phd after coursework masters

Can I do a PhD after masters? How long does it take to get a PhD / Doctorate

A common question that many graduate students have is whether they can pursue a PhD after completing their master’s degree.

The answer is yes, it is possible to continue your academic career by obtaining a doctoral degree in your field of study.

There are several factors that need to be considered before embarking on this path.

This article will provide an overview of the key factors students should consider when deciding whether to pursue a PhD after completing their master’s degree.

Should I get my PhD after my masters? What about industry?

Deciding whether to pursue a PhD immediately after a master’s degree or enter the workforce first depends on personal goals, interests, and circumstances.

A PhD typically requires around five years of self-directed effort, similar to starting a business. If passionate about research, it might be best to begin right away.

Working in industry before pursuing a PhD can lead to habits that may not benefit academia and can take longer to adjust back to a scholarly environment.

Long-term relationships are essential in academia, and aggressive industry tactics might not be well-received.

Starting a PhD earlier allows for more time to produce research and establish a successful career, particularly for those considering a long-term academic path.

PhD pursuit offers flexibility in research topics and projects, enabling exploration across various subjects and building connections with professionals from different fields. This leads to unique opportunities and experiences that may not be available when working for a single company.

Considering factors like personal goals and readiness for the workload and demands of a PhD program is crucial.

Weigh the potential benefits of advancing education against the time, cost, and personal demands of a doctoral program. If a PhD aligns with one’s career aspirations and personal goals, it may be a worthwhile pursuit.

However, if the investment required outweighs the potential benefits, it might not be the best choice.

It’s always possible to try a PhD program for a year or two and then make a more informed decision based on individual experiences.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD or Doctorate? Time to complete everything

Leading up to getting a PhD there are many qualifications you need to get. Here is the amount of time a typical US Doctorate can take to achieve including all of the previous qualifications. It can take up to 13 years to complete

Bachelor’s Degree	4 years (typical)	4 years
Master’s Degree (optional)	2 years (typical)	6 years
PhD Coursework	3 years (average)	9 years
PhD Comprehensive Exams	1-2 semesters	9.5 years
PhD Dissertation: This is a key component of the years of study involved in a doctorate degree. Research	3 years (average)	12.5 years
PhD Dissertation Defense	1-2 semesters	13 years

The length of time to complete a PhD varies depending on several factors.

On average, in the US it takes about six years, with three years dedicated to coursework and another three years for the dissertation project.

Factors that can influence the duration include:

• prerequisites of the program,
• program format,
• the student’s motivation,
• prior knowledge,
• Personal circumstances, such as being an international student, can influence the time it takes to complete the doctoral program.
• Funding and scholarship stipend can significantly affect the years of study and the time it takes to earn a doctorate degree. 
• field of study,
• dissertation topic,
• Support of the graduate advisor can be a crucial factor in minimizing the time it takes to complete a doctorate degree.

The range can be as short as three years or as long as seven to eight years , depending on the individual and the circumstances.

Do you need a master’s for a PhD? A shorter career path that doesn’t take so long.

In certain fields, such as clinical psychology, it is possible to pursue a PhD without obtaining a master’s degree first.

To do so, one must demonstrate a strong academic and research background, as well as a commitment to the field.

Here are the most important attributes if you are thinking about going straight into a PhD without a master’s:

• Strong academic and research background: Ensure that you have excelled in your coursework and maintained a high GPA.
• Undergraduate research experience: Engage in research projects during your undergraduate studies, preferably with a thesis component.
• Clinical exposure (if applicable): Gain relevant experience in the field to showcase your practical knowledge and commitment.
• Leadership experience: Participate in activities that demonstrate your ability to lead and work effectively within a team, as this can be advantageous in the years of study required to earn a doctorate degree.
• Interpersonal skills: Develop strong communication and collaboration skills, which are essential for success in a PhD program.
• Clear determination: Express your dedication to pursuing a PhD directly from your undergraduate studies, highlighting your commitment to the field and how quickly you aim to earn a doctorate.
• Assess your certainty: Be sure that you are confident in your goals and prepared to invest the necessary effort to be competitive without a master’s degree.

By satisfying these requirements, you can better assess your eligibility to apply for a PhD without a master’s degree and potentially save time and money in the process.

Earn a Doctorate without a Masters – How Does It Work? 

Obtaining a PhD without a master’s degree is not a common path, but it is possible under certain circumstances.

Typically, a PhD candidate has an undergraduate degree with high grades, a master’s degree, and relevant research skills.

However, there are exceptions where individuals have successfully transitioned from their undergraduate studies directly to a PhD program.

One such scenario involves having a strong rapport with a potential PhD supervisor, perhaps from your undergraduate program, which can significantly reduce the time it takes to earn a doctorate.

This relationship can help compensate for the lack of a master’s degree, but it’s not a guarantee.

Another example is being an exceptional student with a first-class undergraduate degree and a dissertation closely aligned with the advertised PhD project.

Demonstrating an outstanding attitude and performance during your undergraduate project may give you an edge over other applicants.

In applied PhDs, practical experience can also be beneficial, particularly if it includes valuable contacts in the field.

For instance, if your PhD is related to professional sports and you have numerous connections within the industry, it may facilitate recruitment and collaboration, enhancing your chances of acceptance.

However, as with the other examples, this is not a sure-fire way to secure a position.

While securing a PhD without a master’s degree is challenging, it is not impossible.

The best approach is to pursue a master’s degree, as it will better prepare you for a PhD program. – Dr Andy Stapleton

Nonetheless, if you are determined to bypass the master’s route, perseverance and strategic networking can potentially lead to success.

What after Masters: MPhil or Doctorate Degree?

After completing a Master’s degree, you may be considering whether to pursue an MPhil or a PhD.

Here are the differences between the two:

Level	Intermediate research degree	Highest academic research degree
Objective	Develop research skills	Produce independent research contributing to the field
Duration	1-2 years (full-time)	Typically take 3-7 years (full-time or part-time).
Scope	Smaller in scale and depth	Broader scope and deeper engagement
Research Focus	Less complex topics	More complex topics
Supervision	Supervised research	Supervised research with more independence
Training	Limited	Research workshops, writing classes, group work, interdisciplinary modules
Career Impact	Good for research-oriented positions	Greater career advancement in academia and research
Dissertation	Smaller in scale and less comprehensive	Larger, more comprehensive, and novel research project

A PhD, being the highest academic title awarded for independent research, offers a broader scope and deeper engagement with complex topics than an MA or MPhil.

It can be thought of as an apprenticeship in planning and conducting your research.

The program duration ranges from three to seven years, depending on whether you choose to study full-time or part-time.

Entry is competitive, as candidates must demonstrate a strong track record of academic success.

PhD students attend research workshops, writing classes, and work in groups to explore each other’s studies.

They have opportunities to discuss their research across the university, in graduate school, and other classes, which can be particularly beneficial for an international student. A PhD involves a multi-year project based on independent research, with support from supervisors and training that contributes to the chosen field of study.

It’s essential to have a clear idea of the topic you want to explore in-depth and the methods you plan to employ before applying for a PhD program.

Doing a PhD can be both intellectually and emotionally demanding.

However, working in a department with dedicated and talented staff, excellent supervisors, ongoing training, and support from fellow students can make the experience enjoyable and rewarding.

It is crucial to choose the right supervisor and have a good working relationship with them, as this can significantly impact your PhD journey and the time it takes to complete it.

Wrapping up PhD programs after a masters – how long does it take to complete?

Pursuing a PhD after a master’s degree is a common path for those looking to advance in academia or research-intensive careers.

While obtaining a PhD requires a significant commitment of time and resources, it can lead to prestigious positions or high-paying jobs. It is crucial to consider personal goals, interests, and the job prospects in the field before enrolling in a doctoral program.

For those considering a PhD without a master’s degree, it is essential to demonstrate a strong academic and research background and commit to the field.

The decision between an MPhil and a PhD depends on the desired scope, depth, and career impact of the research. Ultimately, individuals should carefully weigh the potential benefits against the time it takes, cost, and personal demands of a doctoral program before making a decision.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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PhD After Master’s: Your Next Academic Step

• June 15, 2024
• Office of Outreach and Relationships

Imagine standing at the crossroads of your postgraduate education, contemplating the next significant step in your academic progression. You’ve earned your master’s degree, gaining profound insights into your chosen field, yet there’s a calling to delve deeper. You dream of contributing novel research, answering unresolved questions, and elevating your expertise to the pinnacle of scholarly achievement. This is the moment many face when considering a PhD, a journey that promises not only academic advancement but also opportunities for profound professional growth and personal satisfaction.

Taking the leap from a master’s to a doctoral degree can seem daunting, but with the right resources and support, it becomes an attainable milestone. California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) have partnered to provide a seamless transition, combining CIU’s commitment to academic excellence and innovative online education with CSU’s affordable, competency-based learning model. This collaboration ensures that students have access to flexible online PhD programs designed to fit individual schedules and personalized support.

Key Takeaways

• PhD after a master’s degree signifies deeper research and specialization.
• Key factors to consider include long-term career goals and personal motivations.
• CIU and CSU partnership offers flexible online PhD programs.
• Doctoral residencies provide essential structure, training, and feedback.
• A successful PhD journey includes completing coursework and crafting a robust dissertation proposal.

Introduction to Pursuing a PhD After a Master’s

Embarking on a PhD journey following a master’s degree is a significant decision that can propel your educational trajectory and pave the way for career advancements. Evaluating this path involves considering both your intellectual pursuits and the long-term benefits to your professional development.

Understanding the Academic Path

Completing a PhD typically takes 3-4 years, during which students engage in advanced academic coursework and intense doctoral research. With most PhD students relying on a basic stipend, there’s often a need to balance financial considerations, such as missing out on pension contributions or full-time job benefits. A pivotal part of this academic trajectory is the commitment to both your research topic and your supervisor for the entire duration, ensuring alignment with your scholarly expertise and research interests.

Career Advantages and Personal Growth

Opting to pursue a PhD offers multiple career advantages and substantial personal growth. Engaging in doctoral research enhances your scholarly expertise, providing opportunities for specialized knowledge and leadership roles. Moreover, this path fosters the development of critical thinking and sophisticated problem-solving abilities, valuable skills in any professional context.

Research shows that high grades and advanced academic coursework are strong indicators of preparedness for a PhD program. Additionally, practical experience, such as research assistant roles or relevant volunteering, bolsters your application significantly. Aligning personal, academic, and professional experiences ensures readiness for this rigorous journey, making the educational trajectory smoother and more fulfilling.

California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) have partnered to facilitate this transition by offering flexible online PhD programs. CIU’s innovative online education and CSU’s commitment to affordable, competency-based learning provide a robust support system, making the pursuit of a PhD both accessible and efficient.

Advantages of Pursuing a PhD

Earning a PhD represents the highest level of academic achievement, providing unrivaled professional distinction and advanced research skills. Graduates are equipped to contribute significantly to their fields through innovative and independent research. This journey is not only about acquiring profound academic credentials but also about enhancing career opportunities.

The advantages of pursuing a PhD include both higher academic achievement and enhanced career prospects. While the time commitment is substantial—ranging from three to seven years—this investment pays off in various ways. Graduates are often regarded with prestigious qualifications that distinguish them within their professional circles, giving them a competitive edge in securing certain positions that might otherwise be out of reach.

Higher Academic Achievement

A PhD demands rigorous scholarly engagement and mastery of specialized subjects, often taking three to four years to complete. Students usually receive a basic stipend, easing financial burdens while navigating the intensive research requirements. By contributing original research to their field, doctoral candidates gain recognition and esteem, establishing a foundation for lifelong academic and professional success.

Enhanced Career Opportunities

In addition to heightened academic credentials, a PhD frequently leads to a substantial career advancement and an increase in earning potential. Studies show that doctorate holders often enjoy higher salaries compared to those with only a master’s degree across various fields. Moreover, the professional distinction afforded by a PhD can open doors to leadership roles, specialized research positions, and academia. Though initial salaries might start at an entry level if one leaves academia, the long-term benefits, including the potential for significant financial compensation, are considerable.

The collaboration between California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) exemplifies the seamless pathway from master’s to PhD. CIU’s innovative online education combined with CSU’s competency-based, affordable learning provides a robust structure supporting students’ journey towards achieving prestigious qualifications. This partnership ensures that students receive flexible, personalized support, facilitating efficient progress towards their doctoral degree.

Challenges of Pursuing a PhD

Pursuing a PhD is a significant commitment that comes with various challenges and demands, requiring careful consideration of multiple factors before embarking on this academic journey. A strong support system and a genuine passion for research are essential in navigating these difficulties.

Financial Considerations

One of the primary challenges is securing adequate funding for PhD studies. Students often rely on basic stipends, which necessitate financial modesty and can add to the overall academic stress. The costs don’t just include tuition fees, but also living expenses, which might require additional grants, scholarships, or even part-time employment. It’s critical to factor in the financial impact of not contributing to a pension or retirement fund during these years. Despite these expenses, completing a PhD can lead to higher earning potential in some fields, though this isn’t universally guaranteed, as many jobs do not require a PhD for success.

Emotional and Mental Challenges

The doctoral student life is often laden with periods of intense academic stress and personal sacrifice. Research setbacks, the pressure to publish, and maintaining self-motivation can take an emotional toll. According to statistics, 50 percent of Ph.D. students do not finish their programs, highlighting the need for strong emotional support networks. Institutions like California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) emphasize the importance of such support, providing resources aimed at mitigating these emotional and mental challenges.

Work-Life Balance

Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is another significant challenge that PhD students face. Effective time management is essential to juggle academic responsibilities while also attending to personal life. Balancing research, coursework, and personal commitments demands strategic planning and prioritization. The collaboration between CIU and CSU offers flexibility through innovative online education and competency-based learning, which can help alleviate some of the pressures that come with managing doctoral studies alongside other life responsibilities.

Deciding the Right Time to Pursue a PhD

Choosing the optimal academic timing for pursuing a PhD is a crucial decision that affects your professional trajectory and long-term goals. Deciding whether to transition immediately from a master’s program or to gain practical career experience first can significantly influence your academic and professional journey.

Immediate Transition from Master’s

For those who opt for immediate transition, the advantage lies in maintaining the continuity of academic momentum. Bridging directly from a master’s program to a PhD allows for a seamless integration of acquired knowledge and advanced academic coursework. This path can be particularly beneficial for individuals who have clear research interests and a solid strategic education planning framework. Nonetheless, it’s vital to consider financial constraints, as most PhD students face stipends that could affect their ability to cover fees, rent, and other expenses.

Gaining Work Experience First

Conversely, gaining career experience prior to starting a PhD can provide valuable industry insights that enrich your research. Working as a research assistant or in a relevant job can help refine your professional trajectory and clarify if a PhD aligns with your long-term career aspirations. This period of career experience allows you to apply practical knowledge to academic research and may enhance your prospects for securing funding or choosing a supportive and knowledgeable PhD supervisor.

Considering these two pathways, it’s essential to align your decision with your strategic education planning and personal goals. Collaborations like the partnership between California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) offer tailored and flexible programs that can cater to diverse needs, ensuring a smooth transition regardless of the path you choose.

Choosing the Right PhD Program

Selecting the right PhD program is a crucial step in your academic journey. Your decision should encompass various criteria, such as aligning your research specialization with the projects offered and finding a supportive academic community. This process demands careful consideration of several factors, including the duration and nature of the program, available funding options, and potential mentorship in PhD studies.

Research Areas and Topics

One of the first steps in the doctoral program selection is identifying your research specialization. In STEM subjects, most advertised projects are predefined, offering a structured pathway for your doctoral research. However, if you are in the Arts, Humanities, or Social Sciences, self-proposed projects are more common and allow you to tailor your research more closely to your interests. Whether you opt for a predefined or self-proposed project, ensure that your chosen topic has the right scope for a doctorate, typically involving a commitment of about three to four years of full-time work.

Finding the Right Supervisor

Another critical aspect of your doctoral program selection is finding a supervisor whose expertise aligns with your research interests. Effective mentorship in PhD programs is fundamental to your academic success. Research potential supervisors thoroughly to understand their mentorship style and areas of expertise. A good match can significantly influence your progress and the overall doctoral journey.

California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) have partnered to simplify this process. CIU’s innovative online education and CSU’s focus on affordable, competency-based learning offer a seamless transition from a master’s to a PhD. Their collaboration provides flexible online programs with personalized support, making the journey to obtaining a doctoral degree both efficient and achievable.

California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) Partnership

The collaboration between California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) represents a significant milestone in the landscape of online doctoral programs. This unique academic alliance provides a seamless transition for students moving from a master’s program to a PhD.

Known for their innovative approaches to online education, CIU’s commitment to academic excellence merges ideally with CSU’s focus on affordable, competency-based learning. This CIU and CSU collaboration strives for the integration of online learning modalities, ensuring that doctoral candidates benefit from flexible academic structures and modern methodologies.

The partnership capitalizes on their combined strengths, streamlining the process for students aiming to achieve rigorous scholarship while maintaining a supportive learning environment. This collaboration fosters an academic setting that is both accessible and accommodating, meeting the diverse needs of today’s doctoral students.

By promoting the integration of online learning, CIU and CSU offer programs that not only cater to a broad range of academic interests but also provide personalized support tailored to individual student needs. This innovative partnership highlights the importance of flexibility and accessibility in advanced education, proving that high-quality doctoral education can be both rigorous and attainable.

Benefits of Online PhD Programs

Embarking on a virtual doctoral studies journey holds numerous advantages for aspiring scholars. With the collaboration between California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU), students benefit from a unique blend of flexibility and support in their academic pursuits.

Flexibility and Convenience

Online or distance learning PhD programs offer unparalleled flexibility, allowing students to seamlessly integrate their studies amidst busy work and personal schedules. These adaptable learning models enable candidates to continue working while pursuing their education, thus broadening their career horizons without sacrificing current professional engagements.

These programs span various fields—arts, humanities, natural sciences, social sciences, business, and communications—catering to a wide array of scholarly interests. Moreover, the ability to tailor learning experiences based on individual preferences and subject matter adds an extra layer of convenience and relevance.

Personalized Support

One of the significant online PhD advantages lies in the robust remote academic support systems these institutions provide. Virtual mentorship, access to digital resources, and personalized guidance help maintain a consistent academic momentum, ensuring students stay on track throughout their studies.

CIU and CSU emphasize the importance of specialized support structures, especially for subjects like physics, psychology, social work, and education, each requiring tailored online degree program tools. This partnership exemplifies the commitment to academic excellence through innovative support mechanisms, allowing students to efficiently navigate their doctoral journey.

The benefits of these programs extend beyond flexibility and support. Students save on travel expenses and related costs, benefiting from the same quality of instruction as their on-campus counterparts. Furthermore, online PhD programs provide ample opportunities for networking with professionals worldwide, enriching the academic experience and expanding career opportunities.

Competency-Based Learning at CSU

The Continents States University (CSU) excels in competency-based learning, prioritizing skill development and real-world knowledge application. With a strong emphasis on self-paced academics, CSU ensures that every student can tailor their education to their own speed and learning style, while retaining the rigor of traditional learning models.

Customized Learning Paths

CSU’s curriculum is designed with a skills-focused curriculum to meet the diverse needs of its students. Customized learning paths allow individuals to select courses and research projects that align with their professional goals and interests. For example, courses like EDRM 701 and EDRM 705 are crafted to provide a deep understanding of regression techniques and qualitative research methods, respectively.

Affordable Education

Affordability is a key factor in CSU’s mission. The university offers cost-effective degrees, minimizing financial barriers for students aiming to achieve higher education. Programs such as the online student affairs in higher education (SAHE) Master of Science degree provide comprehensive education in areas vital to student success, without the hefty price tag often associated with advanced degrees. Additionally, faculty members in the School of Education bring extensive practical experience, further enriching the tailored PhD programs available.

Preparing for the PhD Journey

Embarking on the PhD journey necessitates thorough doctoral preparation , beginning with a master’s degree in a related discipline as a prerequisite. While some programs may require additional coursework or pertinent research experience , it’s critical to identify key areas of interest and narrow down research topics that align with your career goals.

Successful research planning forms the cornerstone of your PhD journey. Prospective students must engage in extensive research planning to outline their projects, attending academic conferences, seminars, and workshops to expand networks and foster collaborations. Adding to those connections through research or teaching assistantships can provide financial support and invaluable experience.

Academic readiness encompasses both mental preparedness and establishing a work-life balance, crucial for managing stress and sustaining well-being throughout the typical three to four years of full-time study. Frequent milestones, such as initial project discussions, literature reviews, and thesis plan submissions, act as progress markers and help maintain focus.

The partnership between California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) offers a unique blend of successful PhD strategies . CIU, renowned for its innovative online education, and CSU, noted for its affordable and competency-based learning, provide flexible, online programs with personalized support. This collaboration ensures a seamless transition from a master’s to a PhD, helping students to navigate their academic pursuits efficiently.

As you prepare, cultivating the necessary skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving, will be key. Establishing clear objectives and consistently engaging with academic milestones will ensure a successful navigation of the PhD landscape, ultimately paving the way for specialized job opportunities in academia or industry.

Managing the Transition from Master’s to PhD

Transitioning from a Master’s to a PhD program is a significant academic leap, necessitating effective academic transition strategies to ensure success. This process involves not only continuing to hone the critical skills developed during your Master’s studies but also extending your academic and professional networks.

Building on Master’s Skills

The substantive body of work required for a PhD, which typically encompasses around 80,000 words compared to the 20,000 words of a Master’s thesis, demands leveraging prior knowledge gained during your Master’s. This includes keen critical analysis, refined research methodologies, and advanced time management. Universities like California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) emphasize building on these foundational skills through their innovative and flexible online PhD programs.

Networking and Support Systems

Another vital aspect of transitioning from a Master’s to a PhD is creating professional connections that can provide a support system throughout your doctoral journey. Participating in networking events and support classes can help you establish a sense of community among first-year and later-stage PhD students, as well as build relationships with mentors, supervisors, and peers. Regular interactions with academic staff through research seminars and mentorship can significantly influence your PhD success, offering both guidance and motivation.

Partnerships like that of CIU and CSU further enhance this transition by providing personalized support systems and fostering environments conducive to both online and competency-based learning, ensuring that your shift to a PhD program is both smooth and efficient.

Finding the Right Support and Motivation

Embarking on a PhD journey can be both exhilarating and challenging, necessitating a robust support system. Recognizing the importance of this, California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) have collaborated to create a seamless transition from a master’s to a PhD program. CIU is known for its innovative online education and commitment to academic excellence, while CSU focuses on affordable, competency-based learning.

The mentorship in PhD programs plays a critical role in doctoral journey support. Mentors provide guidance, feedback, and academic encouragement crucial for maintaining intrinsic motivation. This support is essential given that a PhD typically spans 3-4 years and involves financial modesty with a basic stipend. External encouragement from supervisors, peers, and personal networks helps students navigate the financial costs, such as fees and living expenses, as well as the emotional strain that accompanies rigorous research commitments.

Moreover, intrinsic motivation is a key ingredient for enduring the demands of a PhD. Passion for the chosen topic and dedication to the research process can drive students through challenging phases. Internal drive, bolstered by external academic encouragement, ensures persistence and progress toward their ultimate goals. The CIU and CSU partnership provides personalized support tailored to the unique needs of each doctoral candidate, ensuring a balanced and supportive educational journey.

Potential Career Paths with a PhD

A PhD opens various pathways that extend beyond academia. Approximately 30% of PhD graduates remain in academic employment three years after completing their degree, involving roles such as postdoctoral researchers, lecturers, and professors (HEPI, 2020). These post-PhD careers in academia demand not only deep expertise but also a passion for teaching and mentorship.

Academic Careers

Academic employment typically involves a blend of teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities. Many PhD holders pursue postdoctoral research positions that offer a chance to further specialize their research. These roles, often lasting between 1 to 4 years, provide a stepping stone toward becoming a full-time faculty member at a university or a research institute. Approximately 70% of PhD holders in the Netherlands pursue careers outside academia, reflecting a growing trend towards non-academic job prospects driven by the evolving job market demands.

Industry Research Positions

PhD graduates are highly sought after in industry research and development roles, especially within sectors such as pharmaceuticals, data science, consultancy, industrial chemistry, aeronautics, finance, and software engineering (Bennett, 2022). The skills gained during doctoral research, including analytical thinking, autonomy, and teamwork, are invaluable assets in these industries. Unlike the shorter-term contracts typically associated with postdoc positions, industry roles often offer more financial stability and long-term career growth.

Other Professional Opportunities

Beyond academia and industry, PhD graduates can explore numerous non-academic job prospects. These include roles in the public, charity, and education sectors, as well as opportunities in entrepreneurship. Approximately 80% of postdoctoral researchers in the Netherlands pursue non-academic careers, leveraging their skills in policy advising, government research, or starting spin-off companies based on their research work. The Netherlands, for example, hosts a robust startup ecosystem, being one of the top 5 innovation leaders in Europe, thus providing ample resources for entrepreneurial ventures.

Real-Life Experiences and Testimonials

Embarking on a PhD journey is a monumental decision that significantly impacts your academic and personal life. The PhD graduate stories gathered from various interviews and personal accounts highlight both the challenges and rewards of this rigorous path.

For instance, many students receive a stipend of around $20,000 over 10 months, which is often considered below the living wage. Despite financial constraints, doctoral journey insights emphasize the invaluable experiences gained. One student, after hiking approximately 1,000 miles on the Appalachian Trail and nearly 2,000 miles on the Pacific Crest Trail, learned 12 significant lessons during the initial semester of their PhD program, navigating through massive reading lists that could reach 1,500 pages weekly.

The academic strain is considerable, with students producing heaps of articles, book reviews, and encyclopedia entries. Nevertheless, many PhD graduate stories confirm that the support from a close-knit cohort, typically consisting of around five students, and the mentorship from dedicated supervisors play pivotal roles in persevering through the program. For example, despite the prevalent occurrence of depression among grad students, the supportive graduate community and personalized academic environments provided by institutions like California Intercontinental University (CIU) and The Continents States University (CSU) enable students to manage stress and maintain motivation.

Katfriend #1 mentions that motivation is crucial, especially in Europe, where a PhD is often viewed as an advanced professional qualification. Meanwhile, Katfriend #2’s personal academic account reveals that self-discipline and focus facilitated the completion of their doctorate in just three years. Sabine Jacques reflects on the importance of having good supervisors and engaging in activities outside academia to combat loneliness, also pointing out the necessity of a genuine interest in one’s research topic.

Ultimately, these doctoral journey insights from various personal academic accounts offer invaluable guidance and inspiration. By understanding the diverse paths and outcomes achieved through the PhD process, prospective students can better prepare for their own academic endeavors.

The journey to achieving a PhD is a rigorous yet immensely enriching experience that prepares you for advanced academic and professional opportunities. This doctoral journey conclusion ties together the various facets of PhD pursuit, reflecting on how it serves as an investment in your future. Whether it’s enhancing your career prospects or fostering personal growth, the commitment to embark on this path truly defines academic advancement.

Programs like the Thesis Bootcamp illustrate the structured support available to PhD students. With a selection rate of about 26%, this program ensures a focused and competitive environment. The participants, over 400 in number, have demonstrated resilience and brilliance, an attribute noted among grad students. By generating a minimum of 5,000 words, and in some cases reaching up to 20,000 words, students showcase their dedication to scholarly achievement.

Pursuing your PhD through partnerships like that of California Intercontinental University and The Continents States University presents an even smoother transition from a master’s program. CIU’s innovative online education paired with CSU’s affordable, competency-based learning ensures you receive personalized support and flexibility. Such comprehensive programs align perfectly with the needs of modern PhD candidates, making this prestigious educational pursuit more accessible and manageable.

The decision to undertake this journey must be made with careful consideration of your individual goals, available support systems, and readiness for the immense commitment required. Reflecting on these factors ensures that your doctoral journey will be both rewarding and impactful, cementing your place in the realm of academic excellence and beyond.

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• http://www.edugainoverseas.com/universities/partners/
• https://www.petersons.com/blog/online-phd-programs-become-an-expert-while-living-your-life/
• https://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/career-development/benefits-phd-programs-online/
• https://www.gcu.edu/blog/doctoral-journey/can-you-get-phd-online
• https://www.online.colostate.edu/degrees/olpc-phd/
• https://www.online.colostate.edu/degrees/student-affairs/
• https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10023/Uden_ku_0099D_12036_DATA_1.pdf;s
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-prepare-phd-program-comprehensive-guide-nura-muhammad-sulaiman
• https://www.findaphd.com/guides/the-phd-journey
• https://blog.scrintal.com/10-essential-tips-for-considering-and-preparing-to-apply-for-a-phd-ddd8b3ba6461
• https://career-advice.jobs.ac.uk/studentship-advice/managing-the-transition-from-masters-to-phd-top-ten-tips/
• https://www.findaphd.com/blog/3347/using-a-masters-as-a-stepping-stone-towards-a-phd
• https://hellobio.com/blog/taking-positive-steps-towards-phd-success.html
• https://www.researchretold.com/career-paths-after-a-phd/
• https://www.academictransfer.com/en/blog/six-career-paths-for-phd-graduates/
• https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2020/01/29/phd-student-describes-what-hes-learned-about-grad-school-over-his-first-semester
• https://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2014/08/its-wonderful-phd-life-oh-wait-is-it.html
• https://thesiswhisperer.com/2019/07/17/a-5-step-program-for-finishing-your-phd-finally/

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• Integrated Masters with PhD – Explained
• Types of Doctorates

An Integrated Masters with a PhD (iPhD) is a four-year postgraduate level programme that combines a one-year Masters course with a three-year PhD course. They allow students to familiarise themselves with their chosen topic, research methods and academic writing techniques before embarking on their own independent research project. An Integrated Masters with a PhD is particularly popular with international students and students who initially lack specialised knowledge or research skills.

Introduction

An Integrated Masters with PhD, also commonly referred to as either just an Integrated Masters degree or an Integrated PhD, offers a relatively new way to undertake postgraduate training. They maintain the depth and focus of a conventional PhD but offer a more comprehensive doctoral training experience.

Due to their growing popularity, both the number of universities offering these newer forms of PhD and the number of students applying to them has steadily increased.

This page describes what Integrated Masters with PhDs are, who they are for, their advantages and disadvantages, how they differ from conventional PhDs and how they are structured in terms of programme, eligibility and costs. This page is for you if you are considering applying for an integrated course, or simply want to know more about them.

What is an Integrated PhD?

An Integrated PhD is a four-year postgraduate programme. They involve undertaking a one-year Masters degree (MRes or MSc) in your first year, followed by a three-year PhD programme in your second to fourth year. Although the courses run back-to-back, a student can only progress to the second year if they show satisfactory performance in their first year. The one-year Masters and the three-year PhD are considered separately in terms of qualifications; therefore, a student who completes an Integrated PhD will receive both a Masters degree (MRes or MSc) and a PhD as opposed to a single postgraduate qualification.

The aim of an Integrated PhD is to provide a structured approach to doctoral studies, combining advanced PhD research with formal teaching in relevant subjects, research methods and communication skills.

As Integrated PhDs are relatively new compared to more regular doctoral pathways such as stand-alone or MPhil-upgraded PhDs, some professors informally refer to them as ‘New Route PhDs’.

Difference Between Integrated PhD and Regular PhD

The most significant difference between an Integrated PhD and a regular PhD is the addition of the one-year Masters degree at the beginning of the programme. This results in an Integrated PhD typically lasting four years, as opposed to the three years as with regular PhDs.

Integrated PhDs are structured in such a way that they provide students with a broader range of foundational skills than a regular PhD. The first year introduces you to a combination of taught elements, practical experience and advanced research skills. In a regular PhD this mode of teaching is missing as it is assumed you already have this level of knowledge.

The last significant difference between the two types of doctoral programmes is the ‘group’ aspect associated with the Integrated version. Since the Masters programme also includes other students enrolled in Integrated PhDs, you will have a small cohort with whom you will work closely alongside during your studies.

Who are Integrated PhDs suitable for?

Integrated PhDs can be an effective pathway for any student, but they stand out in two situations:

Scenario 1: International Students

The Higher Education system differs across countries , although not by a large amount, enough to where an unfamiliar student may struggle, especially when working independently. An Integrated PhD allows you to adapt to the UK education system by offering a more guided and hands-on approach to your learning and research process before you embark on your three-year research project.

It also has visa benefits. If an international student seeking a Masters degree in the UK already knows they want to follow it up with a PhD, enrolling in an Integrated PhD will save them from having to leave the country and re-apply for a visa after completing their initial postgraduate degree.

Scenario 2: Lack of undergraduate research experience or a relevant Masters degree

An Integrated PhD is useful for students who have academic abilities but lack the necessary background to be considered for a standard-route PhD. This usually occurs under one of three scenarios:

• The applicant is currently an undergraduate student or only holds a Bachelor’s degree,
• The student has a Masters degree, but in a subject only loosely related to the discipline they wish to pursue at doctoral level,
• The student has a relevant Masters degree, but the programme lacked a research focus, leaving the student with underdeveloped research skills.

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Integrated PhD

The advantages of an Integrated PhD are strongly linked to the international and inexperienced students they cater for. They offer students an effective means of gaining more confidence, knowledge and research skills in their field before starting a doctorate, and also provide visa benefits to international students who will be undertaking prior postgraduate study.

Integrated PhDs also enable students the possibility of receiving funding for the Masters phase of their programme, as will be explained in more detail in the ‘Funding Opportunities’ section.

Integrated doctorates have no obvious disadvantages, but are generally not suitable for those who already have a Masters degree or well-developed research skills in their chosen field. For these students, the additional costs and duration of an Integrated PhD can be avoided by opting for a traditional PhD for which they will already be suited for.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

The programme of study is naturally divided into two parts, the first for your Masters studies and the second for your PhD studies.

Your Masters studies will usually be divided into 180 module credits, half of which will focus on taught components and the other half on research components.

The modules will be tailored to your course, but they will include a variation of:

Taught modules:

• Subject-specific module – You choose one or two modules from a predefined list of topics within your subject area. Your selection should reflect the research area you want your PhD to focus on.
• English and Communication – Academic language and communication skills will be taught to prepare you for the ‘writing-up’ phase of your doctorate. A common misconception is that this module is similar to the English language requirement tests required to apply to a iPhD. In reality, the module will focus on learning how to critically evaluate research sources, write abstracts, literature reviews and conclusions, communicate in lab-based environments and present to audiences.
• Research Techniques  – You’ll receive in-depth training to familiarise you with the different research methods and analytical techniques available to modern researchers.
• Research Proposal Development  – You’ll work with your intended PhD supervisor to prepare a research proposal for your three-year PhD research project.

Research Modules:

You will carry out one or two small laboratory research projects under supervision for practical experience.

If you complete these modules with satisfactory performance, you will be awarded a Masters degree and will be considered for the following three-year PhD programme.

Each university has its own process for making this consideration, but most invite you to an interview with the supervisor you wish to conduct research with. The interview is used to confirm that you have acquired the specialised knowledge and research skills expected at masters level, and beyond that of someone capable of completing doctoral study.

If your interview goes well, you will be enrolled in your PhD programme. From this point on, your path will be the same as a regular PhD student. During your doctoral phase, you will conduct independent research and laboratory work for two years, followed by a final year of writing up and formally submitting your findings as a thesis. Your thesis, expertise and research competence will be assessed in an oral examination known as a viva. Upon successful completion of your viva, you will be officially awarded a PhD, and your studies will come to an end.

It should be noted that aside from the above, your university may offer optional modules which can equip you with a wide range of transferable skills.

Eligibility

Entry requirements for an integrated masters degree in the UK will vary from university to university, but the typical requirement is an Upper Second Class (2:1) honours Bachelor’s degree in a relevant subject. Equivalent international qualifications are also accepted.

If you are an international student and English is your second language, most universities will require proof of your English language proficiency through an exam certificate. It’s best to check directly with the universities which certificate types they accept, but the most common English language qualification requirement is an IELTS certificate, with a minimum overall score of 6.5 with no less than 6.0 in each category.

The typical annual tuition fee for an Integrated PhD in the UK is £4,712 per academic year for home/EU students (or £2,356 for part-time study) and £19,596 per academic year for international students (or £9,798 for part-time study).

As with all doctoral programmes, there are likely to be additional costs associated with your studies, such as bench fees for lab work, travel costs for collaborating and potential write-up fees for students who need more time to submit their thesis. You can get more information about these additional costs on our cost breakdown page .

Funding Opportunities

You can obtain funding for Integrated PhDs in the same way as for regular PhDs. Funding is usually provided by one of the seven UK Research Councils  and research charity organisations such as the  Wellcome Trust ; grants, scholarships and funded opportunities can be found directly in our searchable database .

Funding can either be partial (tuition fees only) or full (tuition fees and living costs). Most funding providers also cover the tuition fee for the Masters degree programme due to being integrated with the PhD, however, you should confirm this on a case-by-case basis.

As with regular PhD funding, the fully-funded opportunities are generally limited to home and EU students.

It’s also worth noting that PhD programmes which include an integrated Masters degree are eligible for a Doctoral Loan , even if you already have a postgraduate Masters degree from a previous university. Applications for Doctoral Loans must be made directly to Student Finance England and you must first be registered for a full doctoral degree. Due to application restrictions, you won’t be able to apply for a separate Postgraduate Masters Loan for the integrated Masters phase of your degree.

Availability

You can search for Integrated PhDs in three ways:

• Our Search Page  – Search for the term ‘Integrated’ in our  comprehensive database of STEM PhDs .
• University Search Pages – Universities advertise their Integrated PhDs on their postgraduate search pages. You can find them by searching the name of the university followed by “ search postgraduate courses ” directly in Google.
• Funding Body Websites – Funding bodies which provide studentships for Integrated PhDs sometimes advertise the positions on their website. A list of the most common funding providers can be found here: PhD Studentships .

Browse PhDs Now

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Doing a PhD after your Master’s

Is a phd the right thing for you.

Find out if doing a PhD is right for you by doing the following exercise:

Score yourself on a scale of one to five regarding the following aspects and ask people who know you to score you on the various aspects as well. One stands for ‘to a very low degree’, with five standing for ‘to a very significant degree’.  Naturally, you pick the people you consult yourself and you determine what you do with their feedback.

A conversation about the results can clarify a great deal. You should regard this exercise as an indication and starting point to facilitate a dialogue with others about your opportunities and options. Naturally, you can discuss the results of this exercise with a careers adviser .

Talk to people in your study environment

More and more PhD positions have a Research Master’s as an admission requirement. That's why you should consider the differences between a one-year and a two-year (Research) Master’s and talk to people in your study environment, such as your study adviser, your lecturers, supervisor or PhD candidates. Explain that you are exploring the possibilities of doing a PhD and ask for their advice and for any tips. Try to find out where PhD candidates in your field end up on the job market. This could also be the beginning of your professional network as a budding academic.

Get familiar with the researchers 

What researcher would you like to be working with and at what research institution? Who teaches the (Research) Master’s programmes and what kind of research do they do? You should also try and find potential supervisors.

Doctoral positions are funded in various ways in the Netherlands. You can either pursue a doctorate with an employment contract or without an employment contract. In the latter case, you will not receive a salary from the university, but you will have to find an employer to pay you or obtain a scholarship from the university.

Tip: follow developments in scientific research in the Netherlands, research funding, funds, etc. to make sure you are properly informed about the types of doctoral positions and types of funding available.

Vacancies for doctoral positions

• Academic Transfer External link
• University of Amsterdam External link
• KNAW External link

More information

Read more information about obtaining a PhD at the UvA on uva.nl External link . 

How to Pursue a PhD After a Masters in the USA

May 15, 2023

Congratulations on successfully completing your Masters degree! Now, you may be considering taking the next step in your academic journey and pursuing a PhD in the United States. Pursuing a PhD is a major decision, and there are a lot of factors to consider. In this article, we’ll guide you through the process of pursuing a PhD after Masters in the USA, starting from understanding the reasons for pursuing a PhD, the different types of PhD programs in the USA, funding opportunities, the application process, adjusting to life as a PhD student, conducting research, preparing for your dissertation, and career opportunities after graduation.

Why Pursue a PhD After Masters in the USA?

Understanding the different types of phd programs in the usa, researching and choosing the right phd program for you, funding your phd program: scholarships, grants, and loans, preparing your application: tips for writing a strong statement of purpose and cv, navigating the admissions process: what to expect and how to prepare, adjusting to life as a phd student: challenges and opportunities, building relationships with faculty members and peers in your program, balancing research, coursework, teaching, and other responsibilities as a phd student, networking and collaborating with researchers in your field, preparing for your dissertation: developing research questions and designing studies, conducting original research: data collection, analysis, and interpretation, writing your dissertation: tips for organizing, structuring, and communicating your findings, defending your dissertation: preparing for the oral defense, life after graduation: career opportunities in academia, industry, government, non-profits, and more.

Before diving into the details of pursuing a PhD after a Masters in the USA, it’s important to understand why you may want to pursue this path. Pursuing a PhD can offer unique opportunities, such as conducting original research, making contributions to your field, and obtaining a prestigious degree. In addition, a PhD may open doors to academia, industry, research institutions, and other fulfilling career paths. Pursuing a PhD can also help you develop expertise in your field and advance your career opportunities and earning potential.

Another reason to pursue a PhD after a Masters in the USA is the opportunity to work with renowned professors and researchers in your field. Doctoral programs often have faculty members who are experts in their respective fields and have extensive experience in research and teaching. Working with such faculty members can provide you with valuable mentorship, guidance, and networking opportunities.

Moreover, pursuing a PhD can also help you develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills that are highly valued in various industries. These skills can be applied to a wide range of career paths, including consulting, finance, government, and non-profit organizations. Additionally, a PhD can also provide you with the opportunity to contribute to society by addressing important issues and challenges through your research.

There are several different types of PhD programs in the USA, each with its own academic requirements and research focus. Understanding the different types of programs can help you choose the one that best suits your needs. Some programs may focus more on research, while others may focus more on coursework. Some programs may be more flexible in terms of when and how you pursue your degree, while others may be more structured. It’s important to research and understand the different types of programs and choose the one that aligns with your interests and career goals.

One type of PhD program is the traditional, full-time program, which typically requires students to complete a certain number of courses and conduct original research in their field of study. This type of program is often the most structured and requires a significant time commitment, but it can also provide students with a strong foundation in their field and valuable research experience.

Another type of PhD program is the part-time or online program, which allows students to pursue their degree while also working or fulfilling other obligations. These programs may offer more flexibility in terms of scheduling and coursework, but they may also require students to be more self-motivated and disciplined in their studies. It’s important to carefully consider your personal and professional commitments before choosing this type of program.

Choosing the right PhD program is critical to your academic success. You’ll want to research schools and programs that align with your research interests and career goals. Start by exploring program websites, reading faculty bios, and looking at research publications. You can also attend graduate fairs, conferences, and events to connect with faculty members, current students, and alumni. It’s important to narrow down your search to programs that not only have strong reputations in your field but also offer resources and support that align with your personal and professional goals.

The cost of pursuing a PhD can be substantial, and funding opportunities can vary depending on the program and field of study. Look into scholarships, grants, and loans available to PhD students. In addition, many programs offer research and teaching assistant positions that can provide stipends and tuition waivers.

It is important to start researching funding options early in the application process, as some scholarships and grants have early deadlines. It is also worth considering external funding sources, such as government agencies or private foundations, that may offer support for PhD students in your field. Keep in mind that funding opportunities may be competitive, so it is important to submit strong applications and proposals.

When applying to PhD programs, your statement of purpose and CV are critical components of your application. These documents should effectively communicate your research interests, professional accomplishments, and academic achievements, while also demonstrating your ability to articulate your ideas clearly and effectively.

One important tip for writing a strong statement of purpose is to be specific about your research interests and goals. Avoid vague or general statements, and instead provide concrete examples of your research experience and how it has shaped your interests. Additionally, make sure to tailor your statement of purpose to each program you are applying to, highlighting how your research interests align with the faculty and resources available at each institution.

When it comes to your CV, it is important to highlight not only your academic achievements, but also any relevant professional experience or extracurricular activities. This can include internships, research assistantships, leadership positions in student organizations, or volunteer work. Be sure to also include any publications, conference presentations, or other scholarly contributions you have made.

The PhD admissions process can be a complex and competitive process. It’s important to understand what to expect, from submitting applications to participating in interviews. Reach out to current students, faculty members, and alumni to gain insight into the process and to prepare adequately.

One important aspect of preparing for the PhD admissions process is to research potential advisors and their research interests. This can help you tailor your application materials and demonstrate your fit with the program. Additionally, consider attending informational sessions or webinars hosted by the program to learn more about their specific requirements and expectations. By taking these steps, you can increase your chances of success in the admissions process and find the right program for your academic and career goals.

Adjusting to life as a PhD student can be a big transition. You may find yourself balancing coursework, research, teaching, and other responsibilities. It’s important to establish a support network, such as faculty members, peers, and friends, who can provide guidance and support during this period of transition.

One of the biggest challenges of being a PhD student is managing your time effectively. With so many responsibilities, it can be difficult to prioritize tasks and stay on top of deadlines. Developing good time management skills early on can help you stay organized and reduce stress.

Another opportunity of PhD After Masters in the USA is the chance to engage in cutting-edge research and contribute to your field. You may have the opportunity to collaborate with other researchers, attend conferences, and publish your work in academic journals. These experiences can be incredibly rewarding and help you build a strong foundation for your future career.

Learn More: Pursuing PHD in Psychology in USA

One of the benefits of pursuing a PhD is the opportunity to collaborate with and learn from faculty members and peers in your program. Building relationships with these individuals can help you gain new perspectives, build your network, and advance your research.

When building relationships with faculty members, it is important to approach them with respect and professionalism. Take the time to read their research and familiarize yourself with their work before reaching out to them. This will show that you are genuinely interested in their research and are not just looking for a quick favor.

Additionally, don’t forget about the importance of building relationships with your peers in your program. These individuals can provide valuable support and feedback throughout your PhD journey. Consider joining a student organization or attending social events to connect with your peers outside of the classroom or lab setting.

PhD programs can be rigorous, and you may find yourself juggling multiple responsibilities, such as coursework, research, teaching assistantships, and other obligations. It’s important to establish a work-life balance and to develop strategies for managing your time and prioritizing your responsibilities effectively.

Networking and collaborating with researchers in your field can be valuable for your academic and professional development. Attend conferences, workshops, and seminars to meet other scholars, learn about cutting-edge research, and build your network. Use social media and other online resources to connect with scholars in your field and to advance your research.

The dissertation is a significant component of your PhD program. As you enter the later stages of your program, you’ll be expected to develop research questions, design studies, and analyze data. It’s important to work closely with your faculty advisor and to seek out support when needed.

You’ll spend a significant portion of your PhD program conducting original research. This involves developing research questions, designing studies, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting your findings. It’s important to communicate your findings clearly and effectively in your dissertation and other publications.

Writing your dissertation can be a substantial undertaking. It’s important to establish a clear structure, organize your findings effectively, and communicate your ideas clearly and effectively. Work closely with your faculty advisor and seek out support from peers and colleagues to develop a high-quality dissertation.

The oral defense is an important component of the dissertation process. During the defense, you’ll present and defend your findings, answer questions from faculty members, and receive feedback and suggestions for further research. It’s important to prepare adequately for the defense and to seek out support and feedback from your faculty advisor and peers.

After completing your PhD, there are many career opportunities available to graduates. Graduates can pursue academic careers, research positions, industry jobs, government jobs, non-profit work, and more. Work with your faculty advisor and career services office to explore your career options and develop a strong job application.

As you can see, pursuing a PhD after Masters in the USA is a challenging and exciting process. By understanding the reasons for pursuing a PhD, the different types of PhD programs available, funding opportunities, the application process, and the research and dissertation process, you can make informed decisions and achieve your academic and professional goals.

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Articulation from Masters by Coursework to PhD

Students who have completed a coursework Masters degree from the School will be considered for entry to our PhD program if they have a suitable research proposal and the agreement of two potential supervisors and have:

1. Successfully undertaken a 12 UOC or 18 UOC research project as well as at least 6 UOC of a research methodology-related course from the list below:

• PHCM9120 Qualitative Research Methods
• PHCM9132 Applied Research Methods for Public Health
• PHCM9517 Regression Methods in Biostatistics
• PHCM9518 Epidemiological Methods

2. Distinction average (75%) or above for the overall Masters coursework program.

3. A letter of support from the Head of School or delegate.

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Is it Worth Doing a PhD After a Master’s?

Thinking of doing a PhD? Here are some essential considerations from a PhD graduate to help you decide whether or not getting a PhD is worth it.

Published April 24, 2024

I am a PhD qualified research professional with a strong background in Translational Medicine and Biomedical research. This has involved carrying out research into a variety of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory lung disease, cancer and cardiovascular disease and drug allergy/hypersensitivity. I gained experience in laboratory and research management and now work in medical education regulation.

Is it worth doing a PhD? It’s a long, financially modest commitment requiring self-motivation, but it can offer career advantages and personal growth. Not all careers require a PhD, so explore alternatives first. Choose your topic and supervisor wisely, and don’t do one for the sake of it.

Listen to one of our scientific editorial team members read this article. Click  here  to access more audio articles or subscribe.

Is it worth doing a PhD? This is a question that probably plagues every research student at some point in their career.

The decision to pursue a PhD after getting your Master’s degree is a difficult one. A PhD is a huge undertaking emotionally, mentally, and financially.

Considerations That Are True for Everyone Wanting to Do a PhD

It takes 3–4 years to complete, during which you are on a pretty basic stipend (OK, you’re poor).

You also need the ability to continually motivate yourself through the times when your experiments are not working (most of the time).

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Oh, and you might not see as much of your friends and family as you would like, especially when you’re writing up your thesis.

People pursue PhDs for a variety of reasons: some know from the start that they want to run labs at a university, some feel pressured to go for the top degree in their field, some see it as a natural progression after receiving their Master’s, and some continue in academia because they just don’t know what to do next.

For all, it is a highly personal decision, but one that shouldn’t be taken lightly.

During my undergraduate degree, I had the opportunity to work in a research laboratory as part of a summer vacation scholarship.

The PhD student supervising me on a day-to-day basis gave me a really useful piece of advice: don’t do a Master’s or a PhD just for the sake of doing one . She encouraged me to thoroughly explore my options and not to merely drift into a postgraduate course just because I didn’t know what else to do.

So, is it worth you doing a PhD? The following questions might help you to decide.

1. Is it Worth Doing a PhD to Pursue Your Chosen Career Path?

Not every job requires a PhD for you to be successful. In fact, many do not.  If you are not planning to stay in academia long-term, then a PhD may be of no additional benefit to you. Picture the type of job you would like to have once you are finished with your education; our handy article lists some options .

Having a PhD might give you an edge over other candidates and help you secure a position, even if a PhD is not required for a particular job. However, it can also work against you, potentially making you overqualified and less likely to get the job.

Have a career discussion with as many people as possible to get different opinions and viewpoints. Try to talk to people who have chosen a variety of career paths. Also, talk to people who have done or are doing a PhD; their experience and insight can be invaluable.

2. Have You Explored Other Options?

For example, like gaining experience in industry or working in a laboratory as a research assistant or technician ?

It’s hard to make a clear-headed decision when you are caught up in the middle of things.  Sometimes it is better to take a step back and pursue an option without making a multi-year commitment.

Working as a research assistant in an academic laboratory for a year or so is a great way to figure out if you enjoy working in the academic environment and, more specifically, within a particular laboratory. This kind of experience should confirm if doing a PhD is right for you.

3. Have you Found a Supervisor and a Topic?

Remember that you’ll be committing to both the topic and the supervisor for 3-4 years!

A good PhD supervisor is worth their weight in gold, and finding a good mentor should be a priority. Furthermore, you need to be passionate about your research topic to motivate you during the tremendously tough times. Make sure you work on something you care about.

4. Do You Have Support from Family and Friends?

Talk to your support network, i.e. your friends and family. They are the ones you will rely on heavily while doing the PhD for emotional support (parents may also be a source of financial support).

If you are looking for further advice, make sure you check out our article with pointers for PhD students . Are you sure that a PhD is the right move for you? Search for PhDs in Biological and Medical Sciences to find the right PhD to suit you.

5. Can You Afford to Do a PhD?

Doing a PhD can be costly. There may be fees, and you’ll need to be able to live, so factor in rent, food, and bills too. Depending on where you live and plan on studying, you may be able to get a grant or stipend to help cover the costs.

If you are considering working on the side, note that this might not be feasible. Often PhD work is more than a full-time job, leaving you little room to earn on the side. That said, there might be options for paid work as part of your PhD—for example, as a teaching assistant (remember those helpful people during your lab practical? They were probably PhD students!).

In addition, you need to factor in what you’ll be missing out on compared with entering the workforce – you’ll most likely not be contributing to a pension or retirement fund or other benefits of a full-time job (e.g., health care).

You also need to consider that if you plan on leaving academia after a PhD, you may still be on an ‘entry-level’ salary and, therefore, several years behind where you could have been if you had not done a PhD.

Q. What are some common emotional or mental challenges that PhD students might face throughout their studies, beyond the practical considerations discussed in the article? A. Common emotional or mental challenges experienced by PhD students encompass more than just the practical aspects outlined in the article. These challenges may include feelings of isolation, imposter syndrome, burnout from intense workloads, and the pressure to produce original research amidst setbacks and failures. Q. How does the perceived value of a PhD differ across various industries or academic disciplines, and how might this impact an individual’s decision to pursue advanced research? A. The perceived value of a PhD varies significantly across different industries and academic fields. While some sectors highly prioritize advanced degrees for career advancement, others may place more emphasis on practical experience or specialized skills. Understanding this variability is crucial if you’re deciding whether to do a PhD, as it directly influences their career prospects and potential pathways post-graduation. Q. Can you provide more detail on the financial assistance options available for PhD students, such as scholarships or grants, and how these might alleviate the financial strain mentioned in the article? A. Financial assistance for PhD students can come in various forms, including: • Scholarships. • Grants. • Teaching assistantships. • Research assistantships. • Part-time jobs. These resources play a vital role in alleviating the financial burden associated with pursuing a PhD, such as tuition fees and living expenses. Exploring these options and understanding their availability can significantly impact a student’s decision-making process regarding the feasibility of undertaking doctoral studies.

Deciding Whether to Do a PhD In Summary

That’s my personal advice on deciding whether to do a PhD. In short, you’ll be financially poorer off in the short term, and completing a PhD can be  incredibly  straining.

However, if you want to pursue a career in academia, it’s basically a requirement. Plus, you will learn practical skills, make lifelong friends, and have a higher earning potential in some fields.

Did you fund yourself during your PhD, and if so, how? Did you find your experience of completing one rewarding, taxing, or both? Let us know in the comments section below.

Originally published November 13, 2013. Reviewed and updated in December 2020 and March 2024.

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• Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Master's vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Published on November 27, 2020 by Lauren Thomas . Revised on May 10, 2024.

The two most common types of graduate degrees are master’s and doctoral degrees:

• A master’s is a 1–2 year degree that can prepare you for a multitude of careers.
• A PhD, or doctoral degree, takes 3–7 years to complete (depending on the country) and prepares you for a career in academic research.

A master’s is also the necessary first step to a PhD. In the US, the master’s is built into PhD programs, while in most other countries, a separate master’s degree is required before applying for PhDs.

Master’s are far more common than PhDs. In the US, 24 million people have master’s or professional degrees, whereas only 4.5 million have doctorates.

Table of contents

Master’s vs phd at a glance, which is right for you, length of time required, career prospects, costs and salaries, application process, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about master's and phd degrees.

The table below shows the key differences between the two.

	Master’s	PhD
Career prospects	Usually intended for a career outside of academia.	Prepares for a research career, ideally as a university professor.
Length of time	1–2 years	5–7 in the US (master’s degree included); 3–5 outside the US (after a separate master’s degree)
Structure	Mostly coursework, often with a semester-long or capstone project at the end.	2 years of coursework (in the US), followed by 3–5 years of preparing a dissertation, which should make a significant original contribution to current knowledge.
Cost	Varies by country, university and program; usually higher upfront cost with limited financial aid available.	Tuition fees are usually waived and a living stipend provided in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant.
Graduate salaries	Wage premium (compared to earnings with a high school education) is 23% on average.	Wage premium is 26% on average.

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A PhD is right for you if:

• Your goal is to become a professor at a university or some other type of professional researcher.
• You love research and are passionate about discovering the answer to a particular question.
• You are willing to spend years pursuing your research even if you have to put up with a lot of dead ends and roadblocks.

A master’s degree is the better choice if any of the following apply:

• You want to continue studies in your field, but you’re not committed to a career as a professional researcher.
• You want to develop professional skills for a specific career.
• You are willing to pay a higher upfront cost if it means finishing with your degree (and thus being able to work) much faster.
• You want the option to study part-time while working.

The length of time required to complete a PhD or master’s degree varies. Unsurprisingly, PhDs take much longer, usually between 3–7 years. Master’s degrees are usually only 1–2 years.

Length of a master’s

Master’s degrees are usually 2 years, although 1-year master’s degrees also exist, mainly in the UK.

Most of the degree consists of classes and coursework, although many master’s programs include an intensive, semester-long master’s thesis or capstone project in which students bring together all they’ve learned to produce an original piece of work.

Length of a PhD

In the US, a PhD usually takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. The first 2 years are spent on coursework. Students, even those who choose to leave without finishing the program, usually receive a master’s degree at this point.

The next 3–5 years are spent preparing a dissertation —a lengthy piece of writing based on independent research, which aims to make a significant original contribution to one’s field.

Master’s degrees tend to prepare you for a career outside of academia, while PhDs are designed to lead to a career in research.

Careers for master’s graduates

There are two types of master’s degrees: terminal and research-intensive. The career prospects are different for each.

Terminal master’s degrees are intended to prepare students for careers outside of academia. Some degrees, known as professional degrees, specifically prepare students for particular professions; these include the Master of Public Policy (MPP), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), and Master of Public Health (MPH) degrees.

Other master’s degrees, usually Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Sciences (MS or MSc) degrees, do not necessarily lead to a specific career, but are intended to be a final degree. Examples include an MS in Communications or MS in Data Analytics.

In research-intensive master’s programs, students take coursework intended to prepare them for writing an original piece of research known as the master’s thesis . Such programs are usually intended to prepare for further study in a doctoral program.

Careers for PhD graduates

As research degrees, PhDs are usually intended to lead to an academic career. A PhD can be thought of like an apprenticeship, where students learn from professional researchers (academics) how to produce their own research.

Most students aspire to become a university professor upon the completion of their degree. However, careers in academia are highly competitive, and the skills learned in a doctoral program often lend themselves well to other types of careers.

Some graduates who find they prefer teaching to producing research go on to be teachers at liberal arts colleges or even secondary schools. Others work in research-intensive careers in the government, private sector, or at think tanks.

Below are a few examples of specific fields and non-academic careers that are common destinations of graduates of those fields.

• Computer Science
• Lab Sciences

Many government jobs, including economists at a country’s central bank, are research-intensive and require a PhD. Think tanks also hire economists to carry out independent research.

In the private sector, economic consulting and technology firms frequently hire PhDs to solve real-world problems that require complex mathematical modeling.

Graduate students from the humanities are sometimes hired by museums, who can make use of their research and writing skills to curate exhibits and run public outreach.

Humanities PhDs are often well-suited to research and grant-writing roles at nonprofits. Since so much of research is funded by grants, PhD students often gain a lot of experience applying for them, which is a useful skill in the nonprofit sector.

There are a wide range of non-academic research jobs for lab scientists with doctorates in subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology and physics.

Many PhD graduates are hired by pharmaceutical companies that need to perform research to create and test their products. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), also hire lab scientists to work on research projects.

Job prospects after graduation vary widely based on the field. In fields like management, computer science, statistics, and economics, there’s little underemployment—even graduates from less well-known programs can easily find jobs that pay well and use the skills they’ve gained from the PhD.

However, in other fields, particularly in the humanities, many PhD graduates have difficulty in the job market. Unfortunately, there are far more PhD graduates than assistant professor roles, so many instead take on part-time and low-paid roles as adjunct instructors. Even non-academic careers can sometimes be difficult for PhDs to move into, as they may be seen as “overqualified”  or as lacking in relevant professional experience.

Because career options post-PhD vary so much, you should take the time to figure out what the career prospects are in your field. Doctoral programs often have detailed “placement” records online in which they list the career outcomes of their graduates immediately upon leaving the program. If you can’t find these records, contact the program and ask for them—placement information should play an important role in your choice of PhD program.

Although PhDs take far longer to complete, students often receive a living stipend in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant. Master’s degrees are shorter but less likely to be funded.

Both master’s degrees and PhDs lead to increased salaries upon graduation. While PhDs usually earn a bit more than those with a master’s degree, in some fields, the wages are identical, meaning that no financial benefit is gained from going on to a PhD.

Cost of a master’s

The upfront cost of a master’s degree is usually higher than a doctoral degree due to the lower amount of financial aid available. However, increased salaries also arrive faster than with a doctoral degree, because people graduate much earlier from a master’s program.

Some master’s students do receive stipends for their degrees, usually as compensation for being a teaching or research assistant. In addition, many people complete master’s degrees part time while working full-time, which allows them to fund their living costs as well as tuition.

The cost varies significantly by school and program. Public schools are usually cheaper than private ones. Some master’s degrees, such as MBAs, are notoriously expensive, but also result in much higher wages afterwards that make up for the high cost.

The master’s wage premium , or the extra amount that someone with a master’s degree makes than someone with just a high school diploma, is 23% on average. Many universities provide detailed statistics on the career and salary outcomes of their students. If they do not have this online, you should feel free to contact an administrator of the program and ask.

Cost of a PhD

PhDs, particularly outside the humanities, are usually (though not always) funded, meaning that tuition fees are fully waived and students receive a small living stipend. During the last 3–5 years of a PhD, after finishing their coursework (and sometimes before), students are usually expected to work as graduate instructors or research assistants in exchange for the stipend.

Sometimes students can apply for a fellowship (such as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program in the United States) that relieves them of any obligations to be a teaching or research assistant. Doctoral programs in the US tend to be better funded than in the rest of the world.

Sometimes, PhD degrees can be completed part-time, but this is rare. Students are usually expected to devote at least 40 hours a week to their research and work as teaching or research assistants.

The main cost of doctoral programs comes in the form of opportunity cost—all the years that students could be working a regular, full-time job, which usually pays much better than a graduate school stipend.

The average wage premium for PhDs is 26%, which is not much higher than the master’s degree premium.

In the US, the application process is similar for master’s and PhD programs. Both will generally ask for:

• At least one application essay, often called a personal statement or statement of purpose .
• Letters of recommendation .
• A resume or CV .
• Transcripts.
• Writing samples.

Applications for both types of programs also often require a standardized test. PhDs usually require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which tries to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative, critical thinking , and analytical writing skills. Many master’s programs require this test as well.

Applying for a master’s

Master’s degrees programs will often ask you to respond to specific essay prompts that may ask you to reflect upon not just your academic background, but also your personal character and future career ambitions.

Northwestern University’s Kellogg Business School requires Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) applicants write two essays, one about a recent time they demonstrated leadership and the second about their personal values.

Who you should ask for your letters of recommendation varies by program. If you are applying to a research-intensive master’s program, then you should choose former professors or research supervisors. For other programs, particularly business school, current work supervisors may be a better choice.

Some professional master’s programs require a specific test. For example, to apply to law school, you must take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. For business school, you must take either the GRE or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Applying for a PhD

When applying for a PhD, your resume should focus more on your research background—you should especially emphasize any publications you’ve authored or presentations that you’ve given.

Similarly, your statement of purpose should discuss research that you’ve participated in, whether as an assistant or the lead author. You should detail what exactly you did in projects you’ve contributed to, whether that’s conducting a literature review, coding regressions, or writing an entire article.

Your letters of recommendations should be from former professors or supervisors who can speak to your abilities and potential as a researcher. A good rule of thumb is to avoid asking for recommendations from anyone who does not themselves have a PhD.

If you want to know more about college essays , academic writing , and AI tools , make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations, examples, and quizzes.

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A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

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• Harvard Business School →
• Doctoral Programs →

PhD Programs

• Accounting & Management
• Business Economics
• Health Policy (Management)
• Organizational Behavior
• Technology & Operations Management

Students in our PhD programs are encouraged from day one to think of this experience as their first job in business academia—a training ground for a challenging and rewarding career generating rigorous, relevant research that influences practice.

Our doctoral students work with faculty and access resources throughout HBS and Harvard University. The PhD program curriculum requires coursework at HBS and other Harvard discipline departments, and with HBS and Harvard faculty on advisory committees. Faculty throughout Harvard guide the programs through their participation on advisory committees.

How do I know which program is right for me?

There are many paths, but we are one HBS. Our PhD students draw on diverse personal and professional backgrounds to pursue an ever-expanding range of research topics. Explore more here about each program’s requirements & curriculum, read student profiles for each discipline as well as student research , and placement information.

The PhD in Business Administration grounds students in the disciplinary theories and research methods that form the foundation of an academic career. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program has four areas of study: Accounting and Management , Marketing , Strategy , and Technology and Operations Management . All areas of study involve roughly two years of coursework culminating in a field exam. The remaining years of the program are spent conducting independent research, working on co-authored publications, and writing the dissertation. Students join these programs from a wide range of backgrounds, from consulting to engineering. Many applicants possess liberal arts degrees, as there is not a requirement to possess a business degree before joining the program

The PhD in Business Economics provides students the opportunity to study in both Harvard’s world-class Economics Department and Harvard Business School. Throughout the program, coursework includes exploration of microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, probability and statistics, and econometrics. While some students join the Business Economics program directly from undergraduate or masters programs, others have worked in economic consulting firms or as research assistants at universities or intergovernmental organizations.

The PhD program in Health Policy (Management) is rooted in data-driven research on the managerial, operational, and strategic issues facing a wide range of organizations. Coursework includes the study of microeconomic theory, management, research methods, and statistics. The backgrounds of students in this program are quite varied, with some coming from public health or the healthcare industry, while others arrive at the program with a background in disciplinary research

The PhD program in Organizational Behavior offers two tracks: either a micro or macro approach. In the micro track, students focus on the study of interpersonal relationships within organizations and the effects that groups have on individuals. Students in the macro track use sociological methods to examine organizations, groups, and markets as a whole, including topics such as the influence of individuals on organizational change, or the relationship between social missions and financial objectives. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program includes core disciplinary training in sociology or psychology, as well as additional coursework in organizational behavior.

Accounting & Management  

Business economics  , health policy (management)  , marketing  , organizational behavior  , strategy  , technology & operations management  .

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Studying a PhD in The USA - The Complete Guide

Find your perfect postgrad program search our database of 30,000 courses.

The USA is a favourable postgraduate study destination for international students due to the high standard of academic study and the wide variety of subjects. By undertaking a PhD in the USA, you will find yourself becoming an internationally recognised expert in your chosen field.

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from the USA is considered the highest awarded degree in many US universities and institutes for most fields of study. For many international students, it's a dream course that offers an exciting new life chapter.

Attending Grad School for a PhD in the USA is not the same as undertaking a PhD in Europe or the UK , it can often be a different experience. However, studying abroad will improve your global cultural understanding in addition to your network of contacts for your future career. A PhD degree is often required when you apply for high-level management jobs, government expert positions, and careers like a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields.

There are a multitude of reasons why the United States is a fantastic choice for your PhD studies. Here’s everything you need to know about studying a PhD in the USA.

1. PhD course length

The total length of a PhD in the USA is between 4-8 years for full-time students and 8-10 years for part-time students, depending on your field of study. PhDs can be completed in 4-5 years for students with a masters degree in an appropriate subject. Students typically dedicate 1-4 years on coursework, followed by 2-4 years of dissertation work. In the USA, the academic year is divided into two teaching semesters: August to December and January to May. 

Having a longer duration for your PhD allows for greater opportunities to adjust to your course and find your footing. This enables you to concentrate on developing a more comprehensive understanding of your chosen subject at a more relaxed pace.

2. World-class universities

The US repeatedly tops the charts of worldwide ranking universities , so what better place to do your PhD studies? Although rankings shouldn’t be the main deciding factor when making your PhD choice, they're a great indicator of educational expertise.

There are many factors to consider when choosing the location for your PhD. Does the university have a high employability rate after graduation? Are you wanting to go public or private university? What kind of research facilities do they have? 

Be sure to do some research before making a decision on your perfect place of study.

3. International community

The United States is a popular choice for international students from all over the world – making it an inspirational and cosmopolitan choice for your PhD studies. No matter what your choice of academic study is, you are guaranteed to find a diverse community that welcomes students from all backgrounds. 

4. Affordable tuition fees 

There are various tuition fee options available for PhD students regardless of your budget. The American higher education system is often associated with high fees and substantial student debt, but in fact, studying at an American university isn't always expensive, and many institutions offer affordable courses. For instance, PhD costs range from $28,000 to $55,000 annually, which shows that finding a PhD course that’s more affordable is possible. 

5. Student experience

American universities typically have vibrant campus communities with a wide range of extracurricular activities, clubs and organisations. As a student, you will have the opportunity to engage in various social, cultural and recreational activities alongside your academic studies.

6. Student support

American universities typically provide comprehensive support services to assist you on your PhD journey. These services may include academic advising, counselling, career services, libraries, writing centres and various student organisations aimed at fostering your personal and professional development.

7. Land of opportunity

It's fair to say that student life in the USA offers something for everyone, regardless of what you're looking for from a PhD. With 50 states, six time zones, and thousands of higher-education providers, there's an opportunity waiting for every individual across the globe.

So let’s take a look at some of the key factors to consider when studying for a PhD in the USA.

Studying a PhD in the USA: top tips

Who is eligible for a phd in the usa.

To be eligible for PhD in the USA, generally students should have completed a graduate degree with a minimum GPA of 3.0, provide proof of English language proficiency, GRE scores and other supporting documents.  The eligibility criteria for a PhD in the USA can vary depending on the specific university and program. 

Can I get a PhD without a masters degree?

Yes, you can pursue a PhD without having a masters. Universities in the USA do not require a masters for you to apply. Because of the graduate programs in the US, you will receive your masters degree once you have completed your coursework stage. This practice combines the masters and PhD into one.

The eligibility criteria and requirements for direct entry PhD programs vary among institutions and fields of study, so it is advisable to check the entry requirements of the specific university or course you are interested in.

How to apply for a PhD in the USA

When applying for your chosen subject in the USA, you should expect to provide relevant information and statements to the university. This will include:

Completed application form – provided by your preferred university.

A personal statement – on why you want to study the subject, your research interests and career goals. Be sure to include any extracurricular activities and achievements within the body of your statement.

References – universities will expect that your referees will recommend you for the chosen course.

Test scores and grades – you will generally need to submit scores from standardised tests like the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). 

English language proficiency – international applicants whose native language is not English usually need to provide proof of English language proficiency through tests like the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). It varies from institution to institution, but international students in the USA are required to have a TOEFL score of about 90.

Samples of work – it is recommended that you provide some work you have done that is relevant to your chosen subject. You may even be asked to complete a small task during the application process.

The application fee. 

Method of study

Compared to the UK and Europe , studying a PhD in the USA involves several key differences. Students in the USA are usually in direct contact with their professor, compared with those in the UK where students might find that their PhD program is headed by a professor who gives them a little less flexibility to change their research and study areas. There can be several cultural differences between UK, Europe, and USA university lifestyles. US students are expected to undertake a great deal of teaching and marking, as opposed to PhD students in Europe. 

As a result, you may have less free time outside of the university when pursuing a PhD in the USA.

Application for PhD In USA

When applying for your chosen subject, you should expect to provide relevant information and statements to the university. This might include:

A personal statement on why you want to study the subject. Be sure to include any extra-curricular activities and achievements within the body of your statement.

References. Universities will expect that your referees will recommend you for the chosen course.

Test scores and grades. It is important that you provide a list of your awarded grades from previous courses you have studied.

Samples of work. It is recommended that you provide some work you have done that is relevant to your chosen subject. You may even be asked to complete a small task during the application process.

UK and Europe students decide on their PhD thesis subject area before they apply . While taking classes at a graduate level, prospective PhD students in the USA spend up to a year or two deciding on their specific research subject. It is normal to apply for up to six institutions for a PhD in the USA, and students apply to each institution separately as there is no central organisation. 

Students in the UK and Europe are expected to apply with an understanding of the subject already, usually in the form of a masters degree, and be ready to start studying at the PhD level straight away. In the USA it is expected that students do not have an in-depth understanding of their subject as they usually only have an undergraduate degree when they apply. 

When should I start applying for a PhD in the USA?

Deadlines for applications to PhD programs in the USA tend to be between December and February, and institutions should let you know about your application by April. Most US institutions recommend that you apply as far in advance as you possibly can to give them, and you, plenty of time to make arrangements. 

Universities in the USA do not require a masters for you to apply as well. Because of the graduate programs in the US, you will receive your masters degree once you have completed your coursework stage. This practice combines the masters and PhD into one.

It varies from institution to institution, but international students in the USA are required to have a TOEFL score of about 90.

Funding your PhD in USA

PhD students are very likely to receive financial support in the form of PhD scholarships ; some USA PhD students also receive PhD studentships .

Making your PhD application in plenty of time allows you more time to apply for and arrange your PhD funding. Many students find that funding can cover much, or all, of the cost of their PhD studies in the USA, which ranges between $28,000 and $40,000. Deadlines for funding applications can be as early as December before starting your studies in the Autumn/Fall. 

There are two types of PhD funding: fully funded, which pays for the student's graduate school tuition fees, accommodation, and living expenses, or partially funded, which pays for the student's tuition only partially or fully.

Can a PhD be fully funded?

Yes, many top universities in the USA offer fully funded PhD programs for eligible students. This funding pays for the student's graduate school tuition fees, accommodation and living expenses. Partially funded PhDs only cover the student's tuition in part or in full.

Some PhD students will receive a stipend from their institution with an assistantship position, but this varies between institutions and between departments within institutions. Other students can find funding from both their own and the American government, and there are plenty of American government schemes like The Fulbright Program that offer funds.

Apply for one of our x5 bursaries worth £2,000

We've launched our new Postgrad Solutions Study Bursaries for 2024. Full-time, part-time, online and blended-learning students eligible. 2024 & 2025 January start dates students welcome. Study postgraduate courses in any subject taught anywhere worldwide.

How long does it take to study a PhD in the USA?

For part-time students in the USA, a PhD can take eight to ten years, but it usually takes five to six years for full-time students. PhDs can be completed in four to five years rather than five or six for students with a masters degree in an appropriate subject.

Top 10 ranked American universities

Based on 2024 Times Higher Education's World University Rankings data, the following table shows which US universities rank the highest.

1	2	Stanford University
2	3	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
3	4	Harvard University
4	6	Princeton University
5	7	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
6	9	University of California, Berkeley
7	10	Yale University
8	13	University of Chicago
9	15	John Hopkins University
10	16	University of Pennsylvania

Our PhD bursary winner & funding opportunity

Mohammad Abdollahi is a 35-year-old Iranian student studying a PhD in Operational Research at the University of Essex. He was delighted when he found out he’d been awarded a Postgrad Solutions Study Bursary. As an international student coming to the UK with his wife and two children, it has proved to be an invaluable funding resource as he explains. “It was good news and exciting – I was overwhelmed with joy!”

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Is it Possible to Get My PhD After My MBA?

In academia, numerous accomplishments can be achieved. You can earn a dual degree and have expertise in multiple fields, or further your career potential by going back to school . But what about progressing from an MBA to a PhD? 

In regards to higher education, many consider earning a PhD, or doctorate degree, the pinnacle of success. Usually, due to passion for a particular industry or subject, a PhD candidate will spend years of rigorous research to unpack its intricacies and become a leading expert in the field.  At the end of their studies, they are able to finally see their work come to fruition when they receive their doctorate and join alongside other scholars. However, is it typical for an MBA graduate to move onto pursuing their PhD? And is there a specific purpose? Are there different types of PhD programs? What is the difference between a PhD and DBA?

To answer the budding question: yes, you can pursue your PhD after earning your MBA, and choosing to earn a doctorate is entirely up to you and your aspirations. To help you better understand if getting a PhD is the right choice, we look at the path an MBA graduate can take to earn their PhD, one of the higher purposes of a doctorate, and the different types of academic programs. 

What is a PhD, and What is it Used For? 

By definition, a PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy in a particular discipline, which is why it's also referred to as a doctorate. This focus is typically for individuals highly passionate about a specific subject matter, driven by the pursuit to understand it better through rigorous research. A majority of students seeking their PhD are eager researchers, although there are always exceptions, and each carries out years of highly intensive research to conclude their original thesis and earn their doctorate. 

In terms of translating your education into a career, a doctorate can be used in a plethora of fields, especially if one’s thesis is around a wider subject matter and can be a discipline applied to various industries (take organizational development, for example). For those who are passionate about a career in research, a doctoral degree is a perfect fit. Possibly the most popular field for those with a doctorate is a fruitful career in academia, teaching their subject matter to others interested in the same area. Many graduates become faculty members at business schools upon completing their PhD and provide their expertise to their students. Regardless of which industry you choose, you can be assured that a PhD will provide you with numerous opportunities. 

How Long Does it Take to Progress from an MBA to PhD?

The timeframe for earning your PhD can vary depending on program and location. Many countries have varying timelines of how long the completion of a doctoral program will take. In the United States, the average is around 4-5 years of completion after receiving your Master of Business Administration. 

Do You Need an MBA to Get a PhD?

To be accepted into a doctoral program, you must have a master’s degree. It does not have to be a Master of Business Administration, but it does need to be a master’s of some form. Depending on your area of specialization, it could be advantageous to earn your MBA in pursuit of a PhD if you are planning to embark on a career in business upon completion of your doctorate. Additionally, one important aspect to consider is the program itself. It is important to look into a program’s requirements before applying to meet the eligibility criteria. 

The Difference Between a DBA and a PhD 

For those specifically interested in a career in business, a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is a highly beneficial doctoral program. A DBA focuses on a broader spectrum of business disciplines, dedicating research toward multiple corporate facets, and practical implementation. On the contrary, a PhD narrows into a specific area of discipline and research, emphasizing theory, and it’s potential implications. While both are heavily centered around research and implementation, a DBA sets business executives and leaders on a path to discover new possibilities for their organizations and businesses. In a way, it allows established business professionals to “trailblaze” the way for new and innovative ideas that can disrupt the market and set a precedent for the future of business.

Get Your MBA or DBA at Pepperdine Graziadio Business School

At Pepperdine Graziadio, we proudly offer degrees to accommodate business professionals at any stage of their lives and careers. Our full and part-time MBA programs are designed to prepare candidates for a successful career in values-based business leadership. All of our MBA programs offer a personalized learning approach executed by our world-class faculty. Each program is characterized by its top-ranked business curriculum that can be coupled with an academic concentration. 

Our Executive Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) program has been carefully designed for the tenured business leader looking to drive groundbreaking innovations. This rigorous program allows candidates to gain in-depth knowledge and finetune their expertise through applied research. Also, executives enjoy learning alongside changemakers in various industries and participating in exclusive opportunities available only to DBA candidates.

Learn more about which programs fit your career aspirations and academic interests.

Learn more about how to achieve your career goals with a degree from Pepperdine Graziadio Business School.

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Can you do a PhD without a master’s degree?

Study tips Published 5 Apr, 2022  ·  6-minute read

If you want the most straightforward answer to the question ‘can you get a PhD without a master’s degree’, it’s yes. Should you apply to study a PhD without a master’s though? Let’s unpack that.

There are quite a few entry requirements you need to meet to apply for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). At the core of it, all these requirements are about proving you’re ready to embark on the long (3-4 years full time) and challenging – but incredibly rewarding – process of conducting research and writing a thesis. PhD prerequisites are there to assess your preparedness for this type of study.

So, let’s have a look at what the PhD prerequisites are in Australia and the questions we’re commonly asked about them.

Can I do a PhD without a degree?

In Australia, you’ll need to have completed a degree (undergraduate or postgraduate) relevant to your proposed research topic and approved by the university to be considered as a candidate. However, the good news is, for those of you wondering ‘can you get a PhD without a bachelor’s?’ the answer is yes – it is possible at some universities.

Say you finished high school and went straight into the workforce. You built experience in your field over years of hard work. After a while, you decide that you’d like a qualification to solidify your knowledge and skills, or to upskill in your area and open even more doors. So, you apply for postgraduate studies.

Many universities in Australia will consider applicants for postgrad study (typically graduate certificates) based on proof of extensive professional experience and other post-secondary studies (certificates from TAFE, for example) in a relevant field, rather than the traditional completion of bachelor’s level studies.

Admission into a graduate certificate without a bachelor’s degree is very much dependent on your study area of choice and the institution at which you wish to study. Always check the specific prerequisites of the institution and program.

In most cases, if you want to study a PhD and you don’t have a bachelor’s degree, but you do have a lot of industry and research experience in your field, you’ll need to start your journey by enrolling in a graduate certificate and working your way up to a master’s and then a PhD. It’s possible to get into a PhD program with a graduate diploma (and no bachelor’s or master’s degree), but you’ll need extensive documentation proving former research experience to support your application – plus a decent GPA. This type of application is assessed on a case-by-case basis by some universities and can be extremely competitive.

Do you need a master’s for a PhD?

As we said earlier, no – you don’t need a master’s to apply for a PhD. And if you're wondering more specifically ‘is an MPhil required for a PhD?’, the answer is also no. It may make logical sense at face value to complete a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and then go on to study a Doctor of Philosophy, but in reality, it tends to work a bit differently.

All these types of postgraduate degrees and higher degrees by research can be a little confusing to keep track of, so let’s break it down into simpler terms.

Degree	Duration	Delivery
Master's by coursework	1-2 years full time	Structured coursework
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)	1.5-2 years full time	Self-directed research
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD	3-4 years full time	Self-directed research

So, here’s how some of the pathways through these degrees work.

• Some students decide to study and complete a Master of Philosophy, as it’s shorter than a PhD but still allows them to delve into a research project and produce a thesis (~40,000 words).
• Other students begin studying an MPhil then find they’d like to take their research further and apply to upgrade to a PhD program, adding a few more years onto their studies and producing an 80,000-word thesis.
• Many students aim big from the get-go and apply directly to a PhD program after having completed either a bachelor’s degree with honours or a master’s by coursework.

This is by no means an extensive list of ways in which you can order your studies; it’s just a few of the most common paths taken by university students interested in postgraduate studies and higher degrees by research.

The benefits of studying a master’s before a PhD

Now we’ve established that you can apply to study a Doctor of Philosophy without a master’s degree, let’s address the next big question: should you? Here are just a handful of the reasons why completing a master’s before moving onto a PhD is generally a good idea:

• It gives you a competitive edge compared to other applicants.
• It will provide you with a taste of what it’s like to conduct long-form research and reveal what it takes to be a good PhD student .
• You'll have a chance to explore a research topic to see if there’s enough scope to turn it into your PhD, or you may find offshoot topics that could be explored in more detail.
• You'll experience what it’s like to work with a supervisor and better understand if this process suits your personality type.

Can I go straight from bachelor’s to PhD?

Yes. Most universities will accept applications from students who have a bachelor’s degree with honours (typically at least IIA) as their highest level of completed study. Some universities may accept a bachelor’s degree without honours but with several years of relevant research experience, or a bachelor’s degree without honours but followed by a relevant graduate certificate or graduate diploma.

As we've emphasised above, there are definite benefits to completing further studies after your undergraduate degree to prepare you for your PhD. It’s understandable that you might want to fast-track your way to your Doctor of Philosophy, but remember that going in as prepared as possible will help you get the most out of your research.

If you don’t want to commit to a master’s program after your undergraduate degree but you still have your heart set on a PhD, talk to your course convener about fitting research units into your study plan during your bachelor’s program. Completing a graduate certificate or diploma following your bachelor’s, with a focus on the research area you wish to pursue with a PhD, will help you get a clearer idea of potential research topics too.

There are opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate students to apply for one of UQ’s summer and winter research programs . These programs can help to boost your knowledge and skills in research and your field of study – and better prepare you for PhD studies.

When considering whether or not to apply for a PhD without a master’s degree, remember that the process is competitive, and it can take time to find the right supervisor . Having a master’s degree could put you ahead of other applicants and secure you that valued place as a PhD candidate.

Want to know more about how a PhD works? How do you find a supervisor? What are the best tips for writing your proposal? Find answers by reading our comprehensive guide: How to get a PhD.

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Postgraduate research degrees

Our research is driven by the big picture. The University of Sydney is home to leading researchers who are finding solutions to the world's most pressing issues by changing the way they look at them. 

We are home to 90 world‑renowned multidisciplinary research and teaching centres that tackle some of the world’s biggest challenges, such as health, climate change and food security. These centres include the Charles Perkins Centre, the Brain and Mind Centre ,  The University of Sydney Nano Institute , the Sydney Policy Lab , the Sydney Environment Institute , and the Sydney Southeast Asia Centre .

Our interdisciplinary approach means that students are part of a community of scholars that unites experts in fields as diverse as medicine, arts, social sciences, engineering, information technologies and science. 

As a researcher at Sydney, you'll work alongside some of the world's brightest and most accomplished academics. You can access high-calibre facilities and unique international partnerships with top-ranked institutions, including Stanford, UCLA, the University of Edinburgh, Utrecht University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the University of Hong Kong.

Types of research degrees

Master's degree by research.

A master's degree by research at Sydney:

• is the second-highest qualification on the Australian Qualifications Framework
• can be a gateway to study at a PhD level
• is usually one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time*
• is awarded based on a supervised thesis, which makes a substantial contribution to the knowledge of the subject concerned.

*Part-time is not available to international student visa holders.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A PhD at Sydney:

• is our premier research award and the highest qualification on the Australian Qualifications Framework
• comprises of independent research and writing on an approved topic toward a thesis for examination
• may be undertaken in all faculties and divisions, or across disciplines
• is usually 3.5 years of full-time or seven years of part-time* study.

If you’re interested in a Joint PhD program, you need to follow the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) application steps 1-3. In addition, your proposed supervisor will need to complete a proposal to negotiate a student agreement form. If accepted, you will also be required to sign an individual student agreement. After your student agreement is finalised, you will then be sent an application form for the Joint PhD program.

Please refer to the University's Dual and Joint Degree Policy for full policy details.

Download our  Joint PhD programs factsheet (pdf, 116KB)  to learn more.

Professional doctorate

A professional doctorate at Sydney:

• allows candidates to pursue rigorous scholarship alongside advancing their practice in many fields
• is usually three to four years of full-time or six to eight years of part-time* study.

Internship opportunities

Grow professionally and academically through a paid 3-6 month internship with an industry partner as you complete your degree.

The University of Sydney has partnered with  Australian Postgraduate Research Intern (APR.Intern)  to provide domestic and international HDR students with internship opportunities  in a range of sectors and disciplines.

A paid internship will allow you to:

• Develop competencies that will contribute to your research
• Gain industry experience, develop skills and build networks
• Enhance your employability
• Earn additional income

HDR coursework 

HDR coursework is mandatory for some of our research degrees. HDR coursework adds to your researcher toolkit so you can graduate with a robust set of skills, for a career in academia or industry.

Your faculty may elect to define certain units of study as mandatory for a given degree, or define any other studies as required by the progress evaluation panel of the research project. Refer to the relevant course in the  handbook .  

Frequently asked questions

Getting started, do i need prior research experience.

Yes, all HDR courses require prior research experience. This is because HDR courses are largely self-driven, requiring pre-requisite research, time and project management skills.

If I have no prior research experience, how can I get started?

If you do not have any previous research experience, there are ways to gain what you need. Both the one-year honours and masters by coursework degrees containing substantial research components are great pathways into research. These courses will allow you to gain the research skills necessary to apply for the PhD.

What is the difference between a Master of Philosophy/Research and a PhD?

The PhD is our premier research award and the highest qualification on the Australian Qualifications Framework. The PhD is usually three years full-time or six years part-time.

The Master of Philosophy/Research is usually one to two years full-time or four years part-time (part-time is available to domestic students only). A PhD thesis is generally around 80,000 words while a master’s thesis is 50,000 words.

How do I find a supervisor?

To browse through the profiles of our researchers and learn about their current and past research, please refer to Find a Researcher . Here, you will also be able to access the publications lists and contact details of our researchers. 

My research idea crosses two disciplines – is this a problem?

No. Interdisciplinary research is highly regarded in the world of academia and working across disciplines can be very beneficial in developing and demonstrating different analytical skills. Working on research from two perspectives can also offer insight that you would not be able to achieve from one discipline perspective.

What are the English language requirements for a PhD?

Please check your  course page  for the requirements of each course. Generally, the English requirements are between 6.0 to 7.0 IELTS overall or equivalent in other accepted English proficiency tests.

How much do HDR courses cost?

There are no course fees for domestic students – fees are covered by the government Research Training Program (RTP) fee offset. However, fees apply to international students. Please refer to the  course page  for fee details.

What scholarships are available?

We have one of the largest research schemes in Australia. Opportunities include the Australian government-funded Research Training Program (RTP) stipend scholarships, and the University of Sydney and faculty-specific awards. Explore your options .

Degree progression

Do i have to undertake hdr coursework.

It depends on your degree. Your faculty may define certain units of study as mandatory for a given degree. Where this is not the case, you may still have the opportunity to complete units of study that you find useful to support your learning and research. 

Can I transfer from the Master of Philosophy into a PhD?

It is possible for students to move to the PhD after the first year of study, if you have made satisfactory progress and if the transfer is approved by your Faculty. It is important to inform your supervisor of your plans early so that you can work on a timeline together to achieve this goal.

Support during your studies

Am i able to work while studying my hdr course full-time.

Yes, you can work during your PhD. How many hours you take on is at your own discretion, and you must ensure that you still allow time for the completion of your research. International HDR students can generally work more hours than coursework students. Please check your individual visa for specific restrictions.

Will the university employ me during my PhD?

There are sometimes opportunities for PhD candidates to engage in paid employment at the University, but this is not guaranteed and is dependent on the Faculty/Department. If opportunities do arise, they may be in the form of teaching, marking, acting as a research assistant, or other roles.

What support services are available to research students?

There is extensive support for research students at Sydney, including 100+ multidisciplinary research and teaching centres.

Other services:

• Library workshops for research skills
• Academic Liasion Librarians
• Research Support Officers
• Careers Centre
• Sydney University Postgraduate Representative Association (SUPRA)
• Learning Hub

How to apply

Find a supervisor.

Search by keyword, location, topic or supervisor name

• 1800 SYD UNI ( 1800 793 864 )
• or +61 2 8627 1444

Student Centre, Level 3 Jane Foss Russell Building, Darlington Campus

Opening hours: 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday

Prospective students

Facts & figures

Research at Sydney

• Top 20 Ranked one of the world's top universities*
• 100% of our research is ranked at world standard and above by the Australian Research Council
• 100+ multidisciplinary research and teaching centres
• * QS World University Rankings 2025

Research scholarships

Find the right scholarship for you

How to write a research proposal

A guide to preparing a strong research proposal

6 ways to finance your postgraduate study

Find out how to reduce the cost of your tuition fees

Economics - Master of Arts (MA)

Hagey Hall Hub located on Waterloo's main campus

Hone your analytical and problem-solving skills through coursework, research, and practice with the Master of Arts in Economics program.  

Completed full time-over over 12 months, you’ll take courses from faculty members who are renowned scholars and experts in their fields, and you’ll conduct original research culminating in a master’s research paper .   

The program will foster your capacity for economic analysis through rigorous instruction in economics theory and econometrics , preparing you for further study at the PhD level or to pursue a successful career in the private sector as an economist, data analyst, policy advisor, economic consultant and many others .     

Program overview

Department/School : Economics Faculty : Faculty of Arts Admit term(s) : Fall (September - December) Delivery mode : On-campus Program type : Master's, Research Length of program : 12months (full-time)* Registration option(s) : Full-time, Part-time Study option(s) : Master's Research Paper

Application deadlines

• February 1 (for admission in September)

Key contacts

[email protected]   (for program inquiries)

Amanda Campbell  (for all other inquiries) 

519-888-4567, ext. 45099

Admission limitations

Due to funding restrictions, the Faculty of Arts is currently limiting the number of international students we can admit. Please contact the department's Associate Chair, Graduate Studies prior to applying to discuss your interest in this program.

Supervisors

• Review finding a supervisor resources
• No supervisor is required to apply to this program

Admission requirements

• An Honours Bachelor's degree in English, or its equivalent, with an average of at least 78% in English courses, and at least 75% overall.
• Those with Honours degrees not in English may apply to the program but may be required to take as many as 10 undergraduate courses in English to prepare them for graduate-level study in the discipline. Additional courses will be chosen in consultation with the Graduate Officer and will generally correspond to the minor program in English.

Degree requirements

• Review the degree requirements in the Graduate Studies Academic Calendar, including the courses that you can anticipate taking as part of completing the degree

Application materials

• Transcript(s)
• Two academic  references are required
• TOEFL 90 (writing 25, speaking 25), IELTS 7.0 (writing 6.5, speaking 6.5)
• The Department of Economics does not consider international applicants whose English language proficiency scores fall below the minimum requirements

Tuition and fees

Visit the  graduate program tuition page  on the Finance website to determine the tuition and incidental fees per term for your program

Review living costs and housing

Review the   funding graduate school resources   for graduate students

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Why do Masters + PhD, when you can just do a PhD and then do a PostDoc?

Let's say someone (me) is having a tough time deciding if they want to concentrate in machine learning or complexity theory. Instead of doing a masters first to explore research/coursework in both areas and then do a PhD, why not just choose one of them to do a PhD and then switch later as a Postdoc?

I'm in the USA. I have the choice of doing a masters first but i feel it might be too much time. I could save much more time by doing a phd first and then exploring later.

• graduate-school
• computer-science

• 13 So I don't know what complexity theory is, but you become an expert in a very narrow area in a PhD . You - if you get a postdoc - can't necessarily march into whatever area you like. –  Azor Ahai -him- Commented Mar 25, 2022 at 18:31
• 10 Only a few postdocs get such freedom. Most often you have expectations. –  Buffy Commented Mar 25, 2022 at 20:06
• 4 I think the freedom comes in deciding which postdoc positions to apply for; you can apply for one in a different area than your degree focused on, but you don't get to pick whatever you want once you are in the position. –  chepner Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 23:07
• 6 You mentioned that you are in the USA - so just as a side note, the direct jump to a PhD is very Anglo-Saxon. In most cases in Europe you have to go through the 5 years Masters, and then 3+ years PhD. I find this really unfair BTW. –  WoJ Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 10:56
• 5 @WoJ No, our bachelors takes 4 years and our phd takes 5 years at minimum (in computer science). That's 9 years, which is more than yours. And if you do a masters, that's an additional year because a 2 year masters will typically only reduce a phd by 1 year. –  123movies Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 18:05

6 Answers 6

A professor of mine told a cautionary tale about someone he went to school with. After earning their bachelor's degree, they started working on their PhD. Around three years into the process, their project lost funding and the PhD supervisor moved to another university in a different country. The student essentially had to either start over under a new supervisor in a different subject area, or drop out and leave academia. The whole experience left such a bad taste in their mouth that they chose the latter. At that point, the student had a bachelor's degree and some graduate study but no real results to show for it.

Another student in the same research group also ended up dropping out, but they went with the masters+PhD route. They had the same coursework as the first student, comparable research work and publications, etc. but at the end of the day they also had a master's degree to show for it. The second student had a considerably easier time entering the private sector and commanded a higher salary.

The moral of the story is that if you're going to do a master's degree's worth of work, don't skip the degree. You might not need it once you get the PhD, but there are a thousand potential hurdles - many outside your control - that could trip you up before you get to the finish line. It might be different if there's not much overlap and the master's degree adds an unreasonable amount of time to the time it takes to earn the PhD, but even an extra 25-33% would (IMO) be worth the safety factor of having that additional checkpoint.

• 22 For the first case, note that a lot of institutions will give you a masters at that point with, perhaps, little additional effort. –  Buffy Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 18:03
• 3 I can't speak for the US but in the UK it's pretty normal to be able to leave with a masters in research as long as you've completed your first year and QR –  ScottishTapWater Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 0:05
• 3 My impression among those I’ve known who have pursued PhDs in the USA in mathematics or hard sciences is that a Master’s Degree was pretty much always available as a “consolation prize” to anyone more than a year-or-so into their PhD who decided to quit for any reason. There might be a little bit of work to get it but it was on the order of weeks, not months or years as 25%–33% of a PhD might be. –  KRyan Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 17:53

Ordinarily in the US, you apply to a post doc position as an academic-in-training under a professor's lab. This is a job: you are applying to an available position (whether it's posted ahead of time or not), and you'll do work related to the lab you join. Your qualifications are judged by the professor doing the hiring: if you've done research work as a PhD student in complexity theory, will you be able to convince a professor that you're the best applicant for a post doc in their lab doing machine learning? Maybe, especially if you can identify synergies between your expertise and what the lab is working on, but will you be a better applicant than other applicants who did their PhDs in machine learning? If you're totally green that means your potential supervisor needs to train you from the ground up. They might be willing to do that for a PhD student, but expect a post doc to come in more ready to work independently (and usually with a higher cost). Post docs are typically in a lab for much shorter time than a PhD student: a PhD student can founder for a couple years while they learn to float, but by that time a post doc's appointment has expired.

Alternatively or in concert, you can apply for some sort of post-doctoral fellowship; these fellowships primarily fund your development as a person learning to do independent research, and if you have money it's a lot easier to get a position under a mentor because they don't have to find the money to pay you. That gives you a bit of freedom, sure, but not the "freedom to work on whatever you want": you typically have to write some sort of research proposal to the granting agency. Can you convince a granting agency that your proposal to study some topic in complexity theory is among the best proposals they receive, when your past research work is all in machine learning? Will you be familiar enough with the open questions in complexity theory and be able to demonstrate your capability to address those questions with your background in machine learning? Maybe, especially if you can identify synergies between your background and the new topic, but will you be a better applicant than all the people who did their PhDs in complexity theory?

It's definitely possible to generalize and branch out in an academic career, but it is typically done incrementally, by applying your existing skills to an adjacent area, or through collaborations where each collaborator brings a different type of knowledge into a shared project. Later career academics have more flexibility in both of these areas than early career academics, because if you are aiming to build an academic career you're needing to compete first with other applicants for post docs, then with other applicants for professor positions, then put together a tenure package, etc.

• Postdocs are a weird mix of work and training. Even within the same lab, postdocs are sometimes hired "speculatively" (on the basis of promise/general research ability) and sometimes to work on a specific project (in which case matching skills matter). In the first case, a wildly successful PhD in anything computational might beat a so-so candidate with more relevant experience. Vice versa for the latter. –  Matt Commented Mar 28, 2022 at 22:38

In addition to the answer of Bryan Krause , note that in the US there is no need to choose between different subfields in CS in order to apply with only a bachelors. There will be plenty of time (couple of years, perhaps), early on, for coursework that lets you choose a proper research area. You also get to spend some time looking at faculty to find a dissertation advisor.

The first task in most US CS programs is to take advanced coursework that enables you to pass the qualifying exams. There are a few exceptions to that, but it is very common.

Also, as I think you understand, there is normally no need, in the US, to get a masters in order to apply for a doctorate. In fact the early coursework in a doctoral program is likely to overlap with that of a masters. If you want a PhD, then apply for that. In some other countries (Germany...) the situation is different.

So, you may have a misconception that you can "just choose one", as there is no real need to choose early, i.e. before you apply. And another misconception that you can just switch as a fresh PhD.

As to switching fields "later" I'll agree with Bryan Krause that immediately after earning a doctorate not a likely time. You need to get hired for something, maybe a postdoc, based on the skills you have demonstrated. There are probably a few postdocs that give you a lot of freedom, but that isn't the standard. Switching is easy for tenured faculty, since you have a secure base from which to explore. But that is down the road a bit.

In the US, the students who enter doctoral studies in most fields fall into a few categories. There are those who are undecided after a bachelors about their future, but want to know more. There are those who start a doctoral program in one place but leave for one of several reasons, but leave with a masters and want to continue doctoral study elsewhere (my case, actually). There are those who want to return to academia after a stint in industry for which they earned a masters. International students often come with a masters due to the system requirements in their home countries where a masters might be required for doctoral study.

But few students who actually want a doctorate in US decide to do a masters first, as it just isn't necessary. There are some, certainly, but it isn't the most common path. Partly because the goals of the two are usually different. Masters prepares practitioners. PhD prepares researchers. But, again, this is a US perspective.

See the following for more on how doctoral admissions works in the US, in case you have questions: https://academia.stackexchange.com/a/176909/75368

• 2 As someone who is switching fields mid-career it’s worth adding that it’s not easy just in terms of the work required to learn the new domain. In my case I work in industry and am switching from software dev to machine learning research. I’m loving the switch but it’s not been easy to quickly develop enough expertise to be able to start doing research in a topic in the field. So even when switching is “easy” it’s not easy. –  bob Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 2:33

I don't know your age, but if you're a traditional student then you'll finish your PhD in your mid-late twenties. By then, dicking around with Postdocs and making 40k isn't going to feel like "exploring", it's going to feel like you're getting ripped off. In my opinion, postdocs are not for "exploring". They are for people who are sure they want an academic job.

If you can't decide whether you want a PhD in machine learning or complexity theory, just pick the one with a better funding situation and an advisor you get along better with. Before you start your PhD you don't really know anything about either field anyway. The student-advisor relationship is what will determine if you enjoy your PhD or not. The subject matter is secondary.

• 4 Everyone has their own financial goals and situation. For you, earning $XXX by age NNN may be very important; for other people exploring may be a completely valid life goal. –  Dmitry Savostyanov Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 23:31
• 1 For sure, but I think that "life advice" is pertinent to this discussion. I explored all throughout my 20s and got a PhD. From my experience, you don't want to explore during a postdoc. A PhD program really changes your perspective on things –  ripsirwin Commented Mar 28, 2022 at 0:27
• Numbers like "40k" are only useful (to people who don't already know them) if you add some context. For instance, is this a statistical average of certain postdoc salaries in the US, or is it anectdotal? Does it refer to a part time position or to a full-time position? From which year does it stem? Which institution(s) and which fields does it refer to? And most importantly: is this net or gross salary? And do you still have to pay health insurance from this, or do postdoc positions that pay this amount of money include health insurance paid by the employer (in addition to the salary)? –  Jochen Glueck Commented Mar 28, 2022 at 19:03

If you have strong interest in two complementary areas, some graduate institutions offer interdisciplinary Ph.D. programs .

Or select one primary degree field, but be strategic about also pursuing more than one formal course and/or research experience in the second area. Seek a degree program where this will be encouraged (or at least permitted) based on information from faculty advisors and current students.

Then you might legitimately market yourself as having expertise in both areas (reporting honestly the amount of training in each) after finishing the Ph.D. degree.

It may not save you much time so check first

In my case the school I was working on my PhD at (I didn’t finish) didn’t accept my courses from my masters at my previous school and made me retake them all (it didn’t make any sense)—so I effectively did the coursework for a masters plus the coursework for a Ph.D while still having the same expectations time wise for a PhD. It wasn’t fun and I think contributed to my burning out and leaving. So if you want to go this route make sure you understand the expectations in terms of course load. Of course by skipping a Masters you’d skip having to do a thesis, but you could still be on the hook for all the coursework, and you’d miss out on the research experience that a Masters brings.

A Masters is a good way to test the waters

Also a Masters is a much lighter lift than a PhD. There’s no guarantee that you’ll want to go for the latter and starting toward a Masters is a good way to test the waters with much less commitment.

A Masters is an asset in industry; a PhD can be a liability

If you wind up going to industry, a Masters will almost always help you by making you more marketable and raising your income. While a PhD can raise your income further (sometimes by a lot), it can close the door to many jobs in industry and pigeonhole you quite a bit. That’s not a bad thing as long as you’re sure what you want to do, but if you’re not sure yet a Masters is a safer starting point.

Switching topics isn’t going to be easy

My experience from this comes from getting into machine learning research as a switch mid-career from software development (I work in industry). I can definitively say that learning enough about a totally new domain to find a worthwhile open problem and begin to do research in it is really hard. Until you develop this expertise the Dunning-Kruger effect is in play and it seems like the problems in other fields are a piece of cake, but they’re not. I’m not writing this to discourage you from switching from time to time, just to share that doing so requires a lot of hard work to learn the new subject very very deeply, so don’t expect it to be easy.

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