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Orthodontics Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

E-Cigarette Aerosol’s Effect on the Force Degradation of Elastomeric Chain: An in Vitro Study , Joshua D. Lokant

Comparative cephalometric study between Class II patients treated with Herbst appliance and patients treated with MARA , Mona Meky

The Impact of Normal Growth on the AP Relationships of the Jaws and Incisors to the Forehead: A Serial Cephalometric Analysis of Untreated Individuals , Adam Joseph Rudmann Dr

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Comparison of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion Facial-Shape Subtypes Between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic Populations , Rachel Katherine Huffman

The Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol on the Force Degradation of Elastomeric Chain: An in Vitro Pilot Study , Nicholas David Palmer

A Comparison of the Failure Rate of Two Orthodontic Light-Curable Adhesives: A Chart Review , Ian Montgomery Weaver

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Medicaid in the orthodontic community: provider trends and perceptions , Miranda L. Fabrega

CBCT Use in Orthodontic Residency Programs in USA , Su Min Han

Passive self-ligating brackets vs. conventional brackets: Is there a difference in the transverse dimension? A systematic review and meta-analysis , Justin Scott TenBrook

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

An In Vitro Comparison of Shear Bond Strength Between Two Orthodontic Light-Curable Adhesive Pastes , Stephanie Becker

Evaluation of Dental and Skeletal Changes with Sequential Distalization of Maxillary Molars Using Clear Aligners: A preliminary study , Minh Phi Nguyen

Effect of Pad Design and Bracket Manufacturing Method on Bracket Bond Strength , Dustin Osborne

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Clear Aligner Therapy vs. Traditional Brackets on Smile Arc , Sarah Elizabeth LaRue

Comparison of Skeletal and Dentoalveolar Changes between Two Bone-Borne Maxillary Expanders , mohamad sarraj

Retrospective Evaluation of the Changes in the Nasal and Pharyngeal Airway Volume After Miniscrew Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) Appliance , Joanna Song

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Impact on the Pharyngeal Airway Space after Maxillomandibular Advancement Procedure for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients , Ghaddy AlSaty

Effect of Shear Bond Strength with Novel APC™ Flash-Free Brackets and Different Bonding Protocol: An In Vitro Study , Carl Bernstein

Judged Facial Attractiveness of Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Repose and Smiling , Nicolette R. Chahin

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Assessment of Tapered Diamond Bur Cutting Efficiency of Dental Zirconia , Dhari Alenezi

Assessment of Surgical Guide Accuracy Utilizing a Digital Workflow , Nicole Irene Andreini

Identifying the Esthetically Optimal AP Position of Maxillary Incisors in Caucasian Females , MacKenzie Boyles-Horan

Factors Affecting Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes in Southern West Virginia , Tyler Crowe

Optimal Anteroposterior Position of Maxillary Incisors in Caucasian Males Viewed from a Smiling Profile , Amer Shammaa

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

The Effect of Implant Prostheses Complications on Patient Satisfaction , Jessica Elyse Canallatos

Immunological Markers Detected in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid Detected by MSD Electromagnetic ELISA Assay - A Pilot Study of Dental Implant Patients , Paul Canallatos

Effect of Micro-Osteoperforations on Orthodontic Tooth Movement with Clear Aligner Treatment. , DoBin Choi

Micro-CT Evaluation of a Novel Technique Used for The Removal of Single Cone Obturated Mesial Roots of Mandibular First Molars Filled with Bioceramic Sealer and Bioceramic Coated Gutta Percha vs Traditional Gutta Percha , Ernest Stephen Fragale II

A CBCT Analysis of Optimal Maxillary and Mandibular Incisor Inclination , Marina Gonchar

Leakage Evaluation of Three Endodontic Sealers Used in a Single-cone Technique: A Study Using Bioluminescent Bacteria , Sean M. Horan

Retrospective Evaluation of Skeletal, Dentoalveolar, and Periodontal Changes of Microimplant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) In Skeletally Matured Patients , Uyen Kelly Nguyen

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Diamond Bur Cutting Efficiency of Dental Zirconia , Shelby Allison Alexander

Anteroposterior Jaw Position and Pharyngeal Airway Morphology in Young Adult Patients: A CBCT Study , Martin C. Avey

A CBCT evaluation of root position within bone, long axis inclination, and the WALA Ridge , Timothy R. Glass

Evaluation of Five Electronic Apex Locators Accuracy in Determining the Major Foramen and Apical Constriction: An in vitro study , Emma Hunter

Adjustment of Bracket Position Away From the Andrew's Plane to Achieve a Flat Occlusal Plane , Jason M. Lawrence

Apical Canal Transportation after Instrumentation with Two New Rotary Files; A comparative Study with Micro CT , Wisam Sakr

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

The correlation of chin prominence and esthetics , Nicholas Maddux

Evaluation and Analysis of the Apically Extruded Gutta Percha Using Thermoplasticized Technique as Sole Obturation Method (Squirting) , Pejman Parsa

Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning , Jennifer Tomblyn

A Radiographic Study of Patients Treated with the Reinforced Banded Herbst Appliance , Travis Tomblyn

Retentive Comparison of Overdenture Attachment Systems On Straight and Divergent Dental Implants , Christopher Heath Wine

Residual Dentin Thickness of the Danger Zone in Mandibular Molar with Variable Sizes of Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments , Andrew Y. Xu

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Evaluation of primary stability in bovine ribs following a correction in placement depth , Matthew Bobbera

Assessment of West Virginia public healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding of the oral implications of HPV following an educational presentation , Renee Cooper-Frantz

Comparison of two protocols for maxillary protraction: tooth anchored versus bone anchored protraction facemask , Nicole M. DeShon

A Retrospective Clinical Study to Evaluate Treatment Outcomes of Vital Pulp Therapy with ProRootRTM Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, EndosequenceRTM Root Repair Material, and Biodentine RTM , Nathaniel T. Nicholson

Cbct evaluation of condylar changes in children with unilateral posterior crossbites with a functional shift , Lance Pittman

A preliminary study evaluating potential probiotic use in endodontics , Khaled Seifelnasr

Volumetric, planar and linear airway comparison after maxillomandibular advancement surgery , Deepa Vyas

Comparison of color accuracy of commercial digital cameras and cellular phonecameras for laboratory purposes , Adeline W. Yuh

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Comparison of Two Orthodontic Sealants in Prevention of Enamel Demineralization : An In-Vitro and In-Vivo Study , Doyoung Choi

An Investigation of the Accuracy of a New Technique for Surgical Repositioning a Maxilla , Chad L. Westfall

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

The occlusal plane inclination relative to craniofacial form: A cephalometric investigation , Holly Eppard

Procera Titanium Milled Framework Surface Preparation Impact on Metal-Resin Implant Fixed Dental Prosthesis, A Clinical Model , William Todd Hegmann

AP Relationship of the Maxillary Central Incisors to the Forehead in Adult Korean Females , Jung Mee Kim

Factors Affecting Orthodontic Adherence In Appalachia , Breana M. Phillips

A Comparison of Airway Dimensions among Different Skeletal Craniofacial Patterns , Ronnie J. Sparks

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Effective maxillary protraction: Hyrax expansion appliance vs. double-hinged expansion appliance , Thuy B. Do-deLatour

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

An in-vitro investigation of frictional resistance of self-ligating and ceramic brackets when subjected to different ligation methods and tipping angles , Todd S. Bovenizer

An in vivo and in vitro study of a new orthodontic bonding agent , Meredith S. Parks

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Home > FACULTIES > Dentistry > ORTHODONTICS-ETD

Orthodontics Theses and Dissertations

This collection contains theses and dissertations from the Department of Orthodontics, collected from the Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Demographic Landscape and Practice Patterns of Canadian Orthodontists , Arpen Mahal

Torque Expression of Active and Passive Self-Ligating Orthodontic Brackets with Different Archwire Materials , Sidney Mugford

Validation Study On The Differentiation Of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells In The Presence Of Cementum Protein 1 And Periostin , Deborah A. O'Reilly

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Torque Expression of Active and Passive Self-Ligating Orthodontic Brackets with Different Stainless Steel Wire Sizes , Jennifer L. Boogaards

The Effect of Modifications to Intermaxillary Orthodontic Elastics on Force Levels and Degradation Over Time , Steven Dent

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

The Role of GSK3 alpha and beta in Embryonic Craniofacial Development , Harman Jassar

Validation of the FlexCell®FX-5000 Tension System to Evaluate the Expression of Cementum Protein-1 in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells While Under Cyclical Orthodontic Tensile Force , Allison Nicholls

Debt and Stress Amongst Orthodontic Residents , Timothy Renison

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Survey Of Canadian Orthodontists Regarding Orthodontic Miniscrew Usage , Leah A. Van Sant

The Effect of Pigmentation on Latex and Non-Latex Orthodontic Elastics , Dustin Wilson

Torque Expression of Contemporary Self-ligating Bracket Systems , Fraser Young

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

The Effect of Pigmentation on Thermoplastic and Thermoset Elastomeric Power Chain , William Taylor

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Measurement of Cortical Bone Thickness in Porcine Mandibular Specimens , Diego Diaz Guerrero

Acquired Bracket Pellicle Modulation Via Exposure To Histatin 3 , Niklas W. Neilson

Effect of Clear Aligner Therapy on Masticatory Muscle Tenderness and Orthodontic Pain , Johnny Tran

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Binding of Salivary Proteins to Orthodontic Brackets , Maria Pia Canales

Aesthetic Outcome of Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Jennifer Curran

Friction Testing of Contemporary Self-ligating Appliance Systems , Michael Greene

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Role of Lipid Mediators in P2X7 Signaling in Osteoblasts , Erin Eyer

Nasal Morphology As A Predictor Of Craniofacial Growth Direction , Christos Papadopoulos

Comparison of treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device in Class II patients with different underlying vertical skeletal patterns , Michelle C. Watroba

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

An In-Vitro Comparison of Different Palatal Sites for Orthodontic Miniscrew Insertion: The Effect of Bone Quality and Quantity on Primary Stability , Carine Bourassa

Quality of Life and Subjective Outcomes Following Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Andrew D. Emanuele

Dexamethasone regulates gene expression induced by the mechanosensitive P2X7 receptor in osteoblasts , Meena Na

Clinical Outcomes of Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Brian L. Phee

An Evaluation of the Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle Bisector (FMAB) Wits Appraisal in the Assessment of Anteroposterior Jaw Relationships in Class II Individuals , Harbinder Sangha

An Evaluation of the Constructed Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle Bisector (cFMAB) Wits' Appraisal in the Assessment of Anteroposterior Jaw Relationships , Derek R. Tomson

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Effective Dose of Different Scanning Protocols Using the Sirona Galileos® Comfort CBCT Scanner , David R. Chambers

Orthodontic Retainers: A Survey of Patient Compliance and Satisfaction , Bhavana Sawhney

An In-Vitro Study Evaluating the Fracture Resistance and Insertion Torque of Self-Drilling Mini-Implants Upon Insertion Into Synthetic High Density Mandibular Bone. , Angie L. Smith

An Evaluation of the Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle Bisector (FMAB) Wits Appraisal in the Assessment of Anteroposterior Jaw Relationships , Natalie Swoboda

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Ethnic Identity and the Perception of Facial Profile Aesthetics: A Preliminary Study , Paul Michael Glasser

The Effect of Surface Treatments and Bonding Agents on the Shear Bond Strengths of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded to Aged Composite Resin Restorations , Matthew Tse

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• v.88(6); 2018 Nov

The 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics: A bibliometric study

Objectives:.

To identify and analyze the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics indexed in the Web of Science Category of “Dental, Oral Surgery and Medicine” from 1946 to 2016.

Materials and Methods:

On hundred articles were identified in a search of the database of the ISI Web of Science and Journal Citation Reports, applying the truncated search term “orthodon*.” Records were manually refined and normalized to unify terms and to remove typographical, transcription, and/or indexing errors.

The 100 most-cited articles were published between 1946 and 2012, with numbers of citations ranging from 115 to 881. Of the 251 authors participating, 87.65% published a single work, while three authors published four works. Most of the authors with several citations were from the United States, although the University of Oslo produced the highest number of frequently cited works. Most of the articles were clinical studies, and the most frequently cited topic was mini-implants. It was noted that self-citation could be a potential cause of bias in bibliometric analysis .

Conclusions:

This bibliometric citation analysis reveals new, useful, and interesting information about scientific progress in the field of orthodontics.

INTRODUCTION

Bibliometrics is defined as “the use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use.” 1 In the biomedical field, bibliometric studies are of great interest because they make it possible to gain an overview and to evaluate research and scientific activity by calculating bibliometric indicators, which provide information about the quantity of published research in a specific field. Commonly, the quality of articles is assessed by the number of times an article is cited in other publications. In addition, some indicators, such as the impact factor, the immediacy index, and lists of highly cited articles, can help one to assess the quality and popularity (within a field) of the journal that published the article. 2

Scientific production in dentistry 3 , 4 and, more specifically, in orthodontics has undergone a progressive increase due to the increasing demand for scientific knowledge regarding procedures and tools. This has been accompanied by a growing number of scientific journals specializing in orthodontics included in the category of “Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine” in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR; property of Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, Pa). Within the “Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine” JCR category, only three journals specialized in orthodontics in 2008, while in 2016, the number had risen to eight, almost triple the previous number.

Numerous bibliometric studies have been conducted in different areas of biomedical research to determine the characteristics of the most highly cited articles and to register information about authors, topics, and journals. 5 – 10 Several bibliometric studies have analyzed the top 100 most-cited articles in dentistry, endodontics, and implant dentistry. 7 – 9 Each of these articles analyzed citations, authors, countries, and institutions, following different methodologies and searching in different databases according to the field under investigation. In orthodontics, only one bibliometric study has been published, 10 but this only extracted data from three orthodontic journals and did not include bibliometric analysis, the lack of which could be a source of bias. 11 For this reason, the present study set out to identify and perform bibliometric analysis of the 100 most-cited articles in the field of orthodontics, indexed in the Web of Science Category of “Dental, Oral Surgery, and Medicine” from 1946 to 2016.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The most-cited articles in orthodontics were identified by conducting a database search in the Science Citation Index Expanded of the Web of Science (property of Clarivate Analytics). The search term used was the truncated term “orthodon*,” entered in the topic field, with no restrictions regarding the year of publication. The types of retrieved documents were limited to original articles and reviews (article or review), discarding other texts, such as editorials, letters, proceedings, etc. The search was performed on October 16, 2017. The results were sorted according to the number of citations per article, and the first 150 works registered were selected and exported to a text file. This text file was imported into Microsoft Access to create a database. A manual review was then performed by two authors (BT and VPG). Whenever a disagreement arose, a third reviewer (AAA) made the definitive decision. Any articles not related to the field of orthodontics were discarded. After the manual review, only the top 100 most-cited articles were included, discarding the rest.

Subsequently, a manual edit of the Microsoft Access database was made in order to unify terms (authors, institutions) and to remove any typographic or indexing errors. First, author normalization was performed, and whenever it was not clear whether different authors shared the same name, their institutional affiliation was investigated. Similar criteria were applied to normalize institutional data; only macroinstitutions (universities, hospitals, etc) were registered, while departments, research units, etc, were eliminated. After the manual edit, the evaluators established the type (basic, clinical, or review) and the field of study. This analysis was based on information included in the abstract and, if necessary, the whole work.

The following variables were analyzed by two other authors (RLD and AVI): the journal in which the article was published, the year of publication, number of authors, organizations, country of origin, and topic. The abstract of each article was retrieved to manually check its pertinence. The type and field of study were determined according the method described by Fardi et al. 9

The 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics are shown in Table 1 , listed in order according to the total number of citations received and the number of citations per year. As shown in Figure 1 , the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics were published between 1946 and 2012, the first decade of the new millennium being the most productive (41 out of 100 articles). Table 2 shows the 21 scientific journals in which the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics were published.

The 100 Top-Cited Articles in Orthodontics, Ordered by Number of Citations (848–115) 1

Number of articles per year.

The 21 Journals in Which the Top 100 Cited Articles Were Published (Orthodontic Journals Highlighted in Boldface) 1

The number of authors participating in the 100 most-cited articles was 251; only 31 were responsible for two or more articles ( Table 3 ). The authors of the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics worked in institutions in 22 different countries ( Table 4 ). The distribution of these countries by continent was as follows: 12 European countries, four American countries, four Asian, one African, and one Australian.

The 31 Most Common Authors of the Top 100 Cited Articles in Orthodontics

Bold type means just the titles.

The 22 Countries of Origin of the Authors of the Top 100 Cited Articles in Orthodontics

Table 5 shows the 42 institutions that published two or more articles on the list of the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics. Table 6 shows not only the type of article but also the field of study.

The 42 Institutions of Origin With Two or More Top-Cited Articles

Categorization of Articles in Terms of Manuscript Type (Basic, Clinical, or Review) and Field of Study (27 Items)

When an article appears on the list of the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics, this supposes that the article has marked a milestone in the development of orthodontics. In theory, the quality of an article is reflected by its recognition by the scientific community and how it generated change in clinical practice, generated discussion, or triggered new directions in research. 9

The aims of this bibliometric study were to identify and analyze the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics indexed in the Web of Science Category of “Dental, Oral Surgery and Medicine” from 1946 to 2016. Bibliometric analysis is the only valid tool for this type of study, as it makes it possible to perform a reliable search in the Science Citation Index (SCI) database and include all potentially valid articles.

The only study 10 published to date to have analyzed the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics did not include adequate bibliometric analysis and may not have included all of the most-cited papers. The articles included in the earlier analysis were published in only three SCI dental journals. 11 Moreover, the study lacked a predefined search strategy, and its inclusion criteria were such that it may have omitted some articles. 10 The present study adopted a more thorough methodology, using the topic word “orthodon*” to search in the Web of Science and then ranking the articles by the number of citations and applying detailed criteria to the selection process, as recommended by other authors. 11 This bibliometric process was more laborious but may be considered more reliable.

The 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics were cited between 115 and 848 times each (a mean of 169.93); the most cited article was published in 1983. 12 Of the 100 articles, 18 were cited over 200 times, which indicates their high scientific impact. In addition to considering the total number of citations, calculating the number of citations per year also provided useful information, as older works obviously may have received more citations simply because they have been available longer. 12 When the articles were placed in order according to the number of citations per year, a different article from the one receiving the most citations appeared in first place, an article published in 2009. 13 The most-cited article overall received an average of 24.23 citations per year, while the latter received 31.66 citations per year. 13

Regarding the number of citations per article, these varied between 115 and 399 citations, with the exception of the most-cited article, which received 848 citations. These numbers were similar to the most-cited articles in other fields, such as periodontics, in which the most frequently cited works had between 100 and 346 citations. 14 However, in fields such as cardiology, the numbers of citations are eight or 10 times higher, ranging between 815 and 3932 citations. Such disciplines have higher numbers of scientific journals and more published articles, which may be an indicator of greater research activity in these fields. 5

The 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics were published between 1946 and 2012, with almost half (44 articles) published since the year 2000. The fact that more recent articles received more citations could also be related to the fact that the total number of articles has increased since the year 2000. The one other similar study only included articles published after 1975, which made it difficult to compare results with the present work, as the two studies covered different periods. In the present study, it was the publication dates of the articles themselves that defined the period analyzed, rather than a decision by the authors.

The 100 most-cited articles were published in a total of 21 scientific journals. Not all of the most-cited articles were published in journals specializing in orthodontics, some being published in journals dealing with other dental specialties, such as surgery, periodontics, or dental materials. This reflects the increasingly multidisciplinary nature of treatment involving orthodontics. The number of scientific journals publishing orthodontic research included in the category of “Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine” in the JCR (property of Clarivate Analytics) has almost tripled, from three in 2008 to eight in 2016. Nevertheless, the list compliled only included three journals specializing in orthodontics alone, which published 70 out of the 100 most-cited articles.

Most of the 251 authors who contributed to the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics (87.65%, 220 authors) were involved in a single article, 7.97% (7 authors) had two articles, 3.19% (8 authors) three articles, and, lastly, 1.2% (3 authors) had four articles. Regarding the latter three authors, T Takano-Yamamoto (Tohoku University, Japan) had the largest number of citations (881), with an article about screws for orthodontic anchorage; T Deguchi (Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) had 648 citations, with two articles about orthodontic anchorage and one about dental movement; and BU Zachrisson (University of Oslo, Norway) received the third highest number of citations for three articles on different subjects.

The authors of the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics came from 22 different countries. Almost half of the most-cited articles (49) were by authors based in the United States, although in terms of the average numbers of citations per article, authors from the UK received the highest mean number per article (471.66 citations).

Forty-two institutions published two or more articles on the list. The University of Oslo (10), The Ohio State University (9), and the University of North Carolina (9) were the three with the most articles that appeared.

Most of the articles cited were clinical studies (69), 18 were systematic literature reviews, and the remaining 13 were of some other (basic) type. The most frequent field of study was microscrews (18 articles), followed by biological and biomechanical studies (15). The topics of the 100 most-cited articles in orthodontics changed over time. Articles from the 1940s (two articles) dealt with topics such as cephalometry and mixed dentition treatment. The 100 most-cited articles did not include any articles published during the 1950s. Then, during the 1960s (two articles) and 1970s (seven articles), the field of study shifted to topics such as adhesion, biomechanics and biology, cleft lip and/or palate, injuries/discomfort, and orthognathic surgery. During the 1980s (23 articles) and 1990s (22 articles), the field of study expanded to include new topics such as assessment indices, asymmetries, Class II treatment, demineralization, facial esthetics, friction, genetics, implants, maxillary canines, root resorption, and the stability of orthodontic treatment. In the first decade of the new millennium (41 articles), new topics appeared, such as corticotomies, new technologies, temporomandibular joint, transplanted teeth, and numerous articles involving implants. Since 2010, only three articles appeared on the list; their topics were root resorption, new technologies, and assessment indices.

This study had several limitations that should be noted. First, by using the truncated search term “orthodon*,” it is possible that some articles may have escaped attention. It was thought that if an article did not include this truncated term in the “Topic” field (Title, Abstract and Keywords), there was only the tiniest possibility that the subject of the article could be related to orthodontics. Additional general terms could have been used in order to increase the reliability of the search, but it is doubtful that this would have identified more articles. The search identified several articles that did not deal with topics related to orthodontics but which included the truncated term in the abstract; these were later discarded. Second, self-citation can be a cause of potential bias in bibliometrics. However, among these 100 articles, the self-citation rate was only 0.6%, which is much lower than the rate reported for articles in general medicine (5.97%). 5 This limitation has been noted by several authors, 15 generating some controversy as to whether counting self-citation is valid or not, as self-citation is an easy means of increasing a journal's “impact” factor. 16 , 17

CONCLUSIONS

• This bibliometric citation analysis provided new, useful, and interesting information about scientific progress in the field of orthodontics.
• The 100 most-cited articles were published in a total of 21 scientific journals.
• Most of the articles cited were clinical studies, and the most frequent field of study was microscrews.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors thank William James Packer, professional English language editor, for translating this manuscript.

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Thesis Topic Ideas for MDS Orthodontics

• Assessment of the relationship between maxillary and mandibular incisors in Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of different treatment modalities for correcting Class II malocclusion in growing patients
• Comparison of the effectiveness of fixed and removable functional appliances in correcting Class II malocclusion
• Evaluation of the stability of treatment outcomes in patients treated with maxillary expansion
• Comparison of the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of micro-implant-assisted rapid palatal expansion
• Comparison of the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of premolars
• Evaluation of the factors that affect the success rate of orthodontic mini-implants
• Comparison of the effectiveness of Invisalign and conventional fixed appliances in correcting malocclusion
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the periodontal health of patients
• Assessment of the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders in orthodontic patients
• Comparison of the effectiveness of clear aligners and lingual braces in correcting malocclusion
• Evaluation of the esthetic outcomes of orthodontic treatment in patients with different types of malocclusion
• Comparison of the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with and without orthognathic surgery in correcting skeletal malocclusion
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the airway dimensions of patients with obstructive sleep apnea
• Assessment of the relationship between the mandibular plane angle and the vertical facial pattern in orthodontic patients
• Comparison of the effectiveness of different retention protocols in maintaining orthodontic treatment outcomes
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the quality of life of patients
• Assessment of the prevalence and severity of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients
• Comparison of the effectiveness of different orthodontic treatment approaches in patients with cleft lip and palate
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the growth and development of the craniofacial complex
• Assessment of the relationship between orthodontic treatment and the incidence of caries and dental erosion
• Comparison of the effectiveness of self-ligating and conventional brackets in orthodontic treatment
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the speech of patients with malocclusion
• Assessment of the prevalence and severity of gingival recession in orthodontic patients
• Comparison of the effectiveness of different orthodontic treatment approaches in patients with Class III malocclusion
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the occlusal function of patients
• Assessment of the relationship between orthodontic treatment and the incidence of tooth wear
• Comparison of the effectiveness of different archwire materials in orthodontic treatment
• Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the pharyngeal airway dimensions of patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

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The Etiology of Peri-implantitis: Microbiological Profile Within and Around Dental Implants and the Associated Human Immune Response

Effect of Contact Type on Caries Experience in Primary Dentition

Comparison of Shear-bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets on Enamel with use of Pro Seal with Assure Plus

Novel Bioactive Low-shrinkage-stress Nanocomposite with Antibacterial and Remineralization Properties and Thermal-cycling and Aging Resistance.

Soluble Immune Biomarkers as a Diagnostic Tool of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Histological Inflammatory Subtypes

The Trueness of additive and Subtractive Zirconia Crowns

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Home > Dentistry > dissertations

School of Dentistry Dissertations and Theses

The School of Dentistry Dissertations and Theses Series is comprised of dissertations and theses authored by Marquette University's School of Dentistry doctoral and master's students.

Theses/Dissertations from 2024 2024

IN VITRO COMPARISON OF CELLULAR CYTOXICITY OF CONVENTIONAL VS. CAD/CAM DENTURE BASE MATERIALS , Zainab Hill Albasry

A COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ANALYSIS COMPARING IRRIGATION WITHIN COMPLEX ROOT CANAL ANATOMY , Madeleinne Fern

Impact of Learning-Style-Based Education on Student Performance and Perception in Preclinical Endodontics: Part II , Rebecca Flaugher

PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIA AND PAIN AFTER PERIODONTAL AND IMPLANT- RELATED PROCEDURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS , Christos Gousias

Sleeveless guides are more accurate than sleeved guides: An in vitro study , Jenna Hang

RELIABILITY OF THE CVMS METHOD TO ASSESS THE CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH SPURT , Holly Ingersoll

Morphology of the Cranial Base of Untreated Class I and Class II Subjects , Ethan Just

Performance and Preference of Rotary Files by Pre-Doctoral Dental Students at Marquette School of Dentistry , Morgan Elizabeth McCall

Contribution of Dentoalveolar Heights on Facial Heights in Class I and Class II Untreated Subjects , Mira Bharat Suvagia

ORTHODONTIC LOAD QUANTIFICATION LEVELING A DEEP CURVE OF SPEE WITH DIFFERENT ARCHWIRE DESIGNS , Ahmed Youssef

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Effects of Thermocycling and Hydrolytic Aging on The Flexural Strength of Additively Manufactured Restorative Materials , Steven Mustafa Abu Al Tamn

LONG-TERM ASSESSMENT OF SKELETAL AND DENTAL ASYMMETRY AFTER CONVENTIONAL AND MINI-SCREW ASSISTED RAPID PALATAL EXPANSION , Brett Barton

Maxillary and Mandibular Incisor and Molar Dentoalveolar Heights in Untreated Subjects Presenting Class I and Class II Malocclusion , Samantha Zavada Cardinal

Factors Associated with Extraction Versus Non-Extraction Treatment Among Orthodontic Patients at Marquette University , Kelley Dentino

Short and Long-Term Effects of Conventional and Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion on Hard Tissues Using Voxel-Based Superimposition of Serial CBCTs , Isaac R. Empson

The Effect of Endodontic Access Cavity Designs on Crack Propagation of Mandibular Molars , Colin Kodama

Alveolar Bone Remodeling In Response to Orthodontic Tooth Movement , Matthew Raymond McGrady

A Digital Assessment of Centric Relation Precision , Christine Roenitz

The Influence of the Digitization Method on the Assessment of Accuracy and Reliability of Implant Placements , Ajitesh Singh

Immediate Postoperative Dimensional Changes Following Implant Placement , Juan Felipe Valencia Rincon

The Influence of Peri-Cervical Dentin Conservation on the Propagation of Cracks in Mandibular Molars , Hassanain Zaheer

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Edge-Chipping and Translucency Comparison Among Lithium Silicate-Based Ceramics , Essa Abdullah Alghamdi

Associations Between the Movement of Hard and Soft Tissues After Orthodontic Proclination of Incisors , Scott Beard

Evaluation of Damon PSL and Conventional MBT Brackets in Leveling and Alignment Efficiency , Jacob Beckstrand

Activated Charcoal Versus a Chemical Whitening Agent: Effect on Human Enamel , Hien Thai Doan

Color Characterization of Color Changing Orthodontic Adhesives , Megan Fried

Influence of Free-End Distal Extension on the Accuracy of Guided Implant Placement: An In Vitro Study , Geoffrey Ganzman

Influence of Multiple Root-End Surgery or Root Amputation on Root Surface Stress Distribution , John Curtis Jurkas

Autoignition and Sooting Characteristics of Iso-Octane and Ethanol in an Optical Rapid Compression Machine , Richard John Kempf

The Effect of Tray Design and Impression Material Consistencies on Accuracy of Complete Arch Implant Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses Master Casts , lujain Kurdi

Immediate Postoperative Dimensional Changes Following Guided Bone Regeneration , Morvarid Monfaredzadeh

The Accuracy and Sensitivity of ABO Electronic Cast Radiographic Program ORTHOSHARE 360 Compared to Manual Measurements , Lisa Nguyen

Identifying Optimal Composite Resin Depth to Maximize Fracture Resistance when Restoring Immature Endodontically Treated Teeth , David Poe

Mechanism of Mechanical Vibration in Enhancing Orthodontic Retention- Analysis of Global Gene Expression , Shuwei Wang

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

In Vitro Study to Analyze Reverse Torque Values of Prosthetic Screws with Multiple Loosening/Tightening Preload Cycles , Amira Alhameed

Effects of Cleaning Agents on the Properties of Two Different Thermoplastic Retainer Materials , Jennifer Brehove

Correction of Excessive Gingival Display: Lip Repositioning with/without Myotomy , Austin Michael Dodge

The Influence of the Operator Experience on the Accuracy of Implant Placement: An In Vitro Study , Jeffrey Garcia

Root-End Surgery or Nonsurgical Retreatment: Are There Differences in Long Term Outcome? , Enida Haxhia

Mechanism of Mechanical Vibration in Enhancing Orthodontic Retention , Brent A. Ito

The Incidence of Root Canal Therapy or Extraction after Orthodontic Treatment: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study , Thomas Korte

Outcomes of Nonsurgical Root Canal Therapy Completed in Children Aged 6-13 Years , Lauren M. Loney

Comparing Orthodontic Debonding Aerosol Production with Various High-Volume Evacuation Systems , Eric Moe

Bending and Phase Transformation Properties of a Force Gradient Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Wire , Brinda Shah

Effects of Fluoride on Corrosion Properties of Orthodontic Retention Wires , John J. Simindinger

Shear Bond Strength Characteristics on Surface Treatment Modalities of CAD-CAM Resin Based Core Materials , Nikita Sinha

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Oral Health and Quality of Life: A Clinic-Based Sample , Kinan M. Al-Bitar

Peri-Implantitis Risk Prediction Using a Computer Based Periodontal Risk Calculator Tool: A Retrospective Study , Walaa AL Zaibak

Assessment of 3D Facial Scan Integration in 3D Digital Workflow Using Radiographic Markers and Iterative Closest Point Algorithm , Mohamed Elshewy

Outcomes of Primary Endodontic Therapy in Medicaid Enrollees , Timothy Gainey

Corrosion Properties of Various Orthodontic Fixed Retention Wires , Tara Lynn Groen

Anatomical Considerations for Miniplate-Anchored Maxillary Protraction in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate , Jared Holloway

Efficacy of Invisalign: A Retrospective Case Series of Intrusion, Extrusion, and Rotation with Trend Analysis , Kirsten Karkow

The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis: A Time Course Study , Joshua Murphy

Accuracy of Merging Scans of Definitive Fixed Prosthodontic Impressions to Obtain Single, Accurate Digitized Master Casts , Ossama Raffa

Tensile Strength of Elastomeric Ligature Ties Stretched Over Large and Small Orthodontic Brackets , Golden Shiloh

Influence of Progressive vs. Minimal Canal Preparations on the Fracture Resistance of Mandibular Molars: A Finite Element Analysis , Michael Smoljan

Impact of Delayed Completion of Previously Initiated Therapy and Provider Type on Outcomes of Root Canal Treatment , Igor Sulim

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

The Cytotoxicity Effect of Silver Solder Materials on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cells , Joseph Jeffrey Curry

An in Vitro Study of Surface Alterations to PEEK and Titanium and Its Effect Upon Human Gingival Fibroblasts , Maryam Gheisarifar

Effect of Heat-Treatment Time on Bending Properties of Cobolt-Chromium Orthodontic Wires , Melanie Hammerbeck

The Design and Physical Properties of An Optimized Chitosan Hydrogel for Potential Use in Endodontics , Hunter Housley

Comparison of Power Versus Manual Toothbrush in Reducing Gingivitis , Keerthi Kamreddy

Efficacy of Invisalign Attachments: A Retrospective Study , Theresa Karras

Evaluation of Corrosion Mechanisms in Stainless Steel Orthodontic Retainer Wires , Jamie Martin

Injectable Gels with Potential Use in Endodontics , Maksim Montatskiy

Effect of Different Implant Abutment Materials on Optical Properties of Translucent Monolithic Zirconia Crowns , Nisha Patel

Evaluation of Accuracy of Static Computer-Guided Implant Placement Compared with Partially-Guided or Free-Hand Placement , Laxmi Sukhtankar

The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis - A Micro-CT Study , Andrei Dan Taut

The Influence of Full Coverage Restorations On Pulp Vitality: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study , Abby Yavorek

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Effect of Different Finish Line Designs on the Marginal and Internal Fit of Metal Copings Made by Selective Laser Melting Technology , Adel Al Maaz

Effect of Emergence Profile of a Single Implant Restoration on the Health of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue , Waleed Nasir Asiri

Application of Mechanical Vibration to Enhance the Stability After Orthodontic Treatment - A Micro - CT Study , Nicolas Branshaw

A Retrospective Analysis of Patient Medical and Dental Treatment Histories, and MRONJ-Related Events , Jon Irelan

Orthodontic Bond Strength Comparison Between Two Filled Resin Sealants , James Kolstad

Comparison of Immediate vs. Delayed Recall of Orthodontic Information Following an Electronic Reminder , Michael Lenz

Orthodontic Open-Coil Spring Deactivation Forces Differ with Varying Activation Levels , Ryan Lubinsky

Factors Effecting Survival of Teeth with Nonsurgical Root Canal Therapy Including a Multi-State Outcome Analysis , Alex Moore

Orthodontic Treatment Planning Using Direct Visual Approximation of Arch Length Discrepancy and Cephalometric Analyses , Kathleen Rouse Vaught

Comparison of Different Temperatures on Bending Properties of Six Niti Endodontic File Systems , Sukbum Yoo

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

QMIX 2in1 and NaOCI Precipitate: Documentation, Identification, and Exothermic Reaction , Gordon L. Barkley III

Viability of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts After Time in Tooth Storage Media , Scott MacDonald

Effects of Palatal Expansion on Speech Production , Jason Milton Meinhardt

Reliability of Digital Dental Cast Measures as Compared to Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Analyzing the Transverse Dimension , Brian Michel

Analysis of Flexural Strength and Monotonic Load to Failure Following Simulated Chairside Adjustments and Repair in a Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic , Ali Ramadhan

The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Bending Properties of a Cobalt-Chromium Orthodontic Wire , Alex Schwab

Comparison of Anterior Denture Teeth Arrangements Made with the Tooth Mold Template and Definitive Computer-Aided Design & Computer-Aided Manufacturing Complete Removable Dental Prostheses , Jose Antonio Sierra

Thermal Properties of Commonly Used Clear Aligner Systems As-Received and After Clinical Use , Louis Wenger

Direct Visual Approximation of Arch Length Discrepancy and Cephalometric Measurements , Bradley J. Wurm

Survival Rates of Primary Endodontic Therapy Following Core/Post and Crown Placement , Kandace Yee

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Evaluation of Die Trim Morphology Made by CAD/CAM Technology , Pratiksha Agrawal

Outcomes of Primary Endodontic Therapy Provided by Endodontic Specialists Compared to Other Providers , Jacob Burry

The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Human PDL Cell Differentiation and Response to Inflammation , Megan DesRoches

Color Change of Commercial Resin Composited with Different Photoinitiators , Feng Gao

The Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Human Chondrocytes In Vitro , Bradley J. Gauthier

Thermal Properties of Copper Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires , Joshua Gilbert

Torsion and Bending Properties of EdgeEndo Files , Chad Hansen

Mitigating Distortion of Light-Polymerized Composite Trial Bases , Jon Patrick Irelan

Viability of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts After Storage in Save-A-Tooth, EMT Toothsaver and Hank's Balanced Salt Solution , Wonhee Lee

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Trending topics in orthodontics research during the last three decades: A longitudinal bibliometric study on the top-cited articles

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Dentistry, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
• 2 Department of Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
• 3 Department of Dentistry, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
• 4 Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
• PMID: 32449978
• DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12396

Objective: To perform a bibliometric analysis on the top-cited articles over the last three decades from 1989 to 2018, using a longitudinal set-up, in order to analyse how articles' features have evolved over time.

Setting and sample population: A sample of 312 articles divided into three subgroups of 104 top-cited articles for each decade were included. The h-index value was used to determine the sample size.

Materials and methods: The articles were identified through a search in the category "dentistry oral surgery and medicine" of the Web of Science database. The information relative to the articles was collected. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the articles and the journals; selected parameters were analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U test at the 0.05 level of significance.

Results: The top-cited articles were published mainly by orthodontic journals. Along the last two decades, the scientific contribution of Asian and South American countries rose significantly. The trending topics varied in each decade. Skeletal anchorage-related articles dominated the production of the decade 1999-2008 while new technologies as CBCT displayed a higher prevalence in the last decade, where new topics such as corticotomy-assisted orthodontics started to appear. The number of multi-authored articles increased while the articles from no university institutions decreased.

Conclusion: The publications in the three studied decades were significantly different in terms of numbers and characteristics. A longitudinal set-up allows to study the evolution of the scientific production and how the area of interest has developed over time.

Keywords: bibliometrics; citation analysis; orthodontics; top-cited.

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Home > SD > DENTISTRY > ETD-PROSTHODONTICS

Theses, Dissertations and Projects - Prosthodontics

Theses/dissertations from 2022 2022.

Effect of Splinting Implant Scan Bodies Intraorally on The Trueness of Complete Arch Digital Impressions: A Clinical Study , Kawther Mahmoud Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

In-vitro Comparison of Retention Among Contemporary and Conventional Post-and- Cores , Hatem Alqarni

Three Dimensional Analysis of Intraoral Scanners Accuracy: An In-Vitro Study , Rami Ammoun

Complications associated with mandibular fixed complete arch prostheses based on implant distribution , Shivani Karre

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Wear of Acrylic Resin and Composite Resin Teeth against Polished and Glazed Zirconia , Abdulkareem Alshehri

In-vitro Evaluation of Accuracy of Conventional and CAD/CAM Removable Partial Denture Frameworks , Pooya Soltanzadeh

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Effect of Image Sharpening on Radiographic Image Quality , Jefferson Lee Clark

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Comparison of Retention between Milled and Conventional Denture Bases: A Clinical Study , Abdulaziz Abdullah AlHelal

Effects of Microwave Irradiation on the Dimensional Stability of Complete Denture Bases , Miguel Pappaterra

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Effect of Diamond Bur and Root Canal Irrigants on Retention of Fiber Posts , Rami Jekki

Comparison of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Width to Facial Dimensions among Three Races , Ewa Parciak

Are Bone Turnover Markers and Vitamin D levels associated with Frequency of Complete Denture Relines? , Shweta Puri

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Comparison of Occlusal Plane Orientation Obtained Using Five Facebow Systems , Thomas C. Maveli

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Evaluation of Accuracy of Impression Materials with Different Mixing Techniques , James Ywom

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

In‐Vitro Comparison of Tensile Bond Strength of Denture Adhesives on Denture Bases , Doris Rachel Kore

Effect of Time on Gypsum-Impression Material Compatibility , John Boram Won

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Effect of Auxiliary Preparation Elements on Resistance Form of Complete Crowns , Manuel H. Guevara

The Effect of Auxiliary Preparation Elements on the Resistance Form of Complete Metal Crowns , Mostafa Nazari

Immediate Loading of Unsplinted Implants in the Anterior Mandible for Overdentures , Phillip Roe

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Effect of Gutta Percha on the Retention of a Post Using Different Cements , Saeda H. Basta

An In-Vitro Investigation of the Physical Properties of Alginate Alternatives , Rishi Dinesh Patel

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

A Comparison of Cadiax Axiography & NewTom 3G Tomography Condylar Measurements , David Phillip Brock

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

Dental Treatment Options for Snoring - A Pilot Study , Kainaz Khushrooh Byramjee

Theses/Dissertations from 1999 1999

Marginal Discrepancy of Components Utilized for Implant Framework Construction , Mathew Thomas Kattadiyil

Theses/Dissertations from 1973 1973

Effect of Post-Operative Use of Chlorhexidine on Regeneration of Bifurcation Defects in Dogs , Gary Bogle

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Book review

• Published: 14 February 2020

An introduction to orthodontics, fifth edition

British Dental Journal volume  228 ,  page 144 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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Simon J. Littlewood, Laura Mitchell; 2019; Oxford University Press; £46.99; pp 368; ISBN: 9780198808664

An introduction to orthodontics encapsulates the fundamental topics and concepts within this specialty by managing to concisely cover the foundations of contemporary orthodontic care in its impressively structured 25 chapters. As a result of this, it appeals to all: from undergraduate and postgraduate students, to general dental practitioners, or simply any individual who wishes to delve into the exciting world of orthodontics.

The early chapters explore the rationale for orthodontic treatment, classifying, assessing and treating malocclusions. They also provide appropriate information to consider in history-taking, assessing and examining patients, as well as appropriate special investigations. Later chapters explore these areas in greater detail, as well as discussing surgical considerations, craniofacial anomalies, orthodontic first aid and cleft. Even in its fifth edition, this book still remains topical, current and relevant: this is evident through new and exciting chapters which include an updated discussion of hypodontia and orthodontics, as well as the increasingly popular topic of clear aligners and orthodontics. Each malocclusion has its own dedicated chapter to ensure that readers are provided with a thorough and evidence-based insight of the aetiology and management. Readers are provided with ample information to inform them of appropriate treatment modalities within orthodontics, as well as treatment aims, throughout each chapter. These are supplemented with evidence-based discussions and references to ensure readers are directed to appropriate sources for further reading. An electronic hyperlink to references is included at the end of each chapter to facilitate wider reading and increase accessibility, which is a highly useful implementation. All chapters include useful case-based discussions and an array of colourful illustrations, diagrams and clinical photographs to enhance discussion. Specific learning objectives and key point summaries throughout enable readers to delve into areas as little or as much as they desire, encouraging both in-depth and targeted learning.

Now in its fifth edition, An introduction to orthodontics already has a well-secured place on the bookshelves of dental students. With a proven popular history, the relevance and usefulness of the content within this book is indubitable. It covers the essential information to provide a thorough knowledge of key concepts within orthodontics whilst eloquently exploring other topical and interesting areas. It provides an excellent and thorough discussion of contemporary orthodontic practice whilst supplying a detailed insight into the theoretical principles that form the basis of clinical considerations and treatments. As a result of this, I have no hesitation in recommending it to all readers.

Amardeep Singh Dhadwal, Dental Core Trainee in Birmingham Dental Hospital and School of Dentistry, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust

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An introduction to orthodontics, fifth edition. Br Dent J 228 , 144 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-1261-z

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Hard and soft tissue shape variation and changes in class ii division 1 malocclusion during orthodontic treatment: a geometric morphometric analysis.

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Myra here again, sorry to bother you but who do you fly with and is getting a visa easy, Edinburgh has a Russian Consulate, I've heard different stories about needing an invite from Russia or just having accommodation booked for duration of holiday. Theres a company called Intourist who want to charge me ��60 for visa but other companies say it is only ��30. Advice welcome.

Any hotel will provide you with an invite as long as your staying there....no need to pay someone for it.

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Starlab set to orbit above moscow’s missiles, if space truce holds.

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A Russian nuclear missile in Moscow's Red Square. The Kremlin is now developing nuclear-armed ... [+] spacecraft to threaten the Western space powers and space players like SpaceX. (Photo by Gavriil GRIGOROV / SPUTNIK / AFP) (Photo by GAVRIIL GRIGOROV/SPUTNIK/AFP via Getty Images)

The Kremlin’s threats to escalate Space War I - by firing its anti-satellite missiles against any allied spacecraft aiding Ukraine - are imperiling Western plans to loft a cluster of independent space stations into orbit.

Upping the stakes by developing nuclear-armed spacecraft that would skulk in low Earth orbit like stealth space assassins, Russia has cast a virtual mushroom cloud surrounding the planet.

Yet the globe-spanning partners co-creating the Starlab Space Station - which will glitter with next-generation technologies - say they are still on track to launch the new outpost aboard SpaceX’s revolutionary Starship rocket .

Starlab will be patterned after the International Space Station, built by an alliance of space-tech leaders based in the U.S., Europe, Japan and Canada, says Manfred Jaumann, head of Low Earth Orbit Programs at Airbus, a co-founder of Starlab Space LLC.

But unlike its forerunner, which was constructed over the course of a decade, via dozens of flights of the American Space Shuttle and Russian rockets, Starlab will be launched on a single mission of the colossal Starship capsule , Jaumann told me in an interview.

The three-deck Starlab, with circular interiors for astronaut habitats and space physics labs that echo the fantastical ringed station in Stanley Kubrick’s masterpiece 2001: A Space Odyssey , will instantly outshine the International Station, he predicts.

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The next-generation Starlab Space Station glitters with leading-edge technologies that will outshine ... [+] the International Space Station. (Rendering courtesy of Starlab Space LLC)

“A lot of the ISS technology started in the 80s, in the 90s, of the last millennium,” Jaumann muses. “The Starlab technology is incredibly more advanced than the ISS.”

Starlab, which has already sealed a pact with the European Space Agency to host ESA astronauts and spacecraft, will be open to spacefarers and scientists around the world - except for cosmonauts or cosmologists from the Russian Federation, Jaumann says.

The ISS was co-built by NASA and Roscosmos, ESA and JAXA, during a halcyon era of space collaboration with Russia, when Boris Yeltsin led a democratic revolution that briefly transformed the post-Soviet federation, says Jeffrey Manber, President of International and Space Stations at Voyager Space, the American co-founder of Starlab.

A space investor and visionary, Manber was briefly ensconced inside the Russian aerospace hierarchy during Moscow’s fleeting embrace of Western liberalism and internationalism, and even helped Moscow negotiate an agreement to co-construct the ISS.

Yet since then Russia has transformed itself into an outcast on the global stage with its campaign to conquer democratic Ukraine and warnings it could use nuclear weapons against any Western ally that directly enters the fray.

After Elon Musk rushed tens of thousands of Starlink satellite terminals into Ukraine, plugging the blitzed country back into the internet, President Vladimir Putin’s emissary began telling UN gatherings that Moscow could fire its missiles on SpaceX satellites.

An early prototype of SpaceX's Starship super-spacecraft. Starship will loft the Starlab Space ... [+] Station into orbit. (Photo by Loren Elliott/Getty Images)

Even more ominous - Musk recounted to his official biographer - Russia’s ambassador to the U.S. personally told him the use of SpaceX technology by Ukrainian designers of weaponised drones could impel Moscow to start detonating tactical nuclear bombs to end Kyiv’s resistance.

The U.S. Department of Defense, in its Nuclear Posture Review released around the same time, stated: “In brandishing Russia’s nuclear arsenal in an attempt to intimidate Ukraine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Russia’s leaders have made clear that they view these weapons as a shield behind which to wage unjustified aggression against their neighbors.”

“Our goal,” the Pentagon added, is to “reduce the risk of a nuclear war that could have catastrophic effects for the United States and the world.”

Yet the Kremlin is stepping up its brinkmanship by developing spacecraft armed with plutonium warheads that would perpetually circle the Earth.

Rather than enter a nuclear arms race in space, Washington called out Russia’s clandestine project by introducing a resolution in the UN Security Council that sought to reaffirm the Outer Space Treaty’s ban on stationing atomic warheads in orbit.

A model of Russia's thermonuclear Tsar Bomb, the most powerful weapon ever created. Moscow is now ... [+] developing plutonium warheads that would perpetually circle the Earth. (Photo by NATALIA KOLESNIKOVA / AFP) (Photo by NATALIA KOLESNIKOVA/AFP via Getty Images)

Moscow’s abrupt veto of the resolution confirmed its “intention of deploying nuclear weapons in space,” declared White House National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan .

Yet the United States has no intention of matching Russia’s future nuclear orbiters by developing its own, says Spenser Warren , a scholar on Putin’s nuclear modernization drive at the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation.

“We are entering a new era where it’s as easy to envision a conflict in space as a conflict on Earth,” Manber, one of the original conceptual designers of the Starlab Station, told me in an interview.

Manber says he hopes Roscosmos’s ongoing partnership in the ISS, which hosts Moscow’s cosmonauts, and the lofting of a flotilla of independent space stations piloted by astronauts across the globe, will prevent Russia’s Space Forces from launching attacks on orbiting spacecraft.

Yet scholars who focus on Russia’s drive to enhance its space weapons and nuclear arsenal say sending new Western space stations into orbit could actually embolden Putin and his militaristic cohort to escalate their threats against the allies.

“From a signaling standpoint, the presence of more independent U.S. space stations may make Russia more likely to threaten the use of ASAT weapons or a nuclear device in low Earth orbit,” says Warren, who is now transforming his doctoral dissertation, “Russian Strategic Nuclear Modernization Under Vladimir Putin ,” into a book.

The allies’ new orbital stations could fuel a revamped round of Russian “ASAT blackmail,” says Elena Grossfeld, an expert on Moscow’s military and civilian space programs in the Department of War Studies at King's College London.

The ring of new Western space havens “will make the threats of ASAT use more likely,” she told me in an interview.

The ban on Russian cosmonauts visiting the Starlab Station, she adds, could trigger the ire of Moscow’s political and space leadership.

Both space defense scholars agreed that Russia’s launch of a nuclear ASAT would overturn a decades-long consensus, reflected in the Outer Space Treaty, on preserving space as a demilitarised zone.

They also agreed there is a new, potentially auspicious portent on the horizon of future space missions and stations, paradoxically emanating from Moscow.

Roscosmos Chief Yury Borisov in July sketched out details of blueprints to fly the Russian Orbital Station , with the first two modules set to blast off in 2027, according to the government news agency TASS.

The 608-billion-ruble project would place cosmonauts on a long-lived platform circling the globe, and could therefore represent the Kremlin’s own deterrent to exploding conventional or nuclear ASATs above the Earth, say the Russian military experts.

Yet Warren told me in an interview that Russian strategic forces could still launch their nuclear-armed orbiter.

“Russia may still want to place a nuclear-armed weapon of some sort in space for a few reasons,” he says. “They may want to leverage its coercive abilities.”

Alternatively, he adds, “Russia may be placing a nuclear-armed weapon in space for status purposes: ‘Look at our new weapon with no analogues, not even in the U.S. or China!’”

Airbus executive Manfred Jaumann, meanwhile, says the Starlab allies are “now using astronauts to test out our mock-up of the Starlab Station in Houston.”

He adds the leading-edge AI/defense outfit Palantir is providing Starlab with a suite of artificial intelligence tools to operate the Station, including a next-generation automated collision avoidance system.

Starlab’s collision avoidance system, Warren says, might even enable the Station to change its trajectory to avoid being hit by a ground-launched Russian ASAT missile.

But that cutting-edge capability may depend on Starlab’s being linked up with an advanced missile warning/missile tracking system, he says.

Russia’s ongoing barrage of nuclear threats, combined with its staging of simulated nuclear war drills, are propelling an equal and opposite reaction around the world, with more countries signing or ratifying the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons , according to leaders of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.

ICAN was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017 for its role in mobilising “people all over the world to convince their governments to support a ban on nuclear weapons.”

ICAN credits a constellation of leading lights - stretching from Albert Einstein to Pope Francis - for the ultimate promulgation of the Treaty, which calls for the abolition of nuclear weapons from the face of the planet.

Einstein, the first super-icon of the anti-nuclear movement, was quick to recognize the threat posed to humanity and civilization by atomic arms, and began calling for a freeze on their deployment even before their first use in 1945.

Albert Einstein, super-icon of science, became the guiding star in the global movement to abolish ... [+] nuclear weapons. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

In a manifesto penned during his last days on Earth, Einstein, along with a circle of fellow Nobel Prize winners, warned: “The best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with H-bombs might possibly put an end to the human race.”

After a decade of leading appeals to abolish atomic arms , Einstein made an even more radical proposal: universal military disarmament.

Even an agreement to dismantle nuclear weapons across the continents, he warned, would not prevent their resurrection in times of war.

Yet he added, in his last open letter to the world: “The abolition of thermonuclear weapons” would represent a remarkable “first step” toward long-term global peace.

“If you can do so,” Einstein predicted, “the way lies open to a new Paradise.”

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