short essay on dr abdul qadeer khan in urdu

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Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Essay in Urdu | ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان کا اردو میں مضمون

Pakistan’s nuclear program would not have been possible without the dedication and hard work of Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan. Dr Khan is often referred to as the ‘father of the Pakistani bomb’.

Born in 1936 in Bhopal, India, Dr Khan moved to Pakistan in 1952. He studied metallurgy at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, before returning to Pakistan in 1976 to work on the country’s nuclear program.

Today, we will write an essay on Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in Urdu for classes 5, 6 and others. We will use simple and easy to understand words to make it easy to read

Under Dr Khan’s leadership, Pakistan successfully developed its first nuclear weapon in 1998. Since then, he has been hailed as a national hero and was even given a lifetime achievement award by the Pakistani government in 1999. However, Dr Khan has also been embroiled in controversy.

In 2004, he was accused of selling nuclear secrets to Iran, Libya and North Korea. He was placed under house arrest in 2006 but was later freed in 2009.

Despite the controversy, there is no doubt that Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is a key figure in Pakistan’s history, and has played a vital role in the country’s nuclear program.

Pakistani Nuclear Physicist and Metallurgical Engineer

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer who is known for developing Pakistan’s nuclear program. He has also published several books on metallurgy and has served as an advisor to the Pakistani government on nuclear matters. 

ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان ایک پاکستانی جوہری طبیعیات دان اور میٹالرجیکل انجینئر ہیں جو پاکستان کے جوہری پروگرام کو ترقی دینے کے لیے جانے جاتے ہیں۔ انہوں نے دھات کاری پر متعدد کتابیں بھی شائع کی ہیں اور جوہری معاملات پر پاکستانی حکومت کے مشیر کے طور پر کام کیا ہے۔

Achievements and Accomplishments of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

Khan is a pioneer in the field of nuclear physics and has been awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award in Pakistan. He was also named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world. 

خان نیوکلیئر فزکس کے شعبے کے علمبردار ہیں اور انہیں پاکستان کے اعلیٰ ترین سول ایوارڈ ہلال امتیاز سے نوازا گیا ہے۔ انہیں ٹائم میگزین کی دنیا کے 100 بااثر ترین افراد میں بھی شامل کیا گیا تھا۔

Author of Over 270 Research Papers and Twice Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 

Khan has authored over 270 research papers and has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice.

خان نے 270 سے زیادہ تحقیقی مقالے لکھے ہیں اور انہیں دو مرتبہ نوبل امن انعام کے لیے نامزد کیا گیا ہے۔

An Influential Voice in Pakistani Politics

He is a highly influential voice in Pakistani politics and is known for his strong support of Pakistan’s nuclear program and his criticism of the United States.

Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan History in Urdu in 100 words

ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان پاکستان سے تعلق رکھنے والے ایک سائنسدان تھے جو اپنے ملک کو جوہری ہتھیار بنانے میں مدد کرنے کے لیے جانے جاتے ہیں۔ وہ ہندوستان میں پیدا ہوئے لیکن بعد میں پاکستان چلے گئے۔ خان نے جرمنی میں تعلیم حاصل کی اور جوہری طبیعیات اور دھات کاری کے بارے میں سیکھا۔ انہوں نے پاکستان اٹامک انرجی کمیشن کے لیے کام کیا اور پاکستان کے جوہری پروگرام کی تعمیر میں مدد کی۔ ان کے کام نے انہیں پاکستان میں ہیرو بنا دیا، لیکن اس سے کچھ مسائل بھی پیدا ہوئے کیونکہ ان پر دوسرے ممالک کے ساتھ جوہری ٹیکنالوجی شیئر کرنے کا الزام تھا۔ خان کو گرفتار کر لیا گیا اور بعد میں رہا کر دیا گیا، لیکن وہ اب بھی ایک معروف اور بعض اوقات متنازعہ شخصیت ہیں۔

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was a scientist from Pakistan who helped build the country’s nuclear weapons program. He was born in India and later moved to Pakistan, where he studied in Germany and learned about nuclear physics and metallurgy. Khan worked for the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and helped create Pakistan’s nuclear program, which made him a hero in the country. However, he was later accused of sharing nuclear technology with other countries, which caused some problems. Khan was arrested but later released. He is still well-known and sometimes controversial.

In conclusion, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is a world-renowned Pakistani nuclear physicist who is responsible for making Pakistan’s nuclear program possible. He is also a recipient of the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan. If you found this histort and essay on Dr Abdul Qadeer khan in Urdu informative, please like and comment.

Note: you can also read this Chaudry Rehmat Ali essay in urdu

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سبق: ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان، خلاصہ، سوالات و جوابات

Back to: Model Darsi Kitab Urdu Class 8 | Chapterwise Notes

• نیشنل بک فاؤنڈیشن “اردو” برائے آٹھویں جماعت۔
• سبق نمبر: 05
• سبق کا نام: ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان۔

اس سبق میں ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان کی خدمات کو بیان کیا گیا ہے۔ کسی ملک کی سالمیت معاشی ترقی اور خوشحالی کا دارومدار اس کے مضبوط دفاع پر ہوتا ہے۔ہر ملک اور قوم اپنی دفاعی ضروریات کو کبھی فراموش نہیں کرتی بلکہ اپنی دفاعی صلاحیتوں کو بہتر بنانے کی کوشش میں رہتی ہے۔ہمارا دین بھی ہمیں گھوڑے اور تلواریں ہرلمحہ تیار رکھنے کی تلقین کرتا ہے، جس کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ ہم اپنے دفاع کی صلاحیت اس قدر مستحکم کرلیں کہ کوئی دشمن ہماری طرف میلی آنکھ سے دیکھنے کی جرات نہ کرے۔

قیامِ پاکستان کے فوراً بعد ہمارے ملک کو اپنی سلامتی کی جنگ کرنا پڑی۔ہماری قوم اور مسلح افواج شروع دن ہی سے دفاع وطن کو ناقابلِ تسخیر بنانے میں مصروف عمل ہوگئی۔دفاعی اعتبار سے ملک کو نا قابلِ تسخیر بنانے کے لیے دفاعی سازو سامان اور دیگر دفاعی ضروریات کو خود انحصاری کی سطح پر لانا مقصد تھا اس لیے ایسے دفاعی منصوبوں کا آ غاز کیا گیا جن کی بدولت ملکی دفاع کے شعبے میں خود کفالت کی منزل کو حاصل کیا جا سکے۔جدید ایٹمی صلاحیتوں کو حاصل کرنے کے لیے تحقیق کے منصوبے بنائے گئے۔ تاکہ نہ صرف توانائی کی ضروریات کو پورا کیا جاسکے بلکہ دفاعی تقاضوں کو بھی مدِ نظر رکھا جائے۔

وطن عزیز میں ایسی قابل ، ذہین اور محب وطن شخصیات کی کمی نہیں جو اپنا سب کچھ ملک وقوم پر قربان کرنے کو تیار رہتی ہیں ۔ ڈاکٹرعبدالقدیر خان کا نام بھی انھی قابل قدر شخصیات میں سے ایک ہے جنھوں نے ملکی دفاع کو مضبوط بنانے کے لیے دن رات ایک کر دیا۔ دنیاوی مال و دولت اور آرام و سکون کی پروا کیے بغیر شب و روز کام کیا۔ انھوں نے پاکستانی سائنس دانوں اور ماہرین کے ساتھ مل کر پاکستان کو اسلامی ممالک میں پہلی اور عالمی سطح پر ساتویں جو ہری طاقت بنادیا۔آپ بھوپال میں پیدا ہوئے قیامِ پاکستان کے بعد انڈیا آئے اور کراچی میں منتقل ہوئے۔

ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان نے ہالینڈ ،بیلجیم اور جرمنی کی یونیورسٹیوں سے اعلیٰ تعلیم حاصل کی اور طبیعیات اور دھات کاری کے شعبے میں مہارت حاصل کی۔بھارت کے جوہری طاقت بنتے ہی آپ نے ہر ممکن کوشش کی کہ پاکستان کو ایٹمی طاقت بنایا جائے بھٹو کی دعوت پر پاکستان آئے اور جے ایچ کیو لیبارٹری میں تحقیق سے کامیابی حاصل کرتے ہوئے ملک کو ایٹمی قوت بنایا۔1988ء میں بھارت نے جوہری ہتھیاروں کے تجربات کرکے علاقائی طاقت کے توازن کو بگاڑنے کی عملی کوشش کی۔

بھارت کے ان مذموم عزائم کو ناکام بنانے کے لیے حکومت پاکستان نے اپنی اپنی صلاحیت کے اظہار کا فیصلہ کیا۔ پاکستان اٹامک انرجی کمیشن کو یہ ذمے داری دی گئی کہ وہ پاکستان کی ایٹمی صلاحیت کا مظاہر کریں۔ اس ٹیم میں ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان پیش پیش رہے۔ چنانچہ پاکستان نے بلوچستان کے علاقے چاغی کے مقام پر مجھے کام یاب ایٹمی دھماکے کر کے دنیا کو یہ پیغام دیا کہ پاکستان کا دفاع ناقابل تسخیر بنایا جاچکا ہے اور ہم اپنے دشمن کو اینٹ کا جواب پتھر سے دینے کی بھر پور صلاحیت رکھتے ہیں۔ان کی خدمات کے عوض انھیں ہلال امتیاز ، ستارہ امتیاز اور نشان امتیاز سے نوازا گیا۔آپ کی خدمت خلق ہے کہ ملک کو ان سات ممالک کی فہرست میں شامل کیا جو ایٹمی قوت رکھتے ہیں۔ 10 اکتوبر2021ء میں پھیپھڑوں کے مرض کے باعث وفات پائی۔آپ ایچ ایٹ قبرستان اسلام آباد میں مدفون ہیں۔

دیے گئے سوالات کے جوابات لکھیں:

کسی ملک کی ترقی کا دارومدار کس بات پر ہے؟.

کسی ملک کی سالمیت معاشی ترقی اور خوشحالی کا دارومدار اس کے مضبوط دفاع پر ہوتا ہے۔ہر ملک اور قوم اپنی دفاعی ضروریات کو کبھی فراموش نہیں کرتی بلکہ اپنی دفاعی صلاحیتوں کو بہتر بنانے کی کوشش میں رہتی ہے۔

اپنے قیام کے پہلے دن سے پاکستان کی کوششیں کیا تھی؟

قیامِ پاکستان کے فوراً بعد ہمارے ملک کو اپنی سلامتی کی جنگ کرنا پڑی۔ہماری قوم اور مسلح افواج شروع دن ہی سے دفاع وطن کو ناقابلِ تسخیر بنانے میں مصروف عمل ہوگئی۔

دفاعی اعتبار سے ملک کو نا قابلِ تسخیر بنانے کے لیے کیا اقدامات کیے گئے؟

دفاعی اعتبار سے ملک کو نا قابلِ تسخیر بنانے کے لیے دفاعی سازو سامان اور دیگر دفاعی ضروریات کو خود انحصاری کی سطح پر لانا مقصد تھا اس لیے ایسے دفاعی منصوبوں کا آ غاز کیا گیا جن کی بدولت ملکی دفاع کے شعبے میں خود کفالت کی منزل کو حاصل کیا جا سکے۔جدید ایٹمی صلاحیتوں کو حاصل کرنے کے لیے تحقیق کے منصوبے بنائے گئے۔ تاکہ نہ صرف توانائی کی ضروریات کو پورا کیا جاسکے بلکہ دفاعی تقاضوں کو بھی مدِ نظر رکھا جائے۔

ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان نے یورپ میں قیام کے دوران کہاں سے تعلیم حاصل کی؟

ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان نے ہالینڈ ،بیلجیم اور جرمنی کی یونیورسٹیوں سے اعلیٰ تعلیم حاصل کی اور طبیعیات اور دھات کاری کے شعبے میں مہارت حاصل کی۔

پاکستان کو ایٹمی دھماکے کیوں کرنے پڑے؟

1988ء میں بھارت نے جوہری ہتھیاروں کے تجربات کرکے علاقائی طاقت کے توازن کو بگاڑنے کی عملی کوشش کی۔ بھارت کے ان مذموم عزائم کو ناکام بنانے کے لیے حکومت پاکستان نے اپنی اپنی صلاحیت کے اظہار کا فیصلہ کیا۔ پاکستان اٹامک انرجی کمیشن کو یہ ذمے داری دی گئی کہ وہ پاکستان کی ایٹمی صلاحیت کا مظاہر کریں۔ اس ٹیم میں ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان پیش پیش رہے۔ چنانچہ پاکستان نے بلوچستان کے علاقے چاغی کے مقام پر مجھے کام یاب ایٹمی دھماکے کر کے دنیا کو یہ پیغام دیا کہ پاکستان کا دفاع ناقابل تسخیر بنایا جاچکا ہے اور ہم اپنے دشمن کو اینٹ کا جواب پتھر سے دینے کی بھر پور صلاحیت رکھتے ہیں۔

دفاعی حوالے سے پاکستان کو ہر وقت تیار رہنے کی ضرورت کیوں ہے؟

کسی ملک کی سالمیت ، معاشی ترقی اور خوشحالی کا دارو مدار اس کے مضبوط دفاع پر ہوتا ہے اس لیے ہر ملک اور قوم اپنی دفاعی ضروریات کو کبھی فراموش نہیں کرتی بلکہ اپنی دفاعی صلاحیتوں کو بہترین بنانے کے لیے کوشاں رہتی ہے۔ہمارا دین بھی ہمیں گھوڑے اور تلواریں ہرلمحہ تیار رکھنے کی تلقین کرتا ہے، جس کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ ہم اپنے دفاع کی صلاحیت اس قدر مستحکم کرلیں کہ کوئی دشمن ہماری طرف میلی آنکھ سے دیکھنے کی جرات نہ کرے۔

ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان نے پاکستان کے دفاع کے حوالے سے کیا خدمات انجام دیں؟

وطن عزیز میں ایسی قابل ، ذہین اور محب وطن شخصیات کی کمی نہیں جو اپنا سب کچھ ملک وقوم پر قربان کرنے کو تیار رہتی ہیں ۔ ڈاکٹرعبدالقدیر خان کا نام بھی انھی قابل قدر شخصیات میں سے ایک ہے جنھوں نے ملکی دفاع کو مضبوط بنانے کے لیے دن رات ایک کر دیا۔ دنیاوی مال و دولت اور آرام و سکون کی پروا کیے بغیر شب و روز کام کیا۔ انھوں نے پاکستانی سائنس دانوں اور ماہرین کے ساتھ مل کر پاکستان کو اسلامی ممالک میں پہلی اور عالمی سطح پر ساتویں جو ہری طاقت بنادیا۔

پاکستان اپنے ہمسایہ ممالک کے ساتھ دوستانہ تعلقات کا خواہشمند ہے کیوں؟

قیام پاکستان سے ہی پاکستان نے اپنے ہمسایہ ممالک کے ساتھ دوستانہ تعلقات کو فروغ دینے کی کوشش کی مگر اس کی خیر سگالی کو ہمیشہ اس کی کمزوری سمجھا گیا۔ مگر پھر بھی ہمارا ملک پر امن حالات کے کیے دوستانہ تعلقات کا خواہشمند ہے۔

بطور طالب علم آپ ملکی تعمیر و ترقی میں کیا کردار ادا کر سکتے ہیں؟

به طور طالب علم ہمارا فرض ہے کہ ہم اُن کے کارناموں کو یاد رکھیں۔ انھیں خراج تحسین پیش کرنے کا بہترین طریقہ ہے یہ ہے کہ ہم اپنی تمام صلاحیتوں کو بہ روئے کارلا میں وقت کا صیح استعمال کریں اور ملکی ترقی میں بڑھ چڑھ کر حصہ لیں ۔ اپنا ، اپنے خاندان اور ملک وقوم کا نام روشن کریں۔

مندرجہ ذیل جملوں میں سے فعل معروف اور فعل مجہول کے جملوں کو الگ الگ کریں۔

مندرجہ ذیل الفاظ و محاورات کے معنی لغت میں تلاش کریں اور ان کے جملے بھی بنائیں۔

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Abdul Qadeer Khan

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• Atomic Heritage Foundation - A. Q. Khan
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• Nature - Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936–2021)
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - A. Q. Khan Nuclear Chronology
• GlobalSecurity.org - A. Q. Khan

Abdul Qadeer Khan (born April 1, 1936, Bhopal , India—died October 10, 2021, Islamabad, Pakistan) was a Pakistani engineer, a key figure in Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program who was also involved for decades in a black market of nuclear technology and know-how whereby uranium -enrichment centrifuges, nuclear warhead designs, missiles, and expertise were sold or traded to Iran, North Korea, Libya, and possibly other countries.

In 1947, during Khan’s childhood, India achieved independence from Britain, and Muslim areas in the east and west were partitioned to form the state of Pakistan . Khan immigrated to West Pakistan in 1952, and in 1960 he graduated from the University of Karachi with a degree in metallurgy . Over the next decade he pursued graduate studies abroad, first in West Berlin and then in Delft , Netherlands , where in 1967 he received a master’s degree in metallurgy. In 1972 he earned a doctorate in metallurgical engineering from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium. Meanwhile, in 1964 he married Hendrina Reterink, a British national who had been born to Dutch expatriate parents in South Africa and raised in what was then Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) before moving to the Netherlands.

In the spring of 1972 Khan was hired by Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory, a subcontractor of the Dutch partner of URENCO . URENCO, a consortium of British, German, and Dutch companies, was established in 1971 to research and develop uranium enrichment through the use of ultracentrifuges, which are centrifuges that operate at extremely high speeds. Khan was granted a low-level security clearance, but, through lax oversight, he gained access to a full range of information on ultracentrifuge technology and visited the Dutch plant at Almelo many times. One of his jobs was to translate German documents on advanced centrifuges into Dutch.

Khan was heavily influenced by events back home, notably Pakistan’s humiliating defeat in a brief war with India in 1971, the subsequent loss of East Pakistan through the creation of a new independent country, Bangladesh , and India’s test of a nuclear explosive device in May 1974. On September 17, 1974, Khan wrote to Pakistan’s prime minister , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , offering his assistance in preparing an atomic bomb . In the letter he offered the opinion that the uranium route to the bomb , using centrifuges for enrichment, was better than the plutonium path (already under way in Pakistan), which relied on nuclear reactors and reprocessing.

Bhutto met Khan in December 1974 and encouraged him to do everything he could to help Pakistan attain the bomb. Over the next year Khan stole drawings of centrifuges and assembled a list of mainly European suppliers where parts could be procured . On December 15, 1975, he left the Netherlands for Pakistan, accompanied by his wife and two daughters and carrying his blueprint copies and suppliers list.

Khan initially worked with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), but differences arose with its head, Munir Ahmad Khan. In mid-1976, at Bhutto’s direction, Khan founded the Engineering Research Laboratory, or ERL, for the purpose of developing a uranium-enrichment capability. (In May 1981 the laboratory was renamed the Khan Research Laboratory, or KRL.) Khan’s base of operations was in Kahuta, 50 km (30 miles) southeast of Islamabad ; there Khan developed prototype centrifuges based on German designs and used his suppliers list to import essential components from Swiss, Dutch, British, and German companies, among others.

In the early 1980s Pakistan acquired from China the blueprints of a nuclear weapon that used a uranium implosion design that the Chinese had successfully tested in 1966. It is generally believed that the Chinese tested a derivative design for the Pakistanis on May 26, 1990. Khan, having satisfied Pakistan’s needs for its own uranium weapon , began in the mid-1980s to create front companies in Dubayy , Malaysia , and elsewhere, and through these entities he covertly sold or traded centrifuges, components, designs, and expertise in an extensive black-market network. The customers included Iran , which went on to build a uranium-enrichment complex based on the Pakistani model. Khan visited North Korea at least 13 times and is suspected of having transferred enrichment technology to that country. (His laboratory also developed Pakistan’s Ghauri ballistic missile with help from the North Koreans.) Libya , supplied by Khan, embarked upon a nuclear weapons program until it was interrupted by the United States in 2003.

On January 31, 2004, Khan was arrested for transferring nuclear technology to other countries. On February 4 he read a statement on Pakistani television taking full responsibility for his operations and absolving the military and government of any involvement—a claim that many nuclear experts found difficult to believe. The next day he was pardoned by Pakistan’s president, Pervez Musharraf , but he was held under house arrest until 2009. Khan’s critics, particularly in the West, expressed dismay at such lenient treatment of a man whom one observer called “the greatest nuclear proliferator of all time.” For many Pakistanis, however, Khan remains a symbol of pride, a hero whose contribution strengthened Pakistan’s national security against India.

Home → Pakistan Unveiled → A Biography of Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan: The Father of Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program

Written by Ziyad Sheikh • October 19, 2021 • 12:00 pm • Pakistan Unveiled , Published Content

A Biography of Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan: The Father of Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program

Mr Ziyad Sheikh is an engineering student interested in physics, python, gaming, and reading non-fiction texts.

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Early Life & Education

This piece is a biography of Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgical engineer, a nuclear physicist, and the father of Pakistan’s atomic weapons program. He was born on the 1 st of April 1936 in India, Bhopal State. By 1952, Abdul had completed his matriculation from a local school in Bhopal . Then he took the Sindh Mail train to Pakistan from India, mainly because the government had turned against certain groups of people and there was a lot of religious violence that took place during that time.

Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan attended the DJ Science College for some time and then transferred to the University of Karachi. In 1956, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Physics along with a concentration in solid-state physics. Abdul started working for Karachi Metropolitain Company as an inspector for measures and weights in the same year. He worked in Karachi Metropolitan Company till 1959, then he applied for a scholarship at the Technical University in West Berlin, where he studied material science.

The Netherlands

After doing very well at Technical University, he switched to the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. After 2 years, Abdul Qadeer Khan graduated from Delft University with an Engineering degree in Material Science.

He then pursued a doctoral programme in metallurgical engineering from Belgium’s Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In 1972, he graduated with a PhD in Metallurgical Engineering. His PhD thesis was based on fundamental work on martensite and its extended industrial applications in the field of graphene morphology.

He later joined an Amsterdam Engineering Firm (Physics Dynamics Research Lab). They were subcontractors of the Urenco Group which was a British nuclear fuel Company and were involved in uranium enrichment in several countries including the Netherlands. In May 1974, India did a surprise nuclear test known as the Smiling Buddha, which made Khan want to contribute to the PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission) and build an atomic bomb for Pakistan.

In order to do this, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan met with Pakistani officials in Hague, but they simply refused him. Khan wasn’t aware that Munir Ahmed Khan, a reactor physicist, and his team of scientists were already making progress towards the first atomic bomb of Pakistan.

Led by Bashiruddin Mehmood, a team was dispatched by PAEC to meet with Khan in Almelo and gave him the letter sent by PM Zulfiqar Bhutto. In the letter, Khan was called to Islamabad to meet with PM Zulfiqar Bhutto .

Return to Pakistan

When Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan met PM Zulfiqar Bhutto, he had been instructed to learn more about centrifuge technology while also providing consultation for Project 706. As Urenco Group became suspicious of Khan, they transferred him to a less sensitive section. This made Khan fear for his safety in the Netherlands, and so he decided to return back to Pakistan.

In 1976, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan joined the enrichment division of the atomic bomb programme of PAEC where he collaborated with Khalil Qureshi, a physical chemist. Khan was very important in the programme, as his calculations were vital for nuclear research. Khan pushed forward his idea for the feasibility of weapon-grade uranium, but all efforts were being put to produce military-grade plutonium.

Khan refused to perform calculations as he had a fallout and became a source of tension within the atomic bomb programme. This is because he wasn’t selected as the director of the uranium division, and instead, Bashiruddin Mehmood was selected for the position. A few years went by and a report was sent to PM Zulfikar Bhutto about the inactivity of the enrichment program.

PM Zulfikar Bhutto then suggested that Khan take over the enrichment program instead of Mehmood who had separated the programme from the PAEC by founding the Engineering Research Laboratories.

In 1979, the Dutch government located Khan as a suspect of nuclear espionage. A criminal complaint was lodged against Khan in a local court of Amsterdam which resulted in Khan being sentenced in absentia from 1985 to 1989. Khan hired Attorney S.M. Zafar who, on a technical ground, vindicated Khan.

During Zia’s administration, Pakistan’s nuclear capability was kept discreet from the United States. However, President Zia nearly lost his patience with Khan, as he tried to give an interview to a local US media regarding the existing enrichment programme.

In 1987, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan again gave an interview in India, where he gave shocking statements like “Americans have been well aware of the atomic bomb programme of Pakistan”. All these events led President Zia to warn Khan of the severe repercussions he could potentially face in case he doesn’t take back his statements given to the media.

A parallel electromagnetic isotope separation programme was led by G.D Alam at the Air Research Laboratories. Alam achieved great things, including being able to perfectly balance the rotation of a 1 st generation centrifuge at 30,000. Eventually, Khan was able to perfectly balance the machine under gravity and make the 1 st generation design of a fully functional centrifuge.

Pakistan Becomes a Nuclear State

This led Dr A. Q. Khan to be given several accolades by the military who called him “Centrifuge Khan”. Khan had also published papers on the analytical mechanics of balancing rotating mechanics. In 1998, Pakistan had its 1 st ever nuclear test, Chagai-I which was a response to the Nuclear Test Pokhran-II done by India.

In the nuclear test, Chagai-I, Khan wasn’t selected as the head of the project, but he made viable contributions to the design of the centrifuges. Tasneem Shah and Alam solved the differential equation, which was concerned with the rotation around a fixed axis under influence of gravity. Khan wanted to only work with high enriched uranium in order to design a gun-type device.

The major credit for the Chagai-I was given to Khan, which wasn’t taken well by a majority of Khan’s colleagues. From 1987 to 1989, Khan leaked secret knowledge of centrifuges to Iran without telling the government of Pakistan. This led the EU to pressurize Iran to enforce tougher inspections on its nuclear programme.

After several years, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan was put under house arrest in 2004 because he was accused of illegally selling nuclear secrets. He was then pardoned by President Pervez Musharraf after he had confessed to the charges. Later, he applied for a lawsuit against the federal government of Pakistan in a court in Islamabad and was acquitted on 6 th February 2009.

The United States under Obama’s administration reacted negatively to this verdict, and an official statement was issued, declaring that Khan was still a “serious proliferation risk”. In 2007, Khan was paid homage by Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. In 2012, Khan announced the formation of his political advocacy group “Tehreek-e-Tahaffuze Pakistan”.

In August 2021, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan contracted COVID-19 and was sent to the Research Laboratories Hospital. He passed away on 10 th October 2021 at the age of 85. He was provided with a state funeral and was buried in the H-8 graveyard in Islamabad. Prime Minister Imran gave his condolences and said that “For the people of Pakistan, He (Abdul Qadeer Khan) was a National Icon”.

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Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936 - 2021)

Abdul Qadeer Khan (A.Q. Kahn) was born on April 1, 1936, in Bhopal, India. As a Muslim, Khan immigrated to Pakistan in 1952. He earned his doctorate in metallurgical engineering from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium. There he pioneered studies in phase transitions of metallic alloys, uranium metallurgy, and isotope separation based on gas centrifuges.

He then began working at Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory, a subcontractor of the Dutch partner of URENCO. URENCO, a consortium of British, German, and Dutch companies, was established in 1971 to research and develop uranium enrichment through the use of ultracentrifuges, which are centrifuges that operate at extremely high speeds. Khan used this position to steal drawings of centrifuges and assembled a list of mainly European suppliers where those parts could be procured.

After learning of India's ' Smiling Buddha ' nuclear test in 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop atomic weapons. Khan initially worked with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), but differences arose with its head, Munir Ahmad Khan. In 1976, he founded the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), for the purpose of developing a uranium-enrichment capability.

In the early 1980s Pakistan acquired from China the blueprints of a nuclear weapon that used a uranium implosion design that the Chinese had successfully tested in 1966. It is assumed that the Chinese nuclear test on May 26, 1990 was in fact done to test the Pakistani bomb design.

Starting in the mid-1980s, Kahn began to create front companies through which he covertly sell or traded centrifuges, components, designs, and expertise in an extensive black-market network. The Iran uranium-enrichment complex is based on the Pakistani model, which was supplied via Kahn's network. This network is suspected of having transferred enrichment technology to North Korea. Libya's nuclear weapons program was also aided by this network.

On January 31, 2004, Khan was arrested for transferring nuclear technology to other countries. On February 4 he read a statement on Pakistani television taking full responsibility for his operations and absolving the military and government of any involvement—a claim that many nuclear experts found difficult to believe. The next day he was pardoned by Pakistan’s president, Pervez Musharraf. In 2009, his verdict was declared unconstitutional by the Islamabad High Court.

On October 10, 2021, Khan died at the age of 85 in Islamabad after being transferred to a hospital after he tested positive for COVID-19 in August. He was given a state funeral at the Faisal Mosque before being buried at the H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.

Last changed 2 January 2002

By Carey Sublette

Long celebrated as the "Father of the Pakistani Bomb", A. Q. Khan deserves credit for providing Pakistan with the means for producing nuclear weapons, for without the uranium enrichment gas centrifuge plant built under Khan's leadership, using classified and proprietary plans and technology that he stole from his former employer URENCO, Pakistan would not now have the ability to build dozens of nuclear weapons. He has spent most of the last quarter century as the public face, indeed the very personification, of Pakistan's nuclear establishment. His frequent willingness to make colorful and inflammatory public statements ensured his notoriety and hold on the limelight, up until his surprise forced retirement in March 2001. But much of the credit he has been awarded - and has done nothing to discourage - for being virtually the sole force behind Pakistan's nuclear and missile programs is not deserved.

The hero of Pakistan's nuclear weapons capability was born in present day India, in Bhopal State, in 1936 - the son of a teacher in a family of modest means. For five years, between the 1947 establishment of India as an independent state and 1952, Khan was a citizen of India. Then the Muslim Khan immigrated to Pakistan with his family as did millions of other Muslims before and after the 1947 partition of the two states. After graduating from school in Karachi he went to Europe in 1961 to continue his studies. First in Germany he attended the Technische Universit�t of West Berlin, then in Holland where he received a degree in metallurgical engineering at the Technical University of Delft in 1967. Eventually Khan received a Ph.D. in metallurgy from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium in 1972.

After graduation Khan went to work for the Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO), a subsidiary of Verenigde Machine-Fabrieken, in Amsterdam in May 1972. FDO was a subcontractor to Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland (UCN) - the Dutch partner of the tri-national European uranium enrichment centrifuge consortium URENCO, made up of Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Since Khan had lived in Europe from 1961 on and was married to a Dutch national (as the Dutch security service BVD believed) the very personable Khan had little trouble getting a security clearance - a limited security clearance. Curiously Khan's wife Henny was not Dutch though, but a Dutch-speaking South African holding a British passport.

Elementary principals of security were not, it seems, observed by any part of the URENCO establishment. Routine procedures, such as wearing identification badges marked with the level of clearance appear to have been unknown. Once someone gained access to part of a facility with one level of clearance, there seem to have been few if any barriers to moving to higher level areas. The customary practice of checking the security clearance level of a person before signing out to classified documents to them appears to have been ignored.

Within a week of starting with FDO A. Q. Khan was sent to the UCN enrichment facility in Almelo, Netherlands. A visit to an external facility would normally require the transmittal of security paperwork to be granted access. This procedure was ignored by both FDO and UCN, because Khan was not cleared to visit the UCN facility, though he would do so repeatedly during his employment.

The multi-lingual engineer was tasked with translating highly classified technical documents describing the centrifuges in detail. In the course of this work, he often took the documents home, with FDO's consent, even though this was also a breach of normal procedure. In his first two years Khan worked with two early centrifuge designs, the CNOR and SNOR machines, then in late 1974 UCN asked Khan to translate highly classified design documents for two advanced German machines, the G-1 and G-2. These represented the most sophisticated industrial enrichment technology in the world at the time.

Khan spent 16 days over the course of a month in the highest security area of the Almelo facility while studying these machines. During this period he had unsupervised access, and was noted roaming around, writing notes in a foreign script, but with the lax security culture no attempts to stop him or investigate his activities [Weissman and Krosney 1981; pp. 175-179] , [Burrows and Windrem 1994; pp. 362-364] .

Shahid-ur-Rehman relates in his book The Long Road to Chagai that Khan wrote to the Prime Minister in September 1974 offering his services to Pakistan, which means that he had definitely begun his espionage activities by the time he went to work with the G-2 and G-2. Evidence of the effect of Khan's passing of information on centrifuge technology and design, and on the URENCO component suppliers, to Pakistan can be seen in the initiation of the Pakistani purchase of components for the uranium enrichment program beginning in August 1975.

In January 1976, on (according to Khan) the invitation of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, he suddenly left Europe with his family before his espionage was detected. The Khans's departure was deceptive, Henny wrote to neighbor's saying they were on vacation and Abdul had suddenly fallen ill. Khan later sent a letter of resignation, effective in March, to FDO from Pakistan.

A.Q. Khan initially worked under the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), headed by Munir Ahmad Khan. A small centrifuge pilot facility was initially set up at Sihala, several kilometers southeast of Islamabad. Friction quickly developed and in July 1976 Bhutto gave Khan autonomous control of the uranium enrichment project, reporting directly to the Prime Minister's office, an arrangement that has continued since. A.Q. Khan founded the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) on 31 July 1976, a few kilometers from Sihala, outside Kahuta near Islamabad, with the exclusive task of indigenous development of Uranium Enrichment Plant. Construction on Pakistan's first centrifuges began that year. The PAEC under M. A. Khan went on to develop Pakistan's first generation of nuclear weapons in the 1980s [Perkovich 1999; pp. 308-309] .

Due to Khan's efforts, the slow recognition of the program by western intelligence, and the weak export controls at the time, Pakistan made rapid progress in developing U-235 production capability. When export controls on nuclear usable materials were imposed on Pakistan in 1974, the focus was on technology applicable to plutonium production, not uranium enrichment, and the focus was on plants and complete systems, not components. By using Khan's detailed information of components and suppliers Pakistan was able to circumvent these controls.

According to Khan in a 1998 interview, the first enrichment was done at Kahuta on 4 April 1978. The plant was made operational in 1979 and by 1981 was producing substantial quantities of uranium.

In recognition of A. Q. Khan's contributions the ERL was renamed the A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) by President Zia ul-Haq on 1 May 1981.

A later Dutch security enquiry revealed that Khan had probably appropriated much of the UCN facility's secrets. Starting in 1978, he was also named in numerous other Western inquiries and media reports about secret purchasing operations for components for Pakistan's uranium enrichment plant.

Khan acknowledges he did take advantage of his experience of many years of working on similar projects in Europe and his contacts there with various manufacturing firms, but denies engaging in nuclear espionage for which a court in Amsterdam sentenced him in absentia in 1983 to four years in prison. An appeals court two years later upheld his appeal against the conviction and quashed the sentence for failure to properly deliver a summons to him.

The prosecution had the option to renew the charges and issue a fresh summons for trial, but given the impossibility of serving him a summons behind the curtain of Pakistani security the Dutch government decided against pursuing the case any further - a fact that Khan claims as an admission that there was no substance to the case.

"I had requested for it as we had no library of our own at that time."

Of course the classified documents he undoubtedly copied and sent to Pakistan, as well as his written notes were not in the possession of Dutch security and thus could not be used to build a case against him.

Khan insists that the Pakistani centrifuge program is indigenous and that the equipment used in it was developed and manufactured locally. In 1990 Khan declared "All the research work was the result of our innovation and struggle. We did not receive any technical know-how from abroad, but we can't reject the use of books, magazines and research papers in this connection." [Burrows and Windrem 1994; pp. 368]

It has been reported that a CIA analyses of Pakistan's huge purchasing program showed that they had succeeded in obtaining at least one of almost every component needed to build a centrifuge enrichment plant [Weissman and Krosney 1981; pp. 190] .

The notion - expressed by Khan - that his personal access to detailed classified and proprietary ultracentrifuge designs was coincidental to his role in leading Pakistan's enrichment program, that he declined to employ the knowledge he had gained at FDO to assist Pakistan's program in constructing an enrichment plant in five years, and that the wholesale importation of the entire technology suite required to build a European-designed centrifuge plant does not constitute "technical know-how from abroad" cannot be taken seriously, to say the least.

The massive purchases of foreign equipment - continuing up through the purchase of ring magnets from China in the mid-90s, show heavy dependence on foreign technology and components. But even so, the plants themselves are Pakistani developments -- Pakistan had to design and build the facilities, assemble the systems from components, while manufacturing components themselves that they could not obtain in sufficient number. This is quite unlike reactors and plutonium separation plants that other proliferating countries have acquired ready-made and were trained to operate by their suppliers.

Despite the secrecy and security, Khan has taken the public spotlight on numerous occasions, attracting some criticism for seeking publicity in contrast to his more discrete counterpart in India, Abdul Kalam.

It was on such an occasion - an interview in February 1984 - that he first made the claim that Pakistan had achieved nuclear weapons capability.

And when the 1986-87 Exercise Brasstacks crisis was at its height on 28 January 1987 - an outbreak of warfare between India and Pakistan seemed imminent due to a confrontation over military exercises near the border - A.Q. Khan made threatening remarks regarding Pakistani nuclear retaliation to Indian journalist Kuldip Nayar, apparently intending that they be conveyed to the Indian government. Nayar however shopped the story around for a few weeks, and it was not published until 1 March, after the matter had been resolved. Nonetheless it left a lingering sense of nuclear threat with India.

Khan's public pronouncements also helped generate the tense atmosphere in which India's 1998 nuclear tests were conducted. In an inauspiciously timed visit, Bill Richardson led a high level U.S. delegation that visited New Delhi and then Pakistan on 15 April. During the visit Khan, told the Urdu daily Ausaf "We are ready to carry out nuclear explosion anytime and the day this political decision will be made, we will show the world," during an informal chat with journalists. "We have achieved uranium enrichment capability way back in 1978 and after that several times we asked different governments to grant us permission to carry out a nuclear test. But we did not get the permission," the daily quoted him as saying. Asked when Pakistan would carry out a nuclear test, Dr. Khan was quoted as having said, "Get permission from the government." Khan was not a spokesman for the government at the time, but he remained extremely influential and was still closely connected with the corridors of power in Pakistan.

As a result, not everyone in Pakistan holds Khan in awe. Some who have worked with him remember him as a egomaniacal lightweight given to exaggerating his expertise. "Most of the scientists who work on weapons are serious. They are sobered by the weight of what they don't know," said Munir Ahmad Khan, the former head of the PAEC. "Khan is a showman."

Despite his extreme prominence (Khan is one of the most famous men in Pakistan) and undoubted importance in Pakistan's acquisition of nuclear weapons, A. Q. Khan was never in charge of the actual development of nuclear weapons themselves (despite common assumptions to the contrary, which Khan did nothing to discourage). Weapons development, and their eventual testing, was carried out by the PAEC.

During the 1990s Khan lived in a spacious single-story house, located in Islamabad near the Faisal mosque, with his wife Henny and two daughters. The road outside his house is a public thoroughfare, but there are safety bumps in the road surface to slow traffic and a permanent security post is opposite the house. On the road, his car is escorted by four-wheel drive security vehicles with sirens and lights blaring and flashing.

Khan keeps a small menagerie of pets. Each day at sunrise, he takes a sackful of peanuts when he walks into the wooded Margala Hills across from his home and feeds the monkeys. Declared Khan, the day after his country exploded another nuclear device, "I am the kindest man in Pakistan. I feed the ants in the morning. I feed the monkeys."

Abdul Qadeer Khan's official career came to an abrupt end in March 2001, when he and PAEC Chairman Ishfaq Ahmed were suddenly retired by order of General (and now President) Pervez Musharraf. What prompted this move can only be speculated, but the Pakistani weapons program - which has been sponsored, run, and controlled by the military from its outset - is now mature, and it may be that Musharraf, who was busy mending fences with the outside world, wished to tie down some loose cannons that were a source of irritation with India and the United States. Both men were offered the post of "adviser to the chief executive", which Khan eventually rejected after much vacillation. Khan is now described as "Special Adviser to the Chief Executive on Strategic and KRL Affairs" a wholly ceremonial title. ( [Mushtaq 2001] , [Guinnessy 2001] ).

Reuters and Los Angeles Times news reports were used in preparing this article.

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The father of Pakistan’s nuclear weapon

It was 6th april 1978 when we achieved our first centrifugal enrichment of uranium. but, it was not weapons-grade enrichment. however, it was enough to confirm the viability of the project. we successfully managed to achieve 90 percent results in the enrichment programme by the early 1983.

Islamabad - When Pakistan commemorates May 28 as Youm-e-Takbeer, it also remembers the unforgettable role of nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan in building Pakistan’s nuclear programme and its success in the form of country’s nuclear weapons tests in 1998.

Though Dr Khan is not in the limelight for the past more than 15 years and is living a retired life at his home in Islamabad’s upscale area, his name will always shine in history as the father of Pakistan’s nuclear bomb which made country’s defence invincible.

When India made conducted six nuclear tests between May 11 and 13 in 1998, it not only presented Pakistan a security challenge but also offered a rare opportunity to conduct its own tests and become world’s seventh and Muslim world’s first nuclear weapon state.

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The successful tests on May 28 in Chaghi, a north-western district of Balochistan, were an achievement which could be made possible only with the years-long struggle of the national hero, Dr Khan, who spearheaded country’s nuclear programme for more than two and a half decades.

Dr AQ Khan was the man who, according to historians, himself approached then Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after India carried out its first nuclear tests in 1974 and told him that Pakistan could also run its own nuclear programme.

At that time, he was working for Anglo-Dutch-German nuclear engineering consortium, Urenco, in the Netherlands and had a firsthand experience of the rare shortcut technology of uranium enrichment. He came to Pakistan in December 1974 to meet Bhutto and briefed his team about the technology and asked them to start creating the infrastructure before his return from Holland. Almost a year later he left his job and joined the country’s nuclear programme.

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Though Dr Khan is not in the limelight for the past more than 15 years, his name will always shine in country’s history for his incredible services

Prime Minister Bhutto was particularly worried about the country’s defence following the debacle of East Pakistan in 1971. In Pakistan, basic infrastructure to get nuclear capability was non-existent at that time. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was the only institution to work on development of nuclear technology, but it lacked the required expertise. Pakistan felt itself vulnerable when India conducted her first nuclear tests in 1974.

Dr Khan initially worked with PAEC, headed by Munir Ahmad Khan, for a short period. In July 1976, Bhutto gave him full control of the Kahuta Enrichment Project that had been already operative with the name of Project-706 since 1974. When he joined, it was called Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL). However, then military ruler General Ziaul Haq through an order renamed ERL as [Dr AQ] Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) on May 1, 1981.

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It took almost three years to Dr Khan to build his own team to undertake a successful nuclear programme. He and his team hired scientists and started purchasing the required material from abroad. As the metallurgist had been living in Europe for 15 years, he knew about their nuclear industry and their suppliers very well. During his job in Holland, he had been extensively travelling in Europe, thus he helped Pakistan in purchasing equipment from there.

“We started developing centrifuges in our Rawalpindi office. It was 6th April 1978 when we achieved our first centrifugal enrichment of uranium,” Dr Khan told Aaj News TV in an interview in August 2009. “But, it was not weapons-grade enrichment rather it was of low grade. However, it was enough to confirm the viability of the project,” he added. He also said that they faced a lot of challenges but successfully managed to achieve 90 percent results in the enrichment programme by the early 1983.

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At that time, there were only three countries in the world – United Kingdom, Germany and Netherlands – which could enrich uranium centrifugally. The leaders in uranium enrichment technology i.e. the United States, France, China and Russia were using the diffusion method, instead of enriching it centrifugally. Dr Khan successfully helped Pakistan make it capable of using shortcut centrifugal method of enrichment.

In different interviews in the past, Dr Khan said Pakistan had achieved nuclear capability in 1984 but did not conduct tests for fear of their serious repercussions. As Pakistan was an ally of US in the Afghan war at that time, it and other western countries overlooked Pakistan’s programme and gave further opportunity to Dr Khan to undertake more research at the KRL and further develop the nuclear programme. However, it was left to the then government to conduct nuclear tests at the time of its own choice.

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Detention and Release

Following 9/11, the US started mounting pressure on Pakistan, accusing it of giving nuclear weapons technology to North Korea, Iran and Libya. In early 2004, then regime led by military ruler Pervez Musharraf detained Dr Khan in his home and apparently forced him to make a televised confession to nuclear proliferation. He confessed selling nuclear secrets to the three countries. He was immediately pardoned but house arrested. Later during his detention, he retracted his confession and accused Musharraf of making him a scapegoat.

In February 2009, Khan was freed from five years of house arrest on a court order. The court ruled that he was not involved in nuclear proliferation or criminal activity and was a free citizen from now on.

Other Contributions

Under Dr Khan’s supervision, the country also made successful test firing of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, Ghauri 1and Ghauri II, in April 1998 and April 1999 respectively.

AQ Khan also played a role in re-organising Pakistan’s national space agency – SUPARCO.

He runs Dr AQ Khan Hospital Trust which, according to the vision statement of the hospital, “provides free comprehensive healthcare, encompassing preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care to the residents of Lahore in particular and the country in general.”

The scientist also remained the project director at the Ghulam Ishaq Khan (GIK) Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology and helped in setting up materials science department there. Moreover, he helped in establishing Dr AQ Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering at Karachi University. He also established a polytechnic institute in Mianwali district of Punjab.

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Abdul Qadeer Khan: Nuclear hero in Pakistan, villain to the West

Revered in Pakistan, Khan was seen by West as dangerous renegade for smuggling nuclear technology to other countries.

Abdul Qadeer Khan, revered as the father of Pakistan’s nuclear programme, died on Sunday .

He was lauded in Pakistan for transforming it into the world’s first Islamic nuclear weapons power. But he was seen by the West as a dangerous renegade responsible for smuggling technology to rogue states.

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The nuclear scientist died at 85 in the capital, Islamabad, after recently being hospitalised with COVID-19.

He was seen as a national hero for bringing the country up to par with neighbours India in the atomic field and making its defences “impregnable”.

But he found himself in the crosshairs of controversy when he was accused of illegally proliferating nuclear technology to Iran, Libya and North Korea.

Khan was placed under effective house arrest in Islamabad in 2004 after he admitted running a proliferation network to the three countries.

In 2006 he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, but recovered after surgery.

A court ended his house arrest in February 2009, but his movements were strictly guarded, and he was accompanied by authorities every time he left his home in an upmarket sector of leafy Islamabad.

Crucial contribution

Born in Bhopal, India, on April 1, 1936, Khan was just a young boy when his family migrated to Pakistan during the bloody 1947 partition of the sub-continent at the end of British colonial rule.

He completed a science degree at Karachi University in 1960, then went on to study metallurgical engineering in Berlin before completing advanced studies in the Netherlands and Belgium.

The crucial contribution to Pakistan’s nuclear programme was the procurement of a blueprint for uranium centrifuges, which transform uranium into weapons-grade fuel for nuclear fissile material.

He was charged with stealing it from the Netherlands while working for Anglo-Dutch-German nuclear engineering consortium Urenco, and bringing it back to Pakistan in 1976.

On his return to Pakistan, then-PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto put Khan in charge of the government’s nascent uranium enrichment project.

By 1978, his team had enriched uranium and by 1984 they were ready to detonate a nuclear device, Khan later said in a newspaper interview.

The 1998 nuclear test saw Pakistan slapped with international sanctions and sent its economy into freefall.

Khan’s aura began to dim in March 2001 when then-President Pervez Musharraf, reportedly under United States pressure, removed him from the chairmanship of Kahuta Research Laboratories and made him a special adviser.

But Pakistan’s nuclear establishment never expected to see its most revered hero subjected to questioning.

The move came after Islamabad received a letter from the International Atomic Energy Agency, a United Nations watchdog, containing allegations that Pakistani scientists were the source of sold-off nuclear knowledge.

Khan said in a speech to the Pakistan Institute of National Affairs in 1990 that he had dealings on world markets while developing Pakistan’s nuclear programme.

“It was not possible for us to make each and every piece of equipment within the country,” he said.

‘I saved the country’

Khan was pardoned by Musharraf after his confession but later retracted his remarks.

“I saved the country for the first time when I made Pakistan a nuclear nation and saved it again when I confessed and took the whole blame on myself,” Khan told AFP news agency in an interview in 2008 while under effective house arrest.

The scientist believed in nuclear defence as the best deterrent.

After Pakistan carried out atomic tests in 1998 in response to tests by India, Khan said Pakistan “never wanted to make nuclear weapons, it was forced to do so”.

Nearly a decade ago, Khan tried his luck in the political arena, forming a party – the Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Pakistan (Save Pakistan Movement) – in July 2012 in hopes of winning votes on the basis of the respect he still commands in Pakistan.

But he dissolved it a year later after none of its 111 candidates won a seat in national elections.

Khan also stirred a new controversy that same year when, in an interview with Urdu newspaper Daily Jang, he said he transferred nuclear technology to two countries on the direction of slain prime minister Benazir Bhutto.

He did not name the countries, nor did he say when Bhutto, the twice-elected PM who was assassinated in 2007, had supposedly issued the orders.

“I was not independent but was bound to abide by the orders of the prime minister,” he was quoted as saying.

Bhutto’s Pakistan Peoples Party denied the claim as “baseless and unfounded”.

None of the controversies appear to have dented Khan’s popularity, even years on.

He regularly wrote op-ed pieces, often preaching the value of a scientific education, for the popular Jang group of newspapers.

Many schools, universities, institutes and charity hospitals across Pakistan are named after him, his portrait decorating their signs, stationery and websites.

Pakistan’s Abdul Qadeer Khan

T he inventor of Pakistan’s nuclear bomb, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, describes himself as “a man of peace” and says he wouldn’t even kill an ant. Yet he is the man most feared by the Indian military; he builds not only nuclear warheads, but also the missiles that can hurl them onto India’s major cities. A metallurgist by training, Khan was born in the Indian city of Bhopal and migrated with his family to Pakistan during the 1947 partition. That tragic episode in the sub-continent’s history impressed him deeply. His conference room at the Nuclear Research Center outside Rawalpindi is dominated by a blood-red canvas showing a train arriving in Lahore, filled with dead and wounded Muslims, victims of communal massacre on their journey to Pakistan. He spoke to New Delhi bureau chief Tim McGirk and Islamabad reporter Syed Talat Hussain. Excerpts:

Q: Was your family struck by tragedy during Partition?

A: Luckily, nobody from our family died. The experience of migration was bad. All the way from Bhopal to the borders of Pakistan, the Hindus were very cruel. They were snatching everything from us, especially from the ladies and the children. But I guess these things happen when there is a war and there is a migration.

Q: Has the threat of war between India and Pakistan increased after both countries exploded nuclear bombs?

A: You are still expecting us to go to war? We are a bit naive, but not stupid. Nor are the Indians. This is a very old civilization and people are intellectually very sound. So I do not think that the two nations would get involved in a nuclear war. Neither my Indian counterparts nor I would ever dream of indulging in nuclear warfare. The aim has never been to use these horrible weapons of mass destruction. India and Pakistan both know that neither will come out alive if there is a war. I call [the bomb] a peace guarantor.

Q: And yet in disputed Kashmir, both sides are shooting at each other across the border every day.

A: You can lob a few shells from this side and few shells from that side. You can kill a few people and they can kill a few people. O.K. There is war of liberation going on. People do not like Indian occupation in Kashmir, and our sympathies are with them. But I do not think that India and Pakistan would go to war over Kashmir.

Q: Is this a coincidence that you and the scientist who heads India’s nuclear program are both Muslims?

A: He is patriot, and I am a patriot.

Q: India and Pakistan have been criticized for spending too much money on weapons and not enough on development. What do you say?

A: It does not cost much. We have learnt from you, from other countries, so we do not have to reinvent the wheel. Most of the things, scientific know-how and designs, are available. The money that I need for my program is less than the cost of a modern aircraft. You need more brains than more money.

Q: You say you are a man of peace.

A: I am. I look after animals. Every morning, 50 or 60 monkeys come down the hills to my house and I feed them. Going nuclear was a compulsion. You see, when the Indians exploded so many devices near our border and there was a sense of insecurity in the country, then we had to take this drastic action. But the purpose was never to threaten. An Arab friend once remarked that we can now say that it’s our bomb. I said fine, as long as you think your oil is our oil, too.

Q: Why then do people say it’s an Islamic bomb?

A: You say this, not us. It is very easy for you people to make these statements.

Q: Do you think mankind is doomed to destruction?

A: Yes. I am a believer in my religion. Doomsday is bound to come. Not intentionally, but something might happen. I’m not an aggressive person. Sometimes we all say these things–that your cities are just five to ten minutes away from our attack. But it’s just to warn the enemy off. I hope that it does not happen.

Q: Did Pakistan and India exaggerate the size of their nuclear blasts? Some scientists think they did.

A: We keep some cats in the bag. It does not matter how many. We had to demonstrate that we could manufacture and explode a nuclear device.

Q: The Indians say they built a bomb using their own technology and Pakistan borrowed or bought theirs. True?

A: The Indians are big liars. They got these things from abroad just as we did. Nowadays, it is global industry. If you stop me from buying for Pakistan, then I will buy elsewhere. But I will buy it because I need it. And I can buy it.

Q: Indian and Pakistanis are brothers, they come from the same land, speak the same language, and yet they’ve been fighting since independence. Why?

A: There are some similarities, but we are basically different. We are Muslims, they are Hindus. We eat cows. They worship cows. That we lived on the same land and spoke the same language does not make us the same people.

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