy or sick networks of neurons change in response to disease or infection, toxins, or drugs, without using animal models. The team has recently developed computational tools to analyze the data coming from the devices, bringing brain-on-a-chip devices another large step closer to widescale use. Read More.

When faced with a chemical or biological threat, the safety of soldiers and first responders depends on protective equipment. Unfortunately, the existing materials that provide protection from these threats also inhibit breathability. A LLNL -led team of scientists have developed a smart fabric that breathes, blocks all biological threats, and dynamically blocks chemical threats by closing its pores only in the presence of organophosphate threats. The team is improving the new fabric by incorporating stretch and protection from additional chemical threats. Read More.

Drones could help reduce the impacts of natural disasters by assisting emergency responders: they can make interventions faster, more targeted, and better able to adapt to changing circumstances. They can also multitask in unique ways, for instance making logistics deliveries during a wildfire (of water, radio batteries, first aid, etc.) while using onboard sensors to scan the terrain for hotspots and provide near-real-time information to firefighters. NASA Ames ’ Scalable Traffic Management for Emergency Response Operations (STEReO) project builds on the center’s expertise integrating these vehicles into the airspace to develop the tools and systems to make this a reality. Read More.

Rebuilding with Resilience

As part of LLNL ’s Engineering the Carbon Economy Initiative and other energy programming, LLNL scientists have conducted a study to identify solutions to remove carbon from the atmosphere and help California meet its goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. This comprehensive analysis outlines the costs, carbon removal potential, and important co-benefits of a suite of natural carbon removal strategies, biomass conversion technologies, and negative emissions technologies such as direct air capture. This report concludes that carbon neutrality is achievable, and can guide the State as it makes the required investments and policies. Read More.

A core aspect of building a resilient community is understanding their unique needs during a disaster event. Sandia/California ’s Urban Resilience Planning Process centers the social welfare of communities and has been used in several places such as Norfolk, VA and New Orleans, LA to build more resilient communities. The process is built around two core tenets: engaging community stakeholders at the outset to provide community-specific insights into community needs, and measuring resilience through the consequences to these specific communities. By engaging the community early and gaining a thorough understanding of its needs, Sandia can help design tailored resilient solutions. Read More.

Major earthquakes in California can destroy or damage many thousands of structures and critical infrastructure. To prepare for future large earthquakes, Berkeley Lab is using its advanced supercomputers to run regional-scale, fault-to-structure simulations of earthquakes and associated infrastructure response to assess the earthquake risk to buildings and infrastructure throughout the entire Bay Area. After a major earthquake occurs, safety assessments and repairs can take many months, disrupting critical operations and delaying economic recovery. To dramatically speed up the recovery process, Berkeley Lab has developed, extensively tested, and deployed a new optical sensor that building managers can use to quickly pinpoint likely damage for assessment. Read More.

A personal water- treatment bag developed at NASA Ames can purify contaminated water without power and with minimal interaction. Developed as an emergency technology for astronauts, it has now been used by a group of Antarctic explorers to recycle urine for drinking water. One version containing a powdered supplement can provide all the nutrients and water needed to keep a person alive; another can safely hydrate baby formula with contaminated water. Used in the days following a disaster, the Personal Water Recycling System could save lives until help arrives.

As part of federal efforts to safely handle the legacy of former uranium mines in the west, scientists at SLAC are showing how the radioactive element can continue to cycle through the environment and pose challenges for remediation. While former mines and waste piles were capped decades ago and the remaining uranium was expected to naturally leave the sites as part of groundwater flow, uranium has persisted in nearby groundwater for longer than expected. Researchers have found that the dominant form of uranium in sediments can bind to organic matter and persist in the environment. This work has challenged previous assumptions made in modeling, and will improve the understanding of the dynamics involved in the system in order to enhance groundwater remediation efforts around these former mines.

Francisella tularensis , the bacteria responsible for tularemia, is a potential biothreat agent and is classified as a high-priority priority pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current tularemia vaccines use live, attenuated strains of F. tularensis , a strategy associated with high risk profiles, and are not generally available in the US. A team of researchers from LLNL and two other research institutes is developing a vaccine that uses a LLNL-developed nanotechnology to co-deliver F. tularensis antigens, rather than live pathogens, and an additional immunostimulant. This vaccine candidate is expected to be significantly safer than current vaccines without sacrificing efficacy. The LLNL-developed delivery system can used to develop vaccines for additional pathogens. Read More.

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CACI Celebrates the Innovative Legacy of Co-Founder Harry Markowitz

Nobel Prize Winner Harry Markowitz, born on Aug. 24, 1927, passed away on June 22, 2023. His long, distinguished career included co-founding CACI in 1962 with Herb Karr.

With a park bench and a nearby telephone booth as their makeshift office, Herb and Harry started California Analysis Center Incorporated, which later became the CACI we know today.

Their entrepreneurial spirit, a $2,000 initial investment, and commitment to ethics, innovation, and excellence led CACI to substantial growth and a steady stream of projects that provided clients with technology and expertise to improve efficiency.

Harry left CACI in 1968, the same year the company reached $1 million in revenue, to pursue other interests, including his passion for teaching. Over the years, Harry was a much-respected professor at several schools, including the University of California at Los Angeles, City University of New York, and Rutgers.

Harry’s work in mathematical programming and computer simulation was groundbreaking, but he is best known for his achievements as an economist. He introduced the modern portfolio theory, breaking the norms of investment analysis by focusing on combinations of assets, rather than individual securities. The theory is credited with forever changing the wealth management industry. Harry was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1990.

Harry’s contributions to forward-thinking innovation and his entrepreneurial spirit live on at CACI. We are profoundly grateful for his contributions to our company and send our deepest condolences to the Markowitz family.

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Molecular Materials Resource Center

Nate Lewis – Principal Investigator Azhar Carim — Manager

The goals of the MMRC are to synthesize, from the molecular level, materials and combinations of materials with unique and desirable properties and to provide the Caltech community with routine access to state-of-the-art instrumentation for materials characterization. Current emphasis of the Research Center is on materials and devices useful in artificial photosynthesis and solar energy conversion, electroactive compounds, unique nonlinear optical materials, devices capable of detecting volatile organic chemicals, formation of self-assembled monolayers on surfaces, surface science methods to probe the chemistry of solids, and characterization of magnetic materials ranging from asteroids to nanomaterials.

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• A UHV Kratos Ultra X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, with ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, low energy ion scattering spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, temperature programed desorption, and other related surface probes. This instrument also has a sample transfer case that can move a sample from an inert atmosphere into the instrument without exposure to the ambient atmosphere.
• An LKtech High Resolution Electron Energy Loss spectrometer.
• A UHV Surface Science M-Probe X-ray photoelectron spectrometer with and argon ion sputter.
• An Asylum Research MFP-3D-Bio Atomic Force Microscope mounted on an inverted optical microscope providing imaging of surfaces both in air and under liquids. Particularly suited to samples mounted on transparent substrates.
• A Bruker Dimension Icon Atomic Force Microscope with Nanoscope V controller with peak force tapping mode and ScanAsyst. This AFM is able to accommodate large samples.
• A Bruker MultiMode Atomic Force Microscopy.
• A Bruker STM with Nanoscope V controller. The STM can also be used for EC-STM.
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• A Stark spectrometer to characterize charge-transfer transitions of molecules.
• A surface FTIR spectrometer.
• A Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope capable of also operating as a confocal microscope or AFM.
• An Ellipsometer capable of surface thickness measurements from Å to microns.
• A Cary 500 with integrating sphere to measure absorbance and transmittance of solids.
• A Floating Zone Optical Furnace for the synthesis of single crystals of metal oxides.

Areas of Expertise

Solid materials characterization using modern UHV-based surface science techniques; scanning probe microscope used to characterize specimens from biological samples to novel electronic materials; electrochemical characterization of charge-transfer properties and reduction potentials of molecular species, sensor array technology, heterogeneous and homogenous electron-transfer reactions, characterization of nano-particles and protein size using light scattering. Four laboratories in the subbasement of the BI are devoted to the development of nanomaterials for artificial photosynthesis, solar conversion studies, chemical sensor fabrication, inorganic synthesis, and sample preparation. Facilities include vacuum lines, Schlenk inert atmosphere lines, inert atmosphere boxes, a GC-MS instrument, spin coating, UV-vis spectrophotometer, and visible photolysis facilities.

Use of MMRC Facilities

Contact  Azhar Carim or the appropriate member of the MMRC staff (see MMRC web pages). All users will be trained and required to demonstrate proficiency using the MMRC instrument before being allowed to work with the instrument on their own. The MMRC provides free access to its instrumentation and expertise although, in the case of extended use, a financial arrangement covering the cost of materials may be necessary.

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Azhar Carim

• 318 – Beckman
• Mail Code 139-74
• Tel: (626) 395-2846
• [email protected]

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The UCLA Center for Health Policy Research (CHPR) is one of the nation's leading health policy research centers and the premier source of health policy information for California.

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Data disaggregation. health disparities and inequities. survey methodology. health economics. .

UCLA CHPR shares its research in a number of ways — reports, policy briefs, fact sheets, journal articles, newsletters, online tools, workshops, and conferences, to name a few. Researchers regularly support policymakers and advocates through policy analysis, including assessments and program evaluations. We also advise on the potential impacts of proposed legislation.

UCLA CHPR provides expertise through the following programs:

The california health interview survey (chis).

CHIS is the nation’s largest state health survey and one of the largest health surveys in the United States. The CHIS website offers free data files, as well as quick, customized health statistics via its easy-to-use tools, Ask CHIS and Ask CHIS Neighborhood Edition..

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The Chronic Disease Program conducts wide-ranging research on chronic conditions, including asthma, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. The program investigates the causes of chronic disease, such as unhealthy food and living environments, environment and climate, as well as the health, social, and economic consequences.

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Through in-person and online workshops, the Health DATA Program helps policymakers, community groups, and health and advocacy organizations understand and use credible data in their programmatic and policy development work.

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The HEER Program examines the economic impacts of health care policies and programs. From local public health interventions, to statewide efforts to improve Medi-Cal, to national debates on health care financing, HEER staff provide analysis, conduct evaluations, and offer expertise to policymakers and others concerned with health care costs.

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The Health Equity Program examines the unique health concerns of populations challenged by disparities in health and health care quality along racial, ethnic, age, sexual orientation and gender identity, or socioeconomic lines. In particular, the program is noted for its expertise on immigrants, older adults, and long-term services and supports.

Health Insurance Program  

The Health Insurance Program examines key state and national trends in health insurance coverage, including employer and individual insurance, access to insurance, as well as the health and economic impact of lack of insurance. The program’s biennial publication, “The State of Health Insurance in California,” provides omnibus reporting of important health insurance statistics.

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Our capabilities, health care access and quality of care, health policy analysis, health care economics, health survey development, health insurance coverage, data disaggregation, chronic disease prevention, immigrant health, older adult health, mental health, oral health, children's health, women's health, survey methodology, survey statistics, native hawaiian and pacific islander (nhpi) health, american indian and alaska native (aian) health, racial, ethnic, and social disparities in health care access and health status, survey design and implementation, health expenditure modeling, qualitative research methods (including focus groups and expert interviews), evaluation research (programs, policies, and costs), data training, chis data analysis, gis analysis and mapping, small area estimation, survey data file development, statistical consulting.

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McDonald's McChicken Sandwiches Cost $4.89 in June 2024?

The conservative organization media research center (mrc) published an image on facebook claiming the cost of a mcchicken was nearly $5., jordan liles, published june 14, 2024.

About this rating

On June 10, 2024, the conservative organization Media Research Center (MRCTV) posted ( archived ) an image on Facebook. The image displayed a McDonald's McChicken sandwich with an "end-of-2019 price" of $1.29 and a "mid-2024 price" of $4.89, along with a calculated increase of 279.1 percent. The MRC post caption referenced U.S. President Joe Biden, reading, "Thanks, Joe." A repost ( archived ) of the image on June 12 displayed the caption, "Rest in Peace to the days when fast food was affordable." Other users also reposted the image on X.

The pricing information in MRC's image referenced worldwide inflation in recent years, or more specifically the rising costs in the U.S. fast-food industry. Regarding this subject,  The Associated Press published on May 29, "McDonald's said the average price of all menu items has risen 40 percent over the last five years, to account for a 40 percent average increase in the cost of labor, paper and food. That is higher than overall consumer prices, which have increased 21 percent since December 2019, according to government figures."

The purported "mid-2024 price" of $4.89 was the primary claim in the image, according to users' interpretations of the post reflected in their comments, the fact MRC posted the image on Facebook in June 2024, and the yellow, highlighted background behind the dollar figure. One commenter wrote of the image, "I don't eat McDonald's. However, it does tend to show how well Biden's Build Back Better is working."

On June 13, Snopes conducted research to find the truth at the center of the piece of media posted by MRC. While a wealth of data about 2019 pricing was not readily available, we were able to conclude the MRC post's primary claim about the "mid-2024 price" of a McChicken was false. Our data is presented below, including rough estimates for the national-average cost and the average cost of a McDonald's McChicken sandwich in California.

We emailed MRC on June 13 asking if it planned to correct or retract the false Facebook posts. On the following day, a spokesperson for MRC responded to our inquiry. That response appears later in this story.

Error in MRC's Citation of FastFoodMenuPrices.com

Without any visible context in the MRC post's image, the image appeared to reference U.S. national average prices for the McDonald's McChicken sandwich. The slightly visible citation displayed at the bottom of the image read, "Source: fastfoodmenuprices.com (As of End of May 2024)."

A visit to fastfoodmenuprices.com/mcdonalds-prices/ ( archived ) – the source displayed at the bottom of the image – showed information explaining that the FastFoodMenuPrices.com author sourced the $4.89 price reposted by MRC from a single McDonald's restaurant at 904 Manhattan Ave. in the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. Also, the FastFoodMenuPrices.com author listed the lone restaurant's price as "for 2023," not for the "end of May 2024" as MRC claimed. FastFoodMenuPrices.com added on its website, "Keep in mind that prices vary a lot depending on where you are, and you might not pay what we paid." This statement was absent from MRC's image.

Setting all of the MRC post's discrepancies aside, a quick and simple check of the publicly available McDonald's mobile app for the June 2024 price at the same Brooklyn McDonald's location displayed $3.49 for a McChicken – a price far short of the $4.89 MRC published to its followers.

Rough Average for US McChicken Price

We continued to use the McDonald's mobile app in order to land on a rough national average cost for the McDonald's McChicken sandwich. For our research, we manually cycled through hundreds of the company's restaurants in the app to compile a sampling of pricing data.

In our first study, we randomly selected three McDonald's restaurants from each of the 50 U.S. states. The result of the 150-restaurant study was a rough national average of $2.79 for a McChicken – once again, a price nowhere near $4.89.

More Data for California

According to the ScrapeHero website , as of March 12, 2024, there were 13,529 McDonalds restaurants in the United States. "The state and territory with the most number of McDonalds locations in the U.S. is California, with 1,221 restaurants, which is about 9 percent of all McDonald's restaurants in the U.S.," Scrapehero reported. (Alternatively, McDonalds.com published in March 2023, "California is home to nearly 1,300 McDonald's restaurants.")

In light of this data – as well as the California $20 minimum wage hike affecting McDonald's and other fast-food companies – we collected pricing information for 50 additional, randomly selected McDonald's restaurants in California. According to the data collected only from that sampling of 50 California locations, the rough average state cost of a McChicken was $3.35. This cost was higher than our study's rough national average of $2.79 but still not close to $4.89.

We also calculated the average of all 200 McDonald's locations for which we compiled data. Those 200 locations included three locations for each of 49 U.S. states (excluding California) and 53 locations for California restaurants. This calculation perhaps added too many locations for California compared to the state's smaller-percentage slice into the national makeup of the company. Even so, that rough average of 200 total McDonald's locations calculated $2.93 for a McChicken. All of our data is available for viewing in a two-tab spreadsheet via Google Sheets.

MRC Response to Snopes

On June 14, MRC Communications Director Iris Miller responded to our email inquiry from the previous day. Miller wrote, "After further review, our team realized the cited website says updated 2024 but the McChicken specifically says 2023. We've added a correction to our post and will be making new graphics for future posts. Unfortunately, Facebook no longer lets you swap out the picture so we cannot correct that without deleting. We used this site since they have past and present (or recent) numbers. As you know, prices can vary widely depending on location."

However, again, as evidenced by the research presented in this fact-check article, MRC's image about McChicken prices involved a lot more than a simple mix-up involving the year.

For further reading, we previously looked into other McDonald's rumors claiming the company planned to leave California entirely and that  McNuggets are made with silicone oil .

"About." MRCTV , https://www.mrctv.org/about.

Bauder, David. "Conservative Groups Attempting to Kill Prospective ABC Show." The Associated Press , 9 Apr. 2015, https://apnews.com/television-76f7856b0793468f9c013bb63a45f245.

Durbin, Dee-Ann. "McDonald's Says $18 Big Mac Meal Was an 'exception' and News Reports Overstated Its Price Increases." The Associated Press , 29 May 2024, https://apnews.com/article/mcdonalds-inflation-prices-big-mac-c9c4abef25369f6b87b2781f5658bc0e.

"McDonald's Menu Prices." FastFoodMenuPrices.com , https://www.fastfoodmenuprices.com/mcdonalds-prices/.

"Number of McDonald's Locations in the USA in 2024." ScrapeHero , 12 Mar. 2024, https://www.scrapehero.com/location-reports/McDonalds-USA/.

The Conversation. "Inflation Is Spiking Around the World — Not Just in US."  Snopes.com , 1 Aug. 2022, https://www.snopes.com//news/2022/08/01/inflation-us-world/.

"The McDonald's System's Billion Dollar Impact: California." McDonalds.com , https://www.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-stories/article/mcdonalds-billion-dollar-impact-california.html.

By Jordan Liles

Jordan Liles is a Senior Reporter who has been with Snopes since 2016.

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This course is designed for entry level and intermediate level analysts and those whose job functions would include the identification, linking, and development of crime series patterns and trends. This includes strategies to disseminate information to all levels of a law enforcement agency. This course teaches data mining of local, state, and federal database systems as well as public and open source information and social media. Students will also learn analytical writing skillsets as it pertains to their position.

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• The State of the American Middle Class

Who is in it and key trends from 1970 to 2023

Table of contents.

• Acknowledgments

This report examines key changes in the economic status of the American middle class from 1970 to 2023 and its demographic attributes in 2022. The historical analysis is based on U.S. Census Bureau data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS). The demographic analysis is based on data from the American Community Survey (ACS). The data is sourced from IPUMS CPS and IPUMS USA , respectively.  

The CPS, a survey of about 60,000 households, is the U.S. government’s official source for monthly estimates of unemployment . The CPS ASEC, conducted in March each year, is the official source of U.S. government estimates of income and poverty . Our analysis of CPS data starts with the 1971 CPS ASEC, which records the incomes of households in 1970. It is also the first year for which data on race and ethnicity is available. The latest available CPS ASEC file is for 2023, which reports on household incomes in 2022.

The public-use version of the ACS is a 1% sample of the U.S. population, or more than 3 million people. This allows for a detailed study of the demographic characteristics of the middle class, including its status in U.S. metropolitan areas. But ACS data is available only from 2005 onward and is less suitable for long-term historical analyses. The latest available ACS data is for 2022.

Middle-income households are defined as those with an income that is two-thirds to double that of the U.S. median household income, after incomes have been adjusted for household size. Lower-income households have incomes less than two-thirds of the median, and upper-income households have incomes that are more than double the median. When using American Community Survey (ACS) data, incomes are also adjusted for cost of living in the areas in which households are located.

Estimates of household income are scaled to reflect a household size of three and expressed in 2023 dollars. In the Current Population Survey (CPS), household income refers to the calendar year prior to the survey year. Thus, the income data in the report refers to the 1970-2022 period, and the share of Americans in each income tier from the CPS refers to the 1971-2023 period.

The demographic attributes of Americans living in lower-, middle- or upper-income tiers are derived from ACS data. Except as noted, estimates pertain to the U.S. household population, excluding people living in group quarters.

The terms middle class and middle income are used interchangeably in this report.

White, Black, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander include people who identified with a single major racial group and who are not Hispanic. Multiracial includes people who identified with more than one major racial group and are not Hispanic. Hispanics are of any race.

U.S. born refers to individuals who are U.S. citizens at birth, including people born in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico or other U.S. territories, as well as those born elsewhere to at least one parent who is a U.S. citizen. The terms foreign born and immigrant are used interchangeably in this report. They refer to people who are not U.S. citizens at birth.

Occupations describe the broad kinds of work people do on their job. For example, health care occupations include doctors, nurses, pharmacists and others who are directly engaged in the provision of health care. Industries describe the broad type of products companies produce. Each industry encompasses a variety of occupations. For example, the health care and social assistance industry provides services that are produced by a combination of doctors, managers, technology and administrative staff, food preparation workers, and workers in other occupations.

The share of Americans who are in the middle class is smaller than it used to be. In 1971, 61% of Americans lived in middle-class households. By 2023, the share had fallen to 51%, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of government data.

As a result, Americans are more apart than before financially. From 1971 to 2023, the share of Americans who live in lower-income households increased from 27% to 30%, and the share in upper-income households increased from 11% to 19%.

Notably, the increase in the share who are upper income was greater than the increase in the share who are lower income. In that sense, these changes are also a sign of economic progress overall.

But the middle class has fallen behind on two key counts. The growth in income for the middle class since 1970 has not kept pace with the growth in income for the upper-income tier. And the share of total U.S. household income held by the middle class has plunged.

Moreover, many groups still lag in their presence in the middle- and upper-income tiers. For instance, American Indians or Alaska Natives, Black and Hispanic Americans, and people who are not married are more likely than average to be in the lower-income tier. Several metro areas in the U.S. Southwest also have high shares of residents who are in the lower-income tier, after adjusting for differences in cost of living across areas.

• Change in income
• Share of total U.S. household income
• Race and ethnicity
• Marital status
• Veteran status
• Place of birth
• Employment status
• Metropolitan area of residence

Our report focuses on the current state of the American middle class. First, we examine changes in the financial well-being of the middle class and other income tiers since 1970. This is based on data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted from 1971 to 2023.

Then, we report on the attributes of people who were more or less likely to be middle class in 2022. Our focus is on their race and ethnicity , age , gender, marital and veteran status , place of birth , ancestry , education , occupation , industry , and metropolitan area of residence . These estimates are derived from American Community Survey (ACS) data and differ slightly from the CPS-based estimates. In part, that is because incomes can be adjusted for the local area cost of living only with the ACS data. (Refer to the methodology for details on these two data sources.)

This analysis and an accompanying report on the Asian American middle class are part of a series on the status of America’s racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. middle class and other income tiers. Forthcoming analyses will focus on White, Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and multiracial Americans, including subgroups within these populations. These reports are, in part, updates of previous work by the Center . But they offer much greater detail on the demographic attributes of the American middle class.

Following are some key facts about the state of the American middle class:

In our analysis, “middle-income” Americans are those living in households with an annual income that is two-thirds to double the national median household income. The income it takes to be middle income varies by household size, with smaller households requiring less to support the same lifestyle as larger households. It also varies by the local cost of living, with households in a more expensive area, such as Honolulu, needing a higher income than those in a less expensive area, such as Wichita, Kansas.

We don’t always know the area in which a household is located. In our two data sources – the Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and the American Community Survey (ACS) – only the latter provides that information, specifically the metropolitan area of a household. Thus, we aren’t able to adjust for the local cost of living when using the CPS to track changes in the status of the middle class over time. But we do adjust for the metropolitan area cost of living when using the ACS to determine the demographic attributes of the middle class in 2022.

In the 2023 CPS ASEC data , which reports income for 2022, middle-income households with three people have incomes ranging from about $61,000 to $183,000 annually. “Lower-income” households have incomes less than $61,000, and “upper-income” households have incomes greater than $183,000.

In the 2022 ACS data , middle-income households with three people have incomes ranging from about $62,000 to $187,000 annually, with incomes also adjusted for the local area cost of living. (Incomes are expressed in 2023 dollars.)

The boundaries of the income tiers also vary across years as the national median income changes.

The terms “middle income” and “middle class” are used interchangeably in this report for the sake of exposition. But being middle class can refer to more than just income , be it education level, type of profession, economic security, home ownership or social and political values. Class also could simply be a matter of self-identification .

Households in all income tiers had much higher incomes in 2022 than in 1970, after adjusting for inflation. But the gains for middle- and lower-income households were less than the gains for upper-income households .

The median income of middle-class households increased from about $66,400 in 1970 to $106,100 in 2022, or 60%. Over this period, the median income of upper-income households increased 78%, from about $144,100 to $256,900. (Incomes are scaled to a three-person household and expressed in 2023 dollars.)

The median income of lower-income households grew more slowly than that of other households, increasing from about $22,800 in 1970 to $35,300 in 2022, or 55%.

Consequently, there is now a larger gap between the incomes of upper-income households and other households. In 2022, the median income of upper-income households was 7.3 times that of lower-income households, up from 6.3 in 1970. It was 2.4 times the median income of middle-income households in 2022, up from 2.2 in 1970.

The share of total U.S. household income held by the middle class has fallen almost without fail in each decade since 1970 . In that year, middle-income households accounted for 62% of the aggregate income of all U.S. households, about the same as the share of people who lived in middle-class households.

By 2022, the middle-class share in overall household income had fallen to 43%, less than the share of the population in middle-class households (51%). Not only do a smaller share of people live in the middle class today, the incomes of middle-class households have also not risen as quickly as the incomes of upper-income households.  

Over the same period, the share of total U.S. household income held by upper-income households increased from 29% in 1970 to 48% in 2022. In part, this is because of the increase in the share of people who are in the upper-income tier.

The share of overall income held by lower-income households edged down from 10% in 1970 to 8% in 2022. This happened even though the share of people living in lower-income households increased over this period.

The share of people in the U.S. middle class varied from 46% to 55% across racial and ethnic groups in 2022. Black and Hispanic Americans, Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders, and American Indians or Alaska Natives were more likely than others to be in lower-income households .

In 2022, 39% to 47% of Americans in these four groups lived in lower-income households. In contrast, only 24% of White and Asian Americans and 31% of multiracial Americans were in the lower-income tier.

At the other end of the economic spectrum, 27% of Asian and 21% of White Americans lived in upper-income households in 2022, compared with about 10% or less of Black and Hispanic Americans, Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders, and American Indians or Alaska Natives.

Not surprisingly, lower-income status is correlated with the likelihood of living in poverty. According to the Census Bureau , the poverty rate among Black (17.1%) and Hispanic (16.9%) Americans and American Indians or Alaska Natives (25%) was greater than the rate among White and Asian Americans (8.6% for each). (The Census Bureau did not report the poverty rate for Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders.)

Children and adults 65 and older were more likely to live in lower-income households in 2022. Adults in the peak of their working years – ages 30 to 64 – were more likely to be upper income. In 2022, 38% of children (including teens) and 35% of adults 65 and older were lower income, compared with 26% of adults ages 30 to 44 and 23% of adults 45 to 64.

The share of people living in upper-income households ranged from 13% among children and young adults (up to age 29) to 24% among those 45 to 64. In each age group, about half or a little more were middle class in 2022.

Men were slightly more likely than women to live in middle-income households in 2022 , 53% vs. 51%. Their share in upper-income households (18%) was also somewhat greater than the share of women (16%) in upper-income households.

Marriage appears to boost the economic status of Americans. Among those who were married in 2022, eight-in-ten lived either in middle-income households (56%) or upper-income households (24%). In contrast, only about six-in-ten of those who were separated, divorced, widowed or never married were either middle class or upper income, while 37% lived in lower-income households.

Veterans were more likely than nonveterans to be middle income in 2022, 57% vs. 53%. Conversely, a higher share of nonveterans (29%) than veterans (24%) lived in lower-income households.

Immigrants – about 14% of the U.S. population in 2022 – were less likely than the U.S. born to be in the middle class and more likely to live in lower-income households. In 2022, more than a third of immigrants (36%) lived in lower-income households, compared with 29% of the U.S. born. Immigrants also trailed the U.S. born in the shares who were in the middle class, 48% vs. 53%.

There are large gaps in the economic status of American residents by their region of birth. Among people born in Asia, Europe or Oceania, 25% lived in upper-income households in 2022. People from these regions represented 7% of the U.S. population.

By comparison, only 14% of people born in Africa or South America and 6% of those born in Central America and the Caribbean were in the upper-income tier in 2022. Together they accounted for 8% of the U.S. population.

The likelihood of being in the middle class or the upper-income tier varies considerably with the ancestry of Americans. In 2022, Americans reporting South Asian ancestry were about as likely to be upper income (38%) as they were to be middle income (42%). Only 20% of Americans of South Asian origin lived in lower-income households. South Asians accounted for about 2% of the U.S. population of known origin groups in 2022.

At least with respect to the share who were lower income, this was about matched by those with Soviet, Eastern European, other Asian or Western European origins. These groups represented the majority (54%) of the population of Americans whose ancestry was known in 2022.

On the other hand, only 7% of Americans with Central and South American or other Hispanic ancestry were in the upper-income tier, and 44% were lower income. The economic statuses of Americans with Caribbean, sub-Saharan African or North American ancestry were not very different from this.

Education matters for moving into the middle class and beyond, and so do jobs. Among Americans ages 25 and older in 2022, 52% of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher level of education lived in middle-class households and another 35% lived in upper-income households.

In sharp contrast, 42% of Americans who did not graduate from high school were in the middle class, and only 5% were in the upper-income tier. Further, only 12% of college graduates were lower income, compared with 54% of those who did not complete high school.

Not surprisingly, having a job is strongly linked to movement from the lower-income tier to the middle- and upper-income tiers. Among employed American workers ages 16 and older, 58% were in the middle-income tier in 2022 and 23% were in the upper-income tier. Only 19% of employed workers were lower income, compared with 49% of unemployed Americans.

In some occupations, about nine-in-ten U.S. workers are either in the middle class or in the upper-income tier, but in some other occupations almost four-in-ten workers are lower income. More than a third (36% to 39%) of workers in computer, science and engineering, management, and business and finance occupations lived in upper-income households in 2022. About half or more were in the middle class.

But many workers – about one-third or more – in construction, transportation, food preparation and serving, and personal care and other services were in the lower-income tier in 2022.

About six-in-ten workers or more in education; protective and building maintenance services; office and administrative support; the armed forces; and maintenance, repair and production were in the middle class.

Depending on the industrial sector, anywhere from half to two-thirds of U.S. workers were in the middle class, and the share who are upper income or lower income varied greatly.

About a third of workers in the finance, insurance and real estate, information, and professional services sectors were in the upper-income tier in 2022. Nearly nine-in-ten workers (87%) in public administration – largely filling legislative functions and providing federal, state or local government services – were either in the middle class or the upper-income tier.

But nearly four-in-ten workers (38%) in accommodation and food services were lower income in 2022, along with three-in-ten workers in the retail trade and other services sectors.

The share of Americans who are in the middle class or in the upper- or lower-income tier differs across U.S. metropolitan areas. But a pattern emerges when it comes to which metro areas have the highest shares of people living in lower-, middle- or upper-income households. (We first adjust household incomes for differences in the cost of living across areas.)

The 10 metropolitan areas with the greatest shares of middle-income residents are small to midsize in population and are located mostly in the northern half of the U.S. About six-in-ten residents in these metro areas were in the middle class.

Several of these areas are in the so-called Rust Belt , namely, Wausau and Oshkosh-Neenah, both in Wisconsin; Grand Rapids-Wyoming, Michigan; and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Two others – Dover and Olympia-Tumwater – include state capitals (Delaware and Washington, respectively).

In four of these areas – Bismarck, North Dakota, Ogden-Clearfield, Utah, Lancaster and Wausau – the share of residents in the upper-income tier ranged from 18% to 20%, about on par with the share nationally.

The 10 U.S. metropolitan areas with the highest shares of residents in the upper-income tier are mostly large, coastal communities. Topping the list is San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, California, a technology-driven economy, in which 40% of the population lived in upper-income households in 2022. Other tech-focused areas on this list include San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward; Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue; and Raleigh, North Carolina.

Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, Connecticut, is a financial hub. Several areas, including Washington, D.C.-Arlington-Alexandria and Boston-Cambridge-Newton, are home to major universities, leading research facilities and the government sector.

Notably, many of these metro areas also have sizable lower-income populations. For instance, about a quarter of the populations in Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk; Trenton, New Jersey; Boston-Cambridge-Newton; and Santa Cruz-Watsonville, California, were in the lower-income tier in 2022.

Most of the 10 U.S. metropolitan areas with the highest shares of residents in the lower-income tier are in the Southwest, either on the southern border of Texas or in California’s Central Valley. The shares of people living in lower-income residents were largely similar across these areas, ranging from about 45% to 50%.

About 40% to 50% of residents in these metro areas were in the middle class, and only about one-in-ten or fewer lived in upper-income households.

Compared with the nation overall, the lower-income metro areas in Texas and California have disproportionately large Hispanic populations. The two metro areas in Louisiana – Monroe and Shreveport-Bossier City – have disproportionately large Black populations.

Note: For details on how this analysis was conducted,  refer to the methodology .

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A Granular Framework for Modeling the Capacity Loss and Recovery of Regional Transportation Networks under Seismic Hazards: A Case Study on the Port of Los Angeles, PEER Report 2024-05

Earthquakes, being both unpredictable and potentially destructive, pose great risks to critical infrastructure systems like transportation. It becomes crucial, therefore, to have both a fine-grained and holistic understanding of how the current state of a transportation system would fare during hypothetical hazard scenarios. This paper introduces a synthesis approach to assessing the impacts of earthquakes by coupling an image-based structure-and-site-specific bridge fragility generation methodology with regional-scale traffic simulations and economic loss prediction models. The proposed approach’s use of context-rich data such as OpenStreetMap and Google Street View enables incorporating information that is abstracted in standard loss analysis tools like HAZUS in order to construct nonlinear bridge models and corresponding fragility functions. The framework uses a semi-dynamic traffic assignment model run on a regional traffic network that includes all freeways and local roads (1,444,790 edges) and outputs traffic volume on roads before and after bridge closures due to an earthquake as well as impacts to individual trips (42,056,426 trips). The combination of these models enables granularity, facilitating a bottom-up approach to estimating costs incurred solely due to physical damage to the transportation network. As a case study, the proposed framework is applied to the road network surrounding the Port of Los Angeles---an infrastructure of crucial importance---for assessing resilience and losses at a high resolution. It is found that the port area is disproportionately impacted in the hypothetical earthquake scenario, and delays in bridge repair can lead to a 50% increase in costs.

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